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上完 Bootstrap 課程，
就跑去好朋友家的飲料店買果汁。
和伯母聊過後，
本來還想寫點什麼的，
但想想，總覺得不如以實際行動多鼓勵好友，
還來的重要些。
真心祝福好友，
新環境一切順心快樂。
（有機會我會去探班der :D）
Will Turner: To the wheel, then, Mr. Turner.
'Bootstrap' Bill Turner: Aye, Captain Turner.
[takes the wheel, then notices Will and Elizabeth exchanging sad glances]
'Bootstrap' Bill Turner: This ship, it has a duty. And where we are bound, she cannot come. One day at shore... ten years at sea. It's a heavy price for what's been done.
Will Turner: Depends on the one day.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSYXD-uCE1g&list=RDxSYXD-uCE1...
HAUSER - Pirates of the Caribbean (Live in Budapest)
Andromeda Galaxy with friends.
Also features NGC 206 star formation region.
Anyone into astrophotography should have one, and generally wants more than one of this :) Now I have three...
Acquisition time: between 20:00 01.10.2016 and 00:30 MSK 02.10.2016 (GMT+3)
Equipment:
Canon 60Da with Astronomics
CLS-CCD clip-in filter powered by Canon EOS Utility and Canon EF 70-200 f/2.8L IS USM @f/4 riding on Skywatcher NEQ6 Pro mount unguided.
Aperture (effective) 50 mm
Focal length 200 mm
Tv = 120 seconds
Av = f/4
ISO 1600
Exposures: 74 plus 20 dark frames, 30 bias frames, 15 flat-field frames with 15 correspondent dark frames for flat-fields.
Processing: .CR2 images were converted into Adobe .DNG and stacked in DSS using AHD colour interpolation and Average stacking method. Stacked image was processed in Photoshop by increasing gamma and stretching. Initially I was planning to apply median filter with σ=1 and then downsize it to 75 or even 50%, but it turned out just right outright :)
Note: I know that mounting short focal length handheld lens on a mount with 25 kg load capacity is failsafe/bootstrap/plan B/side-kick/back-up/shortcut (underline the appropriate) :)
... in 2006 movie Pirates of the Carribean; Dead Man's Chest.
Make-up artist Joel Harlow's favourite creation is a barnacle-encrusted make-up on Stellan Skarsgard's head and chest.
A page out of the book, Masters of Make-up Effects by Howard Berger and Marshall Ju.
Sydney
El Convento is a Carmelite convent whose construction dates back to 1646. It boasts traditional Spanish colonial architecture and furnishings to complement it's prominent position within the heart of Old San Juan. In the mid twentieth century the convent was converted to a hotel and boasted such clientelle as Rita Hayworth and Robert Montgomery to name but a few.
The convent was originally inaugorated as the Monastery of Our Lady Carmen of San José.
Not exactly kittens. These two are our 15 year old Oriental Shorthair cats: Tia and Bootstrap Bill. They are siblings and snuggle like this quite often.
These boots are made for walkin'
And that's just what they'll do
One of these days these boots are gonna walk all over you
Ya
En informatique, le mot boot (apocope du mot anglais bootstrap, nom qui désigne la languette des chaussures pour pouvoir les enfiler plus facilement), désigne la procédure de démarrage d'un ordinateur.
In computing, the word boot (apocope of the English bootstrap word, the name which appoints the tongue of shoes to be able to thread them more easily), indicate the procedure of starting up of a computer.
At World's End from Pirates of the Caribbean
L-R:
Davy Jones (Human)
Bootstrap Bill
Will Turner
Captain Jack Sparrow
Elizabeth Swann
Tai Huang
Sao Feng
Read my LEGO Blog? Check out my Instagram? Follow my Twitter?
Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ28 Editing: www.watermark.ws
Please credit and comment! Feedback always appreciated! :D
I love this photo of Bill, even tho he looks like he is being mean and snarling in this photo, he is actually just meowing VERY LOUDLY! I was trying to have his picture taken professionally at a cat show and he was having none of it. Every time the camera flash went off he would yell at the photographer. I finally said "Take that picture". I love it because it shows Bill's personality perfectly. He is pretty timid but if he doesn't like something he will tell you all about it! He is quite the talker and after all these years, still hasn't learned to use his "inside voice" . He is always loud. This cat is a real piece of work! :-)
Here's another of the Shindana Toy Company’s successful fashion dolls: - Disco Juanita from 1978, (the Latin sister to the African American Disco Wanda, whom I am still hunting for! Funny that the ‘Disco Wanda’ logo is on the front of Juanita’s box, but the product codes for both Disco Wanda and Disco Juanita are on either end of the box.) If you read my last post, you’ll know that the Shindana toy company operated from 1968 to 1983 in Los Angeles, and was a black owned and operated toy company that was a division of ‘Operation Bootstrap Inc.’ and was a trailblazer in mass producing ethnically accurate dolls. Mattel provided a lot of assistance when they started up, and you can especially see their input with this doll who is exactly the same size and shape as Barbie. The head sculpt and the body moulds used for her are very Mattel, (She even has the same bendable ‘click-click’ legs,) and she even came with the Mattel clear plastic ‘X’ stand that was a leftover from the previous Mod era. I love her effervescent smile! I have taken her out of the box for display, but I should dress her up in Barbie’s disco get-ups, shouldn’t I? ;) For more information on Shindana toys, check out the wonderful blog, Black Doll Collecting by Debbie Behan Garrett @blackdollcollecting.blogspot.com (Or copy and paste the link: blackdollcollecting.blogspot.com/2010/02/mibdh-shindana-s... ) and also the great DeeBeeGee’s Virtual Black Doll Museum at virtualblackdollmuseum.com/tag/shindana-dolls/
At Worlds End (2007) from Pirates of the Caribbean
And here's my final post of POTC, and my final main post of the year! Hope you've enjoyed all my silly little figbarfs this year, I'm really proud of them, and how much they've improved since this time last year as well. Anyway, I'll do more of this rambling in my year recap post tomorrow. For now, do enjoy these (mostly) new At World's End figs. I've updated Tai Huang and the main trio since my last figbarf a few months ago, and obviously the rest are new :D
L-R:
- Cpt. Edward Teague
- Tai Huang
- Cpt. Sao Feng
- Cpt. Elizabeth Swann
- Cpt. Jack Sparrow
- Will Turner
- Lord Cutler Beckett
- Ian Mercer
- Bootstrap Bill Turner ("Human")
Read my LEGO Blog? Check out my Instagram? Follow my Twitter?
Camera: Panasonic Lumix DMC-FZ28 Editing: www.watermark.ws
Please credit and comment! Feedback always appreciated! :D
Nathan Brown’s “Bootstrap" is a work in what he calls his “word collage” style. The name comes from Bootstrap Architecture + Construction (who’s building it is found on) who sponsored the mural along with the Chamber of Commerce East Nashville. According to Brown, “The idea was to create a word collage that embodied Bootstrap’s ethos, lifestyle, the neighborhood, East Nashville and positivity in general.”
More info and photos can be found on Mr. Brown's website:
www.19ss.net/bootstrap-architect-mural
"For I know the plans I have for you", declares the LORD, "plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future." ~Jeremiah 29:11
The best way to view my photostream is through Flickriver with the link below:
That's me naturally sleeping under a copy of the historical book "Artifical Intelligence" of Elaine Rich, one of the most beautiful and complete technical books ever published about this particular branch of the computer science.
More amazing stories on www.onyrix.com
More productions on www.umamu.org
twitter: twitter.com/OlivieriDino
facebook: www.facebook.com/OlivieriDino
g+: plus.google.com/collection/s1KwZB
soundcloud: soundcloud.com/onyrix
bandcamp: onyrix.bandcamp.com/
instagram: www.instagram.com/olivieri.dino
youtube: www.youtube.com/user/onyrix/
vimeo: vimeo.com/onyrix/
Bootstrap Bill's new favorite place. No wonder I can't get much work done!!!
I think he likes the warmth from my desk lights!
Image © Roger Butterfield. Not to be used without express permission.
This is my contribution to the Window On Your World experiment run by the PM programme on BBC Radio 4. It was taken from outside the Showroom Cinema, Sheffield.
You can find more info about the experiment here and here and here.
If you like this kind of work, join us over at the Inspiration Repertory!
I've wanted to try this for ages! It is inspired by a painting by one of my favourite artists, René François Ghislain Magritte (21 November 1898 – 15 August 1967). He was a Belgian surrealist artist and became well known for a number of witty and thought-provoking images.
Strobist Info: 1 SB-800 @ 1/16into silver umbrella from upper left, 1 SB-600 @ 1/32 through white umbrella from lower right. Triggeres by the built in flash (CLS, 1/64)
Andy Hollenbeck. I can't tell you for sure how long I''ve known Andy? A long time!!!! His mom and dad use to help me out with the stay in the box for the Walk for Warmth when I was on the steering commity for the Community Action Agency when I was a social worker foe the Head Start program. Andy is family!!! Danielle Cornouts surprised Andy with this giant back drop and sprung it on him while The Bootstrap Boy were playing at Shagbark Music and Arts Festival HE has alway been a great kid and now he is a very hard working volunteer a couple of festivals I attend. Danielles right hand guy!!! Bravo Andy!!!!
Shagbark Art and Music Festival
Union Square, New York City. (Human Condition in the 21st Century) View On Black
"Le XXIème siècle sera spirituel ou ne sera pas" (The 21st century will be spiritual or will not be) - A. Malraux
Paul Santo has been homeless for the past three years, after his divorce with his wife. She is now in Arizona with his daughter but they are not in contact. He has no other family. He used to be a construction worker in his hometown, Bridgeport CT. After a while I got him laughing as I mentioned that should he ever win the lottery with the money I gave him or should anyone give him a few millions after seeing his photo (he does stay around this area on Broadway most of the time, he said) he should think of me and maybe give me some of it. He related how once someone offered him 10 dollars for his cardboard sign. He had no idea why but we laughed about it.
This picture is #23 in my 100 strangers project. Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers home page.
Talkback
roguepriest.net/2013/08/15/principles-of-good-religion/
reknew.org/2012/12/the-suffering-of-god/
still-brook-2905.herokuapp.com/blog/2012/12/12/CakePHPAdv...
drlisawatson.com/male-infertility
blog.rubensteinpublishing.com/
journalist-and-the-skinnychick.com/the-wind-always-lies/
totalwholeness.mentorsnotebook.com/blog/ Oct 14
thekojonnamdishow.org/shows/2014-12-15/hand_to_mouth_livi...
Nome Científico: Neomarica caerulea
Autor: (Ker Gawl.) Sprague
Nome(s) Popular(es): Pseudo-íris-azul, Falsa-íris azul, Íris-da-praia , Lírio-roxo-das-pedreiras, Lírio-roxo-das-pedras
Família (Cronquist): Iridaceae
Família (APG2): Iridaceae
Gênero: Neomarica
Existe uma crença afirmando que só floresce depois da planta produzir pelo menos doze folhas, é por esse motivo que popularmente é conhecida como planta dos apóstolos.
Muito rústica, forma canteiros compactos recebendo duas ou três horas diárias de sol. As touceiras com folhas lanceoladas combinam com plantas de folhas largas: elípticas, espiraladas, obtusas, lobadas, orbiculares, etc. dessa maneira consegue-se uma combinação harmônica pelo contraste.
Sinônimos estrangeiros apostle plant, marica, twelve apostles, walking íris (em inglês); íris caminante, doce apostoles (em espanhol).
Família Iridaceae.
Características planta herbácea de densidade vazada. Porte: 0,60 a 1 m.
Fenologia primavera e verão.
Cor da flor de azul a lilás (com fragrância suave).
Cor da folhagem verde-clara.
Origem sul do Brasil.
Clima subtropical/ temperado (aprecia o frio, até -6ºC).
Luminosidade sombra leve ou sol pleno.
Risco de extinção: Cultivada :: Cultivada
O falso-íris é uma planta herbácea com o clico de vida perene. É também florífera e possui folhagem comprida de modo que as folhas organizadas na forma de um leque. Essa é uma planta ornamental, principalmente pela folhagem que apresenta. O falso-íris possui inflorescências eretas, altas, de coloração que varia entre os tons azuis e lilás, sendo bem atraentes para os insetos. As flores do falso-íris possuem um tempo de vida curto. As flores se formam ao longo do ano todo, principalmente nas estações mais quentes do ano.
Luminosidade:
O falso-íris costuma crescer muito bem sob a luminosidade do pleno sol, também sob a meia sombra ou em locais pouco sombreados, ou seja, que não haja sombreamento completo e por todo o dia no local.
Solo:
Por ser uma planta perene, originária do Brasil, o melhor tipo de terra para cultivar o falso-íris são as terras férteis, tendo o solo rico pelo trabalho da matéria orgânica e com umidade relativa, ou seja que são irrigadas com regularidade e freqüência diária. Costuma crescer apesar de algumas dificuldades, também, em regiões de clima frio como as do sul do país. As melhores localidades são as regiões sudeste e centro-oeste brasileiros.
Como Fazer Mudas Do Falso-íris?
Essa planta multiplica-se pelas inúmeras sementes que se formam ao longo do processo de floração, o qual ocorre numa freqüência constante. Pois na ponta das hastes dessa planta desenvolvem se as flores que são consideradas efêmeras pelo tempo de duração das mesmas. Se num dia desabrocham, ao final desse mesmo dia elas irão murchar, entretanto a mesma haste irá florir múltiplas vezes. Essa característica permite a formação de muitas sementes. Outro modo de propagar essa planta, além das sementes, é pela divisão da planta ou pela remoção das plântulas que estão enraizadas e nascem nos ponteiros.
Existe Variedade De Espécie?
Sim existem algumas variedades espécies de Neomarica. A mais conhecida delas é a Neomarica caerulea, que como já descrito possui flores efêmeras com pétalas de coloração azulada, variando as tonalidades. Diferentemente da variedade de espécie gracilis, a qual tem pétalas de coloração branca que variam com nuances amareladas. O tamanho das flores das das variedades da mesma espécie podem variar.
Existe uma variância dessa planta chamada de Neomarica gracilis, que além do nome íris-caminhante também é conhecida por nomes populares como planta dos apóstolos, ou por planta dos doze apóstolos. Esses nomes populares se devem a crendice popular de que depois de ser plantada por sementes, essa planta só irá florescer após ter doze folhas desenvolvidas. Ainda sobre a crendice popular, fala se que as doze folhas simbolizam os doze apóstolos do catolicismo e a haste primeira a formar flores seria Jesus Cristo. Já o nome íris-caminhante remete à característica das hastes dessa variedade.
As hastes são flexíveis e depois da floração e da formação de novas plântulas na ponta dessas hastes, pelo peso das pontas ela vai ao chão. Ao encostar no solo, novas mudas se enraizarão, aonde irá se formar novas mudas da planta. Essa característica vai se repetindo por sucessão. Ou seja, a planta vai se propagando, caminhando pelo solo. Se você deixar e não controlar a planta, essa variedade se espalha por todo o terreno na qual foi plantada. É por essa característica, também, que essa variedade é considerada uma planta invasora.
Qual o Significado De Íris, Um Dos Nomes Populares Da Neomarica Caerulea?
Segundo as histórias contadas na mitologia grega, a deusa Íris é simboliza e cuida do arco-íris. Íris é símbolo da conexão de comunicação entre os deuses e a humanidade. Essa deusa é filha de de um titã, o Titan Thaumas, e de uma ninfa, a Electra. A imagem dessa deusa é a de uma jovem mulher com asas nas costas e que carrega consigo dois atributos: um arauto e um lançador. Flores similares dessa planta foram muito desenhadas como ornamento em vasos gregos. Já na mitologia do Japão, a íris significa um guerreiro. E, também, virou tradição nesse país presentear essas flores como as felicitações de aniversário. Os japoneses acreditam que dar essas flores para alguém, traz as energias da boa saúde e da mente sábia.
Na astrologia essa planta tem, ainda, outros significados e mistérios. Essa planta de flores da primavera, simboliza a gratidão pelos favores divinos alcançados. Pessoas nascidas sob o signo de Íris são pessoas muito esforçadas e predestinadas a serem excelentes líderes, quaisquer que sejam os cargos que administrarem. São também pessoas conhecidas por aquelas que purificam as almas com a palavra e protegem os homens dos pensamentos ruins que possam ter. Essa flor simboliza o trabalho e a dedicação à vida. É a flor da sabedoria.
Qual a Indicação Dessa Planta No Paisagismo?
Fica bem em bordaduras ao redor de calçadas e muros, ou em conjuntos maciços no jardim ao redor de árvores com a copa pouco ampla. Você deve atentar para o espaço e as necessidades que a sua relação com esse espaço da casa exigem.
Quer Ter Idéias De Como Plantar e Ornar a Casa e o Jardim Que Você Tem?
Acesse o link a seguir e tire ótimas inspirações de paisagismo super fáceis de adaptar para qualquer ambiente. Basta um pouco de empenho e pequenos cuidados semanais.
casa.abril.com.br/materia/caminhos-floridos-dicas-para-te...
Outras dicas com conceitos que misturam plantas e moveis nos ambientes de descanso da casa. Casa com locais de pouca drenagem da água, ou que tem ambiente que são muito úmidos podem ter soluções se aliarmos as técnicas de paisagismo com a marcenaria. Vale o acesso desse link:
marcianovaes.com.br/v2/tag/dicas/page/2/
Etimologia: as plantas do gênero Neomarica foram originalmente chamadas de Marica, em homenagem à mitológica ninfa da água. O prefixo neo, deriva da palavra grega, e significa nova.
Origem: Brasil.
Características gerais: planta herbácea, perene, vigorosa e florífera, apresenta o porte de 0,90 a 1,20 m de altura, com folhagem longa disposta em leque, com aspecto bastante ornamental. As inflorescências são altas, eretas, sendo a haste alada com flores azuladas ou arroxeadas, muito atrativas, mas com pequena durabilidade. A floração ocorre durante o ano todo, sendo mais abundante na primavera-verão.
Condições de cultivo: a planta desenvolve-se bem a pleno sol, meia sombra ou áreas sombreadas, desde que não seja com sombra densa. O solo indicado para cultivo são os férteis, enriquecidos com matéria orgânica e recebendo irrigação periódica. Desenvolve-se bem em regiões com clima frio.
Propagação: multiplica-se por divisão da planta ou sementes, formadas na própria inflorescência.
Usos: cultivada formando conjuntos isolados, em maciços ou bordaduras.
Curiosidades: na mitologia grega, Íris é a deusa do arco-íris. Considerada como a mensageira dos deuses para a humanidade. É filha do Titan Thaumas e da ninfa Electra. Ela é retratada como uma jovem mulher com asas e seus atributos são um arauto e um lançador. Essa flor aparece bastante ornamentando vasos gregos.
Na mitologia japonesa, íris é um símbolo guerreiro e são as melhores flores para presentes de aniversário. Oferecer esta flor a uma pessoa traz saúde e sabedoria.
Íris é uma flor primaveril, que garante os favores divinos. As pessoas nascidas sob o signo de Íris (22/11 a 21/12) tendem a ser esforçadas e podem dar-se muito bem em cargos de liderança. Quem nasceu neste período incorpora o papel de purificador de almas e protetor dos homens. Simboliza o mensageiro que faz a ligação entre a Terra e o Céu. A flor é símbolo de trabalho e dedicação.
Significados: íris é a flor da sabedoria.
O falso-íris apresenta folhagem muito ornamental, disposta em leque. As flores azuis são grandes e bonitas, porém são pouco duráveis. É uma planta apropriada para canteiros de baixa manutenção, exigindo poucas adubações periódicas. Pode ser cultivada em conjuntos com outras plantas, assim como em maciços ou como bordadura. A floração pode se estender durante o ano todo, mas é mais abundante na primavera e no verão.
Devem ser plantadas a pleno sol ou meia-sombra, em solo fértil e enriquecido com matéria orgânica, com regas regulares. Aprecia o frio. Multiplica-se por divisão da planta.
Rizomas de falso-íris, também conhecido como lírio-roxo-das-pedras, da espécie Neomarica caerulea, uma Iridácea nativa do Brasil com flores azuis, riscadas por raios marrons, azuis e brancos. Trata-se de uma planta rizomatosa, que produz folhas laminares, brilhantes, dispostas em leque, por entre as quais se destacam hastes eretas que sustentam graciosas flores. As flores apresentam três sépalas horizontais azuis e três pétalas elevadas. Cada pétala apresenta raios marrons, azuis e brancos, formando um padrão muito bonito. No paisagismo, os falso-íris podem ser utilizadas em maciços e bordaduras, como uma excelente opção perene e de baixa manutenção, com florescimento muito vistoso. Os falso-íris também podem ser plantados em vasos e jardineiras. Por sua rusticidade, não exige cuidados especiais, a não ser umidade constante durante a fase inicial podendo ser plantado durante o ano todo, em terra comum, numa distância média de 15 cm entre plantas e 5 cm de profundidade. Ao plantar, deve-se evitar enterrar demasiadamente os rizomas, pois ficam suscetíveis às doenças e produzem menor quantidade de flores. Manter o solo limpo de ervas daninhas. Os rizomas vêm tratados com defensivos que os tornam resistentes à maioria das doenças de solo. Rizoma destinado unicamente ao cultivo ornamental.
Habitat: Sao Paulo, na Mata Atlantica.
Tamanho da planta: 1 metro
Tamanho da flor: 8 cm
Clima: Moderado.
Planta que cresce normalmente em campo aberto e clareiras da mata.
Cultivo:
Grau de dificuldade : Fácil
Sugestão de substrato:
Solo misturado a material orgânico
Neomarica caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Sprague Preferred
Cipura caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Heynh. Synonym
Trimezia caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Ravenna
Trimezia caerulea subsp. eximia
Marica caerulea Ker Gawl.
Cypella caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Seub. ex Hook. f.
Galathea caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Liebm.
Galathea speciosa Liebm.
Text in english:
Walking Iris or Apostle Plant (Neomarica eximia)
Sometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name. They may do this because they are unaware of the original name, or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not. If two or more names are found to apply to the same group, they are considered synonyms. In most cases, the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name. However, there can be exceptions, and it's not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted. Here we list the synonyms provided to EOL by our classification partners. We also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group, for example, misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name.
Neomarica exima is now considered a non
valid name, but didn't locate what it is a pseudonym of.
The three genetic studies all concur with previous suspicions that
there are problems in the clades. A couple were polyphylogenetic ,
and plants with different genus were actually in same genus. Some of
the branches are different in the three studies, not same species in
each one, and some bootstrap values were very low. So each is point
out errors in other studies and defending criticism. No agreement in
how to straighten this out.
Of course they could pool data and redo the phylogenetic trees. Or
someone else could just download the data they placed in gene bank and
do study with all of the data compiled.
Habitat: Sao Paulo, in Atlantic Forest.
Plant Size: 1 meter.
Flower Size: 8 cm
Climate: Moderate.
This plant usually grows in open fields and openings in the forest.
Cultivation:
Degree of difficulty: Easy.
Substratum suggestion:
Soil mixed with organic material.
Walking Iris or Apostle Plant (Neomarica eximia), native from South America. Known in Brazil as "falso-iris" and "lirio-roxo".
Neomarica caerulea
Siyentipiko nga pagklasipika
Ginhadi-an: Plantae
Pagbahin: Tracheophyta
Klase: Liliopsida
Orden: Asparagales
Banay: Iridaceae
Genus: Neomarica
Espesye: Neomarica caerulea
Binomial nga ngaran
Neomarica caerulea
(Ker Gawl.) Sprague
Mga sinonimo
Trimezia caerulea eximia
Trimezia caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Ravenna
Marica caerulea Ker Gawl.
Galathea speciosa Liebm.
Galathea caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Liebm.
Cypella caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Seub. ex Hook.f.
Cipura caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Heynh.
Neomarica caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Sprague is an accepted name
This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Neomarica (family Iridaceae).
The record derives from iPlants which reports it as an accepted name (record 323843) with original publication details: Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1928: 280 1928.
Full publication details for this name can be found in IPNI: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:168846-2.
Synonyms:
See "Status", "Confidence level", "Source" for definitions.
Sort the name records using the clickable table header buttons.
Name Status Confi-dence level Source
Cipura caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Heynh. Synonym H iPlants
Cypella caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Seub. ex Hook.f. Synonym H iPlants
Galathea caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Liebm. Synonym H iPlants
Galathea speciosa Liebm. Synonym H iPlants
Marica caerulea Ker Gawl. Synonym H iPlants
Trimezia caerulea (Ker Gawl.) Ravenna Synonym H iPlants
Trimezia caerulea subsp. eximia Ravenna Synonym L iPlants
Iris Néomarica Eximia :
Genre Néomarica originaire du Brésil, ayant était confondue avec Coerulea espèce proche de Glanca et Rigida. Il produit violet mauve.
Iris Néomarica Coerulea:
Genre Neomarica originaire du Brésil, des zone semis ombragée des forêt Atlantique. Préfèrent le soleil au heures les plus fraîche de la journée. L’une des plus commercialisé en Europe. A cultiver en Europe de préférence dans une serre chaude. Quand les température extérieur minimum dépassent les 15°c il est possible de les déplacer a l’extérieur.
Hauteur jusqu’à 1m, elle ne maintient pas ces feuilles en hivers. Celle ci rappelle les feuilles de l’iris des marais. C’est l’espèce la plus spectaculaire, avec des fleurs de 10 à 15cm de diamètre. Sépale bleu et pétales à bande centrale blanche veinée transversalement de bleu cobalt. Bien implanté elle forme de fortes touffes et peu devenir envahissante.
I just recently watched the first three installments in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and I thoroughly enjoyed all of them. Anyway, onto the figs...
From L-R:
Elizabeth Swann (CotBP Appearance)
Will Turner (CotBP Appearance)
Hector Barbossa
Jack Sparrow
Davy Jones
Bootstrap Bill
Captain Sao Feng
Cutler Beckett
New for The Fantasy Gacha Carnival - Wild West
Bolo Tie Gacha Gacha:
18 commons (8 x version 1 in gold or silver; 10 x version 2 in gold or silver) Gemstones: Carnelian, Malachite, Turquoise, Onyx or Lapislazuli.
2 rares: El Torro - bull head in gold or silver
all packs include a "cut off"-version to be worn under shirt collars
The bootstrap ties are sized for females, but can be easily resized for males, too.
no copy/transfer/mod
Bats are placental mammals. Bats were formerly thought to have been most closely related to the flying lemurs, treeshrews, and primates, but recent molecular cladistics research indicates that they actually belong to Laurasiatheria, a diverse group also containing Carnivora and Artiodactyla.
The two traditionally recognized suborders of bats are:
Megachiroptera (megabats)
Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)
Not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinctions between the two suborders are:
Microbats use echolocation; with the exception of the genus Rousettus, megabats do not.
Microbats lack the claw at the second finger of the forelimb.
The ears of microbats do not close to form a ring; the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
Microbats lack underfur; they are either naked or have guard hairs.[citation needed]
Megabats eat fruit, nectar, or pollen. Most microbats eat insects; others may feed on fruit, nectar, pollen, fish, frogs, small mammals, or the blood of animals. Megabats have well-developed visual cortices and show good visual acuity, while microbats rely on echolocation for navigation and finding prey.
The phylogenetic relationships of the different groups of bats have been the subject of much debate. The traditional subdivision between Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera reflects the view that these groups of bats have evolved independently of each other for a long time, from a common ancestor already capable of flight. This hypothesis recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals. Most molecular biological evidence supports the view that bats form a single or monophyletic group.
Researchers have proposed alternative views of chiropteran phylogeny and classification, but more research is needed.
In the 1980s, a hypothesis based on morphological evidence was offered that stated the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera. The so-called flying primates theory proposes that, when adaptations to flight are removed, the Megachiroptera are allied to primates by anatomical features not shared with Microchiroptera. One example is that the brains of megabats show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates. Although recent genetic studies strongly support the monophyly of bats,debate continues as to the meaning of available genetic and morphological evidence.
Genetic evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early Eocene and should be placed within the four major lines of microbats.
Consequently, two new suborders based on molecular data have been proposed. The new suborder of Yinpterochiroptera includes the Pteropodidae, or megabat family, as well as the families Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, Megadermatidae, and Rhinopomatidae The other new suborder, Yangochiroptera, includes all of the remaining families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation). These two new suborders are strongly supported by statistical tests. Teeling (2005) found 100% bootstrap support in all maximum likelihood analyses for the division of Chiroptera into these two modified suborders. This conclusion is further supported by a 15-base-pair deletion in BRCA1 and a seven-base-pair deletion in PLCB4 present in all Yangochiroptera and absent in all Yinpterochiroptera. Perhaps most convincingly, a phylogenomic study by Tsagkogeorga et al (2013) showed that the two new proposed suborders were supported by analyses of thousands of genes.[19]
The chiropteran phylogeny based on molecular evidence is controversial because microbat paraphyly implies that one of two seemingly unlikely hypotheses occurred. The first suggests that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in Chiroptera, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids. The second proposes that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae (all megabats), and later evolved as a system of tongue-clicking in the genus Rousettus.
Analyses of the sequence of the "vocalization" gene, FoxP2, were inconclusive as to whether laryngeal echolocation was secondarily lost in the pteropodids or independently gained in the echolocating lineages. However, analyses of the "hearing" gene, Prestin, seemed to favor the independent gain in echolocating species rather than a secondary loss in the pteropodids.
In addition to Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera, the names Pteropodiformes and Vespertilioniformes have also been proposed for these suborders. Under this new proposed nomenclature, the suborder Pteropodiformes includes all extant bat families more closely related to the genus Pteropus than the genus Vespertilio, while the suborder Vespertilioniformes includes all extant bat families more closely related to the genus Vespertilio than to the genus Pteropus.
Little fossil evidence is available to help map the evolution of bats, since their small, delicate skeletons do not fossilize very well. However, a Late Cretaceous tooth from South America resembles that of an early microchiropteran bat. Most of the oldest known, definitely identified bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats. These fossils, Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx and Hassianycteris, are from the early Eocene period, 52.5 million years ago. Archaeopteropus, formerly classified as the earliest known megachiropteran, is now classified as a microchiropteran.
Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder Archonta, along with the treeshrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and the primates, because of the apparent similarities between Megachiroptera and such mammals. Genetic studies have now placed bats in the superorder Laurasiatheria, along with carnivorans, pangolins, odd-toed ungulates, even-toed ungulates, and cetaceans. A recent study by Zhang et al. places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to the clade Perissodactyla (which includes horses and other odd-toed ungulates).[29] However, the first phylogenomic analysis of bats shows that they are not sisters to Perissodactyla, instead they are sisters to a larger group that includes ungulates and carnivores.
Hi guys !
Today, I show you ALL the minifigures from Pirates of the Caribbean.
Let me show you around :
- Rock in the left (from top to bottom) : Cannibal 2, Gunner Zombie, Yeoman Zombie, King George's Officer, Coachman, another Gunner Zombie, Admiral Norrington, King George's Soldier and Captain Jack Sparrow Cannibal.
- Under the sand (left to right) : Captain Jack Sparrow with Jacket, Captain Jack Sparrow with Tricorne and Blue, Captain Jack Sparrow with Tricorne, Angelica, Elizabeth Swann Turner, Captain Jack Sparrow, Captain Jack Sparrow Voodoo and Captain Jack Sparrow Skeleton.
- On the sand (left to right) : Blackbeard, Hector Barbossa, Davy Jones, Mermaid Syrena, Maccus, Mermaid, Hadras and Bootstrap Bill.
- Rock in the right (from top to bottom) : Philip Swift, Quartermaster Zombie, Hector Barbossa with Pegleg, Scrum, Cannibal 1, Will Turner, Joshamee Gibbs and Cook.
All from the sets 4181 to 4184, 4191 to 4195 and 30131 to 30133.
I hope that Lego will make new sets for the new movie with Captain Salazar.
Original picture by me
Wants: Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings, Hobbit, Lone Ranger, Pirates of the Caribbean, Spider-Man, some newer Superheros, near everything i don´t have goes.
Wants:
Harry Potter: Bellatrix Lestrange, Finch, Fenrir Greyback, Knight Bus Driver, Fred/George Weasly, Ernie Prang
LotR and Hobbit: Balin, Gandalf the white, Elb´s, Orc´s and Goblin´s with pointed ears, King of Dead and Soldiers of the Dead, Mouth of Sauron
Lone Ranger: Barret, Chief Big Bear, Red Harrington, Ray, Red Knee
Superheros: Movie Bane, Movie Batman, Com. Gordon, Col. Hardy, Extremis Soldier, Zod and Faora with Armour, Tor-An, Mandarin with Cape, Iron Patriot, Jor-El
TMNT: Shreeder, Dark Ninja, Kraang, Turtles
PotC: Davy Jones, Hadras, Maccus, Bootstrap Bill, Quartermaster Zombie, Gibbs
Indy: Kazim, Mola Ram, Shanghai Gangster, Temple Guards
PoP: Alamut Merchant, Seso
Batman: old Henchman head
Bootstraps complete but Teag needs a little more detail work along with a leather strap and a guitar... from BF!
1967, when the Sigma 5 was launched by Scientific Data Systems ( the company was in 1969 bought by Xerox), starting up a computer was very different from today. Read and enjoy. Images from a visit to the Computer History Museum in Mountain View 2008.
Minifigures included with the model (from left to right): Davy Jones, Maccus, Hadras, Bootstrap Bill, Koleniko, Jimmy Legs, and Penrod.
ideas.lego.com/projects/2188f2a8-afb7-40cf-b2a1-079399ac95bf
More Brush Park disasters! Wouldn't this have made a great restoration project? Nope, somebody burned it down recently. So there's that, check this out:
www.bootstrap-analysis.com/2008/11/the-good-bad-and-the-u...
During restoration boardup in 2005:
The ability to simplify means
to eliminate the unnecessary
so that the necessary may speak.
{ Hans Hofmann, Introduction to the Bootstrap, 1993 }
- - - - -
Happy, love-filled Friday everyone!
Lightweight cotton sateen, fully underlined with cotton lawn, lined with Bemsilk. Collar and draped bust from loose weave linen viscose blend. Worn with full organza petticoat. More detail: www.facebook.com/measuretwicecraft/posts/783336405099867
The wood-workshop inside Fargus. This is where the prototype of the bootstrap stretcher is shaped. It is fascinating to me that this labor has not been automated since 1911.
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera (/kaɪˈrɒptərə/; from the Greek χείρ - cheir, "hand" and πτερόν - pteron, "wing") whose forelimbs form webbed wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums, and colugos, can only glide for short distances. Bats do not flap their entire forelimbs, as birds do, but instead flap their spread-out digits, which are very long and covered with a thin membrane or patagium.
Bats are the second largest order of mammals (after the rodents), representing about 20% of all classified mammal species worldwide, with about 1,240 bat species divided into two suborders: the less specialized and largely fruit-eating megabats, or flying foxes, and the highly specialized and echolocating microbats. About 70% of bat species are insectivores. Most of the rest are frugivores, or fruit eaters. A few species, such as the fish-eating bat, feed from animals other than insects, with the vampire bats being hematophagous, or feeding on blood.
Bats are present throughout most of the world, with the exception of extremely cold regions. They perform vital ecological roles of pollinating flowers and dispersing fruit seeds; many tropical plant species depend entirely on bats for the distribution of their seeds. Bats are economically important, as they consume insect pests, reducing the need for pesticides. The smallest bat is the Kitti's hog-nosed bat, measuring 29–34 mm in length, 15 cm across the wings and 2–2.6 g in mass. It is also arguably the smallest extant species of mammal, with the Etruscan shrew being the other contender. The largest species of bat are a few species of Pteropus (fruit bats or flying foxes) and the giant golden-crowned flying fox with a weight up to 1.6 kg and wingspan up to 1.7 m.
CLASSIFICATION AND EVOLUTION
Bats are mammals. In many languages, the word for "bat" is cognate with the word for "mouse": for example, chauve-souris ("bald-mouse") in French, murciélago ("blind mouse") in Spanish, saguzahar ("old mouse") in Basque, летучая мышь ("flying mouse") in Russian, slijepi miš ("blind mouse") in Bosnian, nahkhiir ("leather mouse") in Estonian, vlermuis (winged mouse) in Afrikaans, from the Dutch word vleermuis (from Middle Dutch "winged mouse"). An older English name for bats is flittermouse, which matches their name in other Germanic languages (for example German Fledermaus and Swedish fladdermus). Bats were formerly thought to have been most closely related to the flying lemurs, treeshrews, and primates, but recent molecular cladistics research indicates that they actually belong to Laurasiatheria, a diverse group also containing Carnivora and Artiodactyla.
The two traditionally recognized suborders of bats are:
- Megachiroptera (megabats)
- Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)
Not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinctions between the two suborders are:
- Microbats use echolocation; with the exception of the Rousettus genus, megabats do not.
- Microbats lack the claw at the second finger of the forelimb.
- The ears of microbats do not close to form a ring; the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
- Microbats lack underfur; they are either naked or have guard hairs.
Megabats eat fruit, nectar, or pollen. Most microbats eat insects; others may feed on fruit, nectar, pollen, fish, frogs, small mammals, or the blood of animals. Megabats have well-developed visual cortices and show good visual acuity, while microbats rely on echolocation for navigation and finding prey.
The phylogenetic relationships of the different groups of bats have been the subject of much debate. The traditional subdivision between Megachiroptera and Microchiroptera reflects the view that these groups of bats have evolved independently of each other for a long time, from a common ancestor already capable of flight. This hypothesis recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals. Most molecular biological evidence supports the view that bats form a single or monophyletic group.
Researchers have proposed alternative views of chiropteran phylogeny and classification, but more research is needed.
In the 1980s, a hypothesis based on morphological evidence was offered that stated the Megachiroptera evolved flight separately from the Microchiroptera. The so-called flying primates theory proposes that, when adaptations to flight are removed, the Megachiroptera are allied to primates by anatomical features not shared with Microchiroptera. One example is that the brains of megabats show a number of advanced characteristics that link them to primates. Although recent genetic studies strongly support the monophyly of bats, debate continues as to the meaning of available genetic and morphological evidence.
Genetic evidence indicates that megabats originated during the early Eocene and should be placed within the four major lines of microbats.
Consequently, two new suborders based on molecular data have been proposed. The new suborder of Yinpterochiroptera includes the Pteropodidae, or megabat family, as well as the Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Craseonycteridae, Megadermatidae, and Rhinopomatidae families The other new suborder, Yangochiroptera, includes all of the remaining families of bats (all of which use laryngeal echolocation). These two new suborders are strongly supported by statistical tests. Teeling (2005) found 100% bootstrap support in all maximum likelihood analyses for the division of Chiroptera into these two modified suborders. This conclusion is further supported by a 15-base-pair deletion in BRCA1 and a seven-base-pair deletion in PLCB4 present in all Yangochiroptera and absent in all Yinpterochiroptera. Perhaps most convincingly, a phylogenomic study by Tsagkogeorga et al (2013) showed that the two new proposed suborders were supported by analyses of thousands of genes.
The chiropteran phylogeny based on molecular evidence is controversial because microbat paraphyly implies that one of two seemingly unlikely hypotheses occurred. The first suggests that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in Chiroptera, once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids. The second proposes that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae (all megabats), and later evolved as a system of tongue-clicking in the genus Rousettus.
Analyses of the sequence of the "vocalization" gene, FoxP2, were inconclusive as to whether laryngeal echolocation was secondarily lost in the pteropodids or independently gained in the echolocating lineages. However, analyses of the "hearing" gene, Prestin seemed to favor the independent gain in echolocating species rather than a secondary loss in the pteropodids.
In addition to Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera, the names Pteropodiformes and Vespertilioniformes have also been proposed for these suborders. Under this new proposed nomenclature, the suborder Pteropodiformes includes all extant bat families more closely related to the genus Pteropus than the genus Vespertilio, while the suborder Vespertilioniformes includes all extant bat families more closely related to the genus Vespertilio than to the genus Pteropus.
Little fossil evidence is available to help map the evolution of bats, since their small, delicate skeletons do not fossilize very well. However, a Late Cretaceous tooth from South America resembles that of an early microchiropteran bat. Most of the oldest known, definitely identified bat fossils were already very similar to modern microbats. These fossils, Icaronycteris, Archaeonycteris, Palaeochiropteryx and Hassianycteris, are from the early Eocene period, 52.5 million years ago. Archaeopteropus, formerly classified as the earliest known megachiropteran, is now classified as a microchiropteran.
Bats were formerly grouped in the superorder Archonta, along with the treeshrews (Scandentia), colugos (Dermoptera), and the primates, because of the apparent similarities between Megachiroptera and such mammals. Genetic studies have now placed bats in the superorder Laurasiatheria, along with carnivorans, pangolins, odd-toed ungulates, even-toed ungulates, and cetaceans. A recent study by Zhang et al. places Chiroptera as a sister taxon to the clade Perissodactyla (which includes horses and other odd-toed ungulates). However, the first phylogenomic analysis of bats shows that they are not sisters to Perissodactyla, instead they are sisters to a larger group that includes ungulates and carnivores.
Megabats primarily eat fruit or nectar. In New Guinea, they are likely to have evolved for some time in the absence of microbats, which has resulted in some smaller megabats of the genus Nyctimene becoming (partly) insectivorous to fill the vacant microbat ecological niche. Furthermore, some evidence indicates that the fruit bat genus Pteralopex from the Solomon Islands, and its close relative Mirimiri from Fiji, have evolved to fill some niches that were open because there are no nonvolant or nonflying mammals on those islands.
FOSSIL BATS
Fossilized remains of bats are few, as they are terrestrial and light-boned. Only an estimated 12% of the bat fossil record is complete at the genus level. Fossil remains of an Eocene bat, Icaronycteris, were found in 1960. Another Eocene bat, Onychonycteris finneyi, was found in the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation in Wyoming, United States, in 2003. This intermediate fossil has helped to resolve a long-standing disagreement regarding whether flight or echolocation developed first in bats. The shape of the rib cage, faceted infraspious fossa of the scapula, manus morphology, robust clavicle, and keeled sternum all indicated Onychonycteris was capable of powered flight. However, the well-preserved skeleton showed that the small cochlea of the inner ear did not have the morphology necessary to echolocate. O. finneyi lacked an enlarged orbical apophysis on the malleus, and a stylohyal element with an expanded paddle-like cranial tip - both of which are characteristics linked to echolocation in other prehistoric and extant bat species. Because of these absences, and the presence of characteristics necessary for flight, Onychonycteris provides strong support for the “flight first” hypothesis in the evolution of flight and echolocation in bats.
The appearance and flight movement of bats 52.5 million years ago were different from those of bats today. Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws appearing on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches such as sloths and gibbons. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris likely alternated between flaps and glides while in the air. Such physical characteristics suggest that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats do, rather flying from tree to tree and spending most of its waking day climbing or hanging on the branches of trees. The distinctive features noted on the Onychonycteris fossil also support the claim that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal gliders, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, implies that bats attained powered flight by taking advantage of height and gravity, rather than relying on running speeds fast enough for a ground-level take off.
The mid-Eocene genus Necromantis is one of the earliest examples of bats specialised to hunt vertebrate prey, as well as one of the largest bats of its epoch.
HABITATS
Flight has enabled bats to become one of the most widely distributed groups of mammals. Apart from the Arctic, the Antarctic and a few isolated oceanic islands, bats exist all over the world. Bats are found in almost every habitat available on Earth. Different species select different habitats during different seasons, ranging from seasides to mountains and even deserts, but bat habitats have two basic requirements: roosts, where they spend the day or hibernate, and places for foraging. Most temperate species additionally need a relatively warm hibernation shelter. Bat roosts can be found in hollows, crevices, foliage, and even human-made structures, and include "tents" the bats construct by biting leaves.
The United States is home to an estimated 45 to 48 species of bats. The three most common species are Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat), Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat), and Tadarida brasiliensis (Mexican free-tailed bat). The little and the big brown bats are common throughout the northern two-thirds of the country, while the Mexican free-tailed bat is the most common species in the southwest, sometimes even appearing in portions of the Southeast.
ANATOMY
WINGS
The finger bones of bats are much more flexible than those of other mammals, owing to their flattened cross-section and to low levels of minerals, such as calcium, near their tips. In 2006, Sears et al. published a study that traces the elongation of manual bat digits, a key feature required for wing development, to the upregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps). During embryonic development, the gene controlling Bmp signaling, Bmp2, is subjected to increased expression in bat forelimbs - resulting in the extension of the offspring's manual digits. This crucial genetic alteration helps create the specialized limbs required for volant locomotion. Sears et al. (2006) also studied the relative proportion of bat forelimb digits from several extant species and compared these with a fossil of Lcaronycteris index, an early extinct species from approximately 50 million years ago. The study found no significant differences in relative digit proportion, suggesting that bat wing morphology has been conserved for over 50 million years.The wings of bats are much thinner and consist of more bones than the wings of birds, allowing bats to maneuver more accurately than the latter, and fly with more lift and less drag. By folding the wings in toward their bodies on the upstroke, they save 35 percent energy during flight. The membranes are also delicate, ripping easily; however, the tissue of the bat's membrane is able to regrow, such that small tears can heal quickly. The surface of their wings is equipped with touch-sensitive receptors on small bumps called Merkel cells, also found on human fingertips. These sensitive areas are different in bats, as each bump has a tiny hair in the center, making it even more sensitive and allowing the bat to detect and collect information about the air flowing over its wings, and to fly more efficiently by changing the shape of its wings in response. An additional kind of receptor cell is found in the wing membrane of species that use their wings to catch prey. This receptor cell is sensitive to the stretching of the membrane. The cells are concentrated in areas of the membrane where insects hit the wings when the bats capture them.
OTHER
The teeth of microbats resemble insectivorans. They are very sharp to bite through the hardened armor of insects or the skin of fruit.
Mammals have one-way valves in their veins to prevent the blood from flowing backwards, but bats also have one-way valves in their arteries.
The tube-lipped nectar bat (Anoura fistulata) has the longest tongue of any mammal relative to its body size. This is beneficial to them in terms of pollination and feeding. Their long, narrow tongues can reach deep into the long cup shape of some flowers. When the tongue retracts, it coils up inside its rib cage.
Bats possess highly adapted lung systems to cope with the pressures of powered-flight. Flight is an energetically taxing aerobic activity and requires large amounts of oxygen to be sustained. In bats, the relative alveolar surface area and pulmonary capillary blood volume are significantly larger than most other small quadrupedal mammals.
ECHOLOCATION
Bat echolocation is a perceptual system where ultrasonic sounds are emitted specifically to produce echoes. By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes, the brain and auditory nervous system can produce detailed images of the bat's surroundings. This allows bats to detect, localize, and even classify their prey in complete darkness. At 130 decibels in intensity, bat calls are some of the most intense, airborne animal sounds.
To clearly distinguish returning information, bats must be able to separate their calls from the echoes that they receive. Microbats use two distinct approaches.
Low duty cycle echolocation: Bats can separate their calls and returning echoes by time. Bats that use this approach time their short calls to finish before echoes return. This is important because these bats contract their middle ear muscles when emitting a call, so they can avoid deafening themselves. The time interval between the call and echo allows them to relax these muscles, so they can clearly hear the returning echo. The delay of the returning echoes provides the bat with the ability to estimate the range to their prey.
High duty cycle echolocation: Bats emit a continuous call and separate pulse and echo in frequency. The ears of these bats are sharply tuned to a specific frequency range. They emit calls outside of this range to avoid self-deafening. They then receive echoes back at the finely tuned frequency range by taking advantage of the Doppler shift of their motion in flight. The Doppler shift of the returning echoes yields information relating to the motion and location of the bat's prey. These bats must deal with changes in the Doppler shift due to changes in their flight speed. They have adapted to change their pulse emission frequency in relation to their flight speed so echoes still return in the optimal hearing range.
The new Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera classification of bats, supported by molecular evidence, suggests two possibilities for the evolution of echolocation. It may have been gained once in a common ancestor of all bats and was then subsequently lost in the Old World fruit bats, only to be regained in the horseshoe bats, or echolocation evolved independently in both the Yinpterochiroptera and Yangochiroptera lineages.
Two groups of moths exploit a bat sense to echolocate: tiger moths produce ultrasonic signals to warn the bats that they (the moths) are chemically protected or aposematic, other moth species produce signals to jam bat echolocation. Many moth species have a hearing organ called a tympanum, which responds to an incoming bat signal by causing the moth's flight muscles to twitch erratically, sending the moth into random evasive maneuvers.
In addition to echolocating prey, bat ears are sensitive to the fluttering of moth wings, the sounds produced by tymbalate insects, and the movement of ground-dwelling prey, such as centipedes, earwigs, etc. The complex geometry of ridges on the inner surface of bat ears helps to sharply focus not only echolocation signals, but also to passively listen for any other sound produced by the prey. These ridges can be regarded as the acoustic equivalent of a Fresnel lens, and may be seen in a large variety of unrelated animals, such as the aye-aye, lesser galago, bat-eared fox, mouse lemur, and others.
By repeated scanning, bats can mentally construct an accurate image of the environment in which they are moving and of their prey item.
OTHER SENSES
Although the eyes of most microbat species are small and poorly developed, leading to poor visual acuity, no species is blind. Microbats use vision to navigate, especially for long distances when beyond the range of echolocation, and species that are gleaners - that is, ones that attempt to swoop down from above to ambush tasty insects like crickets on the ground or moths up a tree - often have eyesight about as good as a rat's. Some species have been shown to be able to detect ultraviolet light, and most cave dwelling species have developed the ability to utilize very dim light. They also have high-quality senses of smell and hearing. Bats hunt at night, reducing competition with birds, minimizing contact with certain predators, and travel large distances (up to 800 km) in their search for food. Megabat species often have excellent eyesight as good as, if not better than, human vision; they need this for the warm climates they live in and the very social world they occupy, where relations and friends need to be distinguished from other bats in the colony. This eyesight is, unlike its microbat relations, adapted to both night and daylight vision and enables the bat to have some colour vision whereas the microbat sees in blurred shades of grey.
BEHAVIOUR
Most microbats are nocturnal and are active at twilight. A large portion of bats migrate hundreds of kilometres to winter hibernation dens, while some pass into torpor in cold weather, rousing and feeding when warm weather allows for insects to be active. Others retreat to caves for winter and hibernate for six months. Bats rarely fly in rain, as the rain interferes with their echolocation, and they are unable to locate their food.
The social structure of bats varies, with some leading solitary lives and others living in caves colonized by more than a million bats. The fission-fusion social structure is seen among several species of bats. The term "fusion" refers to a large numbers of bats that congregate in one roosting area, and "fission" refers to breaking up and the mixing of subgroups, with individual bats switching roosts with others and often ending up in different trees and with different roostmates.
Studies also show that bats make all kinds of sounds to communicate with others. Scientists in the field have listened to bats and have been able to associate certain sounds with certain behaviours that bats make after the sounds are made.
Insectivores make up 70% of bat species and locate their prey by means of echolocation. Of the remainder, most feed on fruits. Only three species sustain themselves with blood.
Some species even prey on vertebrates. The leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) of Central America and South America, and the two bulldog bat (Noctilionidae) species feed on fish. At least two species of bat are known to feed on other bats: the spectral bat, also known as the American false vampire bat, and the ghost bat of Australia. One species, the greater noctule bat, catches and eats small birds in the air.
Predators of bats include bat hawks, bat falcons and even spiders.
REPRODUCTION
Most bats have a breeding season, which is in the spring for species living in a temperate climate. Bats may have one to three litters in a season, depending on the species and on environmental conditions, such as the availability of food and roost sites. Females generally have one offspring at a time, which could be a result of the mother's need to fly to feed while pregnant. Female bats nurse their young until they are nearly adult size, because a young bat cannot forage on its own until its wings are fully developed.
Female bats use a variety of strategies to control the timing of pregnancy and the birth of young, to make delivery coincide with maximum food ability and other ecological factors. Females of some species have delayed fertilization, in which sperm is stored in the reproductive tract for several months after mating. In many such cases, mating occurs in the fall, and fertilization does not occur until the following spring. Other species exhibit delayed implantation, in which the egg is fertilized after mating, but remains free in the reproductive tract until external conditions become favorable for giving birth and caring for the offspring.
In yet another strategy, fertilization and implantation both occur, but development of the fetus is delayed until favorable conditions prevail, during the delayed development the mother still gives the fertilized egg nutrients, and oxygenated blood to keep it alive. However, this process can go for a long period of time, because of the advanced gas exchange system. All of these adaptations result in the pup being born during a time of high local production of fruit or insects.
At birth, the wings are too small to be used for flight. Young microbats become independent at the age of six to eight weeks, while megabats do not until they are four months old.
LIFE EXPECTANCY
A single bat can live over 20 years, but bat population growth is limited by the slow birth rate.
HUNTING, FEEDING AND DRINKING
Newborn bats rely on the milk from their mothers. When they are a few weeks old, bats are expected to fly and hunt on their own. It is up to them to find and catch their prey, along with satisfying their thirst.
HUNTING
Most bats are nocturnal creatures. Their daylight hours are spent grooming and sleeping; they hunt during the night. The means by which bats navigate while finding and catching their prey in the dark was unknown until the 1790s, when Lazzaro Spallanzani conducted a series of experiments on a group of blind bats. These bats were placed in a room in total darkness, with silk threads strung across the room. Even then, the bats were able to navigate their way through the room. Spallanzani concluded the bats were not using their eyes to fly through complete darkness, but something else.
Spallanzani decided the bats were able to catch and find their prey through the use of their ears. To prove this theory, Spallanzani plugged the ears of the bats in his experiment. To his pleasure, he found that the bats with plugged ears were not able to fly with the same amount of skill and precision as they were able to without their ears plugged. Unfortunately for Spallanzani, the twin concepts of sound waves and acoustics would not be understood for another century and he could not explain why specifically the bats were crashing into walls and the threads that he'd strung up around the room, and because of the methodology Spallanzani used, many of his test subjects died.
It was thus well known through the nineteenth century that the chiropteran ability to navigate had something to do with hearing, but how they accomplish this was not proven conclusively until the 1930s, by Donald R. Griffin, a biology student at Harvard University. Using a locally native species, the little brown bat, he discovered that bats use echolocation to locate and catch their prey. When bats fly, they produce a constant stream of high-pitched sounds. When the sound waves produced by these sounds hit an insect or other animal, the echoes bounce back to the bat, and guide them to the source.
FEEDING AND DIET
The majority of food consumed by bats includes insects, fruits and flower nectar, vertebrates and blood. Almost three-fourths of the world's bats are insect eaters. Bats consume both aerial and ground-dwelling insects. Each bat is typically able to consume one-third of its body weight in insects each night, and several hundred insects in a few hours. This means that a group of a thousand bats could eat four tons of insects each year. If bats were to become extinct, it has been calculated that the insect population would reach an alarmingly high number.
VITAMIN C
In a test of 34 bat species from six major families of bats, including major insect- and fruit-eating bat families, all were found to have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C, and this loss may derive from a common bat ancestor, as a single mutation. However, recent results show that there are at least two species of bat, the frugivorous bat (Rousettus leschenaultii) and insectivorous bat (Hipposideros armiger), that have retained their ability to produce vitamin C. In fact, the whole Chiroptera are in the process of losing the ability to synthesize Vc which most of them have already lost.
AERIAL INSECTIVORES
Watching a bat catch and eat an insect is difficult. The action is so fast that all one sees is a bat rapidly change directions, and continue on its way. Scientist Frederick A. Webster discovered how bats catch their prey. In 1960, Webster developed a high-speed camera that was able to take one thousand pictures per second. These photos revealed the fast and precise way in which bats catch insects. Occasionally, a bat will catch an insect in mid-air with its mouth, and eat it in the air. However, more often than not, a bat will use its tail membrane or wings to scoop up the insect and trap it in a sort of "bug net". Then, the bat will take the insect back to its roost. There, the bat will proceed to eat said insect, often using its tail membrane as a kind of napkin, to prevent its meal from falling to the ground. One common insect prey is Helicoverpa zea, a moth that causes major agricultural damage.
FORAGE GLEANERS
These bats typically fly down and grasp their prey off the ground with their teeth, and take it to a nearby perch to eat it. Generally, these bats do not use echolocation to locate their prey. Instead, they rely on the sounds produced by the insects. Some make unique sounds, and almost all make some noise while moving through the environment.
FRUITS AND FLOWER NECTAR
Fruit eating, or frugivory, is a specific habit found in two families of bats. Megachiropterans and microchiropterans both include species of bat that feed on fruits. These bats feed on the juices of sweet fruits, and fulfill the needs of some seeds to be dispersed. The fruits preferred by most fruit-eating bats are fleshy and sweet, but not particularly strong smelling or colorful. To get the juice of these fruits, bats pull the fruit off the trees with their teeth, and fly back to their roosts with the fruit in their mouths. There, the bats will consume the fruit in a specific way. To do this, the bats crush open the fruit and eat the parts that satisfy their hunger. The remainder of the fruit, the seeds and pulp, are spat onto the ground. These seeds take root and begin to grow into new fruit trees. Over 150 types of plants depend on bats in order to reproduce.Some bats prefer the nectar of flowers to insects or other animals. These bats have evolved specifically for this purpose. For example, these bats possess long muzzles and long, extensible tongues covered in fine bristles that aid them in feeding on particular flowers and plants.[68] When they sip the nectar from these flowers, pollen gets stuck to their fur, and is dusted off when the bats take flight, thus pollinating the plants below them. The rainforest is said to be the most benefitted of all the biomes where bats live, because of the large variety of appealing plants. Because of their specific eating habits, nectar-feeding bats are more prone to extinction than any other type of bat. However, bats benefit from eating fruits and nectar just as much as from eating insects.
VERTEBRATES
A small group of carnivorous bats feed on other vertebrates and are considered the top carnivores of the bat world. These bats typically eat a variety of animals, but normally consume frogs, lizards, birds, and sometimes other bats. For example, one vertebrate predator, Trachops cirrhosus, is particularly skilled at catching frogs. These bats locate large groups of frogs by distinguishing their mating calls from other sounds around them. They follow the sounds to the source and pluck them from the surface of the water with their sharp canine teeth. Another example is the greater noctule bat, which is believed to catch birds on the wing.
Also, several species of bat feed on fish. These types of bats are found on almost all continents. They use echolocation to detect tiny ripples in the water's surface to locate fish. From there, the bats swoop down low, inches from the water, and use specially enlarged claws on their hind feet to grab the fish out of the water. The bats then take the fish to a feeding roost and consume the animal.
BLOOD
A few species of bats exclusively consume blood as their diet. This type of diet is referred to as hematophagy, and three species of bats exhibit this behavior. These species are the common, the white-winged, and the hairy-legged vampire bats. The common vampire bat typically consumes the blood of mammals, while the hairy-legged and white-winged vampires feed on the blood of birds. These species live only in Mexico, Central, and South America, with a presence also on the Island of Trinidad.
DEFECATION
Bat dung, or guano, is so rich in nutrients that it is mined from caves, bagged, and used by farmers to fertilize their crops. During the U.S. Civil War, guano was used to make gunpowder.
To survive hibernation months, some species build up large reserves of body fat, both as fuel and as insulation.
DRINKING
In 1960, Frederic A. Webster discovered bats' method of drinking water using a high-speed camera and flashgun that could take 1,000 photos per second. Webster's camera captured a bat skimming the surface of a body of water, and lowering its jaw to get just one drop of water. It then skimmed again to get a second drop of water, and so on, until it has had its fill. A bat's precision and control during flight is very fine, and it almost never misses. Other bats, such as the flying fox or fruit bat, gently skim the water's surface, then land nearby to lick water from chest fur.
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