View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
Workers for Bituminous Pavement Systems apply hot tar sealant to cracks in the roadway on Collegeview Road off Main Street. My Final Photo for Aug. 6, 2018.
Bituminous coal from the Cretaceous or Tertiary of Colorado, USA.
Coal is a carbon-rich, biogenic sedimentary rock. It forms by the burial and alteration of organic matter from fossil land plants that lived in ancient swamps. Coal starts out as peat. With increasing burial and diagenetic alteration, peat becomes lignite coal, sub-bituminous coal, and then bituminous coal. Bituminous coals tend to break and weather in a blocky fashion, are relatively sooty to the touch, and are harder and heavier than lignite coal (but still relatively soft and lightweight). Discernible plant fossil fragments may be present on bituminous coal bedding planes - sometimes in abundance. Bituminous coals commonly have irregular patches of shiny, glassy-textured organic matter (vitrain).
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Info. from public signage at Wittenberg University's Geology Department (Springfield, Ohio, USA):
Origin of Coal
Coal is formed from accumulated vegetation that grew in peat-forming swamps on broad lowlands that were near sea level. Cyclothems indicate that the land must have been at a "critical level" since the change from marine to non-marine sediments shows that the seas periodically encroached upon the land.
Formation of Coal
The change from plant debris to coal involves biochemical action producing partial decay, preserval of this material from further decay, and later dynamochemical processes. The biochemical changes involve attack by bacteria which liberate volatile constituents, and the preserval of the residual waxes and resins in the bottom of the swamps where the water is too toxic for the decay-promoting bacteria to live. The accumulated material forms "peat bogs". The dynamochemical process involves further chemical reactions produced by the increased pressure and temperature brought about by the weight of sediment that is deposited on top of it. These reactions are also ones in which the volatile constituents are driven off.
Rank of Coal
The different types of coal are commonly referred to in terms of rank. From lowest upward, they are peat (actually not a coal), lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. The rank of the coal is the result of the different amounts of pressure and time involved in producing the coal.
Bituminous
Bituminous coal is a dense, dark, brittle, banded coal that is well jointed and breaks into cubical or prismatic blocks and does not disintegrate upon exposure to air. Dull and bright bands and smooth and hackly layers are evident. It ignites easily, burns with a smoky yellow flame, has low moisture contnet, medium volatile content, and fixed carbon and heating content is high. It is the most used and most desired coal in the world for industrial uses.
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Stratigraphy: unrecorded / undisclosed coal horizon in the Vermejo Formation (Upper Cretaceous) or Raton Formation (Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene)
Locality: Tabasco Mine, Trinidad Coal Field, Las Animas County, southern Colorado, USA
Winged Genius
Assyrian, Nimrud, North-west Palace of Ashuransirpal II
885-856 B.C.
Bituminous limestone
1020-8095-13
The Magee Mine was in operation from 1908 until 1954 by the Westmoreland Coal Company. In 1914 Magee had the largest individual mine output in the entire Ninth Bituminous Coal District (which covered all of Fayette, Westmoreland and Allegheny Counties) with more than 700,000 tons produced that year. They employed 500 men inside the mine alone.
Today, the Magee Mine remains forgot by most as nature takes her back.
Kaymoor, is the site of an abandoned coal mine, coal processing plant and coal town near Fayetteville, West Virginia. The town site is located in the New River Gorge at Kaymoor Bottom. The mine exploited the New River Coalfield's Sewell Seam of "smokeless" low-volatile bituminous coal. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Moor)
0531-206-24
Lonaconing Furnace, also known as The George's Creek Coal and Iron Company Furnace No. 1, is a historic iron furnace in Lonaconing, Allegany County, Maryland. It is a truncated square pyramid constructed of sandstone, 50 feet high, 50 feet square at the base, and 25 feet square at the top. It first produced iron in 1839, then the iron operation was abandoned in the mid-1850s, the Loncaconing Furnace complex included a top house, molding house, engine house, and two hot-air furnaces for heating the blast. None of these ancillary structures remains. It played a significant role in demonstrating that both coke and raw bituminous coal could be used as fuels in the manufacture of iron. It is known as "the first coke furnace, whose operation was successful, erected in this country."
1020-8104-13
The Magee Mine was in operation from 1908 until 1954 by the Westmoreland Coal Company. In 1914 Magee had the largest individual mine output in the entire Ninth Bituminous Coal District (which covered all of Fayette, Westmoreland and Allegheny Counties) with more than 700,000 tons produced that year. They employed 500 men inside the mine alone.
Today, the Magee Mine remains forgot by most as nature takes her back.
This specimen was excavated near Hazleton, PA. The greatest anthracite deposits in the US are located in Northeastern PA. Often referred to as "hard coal", anthracite contains only 2-8 percent volatile matter and burns with a smokeless flame. It is one of the purest forms of natural carbon. These characteristics made anthracite a highly desired heating fuel. After WWII, improved marketing and distribution of natural gas, fuel oil and electricity captured most of the anthracite market. Bituminous coal "soft coal" contains 15 - 50 percent volatile matter and is used for industrial purposes. The greatest annual production of Pennsylvania anthracite was 100.5 million tons in 1917. In 1994, the production was a little less than 4 million tons. At least 8 billion tons of anthracite reserves remain in Pennsylvania. Most of the reserves lie far below the surface and cannot be mined at reasonable cost.
Buckland Abbey - Estate Walk (yellow route) - coke producing ovens
'By distilling bituminous coal in retorts to obtain gas for illumination, or by burning it in kilns or pits, the residue left behind is called coke, which is simply coal charcoal, and is nearly pure carbon.' - [Scientific America]
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Tweet (31/03/2021):-
'Time for breakfast now ! #dartmoor #dartmoorcharcoal' - @john_dartmoor - [Dartmoor Woodcraft]
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Carbon capture using biochar gets a mention in this BBC News article (19/01/2023):-
'Climate change: Invest in technology that removes CO2 - report'
'the use of specially treated charcoal (biochar) that locks in carbon'
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Map depicts the business portions of the City of Vancouver. Later annotated with colouring to indicate paving types: wood block paving is depicted as blue, bituminous surfacet treatments as pink.
15984
Savage, Silas T.
Albany
Stove & Furnace
October 28, 1856
Witnesses: Bishop, William H. & De Lacy, Andrew
"[F]or Burning the Gases Evolved from the Coals Under Combustion." -- "for heating apartments." Aims: fuel economy -- and for anthracite OR bituminous coal. Design similar to Littlefield's; also shows it as applied in cooking stoves too.
The inscription reads as follows:
HISTORIC PAVEMENT
Directly to your right are examples of the types of pavements used in California highway building during the early 1900s.
This road was originally part of the Old Spanish Trail, used by early California explorers and settlers as a stagecoach and trade route linking Los Angeles to Santa Fe, New Mexico. Travel along the dirt was arduous, consisting of two well-worn wheel tracks in the dirt; and rain would regularly turn the trail into a ribbon of mud. With the advent of motor vehicles, a more stable travel surface became a necessity.
The first attempt to create an all-weather road surface was in 1920 when the trail, from Los Angeles to San Bernardino, was paved 18-feet wide with rigid Portland cement concrete. A portion of the rigid concrete can be seen from this view point. Although the concrete pavement was a vast improvement over the original dirt trail, within a few years heavy use of the road caused the rigid concrete to fracture and break into sections, causing trade and travel to suffer as road conditions deteriorated.
By 1929, the second attempt to create an all-weather road surface resulted in the rigid concrete being resurfaced with bituminous Macadam-type pavement, which can also be seen in portions on the concrete and along the sides. While they may look similar, Macadam is actually a predecessor to the asphalt used in today’s roads. Macadam consisted of multiple layers of compacted small broken stones. The gaps between the broken stones were filled with stone, dust and water. This method created a smooth road surface but resulted in blinding dust clouds whenever a motor vehicle drove by. Later, a binding tar or oil-like material was sprayed onto the Macadam to limit the dust clouds.
In 1941, Foothill Boulevard was realigned to its present location and paved with early versions of today’s road asphalt. This segment of original road, which served as U.S. Highway 66, was abandoned and sat forgotten for years.
With the construction of the Route 66 Trailhead, visitors can now visualize how Foothill Boulevard might have looked during the early 1900s and imagine what this area looked like to people traveling to California on the old Route 66.
The area is renowned for its fossils, with The Etches Collection in the village of Kimmeridge displaying fossils found by Steve Etches in the area over a 30-year period. It is a popular place to access the coast for tourists. To the east are the Kimmeridge Ledges, where fossils can be found in the flat clay beds.
Kimmeridge is the type locality for Kimmeridge clay, the geological formation that covers most of the area. Within the clay are bands of bituminous shale. An oil well has operated on the shore of Kimmeridge Bay since 1959. The bay is roughly semi-circular, facing southwest. It is backed by low cliffs of Kimmeridge clay, and beneath the cliffs is a large wave-cut platform and a rocky shore with rock pools and attendant ecology. Kimmeridge Bay is a surfer and diver area.
The Purbeck Marine Wildlife Reserve and Fine Foundation Marine Centre are located here.
Geology
The geology of the area around Kimmeridge Bay is world-renowned.It comprises bedrock formed in the Late Jurassic epoch, overlain in many places by superficial Quaternary head deposits. The bedrock is mostly Kimmeridge clay, except for the top of Smedmore Hill and along to Swyre Head, which is formed from Portland stone. Between this and the Kimmeridge clay, and outcropping just beneath the top of the hill, is a thin band of Portland sand. Landslip deposits from the Portland stone cover most of the steep southwest-facing slopes of the hills. Within the Kimmeridge clay are bands of bituminous shale and dolomite, which form flat ledges within Kimmeridge Bay that are exposed at low tide.
Kimmeridge gives its name to the Kimmeridgian, the division of the Jurassic period in which the beds were laid down, because of the quality of the cliffs and the fossils they yield. Kimmeridge is also the type locality for the Jurassic age Kimmeridge Clay formation, which is well represented in southern England, and provides one of the source rocks for hydrocarbons found in the Wessex and North Sea Basins.
The Kimmeridge Oil Field is northwest of Kimmeridge Bay. On the cliff west of the village is the Perenco "nodding donkey" oil pump which has been pumping continually since the late 1950s, making it the oldest working oil pump in the UK. The well currently yields around 65 barrels per day (10.3 m3/d) from the Middle Jurassic strata that lie around 1,150 feet (350 m) below the cliff. The well has been operating for this long because it has tapped into a network of connected reserves; however the yield is decreasing year on year. The oil is transported by tanker to the Perenco site at Wytch Farm from whence it is piped to the main refinery on Southampton Water.