View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
Fossil charcoal in bituminous coal from the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (bedding plane view; field of view ~7.0 cm across)
This is a sample of bituminous coal from a large roadcut north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky. The outcrop has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). The succession is dominated by interbedded sandstones and shales, with some coal horizons. The latter include bituminous coal and cannel coal (see elsewhere in this photo album).
The striated, shiny silvery pieces seen on this coal bedding plane are fossil charcoal (= burned wood fragments). The Pennsylvanian was a time of low carbon dioxide (CO2) and high oxygen (O2) levels in Earth's atmosphere; forest fires were relatively common events. The source of oxygen was abundant photosynthesizing trees in widespread forests. Earth's first global forestation event occurred during the Pennsylvanian. (See: www.jsjgeology.net/Berner-talk.htm). Charcoalized fossil wood can be found in some abundance in Pennsylvanian sedimentary successions. The original wood microstructure is usually well preserved, but the charcoal fragments themselves are quite delicate. A gentle rub with a finger turns these fragments into black powder. At some localities & in some horizons, the fossil charcoal is partially pyritized.
Stratigraphy: float from the Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Jackson North outcrop - loose piece from coal bed exposed in the wall above the 1st bench on the southern side of a large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of the southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of the town of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (~37° 34’ 51” North latitude, ~83° 23’ 09” West longitude)
The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition. Two of the Museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but it was too small to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The new main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid.
The Museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The Museum has several major permanent exhibits: The Coal Mine re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the Museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17 circa 1933. Since 1954, the Museum has had the U-505 submarine, one of just two German submarines captured during World War II, and the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere.
The Museum opened The New U-505 Experience on June 5, 2005. Take Flight recreates a San Francisco-to-Chicago flight using a Boeing 727 jet plane donated by United Airlines. The silent film star and stock market investor Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle is on display. The Great Train Story, a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) model railroad, recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle.
The Transportation Zone includes exhibits on air and land transportation, including the 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive, the first vehicle to exceed 100 mph. The Zone includes two World War II warplanes donated by the British government: a Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber — one of only two intact Stukas left in the world — and a Supermarine Spitfire. The first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr, is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. A free tour goes through it every 10–20 minutes. Several U.S. Navy warship models are on display, and a flight simulator for the new F-35 Lightning II is featured.
Crews worked on SR 9 for three days from July 23 through July 25, 2018 applying a oil and gravel surface - bituminous surface treatment - to a 10 mile stretch between the south end of Big Lake and Sedro-Woolley. Following application of the gravel, equipment rolled the area with large rubber tires and sweeping happened overnight to pick up loose material.
The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition. Two of the Museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but it was too small to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The new main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid.
The Museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The Museum has several major permanent exhibits: The Coal Mine re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the Museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17 circa 1933. Since 1954, the Museum has had the U-505 submarine, one of just two German submarines captured during World War II, and the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere.
The Museum opened The New U-505 Experience on June 5, 2005. Take Flight recreates a San Francisco-to-Chicago flight using a Boeing 727 jet plane donated by United Airlines. The silent film star and stock market investor Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle is on display. The Great Train Story, a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) model railroad, recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle.
The Transportation Zone includes exhibits on air and land transportation, including the 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive, the first vehicle to exceed 100 mph. The Zone includes two World War II warplanes donated by the British government: a Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber — one of only two intact Stukas left in the world — and a Supermarine Spitfire. The first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr, is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. A free tour goes through it every 10–20 minutes. Several U.S. Navy warship models are on display, and a flight simulator for the new F-35 Lightning II is featured.
17411 Coal Mine, Atchison, Kan.
Published by Souvenir Post Card Co., New York. (not indicated on card)
Notable landmarks:
List of landmarks found at the Atchison History project.
History
The 1907 Engineering index annual lists this colliery as the deepest bituminous coal mine in the US, a three foot vein worked longwall fashion.
A 1907 issue of the Journal of the Iron and Steel institute gives a more detailed summary and hints at the ultimate cause of its failure:
CM Young states that the deep colliery being worked at Atchison Kansas is deeper than any other bituminous coal mine in the United States At a depth of 1126 feet a bed of coal 3 feet in thickness and of excellent quality was found In order to settle the question as to the existence of coal at a greater depth drilling was carried on until the Mississippian limestones had been reached and penetrated to a depth of 38 feet Three beds of coal were penetrated below this 3 foot bed but they are not of sufficient thickness to make working profitable under existing conditions At present the mine is operated through one three compartment shaft Two compartments of the shaft are used for hoisting and downcast and the third constitutes the upcast and pipeway The coal is taken out by the long wall method which is probably the only method adapted to the conditions The mine is very wet about 1200 gallons of water being taken out per hour The present output is about 170 tons per day An analysis of the coal is as follows Fixed carbon 46 53 volatile and combustible matter 43 29 ash 6 04 moisture 3 13 total sulphur 2 27 volatile sulphur 1 17 per cent
HNA Hardscape Project Award Winner
Concrete Paver - Commercial - Less than 15,000 sf
Nemours Auto Court
Wilmington, Delaware
Pickering Valley Landscape, Inc.
The Historic Nemours Building sits in the heart of Wilmington Delaware's corporate business district. The mixed use building with retail and office space includes furnished apartments for weekly business travelers. For the past decade the building's main entrance was off the Tatnall Street plaza and overlooked due to a paved drop off and pick up circle on the 10th street side. With a commitment from Starbucks to sign a lease but contingent upon having off street parking, an opportunity arose for the building owner, The Buccini/Pollin Group, to redesign this small outdoor space. Approximately 985 tons of concrete, asphalt, and site soil were removed to a competent subgrade. Storm drains were removed and replaced with a new 40 x 6 x 3 foot deep rain garden structure. One of the rain garden's side walls was extended up to double as a feature wall cladded with 2 inch thick granite panels. An elaborate system of nyloplast risers and fittings were installed for storm overflow along with a Neenah Foundry powder coated trench drain. 800 lineal feet of new Scofield French gray colored curbing was installed with several flush curbs to transition from a concrete paver parking area to asphalt drives to clay paver aprons to the roadway. A bituminous set paver cross section was chosen for the parking area with a reinforced concrete base. The parking spots are placed in 45 degree herringbone in the limestone gray with the super black used to line the spots. The two distinctly different paver fields are separated by 20 inch wide soldier-sailor-soldier bands with the black and matrix colors. A single basalt black granite paver band extends from the building to the rain garden and wall feature with a concrete trough into the landscape filled with black Mexican beach cobble.
Coal Mine, Atchison, Kansas.
History
The 1907 Engineering index annual lists this colliery as the deepest bituminous coal mine in the US, a three foot vein worked longwall fashion.
A 1907 issue of the Journal of the Iron and Steel institute gives a more detailed summary and hints at the ultimate cause of its failure:
CM Young states that the deep colliery being worked at Atchison Kansas is deeper than any other bituminous coal mine in the United States At a depth of 1126 feet a bed of coal 3 feet in thickness and of excellent quality was found In order to settle the question as to the existence of coal at a greater depth drilling was carried on until the Mississippian limestones had been reached and penetrated to a depth of 38 feet Three beds of coal were penetrated below this 3 foot bed but they are not of sufficient thickness to make working profitable under existing conditions At present the mine is operated through one three compartment shaft Two compartments of the shaft are used for hoisting and downcast and the third constitutes the upcast and pipeway The coal is taken out by the long wall method which is probably the only method adapted to the conditions The mine is very wet about 1200 gallons of water being taken out per hour The present output is about 170 tons per day An analysis of the coal is as follows Fixed carbon 46 53 volatile and combustible matter 43 29 ash 6 04 moisture 3 13 total sulphur 2 27 volatile sulphur 1 17 per cent
HNA Hardscape Project Award Winner
Concrete Paver - Commercial - Less than 15,000 sf
Nemours Auto Court
Wilmington, Delaware
Pickering Valley Landscape, Inc.
The Historic Nemours Building sits in the heart of Wilmington Delaware's corporate business district. The mixed use building with retail and office space includes furnished apartments for weekly business travelers. For the past decade the building's main entrance was off the Tatnall Street plaza and overlooked due to a paved drop off and pick up circle on the 10th street side. With a commitment from Starbucks to sign a lease but contingent upon having off street parking, an opportunity arose for the building owner, The Buccini/Pollin Group, to redesign this small outdoor space. Approximately 985 tons of concrete, asphalt, and site soil were removed to a competent subgrade. Storm drains were removed and replaced with a new 40 x 6 x 3 foot deep rain garden structure. One of the rain garden's side walls was extended up to double as a feature wall cladded with 2 inch thick granite panels. An elaborate system of nyloplast risers and fittings were installed for storm overflow along with a Neenah Foundry powder coated trench drain. 800 lineal feet of new Scofield French gray colored curbing was installed with several flush curbs to transition from a concrete paver parking area to asphalt drives to clay paver aprons to the roadway. A bituminous set paver cross section was chosen for the parking area with a reinforced concrete base. The parking spots are placed in 45 degree herringbone in the limestone gray with the super black used to line the spots. The two distinctly different paver fields are separated by 20 inch wide soldier-sailor-soldier bands with the black and matrix colors. A single basalt black granite paver band extends from the building to the rain garden and wall feature with a concrete trough into the landscape filled with black Mexican beach cobble.
Woodlawn Cemetery Company 335 Maple Ave Fairmont, WV 26554
Woodlawn Cemetery, located in Fairmont, West Virginia is an example of the rural cemetery. It was laid out by Tell W. Nicolet of the firm of Morris and Knowles of Pittsburgh, PA. It is a National Historic District. Today, the cemetery covers 42 acres (170,000 m2) and has over 15,000 burials.
The cemetery was established in the early Spring of 1875. Joseph R. Hamilton was climbing the fence between his father's farm and that of Norval Barns. The loaded rifle he was carrying accidentally discharged, killing him. His father's decision to "bury him where he lay" led to the families establishing a small burying ground. They opened the fence line between their properties and enclosed about a quarter of an acre to use for family burials.
Ten years later, in December 1885, the Woodlawn Cemetery Company was incorporated and plots were offered for sale to the larger community. 5 acres (20,000 m2) were purchased from each of the land owners, Elmus Hamilton and Norval Barns. Many of the early leaders of the Fairmont community were laid to rest here. Among them is Francis Harrison Pierpont, the Governor of the Restored State of Virginia from 1861-1868, his wife Julia and three of their four children.
Boaz Fleming, the founder of Fairmont, is here with his wife, Elizabeth. Other members of his family are here as well, including Clarissa Fleming Hamilton, his grandson Elmus Hamilton,owner of the Hamilton farm, and great-grandson, Joseph R. Hamilton. Another descendant is Aretas B. Fleming, eighth governor of West Virginia. A lawyer, Mr. Fleming was among the men who created the Fairmont Development Company and worked to develop Fairmont, West Virginia.
James Otis Watson is considered the father of the bituminous coal industry in north central West Virginia. He and Pierpont owned the first coal mine to be commercially viable following the completion of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad linking Fairmont with the eastern seaboard markets. One of his daughters married Aretas B. Fleming. His sons, James Edwin Watson, Sylvanus Lamb Watson and Clarence Wayland Watson are also buried here.
Historical figures buried at Woodlawn
Times West Virginian
The following is a list of the historical figures buried at Woodlawn Cemetery and their contribution to the history of Fairmont, Marion County and West Virginia.
This list was compiled from the application made to the U.S. Department of the Interior in order for the cemetery to be considered for the National Register of Historic Places and does not reflect a complete list of all persons of note buried at the cemetery.
Francis H. Pierpont (1814-1899) — The “Father of West Virginia.” Pierpont was chosen as Provisional Governor of Restored Virginia in 1861 during a Union convention. He was later elected to that position from 1863-68 and was instrumental in the creation of the state of West Virginia in 1863.
Julia Augusta Robertson Pierpont (1828-1886) — The wife of Gov. Pierpont. She is credited by many historians as the founder of Decoration Day (Memorial Day) in 1866.
Boaz Fleming (1758-1830) — The founding father of Fairmont. He cleared a section of land he own and sold individual lots to create Fairmont, the county seat of Marion, which was created from pieces of Monongalia and Harrison counties.
James Otis Watson (1815-1902) — Father of the Coal Industry West of the Alleghenies. He opened his first mine in 1852 with his friend, Francis Pierpont. Later the Watson Coal Co. and Hutchinson Coal Co. combined to form the Consolidated Coal Co.
Clyde E. Hutchinson (1861-1926) — Founder of Hutchinson Coal Co., one of the predecessors of Consolidated Coal Co.
A. Brooks Fleming (1839-1923) — Governor of West Virginia from 1890-1893. He also served as county prosecuting attorney, the West Virginia House of Delegates and judge of the 2nd District Judicial Circuit.
Matthew Mansfield Neely (1874-1958) — Governor of West Virginia from 1940-44. Also served as mayor of Fairmont, delegate, congressman and U.S. senator.
The Rev. William Ryland White (1820-93) — The first state superintendent of West Virginia public schools from 1863-69, resigning to become president of the new Fairmont State Normal School (Fairmont State University).
Bernard Butcher (1853-1918) — Elected as state superintendent of schools in 1880 and was instrumental in legislation for the education of black teachers and the creation of Arbor Day. He also organized the Marion County Historical Society in 1908.
Thomas C. Miller (1844-1926) — Educator who also served as state superintendent of schools (1900-09), principal of West Virginia University (1893) and Shepherd Normal School.
Victims of Newburg Mine explosion — While they are not marked individually, six victims of the 1886 Preston County explosion are buried there under a single monument, including a father, son, three stepsons and another relative.
George Albert Dunnington (1858-1928) — Editor of the Fairmont Index.
Judge Harry Evans Watkins (1898-1963) — U.S. Federal District Judge Frank C. Haymond (1887-1972) — Longtime justice of the Supreme Court of West Virginia.
Woodlawn Cemetery Company 335 Maple Ave Fairmont, WV 26554
Woodlawn Cemetery, located in Fairmont, West Virginia is an example of the rural cemetery. It was laid out by Tell W. Nicolet of the firm of Morris and Knowles of Pittsburgh, PA. It is a National Historic District. Today, the cemetery covers 42 acres (170,000 m2) and has over 15,000 burials.
The cemetery was established in the early Spring of 1875. Joseph R. Hamilton was climbing the fence between his father's farm and that of Norval Barns. The loaded rifle he was carrying accidentally discharged, killing him. His father's decision to "bury him where he lay" led to the families establishing a small burying ground. They opened the fence line between their properties and enclosed about a quarter of an acre to use for family burials.
Ten years later, in December 1885, the Woodlawn Cemetery Company was incorporated and plots were offered for sale to the larger community. 5 acres (20,000 m2) were purchased from each of the land owners, Elmus Hamilton and Norval Barns. Many of the early leaders of the Fairmont community were laid to rest here. Among them is Francis Harrison Pierpont, the Governor of the Restored State of Virginia from 1861-1868, his wife Julia and three of their four children.
Boaz Fleming, the founder of Fairmont, is here with his wife, Elizabeth. Other members of his family are here as well, including Clarissa Fleming Hamilton, his grandson Elmus Hamilton,owner of the Hamilton farm, and great-grandson, Joseph R. Hamilton. Another descendant is Aretas B. Fleming, eighth governor of West Virginia. A lawyer, Mr. Fleming was among the men who created the Fairmont Development Company and worked to develop Fairmont, West Virginia.
James Otis Watson is considered the father of the bituminous coal industry in north central West Virginia. He and Pierpont owned the first coal mine to be commercially viable following the completion of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad linking Fairmont with the eastern seaboard markets. One of his daughters married Aretas B. Fleming. His sons, James Edwin Watson, Sylvanus Lamb Watson and Clarence Wayland Watson are also buried here.
Historical figures buried at Woodlawn
Times West Virginian
The following is a list of the historical figures buried at Woodlawn Cemetery and their contribution to the history of Fairmont, Marion County and West Virginia.
This list was compiled from the application made to the U.S. Department of the Interior in order for the cemetery to be considered for the National Register of Historic Places and does not reflect a complete list of all persons of note buried at the cemetery.
Francis H. Pierpont (1814-1899) — The “Father of West Virginia.” Pierpont was chosen as Provisional Governor of Restored Virginia in 1861 during a Union convention. He was later elected to that position from 1863-68 and was instrumental in the creation of the state of West Virginia in 1863.
Julia Augusta Robertson Pierpont (1828-1886) — The wife of Gov. Pierpont. She is credited by many historians as the founder of Decoration Day (Memorial Day) in 1866.
Boaz Fleming (1758-1830) — The founding father of Fairmont. He cleared a section of land he own and sold individual lots to create Fairmont, the county seat of Marion, which was created from pieces of Monongalia and Harrison counties.
James Otis Watson (1815-1902) — Father of the Coal Industry West of the Alleghenies. He opened his first mine in 1852 with his friend, Francis Pierpont. Later the Watson Coal Co. and Hutchinson Coal Co. combined to form the Consolidated Coal Co.
Clyde E. Hutchinson (1861-1926) — Founder of Hutchinson Coal Co., one of the predecessors of Consolidated Coal Co.
A. Brooks Fleming (1839-1923) — Governor of West Virginia from 1890-1893. He also served as county prosecuting attorney, the West Virginia House of Delegates and judge of the 2nd District Judicial Circuit.
Matthew Mansfield Neely (1874-1958) — Governor of West Virginia from 1940-44. Also served as mayor of Fairmont, delegate, congressman and U.S. senator.
The Rev. William Ryland White (1820-93) — The first state superintendent of West Virginia public schools from 1863-69, resigning to become president of the new Fairmont State Normal School (Fairmont State University).
Bernard Butcher (1853-1918) — Elected as state superintendent of schools in 1880 and was instrumental in legislation for the education of black teachers and the creation of Arbor Day. He also organized the Marion County Historical Society in 1908.
Thomas C. Miller (1844-1926) — Educator who also served as state superintendent of schools (1900-09), principal of West Virginia University (1893) and Shepherd Normal School.
Victims of Newburg Mine explosion — While they are not marked individually, six victims of the 1886 Preston County explosion are buried there under a single monument, including a father, son, three stepsons and another relative.
George Albert Dunnington (1858-1928) — Editor of the Fairmont Index.
Judge Harry Evans Watkins (1898-1963) — U.S. Federal District Judge Frank C. Haymond (1887-1972) — Longtime justice of the Supreme Court of West Virginia.
This building is constructed in the Beaux-Arts architectural style. When built in 1915, it served a dual purpose and was known as the U.S. Post Office and Mine Rescue Station. This is on the National Register of Historic Places (NRIS #84003467).
Jellico lies in the heart of Tennessee’s coal mining region. The Jellico Coalfield was famous for its high quality bituminous coal. Mining firms owned eighty percent of the land in Campbell and Claiborne counties, providing most of the jobs in this impoverished area of northern Tennessee between 1880 and 1930.
In 1906, a railroad car packed with dynamite exploded in Jellico, killing eight and destroying part of the town. The town quickly recovered, however, and many of the buildings in the Main Street area dated from this period.
DSCF4672-Edit
This is a working, coal-burning steam locomotive used to head tourist trains at the Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine in Ashland, Pennsylvania, USA. The engine, nicknamed "Henry Clay", is a narrow-gauge 0-4-0T built by Vulcan Iron Works in 1927. The photo was taken in fall 2006.
Unlike most coal-burning steam locomotives, this engine utilizes anthracite coal as a fuel source. Pioneer Tunnel consists of an old surface mine plus an inactive subsurface mine - both are accessible to tourists. This mining area targeted anthracite coal, a very low grade metamorphic rock that consists of more than 90% carbon. It is black-colored, lightweight, not sooty, and breaks with a conchoidal fracture. Anthracite is harder and heavier than ordinary sedimentary coal (= lignite coal, sub-bituminous coal, and bituminous coal). It is also cleaner-burning and hotter-burning. (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16319380394 and
www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/16941787095) The Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine principally mined the Mammoth Coal, the thickest anthracite coal bed on Earth.
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For photos of the Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine, including the geology & anthracite coal samples, see:
Merci à franavia pour la photo
Voici la légende:
Above: At Asch (Belgium), timber and plywood prefabricatcd buildings from the US were erected as barracks-a welcome improvement on tents in a European winter.The roofing sections were covered with bituminous felt. (John Quincy)
Below: Thr revised 514th FS squadron sign acknowledging the German location. The two officers are Captains Whiteand Smith. (John Quincy)
This partly exposed World War Two Stanton air raid shelter, is positioned on a chicken farm so access is restricted. It is not registered on the Defence of Britain Database. Not sure why it is located here, but the site is roughly positioned halfway between RAF Wendling and RAF Attlebridge airfields.
Manufactured by the Stanton Ironworks Co Ltd in Ilkeston, Derbyshire (the iron connection is in the mould pattern) was the World War Two Stanton Air Raid Shelter. A segment shelter made by the former workshop producing spun-concrete lighting columns ceased production and turned over to concrete air-raid shelters, of which 100,000 tons were manufactured, principally for the Air Ministry.
Reinforced concrete proved an ideal material for air-raid shelters, being strong and resistant to shock with no deterioration with the passing of time. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low cost, of which any length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments usually for 50 personnel. The segments were 20 inches wide, a pair of them formed an arch 7 feet high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment.
Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by vehicles was not possible. Partly buried in the ground, covered with earth and turf, sometimes a suitably brick lined entrance and concrete steps if required, escape hatch at the opposite end. These bolted together air raid shelters afforded safe protection against blast and splinters.
Information sourced from - andersonshelters.org.uk/other-shelters/stanton-shelters/
Looking across the Monongahela River at the largest coke plant in the country. Bituminous coal from SW Pennsylvania (the Pittsburgh Seam) has long been used for metallurgical purposes, starting with Henry Clay Frick's operations which were folded into Carnegie Steel.
According to US Steel's website -
"The largest coke manufacturing facility in the United States, Clairton Plant operates nine coke oven batteries and produces approximately 4.7 million tons of coke annually, serving customers in the commercial coke market as well as U. S. Steel’s steelmaking facilities."
On Tuesday, July 31 and Wednesday, Aug. 1 WSDOT Contractor crews from Granite Construction applied a bituminous surface treatment (hot oil and gravel) to the surface of SR 531 from milepost 0 near Lake Goodwin to milepost 5 near Lakewood High School. This preservation work is used to help preserve highways between funded paving projects. The daytime work and long moving work zone creates long delays. Travelers are encouraged to avoid nonessential trips during this work.
Doppelhundszahn-Krokodil (Diplocynodon darwini) - Middle Eocene (45 million years ago).. See the well-preserved scales in large size!
The Messel Pit is a disused quarry near the village of Messel, about 35 km southeast of Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Bituminous shale was mined there. Because of its plethora of fossils, it has significant geological and scientific importance. The Messel Pit was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site on December 9, 1995.
Get more information about Messel Pit in wikipedia.
Seen in the special exhibition "Messel on Tour", Hessian State Museum (Darmstadt).
Original Caption: "Women Pick Foreign Matter Out of Coal as It Is Carried on Conveyor Thru Tipple. Union Pacific Coal Company, Stansbury Mine, Rock Springs, Sweetwater County, Wyoming."
U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: NWDNS-245-MS-752L
From: Series: Photographs of the Medical Survey of the Bituminous Coal Industry (Record Group 245)
Created by: Department of the Interior. Solid Fuels Administration For War. (04/19/1943 - 06/30/1947 )
Production Date: 7/10/1946
Photographer: Lee, Russell, 1903-1986
Subjects:
Coal mines and mining
Mines and mineral resources
Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/540581
Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.
For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html
Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html
Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted
Anthracite coal - large block on display at Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine in the Pennsylvanian of Pennsylvania, USA.
Pioneer Tunnel in Ashland, Pennsylvania is a tourist site that allows examination of an old anthracite strip mine and underground anthracite coal workings in Mahanoy Mountain. The surface strip mine and the underground mine exploited anthracite coal beds in the Llewellyn Formation (middle Desmoinesian Series, upper Middle Pennsylvanian), as did numerous mines in eastern Pennsylvania's coal fields.
Shown above is anthracite coal, the highest-rank coal. It forms by very low-grade metamorphism (anchimetamorphism) of bituminous coal. Anthracite is always black-colored, with a glassy texture, and is harder & heavier than the other coals (although it is still relatively soft & lightweight). Unlike lignite and bituminous coal, anthracite is not sooty to the touch. Anthracite burns hotter than other coal types, due to its high carbon content (~90% C). It also is the cleanest-burning of all the coals.
Anthracite is a scarce variety of coal. The highest concentration of anthracite on Earth is in the Pennsylvanian-aged coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, USA. There is still some uncertainty in the details about the origin of Pennsylvania anthracite coal. In Colorado, an anthracite coal deposit occurs next to an igneous intrusion - the anthracite formed by heating from contact or hydrothermal metamorphism. It's been suggested that Pennsylvania anthracite was hydrothermally metamorphosed. The anthracite in Pennsylvania was originally deposited in coal swamps that were relatively high on ancient alluvial plains - those environments are usually not preserved in mountain belts (they get uplifted and eroded). In Pennsylvania, the high alluvial plain facies were downdropped and got preserved, resulting in anthracites representing different facies from those seen in bituminous coal fields.
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Info. on Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine & its geology:
Ermert, E.R. 1994. The Story of Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine & Steam Train. 14 pp.
Edmunds, W.E., V.W. Skema & N.K. Flint. 1999. Stratigraphy and sedimentary tectonics, Pennsylvanian. in The geology of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geological Survey Special Publication 1: 148-169.
Crews worked on SR 9 for three days from July 23 through July 25, 2018 applying a oil and gravel surface - bituminous surface treatment - to a 10 mile stretch between the south end of Big Lake and Sedro-Woolley. Following application of the gravel, equipment rolled the area with large rubber tires and sweeping happened overnight to pick up loose material.
During the bituminous coal (a.k.a. soft-coal) strike of 1946.
Many labor unions took no-strike pledges during WWII. This caused a build-up of labor disputes that exploded once the war ended. In addition, union membership literally doubled, from 7.2 million in 1940 to 14.5 million at war's end.
On April 1, 1946, United Mine Workers President John L. Lewis called 400,000 bituminous coal miners out on strike for improved wages, health benefits, and safety regulations. By mid-May, the strike was crippling industrial production and threatened to end the economy's postwar recovery. Then railroad workers joined the coal miners, threatening to bring the entire nation to a halt. President Harry Truman decided that the unions had gone too far, and after the railroad workers rejected a settlement, he seized control of the railroads. Despite the government takeover, the workers continued with their strike plans. As a result, on May 24, 1946, Truman issued an ultimatum declaring that the government would operate the railroads and use the army as strikebreakers. When the deadline passed, Truman went before Congress to seek the power to deny seniority rights to strikers and to draft strikers into the armed forces. Just as Truman reached the climax of his speech, he received a note saying that the strike was "settled on the terms proposed by the President." The coal strike ended a few days later. (via The Economic Populist)
- A May 29, 1946 newsreel about the coal strike being settled: www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgqlrFsj-l8
- A May 23, 1946 newsreel about the railroad worker strike: www.youtube.com/watch?v=birA6FA8cLA
FISSILE CORE STORAGE –
The fissile cores were stored in small buildings arranged around the large non-nuclear component stores. In total there are 57 of these buildings, which are divided into 48 Type 'A' and 9 Type 'B' stores. The fissile core stores are organised in four uneven groups around the non-nuclear stores. The two southerly groups of stores are arranged symmetrically to the south of the large non-nuclear stores, each group having sixteen small store buildings. The north-eastern group contains eleven stores and the north-west group fourteen. All but the south-east group contained a mixture of Type 'A' and Type 'B' stores.
The store buildings are linked together by pedestrian width walkways, fenced by tubular steel pipes 37in tall with strands of white between the horizontal members. The area was lit by pre-cast concrete lamp-posts, each of which had a red panic button at chest height. The Type 'A' storage buildings 1-48 are small kiosk-like structures. In plan they measure 8ft 4in by 7ft 10in and stand 9ft above ground level. The foundations of the building are constructed of 3ft thick mass concrete. The walls are of cavity wall construction and are formed of solid concrete blocks, while the roof is a flat over-hanging reinforced concrete slab with a drip mould, and is covered with bituminous felt. The design drawing (Drg. No. 3563B/52) shows a variety of irregular roof plans designed to disguise the structures from the air. These were never built, all the roofs being rectangular in plan.
Fittings on the walls indicate that they were all originally protected by copper earthing straps. On the front of many of the stores a stencilled notice records ''Date of last lightning conductor test April - 63''. Internally the walls are finished in unpainted, smooth gritless plaster. The side and rear walls are ventilated by four small controllable ventilators, two at the base of the wall and two at the top. In the floor of each of the Type 'A' stores is a single keyhole shaped cavity. Each hole is 1ft 5in in diameter and 1ft 9in deep. The shaft of the hole measures 10in wide and is 8in long and is shallower than the main hole at 3½in. A scar around the hole suggests it originally contained a vessel with the asphalt brought up around its lip. This is confirmed by the survival of the surrounding lip in similar stores at RAF Faldingworth, Lincolnshire, and by the rare survival of a number of stainless steel vessels at the bomb store at RAF Gaydon, Warwickshire.
The electrical system of each store was contained within small bore metal pipes; circular junction boxes led to other electrical fittings, which have in most cases been removed. In a number of the stores 'Walsall' Type 1174X flameproof switch boxes remained. On their covers is cast ''5 Amp 250 Volt Flameproof switchbox type Walsall 1174BX Group 2 FLP 302 Group 3 Test P60 Isolate supply elsewhere before removing this cover''. A small formica sign confirmed that ''The electrical installation in this building is standard 'A' in accordance with AP 2608A''. All the stores originally had external fuse boxes to the left of their doors.
The doors are wooden and open outwards, their outer faces being protected by a steel sheet. They are secured by a combination lock and internal vertical locking bar operated by an external handle. A metal fitting in the path allowed the door to be secured half ajar. Above the door, and attached to its frame, is a spring-loaded electrical contact, which probably recorded on the control board in building 63 whether or not the door was open or closed. Externally and internally the doors are painted light blue. On the door of building No. 1 is a 1ft diameter radiation symbol in yellow and out-lined in black, below it is a 11½in yellow square with a black star at its centre.
The Type 'B' store buildings 49-57 are slightly larger than the Type 'A' measuring 9ft 7in by 7ft 10n. Otherwise the details of the stores are identical to the smaller stores. The principle difference between the two types of structures is that the Type 'B ' had two storage holes in their floors. Each of these buildings was also equipped with a small wooden counter adjacent to the doors; the counters measure 2ft 6in by 1ft 6in and standing 4ft tall. They have been removed from stores 53 and 55. At some point during the operational life of the station the holes in the floors of all the Type 'B' stores were filled and covered by gritless asphalt. The asphalt surfaces in the stores are continuous, often with a slight depression marking the position of the holes, which implies that the original floor was lifted and new floors laid. The holes in store 52 have been reopened, as indicated by fragments of the asphalt surface thrown back into the holes. This is in contrast to RAF Faldingworth where the holes have been left open.
In total there were enough holes to store 66 fissile cores. One source states that the single hole stores contained plutonium cores, while the double-hole stores were, used for cobalt cores. Currently available documentation does not reveal if one fissile core may be equated with one bomb, or if a bomb contained more than one fissile core. Recent research has shown that Britain probably produced no more than twenty Blue Danube warheads, with this number on the active stockpile between 1957 and 1961. It is therefore likely that no more than a handful of weapons were stored at RAF Barnham at anyone time.
The significance of the filling of the holes in the Type 'B' stores is also unclear. It may coincide with the withdrawal of the first generation nuclear weapon, ''Blue Danube'', and the deployment second generation atomic bomb, ''Red Beard'' (from 1961), or it may be related to the introduction of first British hydrogen bomb, ''Yellow Sun'' (from 1958). Given the number of available nuclear warheads in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, it is unlikely that the RAF Barnham store was ever full. Part of RAF Barnham's function, along with other bomb stores, was to convince the Soviet Union that Britain had more nuclear weapons at her disposal than was in fact the case.
Information sourced from English Heritage.
FISSILE CORE STORAGE –
The fissile cores were stored in small buildings arranged around the large non-nuclear component stores. In total there are 57 of these buildings, which are divided into 48 Type 'A' and 9 Type 'B' stores. The fissile core stores are organised in four uneven groups around the non-nuclear stores. The two southerly groups of stores are arranged symmetrically to the south of the large non-nuclear stores, each group having sixteen small store buildings. The north-eastern group contains eleven stores and the north-west group fourteen. All but the south-east group contained a mixture of Type 'A' and Type 'B' stores.
The store buildings are linked together by pedestrian width walkways, fenced by tubular steel pipes 37in tall with strands of white between the horizontal members. The area was lit by pre-cast concrete lamp-posts, each of which had a red panic button at chest height. The Type 'A' storage buildings 1-48 are small kiosk-like structures. In plan they measure 8ft 4in by 7ft 10in and stand 9ft above ground level. The foundations of the building are constructed of 3ft thick mass concrete. The walls are of cavity wall construction and are formed of solid concrete blocks, while the roof is a flat over-hanging reinforced concrete slab with a drip mould, and is covered with bituminous felt. The design drawing (Drg. No. 3563B/52) shows a variety of irregular roof plans designed to disguise the structures from the air. These were never built, all the roofs being rectangular in plan.
Fittings on the walls indicate that they were all originally protected by copper earthing straps. On the front of many of the stores a stencilled notice records ''Date of last lightning conductor test April - 63''. Internally the walls are finished in unpainted, smooth gritless plaster. The side and rear walls are ventilated by four small controllable ventilators, two at the base of the wall and two at the top. In the floor of each of the Type 'A' stores is a single keyhole shaped cavity. Each hole is 1ft 5in in diameter and 1ft 9in deep. The shaft of the hole measures 10in wide and is 8in long and is shallower than the main hole at 3½in. A scar around the hole suggests it originally contained a vessel with the asphalt brought up around its lip. This is confirmed by the survival of the surrounding lip in similar stores at RAF Faldingworth, Lincolnshire, and by the rare survival of a number of stainless steel vessels at the bomb store at RAF Gaydon, Warwickshire.
The electrical system of each store was contained within small bore metal pipes; circular junction boxes led to other electrical fittings, which have in most cases been removed. In a number of the stores 'Walsall' Type 1174X flameproof switch boxes remained. On their covers is cast ''5 Amp 250 Volt Flameproof switchbox type Walsall 1174BX Group 2 FLP 302 Group 3 Test P60 Isolate supply elsewhere before removing this cover''. A small formica sign confirmed that ''The electrical installation in this building is standard 'A' in accordance with AP 2608A''. All the stores originally had external fuse boxes to the left of their doors.
The doors are wooden and open outwards, their outer faces being protected by a steel sheet. They are secured by a combination lock and internal vertical locking bar operated by an external handle. A metal fitting in the path allowed the door to be secured half ajar. Above the door, and attached to its frame, is a spring-loaded electrical contact, which probably recorded on the control board in building 63 whether or not the door was open or closed. Externally and internally the doors are painted light blue. On the door of building No. 1 is a 1ft diameter radiation symbol in yellow and out-lined in black, below it is a 11½in yellow square with a black star at its centre.
The Type 'B' store buildings 49-57 are slightly larger than the Type 'A' measuring 9ft 7in by 7ft 10n. Otherwise the details of the stores are identical to the smaller stores. The principle difference between the two types of structures is that the Type 'B ' had two storage holes in their floors. Each of these buildings was also equipped with a small wooden counter adjacent to the doors; the counters measure 2ft 6in by 1ft 6in and standing 4ft tall. They have been removed from stores 53 and 55. At some point during the operational life of the station the holes in the floors of all the Type 'B' stores were filled and covered by gritless asphalt. The asphalt surfaces in the stores are continuous, often with a slight depression marking the position of the holes, which implies that the original floor was lifted and new floors laid. The holes in store 52 have been reopened, as indicated by fragments of the asphalt surface thrown back into the holes. This is in contrast to RAF Faldingworth where the holes have been left open.
In total there were enough holes to store 66 fissile cores. One source states that the single hole stores contained plutonium cores, while the double-hole stores were, used for cobalt cores. Currently available documentation does not reveal if one fissile core may be equated with one bomb, or if a bomb contained more than one fissile core. Recent research has shown that Britain probably produced no more than twenty Blue Danube warheads, with this number on the active stockpile between 1957 and 1961. It is therefore likely that no more than a handful of weapons were stored at RAF Barnham at anyone time.
The significance of the filling of the holes in the Type 'B' stores is also unclear. It may coincide with the withdrawal of the first generation nuclear weapon, ''Blue Danube'', and the deployment second generation atomic bomb, ''Red Beard'' (from 1961), or it may be related to the introduction of first British hydrogen bomb, ''Yellow Sun'' (from 1958). Given the number of available nuclear warheads in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s, it is unlikely that the RAF Barnham store was ever full. Part of RAF Barnham's function, along with other bomb stores, was to convince the Soviet Union that Britain had more nuclear weapons at her disposal than was in fact the case.
Information sourced from English Heritage.
I love this pic of the trip. The greyish tone in the background is the coal smoke settling back into the valley after our passage. And does it ever smel good. Nothing like the smell of bituminous coal!
CASS WV: CASS SCENIC RAILROAD STATE PARK: Shay #2, a Pacific Coast Shay, was constructed in July of 1928 for the Mayo Lumber Company of Paldi, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. A Pacific Coast Shay is a souped-up model of the class C-70 3 truck Shay. The Pacific Coast features superheat, a firebox that is 13 inches longer, lower gear ratio, steel cab, cast steel trucks, and steel girder frame (seen below). A feature of the steel girder frame is the large opening for exposing staybolts.
Also, the cylinders were designed so they attached only to the locomotive frame, rather than to the boiler shell as in other Shays. This allowed for easier access and maintenance. #2 is the only Shay of it's kind in the east. Shay #2, originally a wood burner, spent its working commercial life with four companies in British Columbia including Lake Logging Company, Cowichan Lake B.C. and Western Forest Industries, Honeymoon Bay, B.C. Later converted to burn oil then rebuilt to burn bituminous coal at Cass, #2 is the only known Shay to have used all three types of fuel. The locomotive ended its career switching cars on Vancouver docks in 1970, making it one of the last commercially-used Shays, and came to Cass in that same year.
Today, Shay #2 spends its days at Cass Scenic Railroad.
842
The Meigs Creek Coal (a.k.a. Sewickley Coal) is a bituminous coal horizon in the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group of eastern Ohio, USA.
Hints of bluish iridescence are due to the presence of thin films of turgite (2Fe2O3·H2O, hydrous iron oxide), formed by the oxidation of disseminated pyrite in the coal, in the presence of water.
Locality: Narrows Run North outcrop - roadcut on the western side of Rt. 7, just north of Narrows Run (an east-flowing tributary of the Ohio River), northeastern York Township, southeastern Belmont County, Ohio, USA
Woodlawn Cemetery Company 335 Maple Ave Fairmont, WV 26554
Woodlawn Cemetery, located in Fairmont, West Virginia is an example of the rural cemetery. It was laid out by Tell W. Nicolet of the firm of Morris and Knowles of Pittsburgh, PA. It is a National Historic District. Today, the cemetery covers 42 acres (170,000 m2) and has over 15,000 burials.
The cemetery was established in the early Spring of 1875. Joseph R. Hamilton was climbing the fence between his father's farm and that of Norval Barns. The loaded rifle he was carrying accidentally discharged, killing him. His father's decision to "bury him where he lay" led to the families establishing a small burying ground. They opened the fence line between their properties and enclosed about a quarter of an acre to use for family burials.
Ten years later, in December 1885, the Woodlawn Cemetery Company was incorporated and plots were offered for sale to the larger community. 5 acres (20,000 m2) were purchased from each of the land owners, Elmus Hamilton and Norval Barns. Many of the early leaders of the Fairmont community were laid to rest here. Among them is Francis Harrison Pierpont, the Governor of the Restored State of Virginia from 1861-1868, his wife Julia and three of their four children.
Boaz Fleming, the founder of Fairmont, is here with his wife, Elizabeth. Other members of his family are here as well, including Clarissa Fleming Hamilton, his grandson Elmus Hamilton,owner of the Hamilton farm, and great-grandson, Joseph R. Hamilton. Another descendant is Aretas B. Fleming, eighth governor of West Virginia. A lawyer, Mr. Fleming was among the men who created the Fairmont Development Company and worked to develop Fairmont, West Virginia.
James Otis Watson is considered the father of the bituminous coal industry in north central West Virginia. He and Pierpont owned the first coal mine to be commercially viable following the completion of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad linking Fairmont with the eastern seaboard markets. One of his daughters married Aretas B. Fleming. His sons, James Edwin Watson, Sylvanus Lamb Watson and Clarence Wayland Watson are also buried here.
Historical figures buried at Woodlawn
Times West Virginian
The following is a list of the historical figures buried at Woodlawn Cemetery and their contribution to the history of Fairmont, Marion County and West Virginia.
This list was compiled from the application made to the U.S. Department of the Interior in order for the cemetery to be considered for the National Register of Historic Places and does not reflect a complete list of all persons of note buried at the cemetery.
Francis H. Pierpont (1814-1899) — The “Father of West Virginia.” Pierpont was chosen as Provisional Governor of Restored Virginia in 1861 during a Union convention. He was later elected to that position from 1863-68 and was instrumental in the creation of the state of West Virginia in 1863.
Julia Augusta Robertson Pierpont (1828-1886) — The wife of Gov. Pierpont. She is credited by many historians as the founder of Decoration Day (Memorial Day) in 1866.
Boaz Fleming (1758-1830) — The founding father of Fairmont. He cleared a section of land he own and sold individual lots to create Fairmont, the county seat of Marion, which was created from pieces of Monongalia and Harrison counties.
James Otis Watson (1815-1902) — Father of the Coal Industry West of the Alleghenies. He opened his first mine in 1852 with his friend, Francis Pierpont. Later the Watson Coal Co. and Hutchinson Coal Co. combined to form the Consolidated Coal Co.
Clyde E. Hutchinson (1861-1926) — Founder of Hutchinson Coal Co., one of the predecessors of Consolidated Coal Co.
A. Brooks Fleming (1839-1923) — Governor of West Virginia from 1890-1893. He also served as county prosecuting attorney, the West Virginia House of Delegates and judge of the 2nd District Judicial Circuit.
Matthew Mansfield Neely (1874-1958) — Governor of West Virginia from 1940-44. Also served as mayor of Fairmont, delegate, congressman and U.S. senator.
The Rev. William Ryland White (1820-93) — The first state superintendent of West Virginia public schools from 1863-69, resigning to become president of the new Fairmont State Normal School (Fairmont State University).
Bernard Butcher (1853-1918) — Elected as state superintendent of schools in 1880 and was instrumental in legislation for the education of black teachers and the creation of Arbor Day. He also organized the Marion County Historical Society in 1908.
Thomas C. Miller (1844-1926) — Educator who also served as state superintendent of schools (1900-09), principal of West Virginia University (1893) and Shepherd Normal School.
Victims of Newburg Mine explosion — While they are not marked individually, six victims of the 1886 Preston County explosion are buried there under a single monument, including a father, son, three stepsons and another relative.
George Albert Dunnington (1858-1928) — Editor of the Fairmont Index.
Judge Harry Evans Watkins (1898-1963) — U.S. Federal District Judge Frank C. Haymond (1887-1972) — Longtime justice of the Supreme Court of West Virginia.
Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA.
This exposure is part of a relatively new roadcut along new Route 15, north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky, USA. The exposure has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). Shown above is the lower part of the Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone. The black-colored horizon is bituminous coal, which is a common variety of coal. It is relatively soft, sooty, has blocky-weathering, is well stratified and laminated, and has patches of glassy-lustered material (vitrain) in and among dull-lustered material. According to published information about this locality (see Greb & Eble, 2014), this bituminous coal has 11% ash and 1.9% sulfur. Its maceral content is dominated by vitrinite (~75%) and its plant microfossil content is dominated by lycopsid tree spores (~78%).
The gray to brown unit at the top is a shale interval. The gray unit below the coal is also shale. The unit at the bottom of the photo is a channel sandstone.
Stratigraphy: lower Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone, upper Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Atokan Series (Duckmantian), lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Location: Jackson North outcrop - large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (37° 34’ 53.95” North, 83° 23’ 07.99” West)
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Reference cited:
Greb & Eble (2014) - Cannel coals of the Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Bed (Pikeville Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian); evidence for possible fault-generated lakes. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 46(6): 604.
Miris Canada Hill is an exhumed oil field, and 19 deg Api oil is found 90 feet below ground level. Oil field characteristics spell the presence of good reesrvoir sands, which are individually sealed by uncanny continuous and often bituminous clays.
Crews worked on SR 9 for three days from July 23 through July 25, 2018 applying a oil and gravel surface - bituminous surface treatment - to a 10 mile stretch between the south end of Big Lake and Sedro-Woolley. Following application of the gravel, equipment rolled the area with large rubber tires and sweeping happened overnight to pick up loose material.
HNA Hardscape Project Award Winner
Concrete Paver - Commercial - Less than 15,000 sf
Nemours Auto Court
Wilmington, Delaware
Pickering Valley Landscape, Inc.
The Historic Nemours Building sits in the heart of Wilmington Delaware's corporate business district. The mixed use building with retail and office space includes furnished apartments for weekly business travelers. For the past decade the building's main entrance was off the Tatnall Street plaza and overlooked due to a paved drop off and pick up circle on the 10th street side. With a commitment from Starbucks to sign a lease but contingent upon having off street parking, an opportunity arose for the building owner, The Buccini/Pollin Group, to redesign this small outdoor space. Approximately 985 tons of concrete, asphalt, and site soil were removed to a competent subgrade. Storm drains were removed and replaced with a new 40 x 6 x 3 foot deep rain garden structure. One of the rain garden's side walls was extended up to double as a feature wall cladded with 2 inch thick granite panels. An elaborate system of nyloplast risers and fittings were installed for storm overflow along with a Neenah Foundry powder coated trench drain. 800 lineal feet of new Scofield French gray colored curbing was installed with several flush curbs to transition from a concrete paver parking area to asphalt drives to clay paver aprons to the roadway. A bituminous set paver cross section was chosen for the parking area with a reinforced concrete base. The parking spots are placed in 45 degree herringbone in the limestone gray with the super black used to line the spots. The two distinctly different paver fields are separated by 20 inch wide soldier-sailor-soldier bands with the black and matrix colors. A single basalt black granite paver band extends from the building to the rain garden and wall feature with a concrete trough into the landscape filled with black Mexican beach cobble.
The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition. Two of the Museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but it was too small to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The new main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid.
The Museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The Museum has several major permanent exhibits: The Coal Mine re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the Museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17 circa 1933. Since 1954, the Museum has had the U-505 submarine, one of just two German submarines captured during World War II, and the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere.
The Museum opened The New U-505 Experience on June 5, 2005. Take Flight recreates a San Francisco-to-Chicago flight using a Boeing 727 jet plane donated by United Airlines. The silent film star and stock market investor Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle is on display. The Great Train Story, a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) model railroad, recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle.
The Transportation Zone includes exhibits on air and land transportation, including the 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive, the first vehicle to exceed 100 mph. The Zone includes two World War II warplanes donated by the British government: a Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber — one of only two intact Stukas left in the world — and a Supermarine Spitfire. The first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr, is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. A free tour goes through it every 10–20 minutes. Several U.S. Navy warship models are on display, and a flight simulator for the new F-35 Lightning II is featured.
nrhp # 66000666- The East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company was chartered in 1856. Due to financial constraints and the American Civil War, the railroad was not built by its original charterers, but a new group of investors began to acquire right-of-way in 1867 and was able to construct the railroad as a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge line in 1872–1874. Service began from Mount Union, Pennsylvania to Orbisonia, Pennsylvania in August, 1873, and to Robertsdale in November, 1874. The line later was extended to Woodvale and Alvan, with several short branches. At its height, it had over 60 miles of track and approximately 33 miles of main line.
The primary purpose of the railroad was to haul semi-bituminous coal from the mines on the east side of the remote Broad Top Mountain plateau to the Pennsylvania Railroad in Mount Union. The railroad also carried substantial amounts of ganister rock, lumber and passengers with some agricultural goods, concrete, road tar and general freight. In its first three decades the railroad supplied much of its coal to the Rockhill Iron Furnace, operated by the railroad's sister company, the Rockhill Iron and Coal Company, and in turn hauled the pig iron from the furnace.
As the iron industry in the region faded in the early 1900s, the railroad came to subsist on coal traffic for about 90% of its revenue. Large plants for the manufacture of silica brick were developed at Mount Union around the turn of the 20th century, and these became major customers for coal and also for ganister rock, which was quarried at multiple points along the railroad.
The EBT was generally profitable from the 1880s through the 1940s and was able to modernize its infrastructure far more than other narrow gauge railroads. A coal cleaning plant and a full maintenance shops complex were built, bridges were upgraded from iron and wood to steel and concrete, wood rolling stock was replaced by steel, and modern high-powered steam locomotives were bought from the Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia.
In the 1950s, coal demand plummeted as homes and industries switched to cheap oil and gas. The last nail in the coffin came when the silica brick plants in Mount Union converted to oil and gas and not enough coal could be sold to support the mines and the railroad. The railroad closed as a coal hauler April 14, 1956, and along with the coal-mining company was sold for scrap to the Kovalchick Salvage Corporation.
from Wikipedia
Tarco Formulates a New Self-adhering Underlayment for Metal and Tile Roofing: PS200MU
PS200MU is a premium, high temperature, self-adhering, modified bituminous underlayment with non-abrasive polyolefinic upper surface with good walkability
LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS – Tarco today announced LeakBarrier PS200MU Ice and Water Armor, a self-adhesive, glass fiber reinforced, modified bituminous underlayment especially for metal roofing. It helps protect a building’s deck or internal structure against leaks caused by ice and water damming and wind-driven rain.
PS200MU is specially formulated for use in high temperature environments. The upper side is made of a nonabrasive polyolefinic film that has anti-skid properties for good walkability. Two key attributes of a metal roofing underlayment are that it slides under the metal roof without scratching it; and that it is tolerant of high temperatures often reached beneath a metal roof. PS200MU offers both of these features.
PS200MU is highly effective in critical roofing areas such as valleys, ridges, coping joints, chimneys, vents, dormers, skylights, and low-slope sections. While ideally suited for use under metal roofing, it is also an excellent choice as an underlayment for shingles, slate, and mechanically attached tiles.
The polymer-modified asphalt gives excellent pliability and the film surface is UV resistant. An anti-skid treatment allows for good walkability. This underlayment is exceptionally durable with high tensile and tear strengths. Glass fiber reinforcement imparts high dimensional stability.
It is a cost-effective sheet for clean, easy-to-handle, self-adhering applications. The split-back release film peels off for easy installation and handling and PS200MU adheres to a variety of substrates. The membrane lays flat and resists wrinkling for ease of application and a 60-day exposure allows for long term dry in. It provides instant watertight laps and self-seals around nails.
The SBS-based membrane is specially formulated to provide high-temperature stability to 250 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for use as an underlayment in metal roofing applications. The high temperature stability of the PS200MU membrane makes it especially attractive for residential and commercial metal roofing applications, although it is also suitable for shingle, slate and tile.
Tarco’s family of LeakBarrier Ice and Water Armor membranes now includes three metal roofing underlayment products, including PS200MU, PS200HT and NR500HT.
All three products withstand high temperatures and they are nonabrasive and provide good walkability. The main difference is upper surface: PS200MU uses polyolefin and PS200HT uses polyester, while NR500HT is a premium 40 mil (1 mm) thick, non-reinforced roofing underlayment with an upper surface of cross-laminated polyethylene-based Valeron film.
PS200MU Meets ASTM D1970. It has Miami-Dade County Approval NOA No. 08-0804.10 and meets ICC-ES ESR-2116 as well as Florida Building Code FL 10450-R1.
It is listed under the UL Prepared Roofing File No. 16744. It is not for use in adhesive (foam) set tile applications and it is not recommended for extreme high temperature environments such as under copper or zinc metal roofing.
Each of the metal underlayment products is covered by a “Thirty Year Self Adhesive Metal and Tile Underlayment Material Warranty.” Coverage and conditions pertaining to coverage are detailed in the warranty, which is available on the Tarco Website.
“Tarco now manufactures three distinct underlayment products suitable for metal roofing and other high temperature environments,” says Steve Ratcliff, President of Tarco. “That means more choices for roofing contractors. Metal roofing projects are not all the same and contractors have different preferences. Between PS200MU and PS200HT and NR500HT roofing contractors can find exactly the right features in a peel-and-stick underlayment for metal roofing applications. Tarco is pleased to be in a position to provide these premium SBS-based underlayments to this fast-growing segment of the roofing industry.”
For more details, contact Tarco, One Information Way, Suite 225, Little Rock, AR 72202. Phone 501-945-4506, Toll Free 800-365-4506, Fax 501-945-7718. Visit Tarco on the Internet at www.tarcoroofing.com.
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NON-NUCLEAR COMPONENT STORES BUILDING 60 –
The function of the non-nuclear component stores was to hold the high explosive part of the bomb and its outer casing. The casing could probably be split into two units, the tail and forward part containing the high explosive and electronics. The bombs, minus their fissile components, were housed in three almost identical stores buildings 59-61, known as Storage Building Type 'D-D'. These are arranged in an arrowhead pattern, and are accessed from the internal loop road, and are all surrounded by 14ft 6in high earth traverses, revetted by a reinforced concrete retaining wall against the roadway.
The western store, building 59 was gutted by a fire during the 1980's and has subsequently been demolished. Its floor plan remains visible on the remaining concrete floor slab. The two remaining stores, buildings 60 and 61 are rectangular in plan, and are constructed from reinforced concrete columns and beams. Internally there are two rows of columns, 13in², which support the roof beams, 2ft by 9in, which carry the 9in thick reinforced concrete roof slab which is covered with bituminous felt. The rainwater gutters and down pipes are cast asbestos.
The wall sections are filled with 18in by 9in by 9in precast concrete blocks, internally the main storage area measures 190ft 2½in by 60ft. It is divided longitudinally into eleven 17ft by 3ft bays and cross ways into three bays the outer bays measure 17ft 6in and the central bay is 25ft wide. The maximum clear internal height was 12ft from the floor to the underside of the roof beams. The floor is surfaced with a hard gritless asphalt with the patent name 'Ironite'. The walls are painted pale green colour and the ceiling cream. in store building 61 the bay letters 0, N, M, and L are visible on the rear columns on the eastern side, suggesting the store was divided into 22 bays along the outer walls.
Abutting on to the front of the stores, and flanking the entrances, are plant and switch rooms, which originally contained heating and air conditioning plant to maintain a stable environment within the stores. A raised air extract duct is placed asymmetrically on the roofs of the stores. Entry into the stores is through a 10ft wide door opening with 12ft high doors. In the rear wall of the stores is a single door width, outward opening emergency exit. The first nuclear weapon the store was designed to hold was relatively large, a ''Blue Danube'' bomb measured 24ft in length and weighed 10,000lbs.
The problems of handling such large objects are reflected in the provision of substantial lifting gantries at the entrance to each store. Two variants are found, the simplest, exemplified by the middle store building 60 comprises a straight gantry. Over the roadway the gantry is supported by four 24in by 18in reinforced concrete columns, which support two 51in by 24in reinforced concrete beams. The upper beams of the gantry taper towards the entrance to the store where they are suppurted by two reinforced concrete columns. On the underside of the gantry is attached a 20in by 6½in rolled steel joist runway beam which runs to the entrance to the building. This was originally fitted with a 10 ton hoist. The gantry is covered by asbestos sheeting to provide a dry working area.
On the eastern and western stores the gantries were set at 30° to the front of the stores. In this variant an extra set of columns was placed at the 30° dogleg. Internally there is no evidence for a runway beam, so it presumed the bombs were lifted off a road transporter and loaded onto a bomb trolley for storage. It is not known how many bombs were kept in each store, or if the tail units were separated from the front part of the bomb for storage. Subsequent to the site being relinquished by the RAF a central corridor has been created in the stores by the insertion of breeze block walls. Doors in these walls give access to workshops along either side of the buildings. External windows have also been inserted in some of the bays.
Information sourced from English Heritage.
Crews worked on SR 9 for three days from July 23 through July 25, 2018 applying a oil and gravel surface - bituminous surface treatment - to a 10 mile stretch between the south end of Big Lake and Sedro-Woolley. Following application of the gravel, equipment rolled the area with large rubber tires and sweeping happened overnight to pick up loose material.
Balmedie Quarry opened in 1919 just outside the village of Belhelvie in Aberdeenshire which is 7 miles to the North of the city of Aberdeen. Covering an area of betweenn 6.41-6.58 hectares it produces a large volume and range of Bituminous mixtures characterised as Asphalt concrete and Hot rolled asphalts. Some of which were used in the road between Ellon and the Bridge of Don.
Aberdeenshire Council have owned this since 1932.
An undismayed John L. Lewis (center, turned toward camera) arrives at the courthouse in Washington, D.C. to answer for a contempt citation in front of Judge Alan Goldsbrough November 25, 1946.
On April 1, 1946, Lewis called 400,000 bituminous coal miners out on strike for improved wages, health benefits, and safety regulations. By mid-May, the strike was crippling industrial production and threatened to end the economy's postwar recovery.
When Lewis rejected Harry S. Truman's efforts to find a compromise, the president seized the mines and ordered the strikers back to work. When the companies refused a settlement negotiated between the workers and government, Lewis took his men out of the pits on November 21st.
Upon refusing an injunction to resume work, a US judge found Lewis in contempt of court and fined the United Mine Workers (UMW) $3,500,000 – later reduced to $700,000 – before Lewis ended the strike on December 7th. The government acceded to most UMW demands while operating the mines, and the coal companies agreed to the bulk of Lewis's terms in 1947 to regain their property.
The strike wave of 1945-46 was the largest in U.S. history and involved more than five million workers in several dozen industries. It was followed by the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act that sharply curtailed the rights of organized labor and began union’s long, slow decline in the U.S.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskuybJr3
The photographer is unknown. The image is an auction find.
Fforio/Explore : Cwm Coke Works
Cwm Coke Works
1958 - 2002
"In the 1970s, the cokeworks employed 1,500 men and produced some 515,000 tonnes of coke each year. It continued to do so until 1986, when coal was privatised."
llantwitfardrecommunitycouncil.org
"Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon content, usually made from coal. It is the solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Coke made from coal are grey, hard, and porous. While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly used form is man-made. The form known as petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil refinery coker units or other cracking processes."
Wiki
Original Caption: "Eli Sanders, Tipple Worker, Loads Coal on Car Which Has Fallen Off Cars Enroute to Tipple. He Is Pastor of Holiness (Pentecostal Church of God) Church. P V & K Coal Company, Clover Gap Mine, Lejunior, Harlan County, Kentucky.: 09/15/1946"
U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: NWDNS-245-MS-2728L
From: Series: Photographs of the Medical Survey of the Bituminous Coal Industry, (Record Group 245)
Created by: Department of the Interior. Solid Fuels Administration For War, (04/19/1943 - 06/30/1947 )
Production Date: 9/15/1946
Photographer: Lee, Russell, 1903-1986
Subjects:
Coal mines and mining
Mines and mineral resources
Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/541357
Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.
For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html
Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html
Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted
Anthracite coal - large block on display at Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine in the Pennsylvanian of Pennsylvania, USA.
Pioneer Tunnel in Ashland, Pennsylvania is a tourist site that allows examination of an old anthracite strip mine and underground anthracite coal workings in Mahanoy Mountain. The surface strip mine and the underground mine exploited anthracite coal beds in the Llewellyn Formation (middle Desmoinesian Series, upper Middle Pennsylvanian), as did numerous mines in eastern Pennsylvania's coal fields.
Shown above is anthracite coal, the highest-rank coal. It forms by very low-grade metamorphism (anchimetamorphism) of bituminous coal. Anthracite is always black-colored, with a glassy texture, and is harder & heavier than the other coals (although it is still relatively soft & lightweight). Unlike lignite and bituminous coal, anthracite is not sooty to the touch. Anthracite burns hotter than other coal types, due to its high carbon content (~90% C). It also is the cleanest-burning of all the coals.
Anthracite is a scarce variety of coal. The highest concentration of anthracite on Earth is in the Pennsylvanian-aged coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania, USA. There is still some uncertainty in the details about the origin of Pennsylvania anthracite coal. In Colorado, an anthracite coal deposit occurs next to an igneous intrusion - the anthracite formed by heating from contact or hydrothermal metamorphism. It's been suggested that Pennsylvania anthracite was hydrothermally metamorphosed. The anthracite in Pennsylvania was originally deposited in coal swamps that were relatively high on ancient alluvial plains - those environments are usually not preserved in mountain belts (they get uplifted and eroded). In Pennsylvania, the high alluvial plain facies were downdropped and got preserved, resulting in anthracites representing different facies from those seen in bituminous coal fields.
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Info. on Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine & its geology:
Ermert, E.R. 1994. The Story of Pioneer Tunnel Coal Mine & Steam Train. 14 pp.
Edmunds, W.E., V.W. Skema & N.K. Flint. 1999. Stratigraphy and sedimentary tectonics, Pennsylvanian. in The geology of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geological Survey Special Publication 1: 148-169.
Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone in the Pennsylvanian of Kentucky, USA. (geology hammer for scale)
This exposure is part of a relatively new roadcut along new Route 15, north of the town of Jackson, Kentucky, USA. The exposure has Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic sedimentary rocks of the Breathitt Group (formerly the Breathitt Formation). Shown above is the lower part of the Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone. The black-colored horizon is bituminous coal, which is a common variety of coal. It is relatively soft, sooty, has blocky-weathering, is well stratified and laminated, and has patches of glassy-lustered material (vitrain) in and among dull-lustered material. According to published information about this locality (see Greb & Eble, 2014), this bituminous coal has 11% ash and 1.9% sulfur. Its maceral content is dominated by vitrinite (~75%) and its plant microfossil content is dominated by lycopsid tree spores (~78%).
The gray-brown unit at the top is a shale interval. The gray unit below the coal is also shale.
Stratigraphy: lower Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Zone, upper Pikeville Formation, Breathitt Group, lower Atokan Series (Duckmantian), lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Location: Jackson North outcrop - large roadcut on the eastern side of new Rt. 15, just south of southbound old Rt. 15-new Rt. 15 split, north of Jackson, north-central Breathitt County, eastern Kentucky, USA (37° 34’ 53.95” North, 83° 23’ 07.99” West)
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Reference cited:
Greb & Eble (2014) - Cannel coals of the Cannel City-Amburgy Coal Bed (Pikeville Formation, Middle Pennsylvanian); evidence for possible fault-generated lakes. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 46(6): 604.
Original Caption: "Kitchen in Home of Charles B. Lewis, Miner, Who Lives in Company Housing Project. Union Pacific Coal Company, Winton Mine, Winton, Sweetwater County, Wyoming."
U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: NWDNS-245-MS-749L
From: Series: Photographs of the Medical Survey of the Bituminous Coal Industry (Record Group 245)
Created by: Department of the Interior. Solid Fuels Administration For War, (04/19/1943 - 06/30/1947)
Production Date: 7/10/1946
Photographer: Lee, Russell, 1903-1986
Subjects:
Coal mines and mining
Mines and mineral resources
Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/540580
Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.
For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html
Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html
Access Restrictions: Unrestricted
Use Restrictions: Unrestricted
Traveling west along Interstate 90 from Wall, South Dakota to Buffalo, Wyoming.
Time stamp 0:31 (= "-2:06") - Rapid City urban area, western South Dakota.
Time stamp 0:31 to 1:04 (= "-2:06" to "-1:33") - Black Hills (a Laramide Orogeny uplift cored by Precambrian crystalline basement rocks with structurally tilted Paleozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks along the flanks).
Time stamp 1:17 to 1:20 (= "-1:20" to "-1:17") - Green Mountain Laccolith & Sundance Laccolith - Eocene intrusions at Sundance, Wyoming (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/20637945123 and www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/21072684929).
Time stamp 1:51 to 1:52 (= "-0:46" to "-0:45") - Wyodak Power Plant in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming, fueled by sub-bituminous coal from the Wyodak Coal, a 70 to 90 feet thick interval in the Fort Union Formation (Upper Paleocene).
Time stamp 2:33 to 2:35 (= "-0:04" to "-0:02") - reddish-brown rocks near hilltops and ridgetops are clinker, a thermal metamorphic rock formed by burning coal beds heating stratigraphically adjacent rocks (see: www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/albums/72157647078229482). This clinker horizon is in the Wasatch Formation (Lower Eocene).
HNA Hardscape Project Award Winner
Concrete Paver - Commercial - Less than 15,000 sf
Nemours Auto Court
Wilmington, Delaware
Pickering Valley Landscape, Inc.
The Historic Nemours Building sits in the heart of Wilmington Delaware's corporate business district. The mixed use building with retail and office space includes furnished apartments for weekly business travelers. For the past decade the building's main entrance was off the Tatnall Street plaza and overlooked due to a paved drop off and pick up circle on the 10th street side. With a commitment from Starbucks to sign a lease but contingent upon having off street parking, an opportunity arose for the building owner, The Buccini/Pollin Group, to redesign this small outdoor space. Approximately 985 tons of concrete, asphalt, and site soil were removed to a competent subgrade. Storm drains were removed and replaced with a new 40 x 6 x 3 foot deep rain garden structure. One of the rain garden's side walls was extended up to double as a feature wall cladded with 2 inch thick granite panels. An elaborate system of nyloplast risers and fittings were installed for storm overflow along with a Neenah Foundry powder coated trench drain. 800 lineal feet of new Scofield French gray colored curbing was installed with several flush curbs to transition from a concrete paver parking area to asphalt drives to clay paver aprons to the roadway. A bituminous set paver cross section was chosen for the parking area with a reinforced concrete base. The parking spots are placed in 45 degree herringbone in the limestone gray with the super black used to line the spots. The two distinctly different paver fields are separated by 20 inch wide soldier-sailor-soldier bands with the black and matrix colors. A single basalt black granite paver band extends from the building to the rain garden and wall feature with a concrete trough into the landscape filled with black Mexican beach cobble.
NON-NUCLEAR COMPONENT STORES BUILDING 60 –
The function of the non-nuclear component stores was to hold the high explosive part of the bomb and its outer casing. The casing could probably be split into two units, the tail and forward part containing the high explosive and electronics. The bombs, minus their fissile components, were housed in three almost identical stores buildings 59-61, known as Storage Building Type 'D-D'. These are arranged in an arrowhead pattern, and are accessed from the internal loop road, and are all surrounded by 14ft 6in high earth traverses, revetted by a reinforced concrete retaining wall against the roadway.
The western store, building 59 was gutted by a fire during the 1980's and has subsequently been demolished. Its floor plan remains visible on the remaining concrete floor slab. The two remaining stores, buildings 60 and 61 are rectangular in plan, and are constructed from reinforced concrete columns and beams. Internally there are two rows of columns, 13in², which support the roof beams, 2ft by 9in, which carry the 9in thick reinforced concrete roof slab which is covered with bituminous felt. The rainwater gutters and down pipes are cast asbestos.
The wall sections are filled with 18in by 9in by 9in precast concrete blocks, internally the main storage area measures 190ft 2½in by 60ft. It is divided longitudinally into eleven 17ft by 3ft bays and cross ways into three bays the outer bays measure 17ft 6in and the central bay is 25ft wide. The maximum clear internal height was 12ft from the floor to the underside of the roof beams. The floor is surfaced with a hard gritless asphalt with the patent name 'Ironite'. The walls are painted pale green colour and the ceiling cream. in store building 61 the bay letters 0, N, M, and L are visible on the rear columns on the eastern side, suggesting the store was divided into 22 bays along the outer walls.
Abutting on to the front of the stores, and flanking the entrances, are plant and switch rooms, which originally contained heating and air conditioning plant to maintain a stable environment within the stores. A raised air extract duct is placed asymmetrically on the roofs of the stores. Entry into the stores is through a 10ft wide door opening with 12ft high doors. In the rear wall of the stores is a single door width, outward opening emergency exit. The first nuclear weapon the store was designed to hold was relatively large, a ''Blue Danube'' bomb measured 24ft in length and weighed 10,000lbs.
The problems of handling such large objects are reflected in the provision of substantial lifting gantries at the entrance to each store. Two variants are found, the simplest, exemplified by the middle store building 60 comprises a straight gantry. Over the roadway the gantry is supported by four 24in by 18in reinforced concrete columns, which support two 51in by 24in reinforced concrete beams. The upper beams of the gantry taper towards the entrance to the store where they are suppurted by two reinforced concrete columns. On the underside of the gantry is attached a 20in by 6½in rolled steel joist runway beam which runs to the entrance to the building. This was originally fitted with a 10 ton hoist. The gantry is covered by asbestos sheeting to provide a dry working area.
On the eastern and western stores the gantries were set at 30° to the front of the stores. In this variant an extra set of columns was placed at the 30° dogleg. Internally there is no evidence for a runway beam, so it presumed the bombs were lifted off a road transporter and loaded onto a bomb trolley for storage. It is not known how many bombs were kept in each store, or if the tail units were separated from the front part of the bomb for storage. Subsequent to the site being relinquished by the RAF a central corridor has been created in the stores by the insertion of breeze block walls. Doors in these walls give access to workshops along either side of the buildings. External windows have also been inserted in some of the bays.
Information sourced from English Heritage.
New in 1931 as flat bed lorry for Cement Marketing Board it continued in service until 1948 when it was fitted with a tank for use by Bituminous Road Products for tar spraying until 1960 when it was sold for scrap. It was recovered from the scrap yard in 1962 and was in preservation as a flat bed lorry until 2005 when it was fitted with a replica bus body and used for sightseeing tours around Whitby.