View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
"...the most advanced ideas in mechanical appliances for distributing dust layers and bituminous binders, as now used in the work of maintaining and building broken stone roads."
The seating arrangement for the operator looks rather precarious given that this apparatus was dispensing material at 275 degrees F.
The tank had 600 gal. capacity and was heated by two kerosene burners under the tank. With a full load the rig had a weight of 9000 lbs.
Canada's Departmental House For Mechanical Goods. The Canadian Fairbanks-Morse Company Limited General catalogue No. 20, 1920.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Emery County, Utah
I took these few photos to document the site mostly. This mine has been closed since the 2007 disaster that killed nine people. Read more at Wikipedia.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Fforio/Explore : Cwm Coke Works
Cwm Coke Works
1958 - 2002
"In the 1970s, the cokeworks employed 1,500 men and produced some 515,000 tonnes of coke each year. It continued to do so until 1986, when coal was privatised."
llantwitfardrecommunitycouncil.org
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Coke made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes."
Wiki
Here is an old picture of a coal mine we drove past while roaming around Eastern Kentucky a couple of years ago. We briefly had it in our minds that we might move back to Kentucky and were considering an idea that might take us to this part of the state, but then the realities of interpersonal relations strongly suggested this might be a bad plan. The way the state's shifted politically in the interim put the nail in that coffin and convinced us that three-hundred miles is probably a good distance to maintain.
I've talked before about how coal has affected that political shift, as Kentuckians are convinced the only thing that will bring back lost jobs in places like this is the elimination of any sort of environmental regulation or taxation structure. I've already mentioned how the drop in demand resulting from technological advance in the extraction of competing forms of energy make it unlikely coal jobs will ever come back to Eastern Kentucky, but that's only part of the tale. What I haven't mentioned is metallurgical coal.
You can divide coal into two types: thermal coal and metallurgical coal. Thermal coal is coal used in power plants to produce steam, which turns electrical turbines. This is where most of Wyoming's coal goes. Metallurgical coal is coal used by steel mills to produce "coke," a type of bituminous coal cooked at high temperatures in an oxygen-free environment. Coke is then combined with iron ore to make steel. A lot of Kentucky's coal has gone to metallurgical markets in recent decades and has been used to fuel a building boom in China and the rest of Asia. With the downturn in China's economy, demand for metallurgical coal has plummeted, leaving mines like this one idle.
WINGUM PLUS H20
"just in time before Hurricane Sandy...;)"
WINGUM PLUS H2O is a coloured waterproofing water-based liquid membrane based on modified resins of high quality and reinforced by synthetic fibers. It assures great resistance to backwater, aging and U.V. rays. It has been formulated also for difficult waterproofing even on big surfaces and to assure great durability. It can be applied on surfaces subject to trampling and on concrete, ceramic, natural stone materials, brickworks, bituminous membranes, fiber-cement, woods, metal sheds also oxidisable and bricks. It’s ideal to waterproof flat and walkable roofs, terraces and balconies made of natural stones or ceramic, for restoration and protection of bituminous membranes. On surfaces subject to strong strains or elastic tensions, or in order to uniform the layer of irregular floors or tiles, it can be reinforced by WIN TECHNO MAT.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Fforio/Explore : Cwm Coke Works
Cwm Coke Works
1958 - 2002
"In the 1970s, the cokeworks employed 1,500 men and produced some 515,000 tonnes of coke each year. It continued to do so until 1986, when coal was privatised."
llantwitfardrecommunitycouncil.org
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Coke made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes."
Wiki
Designed to look like an innocuous railway building. Painted with a black bituminous coating to look like creosoted wood.
Coke and coal : Coke Is an solid residue remaining after certain types of bituminous coals are heated to a high temperature out of contact with air until substantially all of the volatile constituents have been driven off.. The quality of coke has a significant influence on furnace productivity and iron production costs.
We have a good network with the renowned suppliers, which helps us to provide superior grade of metallurgical coal and metallurgical coke to meet the demands of the international markets.
We offer low ash coke & Coke Prodcuts and low ash coal, which are widely used as a primary fuel where a uniform and high temperature is required. The low ash metallurgical coal hard coke is used in blast furnace for production of pig iron & in cupola furnace for the production of cast iron.
@http://bit.ly/zf4U8N
A pinback button from the National United Workers Organization backing the coal miners during their 110-day national strike 1977-78.
Members of the NUWO were influential in a number of coal mines and had earlier formed a “Miners Right to Strike Committee.” They were influential in a number of wildcat strikes, particularly in West Virginia.
The Bituminous coal strike of 1977–1978 was a 110-day national coal strike in the United States led by the United Mine Workers of America. It began December 6, 1977, and ended on March 19, 1978.
Since the 1940s, the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) had negotiated a nationwide National Coal Wage Agreement with the Bituminous Coal Operators Association (BCOA), a group of large coal mine operators. The three-year agreements covered national bargaining issues such as wages, health and pension benefits, workplace health and safety, and work rules. Local agreements, far more limited in scope, were negotiated by each individual local affiliate of UMWA.
Causes of the strike
UMWA president Arnold Miller had negotiated the previous collective bargaining agreement during the 1974 UMW Bituminous coal strike.
The right of local unions to strike—not wages—was the primary issue in the negotiations. Low coal prices in the 1930s drove coal operators to cut wages. During the Franklin Roosevelt administration, UMWA and other unions established industry-wide national collective bargaining agreements. In UMWA's case, this meant stripping local unions of the right to strike without the international union's approval.
But wildcat strikes had become common in the coal industry. UMWA miners grew frustrated with the terms of national contracts and dispute resolution and grievances. Democratic reforms within the Mine Workers and the 1974 contract had not released the pressure which caused wildcat strikes. Absent the right to strike, UMWA's democracy movement rejected labor peace and wildcat strikes had become even more common.
Miller had been forced to accept the right to strike over local conditions in order to win re-election in June 1977. When national bargaining talks opened in the fall, Miller therefore insisted on changing the national collective bargaining agreement to give each UMWA affiliate the limited right to strike over local issues.
Miller argued that the only way to suppress wildcat strikes was to regulate the process and give local unions the right to strike. With the power that the ability to strike would give local unions, local mine operators would no longer create the conditions which led to strikes.
But the owners rejected Miller's demand. They had seen how he was unable to bring wildcat strikers back to the bargaining table and they had little faith that his proposal would work. Instead, they demanded the right to fire wildcat strikers and fine any miner who refused to cross wildcat picket lines.
UMWA's negotiating position was not an enviable one, however. Power utilities had built up a 120-day supply of coal, while iron and steel producers had a 75-day supply. Both were more than sufficient to weather a miners' strike. Additionally, the number of coal mines controlled by UMWA had fallen from 67 percent to 50 percent since 1974, leaving more mines in operation to supply national needs during a strike. The oil crisis which had powered the 1974 round of bargaining no longer existed, and coal demand was lower.
Miller had also hurt himself. He had fired most of his supporters in the intervening three years, including press officer Bernard Aronson, research director Thomas Bethell and most of the research department staff, leaving UMWA organizationally unable to handle the needs of the negotiations and strike.
Miller turned to the Stanley H. Ruttenberg Company for negotiating advice and assistance at the bargaining table. This caused confusion among UMWA negotiators as to strategy, tactics and the content of proposals, and caused mixed signals to be sent by the bargaining committee, Miller and other UMWA officers. The lack of organizational competence and flow of mixed messages helped prolong the labor dispute.
Strike
UMWA struck when the national contract expired on December 6, 1977.
Rejection of tentative agreements
As the bargaining talks continued in December, sporadic violence broke out. A coal auger was blown up at a mine near Saint Charles, Georgia, a coal train was stopped and delayed in Cambria County, Pennsylvania, and in Utah a state judge issued a 10-day restraining order against the union and 1,100 summonses issued after replacement miners complained of being harassed by picketers.
On December 13th, state police in riot gear tear-gassed about 400 coal miners in Daviess County, Kentucky, who had thrown rocks and bottles at passing coal trucks. Four weeks into the strike, five union miners were indicted on federal charges for conspiracy in the dynamiting of a section of the Norfolk and Western Railway on which non-union coal was being carried.
In Indiana, Gov. Otis Bowen called out the National Guard on February 14th to protect coal truck convoys. In Virginia, Gov. John Dalton declared a state of emergency on March 7th and ordered the state police to begin patrolling coal-producing areas.
But Pennsylvania Gov. Milton Shapp and West Virginia Gov. Jay Rockefeller refused to call out the National Guard in their states, and Illinois Gov. James R. Thompson agreed to let his state police officers to accompany federal marshals but refused to have them enforce federal labor law.
A tentative agreement was reached February 6, 1978. The agreement imposed penalties for wildcat strikes and chronic absenteeism, turned the union's health and pension plans over to the employers, forced workers to pay part of their health insurance premiums, and instituted a bonus system for productivity increases.
The union's bargaining council rejected the tentative agreement on February 12th.
A second tentative agreement was reached. UMWA's bargaining council approved the pact and sent it to the membership for ratification. The miners deeply resented losing their health care plan and having to pay premiums, and still demanded the right to strike over local issues.
Miner reaction was highly negative; television stations ran images of miners burning the contract during meetings. To help sell the agreement, UMWA spent $40,000 on television and radio advertising. But UMWA members resented having their own union spend dues money on propaganda, and felt that the ad campaign showed that the contract was not worth ratifying. Miller's decision to use advertising to sell the contract backfired; the contract vote became as much a referendum on Miller's leadership as it was about the tentative agreement.
During three days of voting from March 3rd to March 5th, the UMWA membership rejected the tentative contract by margin of 2 to 1.
Taft-Hartley and changing attitudes
On March 6th, President Jimmy Carter invoked the national emergency provision of the Taft-Hartley Act. An investigatory commission met on March 7th, and held hearings at which both union and management witnesses testified. The commission's report was issued the following day, and a federal district court issued a temporary injunction ordering the miners back to work on March 9th.
The striking miners ignored the injunction. The federal government did little to enforce the order.
On March 19th, Carter asked the district court to make the injunction permanent. But noting that there seemed little national emergency, and observing that the Carter administration had made little effort to reopen the mines, the court declined to make the injunction permanent. The temporary injunction lapsed, and no further action was taken by the administration or the courts.
But a growing number of union members had backed off their earlier demand for the right to strike over local issues. Wildcat strikes reduced productivity, which in turn (under the contract) reduced employers' contributions to UMWA pension and health funds. The right to strike, they came to realize, would only further harm their health and pension plans. Additionally, many miners began to believe that the strikes were hurting the union's organizing chances, especially in the West.
Eventually, UMWA and mine negotiators settled on a compromise. They tentatively agreed on new, improved dispute resolution procedures which, they hoped, would lower the number of wildcat strikes.
Contract settlement
Although Miller and his leadership worked hard to convince members that the contract was a good one, they avoided the errors of their previous effort. Country-western singer Johnny Paycheck was hired to sing and narrate several soft-sell one-minute radio spots. Miller traveled heavily through Appalachia, where he was best known and where opposition had been strongest, speaking to members and making numerous television appearances. District presidents also went on radio and television, using free media to tout the benefits of the agreement.
This time, the miners approved the tentative contract by vote of 57 percent to 43 percent. The strike ended on March 19th, and the miners returned to work March 26th.
The pact called for:
•A 37 percent wage hike, albeit with loss of the cost-of-living clause won in 1974.
•Institution of a productivity incentive bonus plan.
•Discipline (including loss of health and pension benefits) and/or discharge for any employee who participated in or caused a wildcat strike, but no punishment for honoring the picket line established by a wildcat strike.
•Guaranteed payment of health and retirement benefits, even if the union's health and pension funds were depleted.
•Shuttering of the union's health and pension funds, to be replaced by health and pension plans offered by the employers.
•Health care deductibles of $275 per family per year (less for retirees) and $50 per family per year form prescription drugs.
•Union payments to the existing union health fund to compensate for revenues lost due to wildcat strikes.
While ratification of the agreement was a victory for Miller, it also signaled the end of his effectiveness as leader of the United Mine Workers of America. Political infighting, his autocratic behavior and the troubled 1978 contract negotiations finished him.
On March 29, 1978, just ten days after the coal mining contract was ratified, Miller suffered a stroke while on vacation in Miami Beach, Florida. On April 12, 1978, while still in the hospital, Miller suffered a mild heart attack. His health never recovered fully.
His union political opponents had decided that his erratic behavior and poor physical condition justified putting him on involuntary leave when he suffered a third heart attack. Miller resigned on November 12, 1978. After a lengthy illness, Arnold Miller died on July 12, 1985, at a hospital in Charleston, West Virginia.
The 1978 contract is widely seen as a concessionary contract. Workers lost their cradle-to-grave health and pension benefits, were forced to pay for part of their health care for the first time in 30 years, and were forced to resume working under a productivity bonus system eliminated in 1946. Meanwhile, the union's primary goal—winning the right to strike over local issues—was never accomplished.
--Description largely excerpted from Wikipedia
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHBqjB4Ssx
Donated by Craig Simpson
I took this so that I would remember to look up the word "bituminous."
1. Bituminous (adjective) - resembling or containing bitumen.
2. Bitumen (noun) - any of various natural substances, as asphalt, maltha, or gilsonite, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Semi-anthracite coal from the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This sample is from the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted - this occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal shown above is from the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.