View allAll Photos Tagged behaviour
Madeline Gannon, Research Fellow, Frank-Ratchye Studio for Creative Inquiry, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; Cultural Leader captured during the session: Being Human: Behaviour at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Tianjin, People's Republic of China 2018.Copyright by World Economic Forum / Sikarin Thanachaiary
Katherine Kinzler, Associate Professor, Cornell University, USA and Madeline Gannon, Research Fellow, Frank-Ratchye Studio for Creative Inquiry, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; Cultural Leader captured during the session: Being Human: Behaviour at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Tianjin, People's Republic of China 2018.Copyright by World Economic Forum / Sikarin Thanachaiary
Taken at Utrecht Central Railway Station. Just take a few minutes to watch what all these people are doing! Find an explanation of this photo on philosophybytheway.blogspot.com/2024/08/passing-and-waiti...
A bit of a shaded area especially with the sun low in the sky at this time of year but a great setting none the less.
Cromwell Bottom Nature Reserve.
Second of two similar shots.
Taken after the Harlot talk/pub, but before midnight, April 1st 2008 as part of "inexplicable knitter behaviour" day.
I swear I heard Steph say "anyone who ignored the 'horse' part, and mounts a police officer: automatic first place in the freestyle category".
I fled the bar in search of an obliging man in blue. Couldn't find any cops roaming the street, but remembered this one at the Police Union on College.
We approached with caution... is mounting a police statue a crime? We only had a chance to snap two quick photos before a security vehicle drove by and beeped at us!
But I think he looks very fetching with my GoKnit pouch on his wrist, don't you...? :)
photo credit: froggiemeanie
Just a minute later he (the shopowner) graped the doll between the legs to carry her inside for closingtime
Madeline Gannon, Research Fellow, Frank-Ratchye Studio for Creative Inquiry, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; Cultural Leader captured during the session: Being Human: Behaviour at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Tianjin, People's Republic of China 2018.Copyright by World Economic Forum / Sikarin Thanachaiary
Bad Behavior from Preston describe themselves as a six piece “balls to the wall” glam rock extravaganza and that pretty much sums this band up in a nutshell. The last competitive band of the competition and good lord, what a way to finish! Looking every part the Glam Rockers resplendent in their colourful outfits and make up, but it was really the front man, Phil Bailey, who not only took centre stage but looked the most avant garde a he did his level best to be the consummate front man. With three guitars on stage, the vocals were sometimes overwhelmed especially during 'Born To Party' but it was still a good performance overall. The bands cover was Alice Coopers' 'Man Behind the Mask', and although not one of the famous Cooper songs, it was nevertheless a good cover by the band. Bailey is predictably theatrical here which ties in very well with the bands image and although this is a proper band with serious musicians, there's nothing in the book saying that you can’t do it without planting your tongue firmly in your cheek! Their final number 'Apocalypse Now' was the best of the set with its great guitar riff that has the place jumping on and off stage. As the song reached its climax Bailey announced "This is the end!" and as the curtain falls on their performance, the band are greeted with generous applause as they take their final bows. What a great way to end the competition!
Bad Behavior from Preston describe themselves as a six piece “balls to the wall” glam rock extravaganza and that pretty much sums this band up in a nutshell. The last competitive band of the competition and good lord, what a way to finish! Looking every part the Glam Rockers resplendent in their colourful outfits and make up, but it was really the front man, Phil Bailey, who not only took centre stage but looked the most avant garde a he did his level best to be the consummate front man. With three guitars on stage, the vocals were sometimes overwhelmed especially during 'Born To Party' but it was still a good performance overall. The bands cover was Alice Coopers' 'Man Behind the Mask', and although not one of the famous Cooper songs, it was nevertheless a good cover by the band. Bailey is predictably theatrical here which ties in very well with the bands image and although this is a proper band with serious musicians, there's nothing in the book saying that you can’t do it without planting your tongue firmly in your cheek! Their final number 'Apocalypse Now' was the best of the set with its great guitar riff that has the place jumping on and off stage. As the song reached its climax Bailey announced "This is the end!" and as the curtain falls on their performance, the band are greeted with generous applause as they take their final bows. What a great way to end the competition!
(Freestyle - Canada at large, Vancouver) Typical scene in downtown Vancouver - yellow rent-a-fence & construction crane. One of the (many!) sites of the Canada Line construction - a new SkyTrain line, in preparation for the 2010 Olympics. (This site is on Granville Street, a half-block from a Timmy's, to give it that much more CanCon)
Ainda bem que todas as coisas ilegais são proibidas em Oxford. Mas qualquer comportamento de natureza sexual, também? Será que os oxfordianos ainda acreditam em Cegonhas?
Bate e volta a Oxford.
One day trip to Oxford.
Hopefully all illegal activities are prohibited at Oxford. But to include all behaviour of sexual nature? Do people at Oxford believe that babies come with storks?
I found these two Common Blues hard at it in the long grass at the old brick yard by the Walrow Fishing ponds..they were joined together for ages..Well over twenty minutes! The female seemed to be pulling the male around and around the grass head..I was a little faint with excitement and had to smoke a rollie when they finally pulled apart!
:@)
Governments around the world are drawing on behavioural insights to improve public policy outcomes: from automatic enrolment for pensions, to better tax compliance, to increasing the supply of organ donation.
But those very same policy makers are also subject to biases that can distort decision making. The Behavioural Insights Team has been studying those biases and what can be done to counter them, in collaboration with Jill Rutter and Julian McCrae of the Institute for Government.
The report was launched with remarks from Alex Chisholm, Permanent Secretary at the Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy.
Dr Michael Hallsworth, Director of the Behavioural Insights Team in North America presented the key findings.
The findings, their relevance to policy making today, and what they mean for the way governments make decisions were discussed by:
Polly Mackenzie, Director of Policy for the Deputy Prime Minister, 2010–15 and now Director of Demos
Dr Tony Curzon Price, Economic Advisor to the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.
The event was chaired by Jill Rutter, Programme Director at the Institute for Government.
#IfGBIT
Photos by Candice McKenzie
Madeline Gannon, Research Fellow, Frank-Ratchye Studio for Creative Inquiry, Carnegie Mellon University, USA; Cultural Leader captured during the session: Being Human: Behaviour at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Tianjin, People's Republic of China 2018.Copyright by World Economic Forum / Sikarin Thanachaiary
This morning (Thursday 29 May 2025), our Challenger Team in Bolton executed four simultaneous warrants as the crackdown on drugs and anti-social behaviour continues.
Officers from our Specialist Operation department such as the Tactical Aid Unit, Drone Unit and the Stolen Vehicle Examination Unit joined district Neighbourhood officers as they descended on addresses in the New Bury area.
Strikes were conducted at properties on Fairfield Road, Moorside Avenue, Parkfield Avenue and St Gregory’s, with three people – two men in their 50s and 30s, and a female in her 40s - being arrested on suspicion of drugs offences.
While searching these locations, we recovered a quantity of Class A, B and C drugs, a number of stolen vehicles and multiple electronic bikes.
Challenger is Greater Manchester’s partnership response to serious and organised crime. It is made up of a variety of agencies that work together to disrupt and dismantle individuals and networks from committing serious crime.
This includes those who run drug lines, exploit people for financial gain, those who buy and use firearms, and launder money they make from their criminality.
PC Gregory from the Bolton Challenger Team said: “This morning our officers executed four warrants at separate addresses across Bolton as part of our ongoing commitment to tackling drugs and anti-social behaviour in our communities. These coordinated operations demonstrate our continued determination to disrupt criminal activity and send a clear message to those involved in the drug trade.
“We take drug dealing extremely seriously because we see firsthand the devastating effects these substances have - not only on individual users and their families, but on the wider Bolton community and Greater Manchester as a whole.
“We will pursue every line of enquiry vigorously and relentlessly, our message to drug dealers and those involved in related criminal activity is clear: we will not stop until we get these offenders off our streets and into our custody cells where they belong."
You should call 101, the national non-emergency number, to report crime and other concerns that do not require an emergency response.
Always call 999 in an emergency, such as when a crime is in progress, violence is being used or threatened or where there is danger to life.
You can also call anonymously with information about crime to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. Crimestoppers is an independent charity who will not want your name, just your information. Your call will not be traced or recorded and you do not have to go to court or give a statement.
You can access many of our services online at www.gmp.police.uk
Katherine Kinzler, Associate Professor, Cornell University, USA captured during the session: Being Human: Behaviour at the World Economic Forum - Annual Meeting of the New Champions in Tianjin, People's Republic of China 2018.Copyright by World Economic Forum / Sikarin Thanachaiary
TINTIN TAKES YOUR PARKING PLACE: how would you react ? Tintin has a tendency to park his vehicles everywhere, regardless, and often takes someone else's parking spot or assigned parking place. How rude ! But the right question to ask is: who is TINTIN really? If you read his adventures, you know that he often takes cars, small planes or helicopters that do not belong to him. So, in reality, he is a recidivist: a car thief and an airplane thief. This is his identity!
Behaviour : All other animals
Read my blog for more impressions and highlights from the exhibition at the Natural History Museum in London.
www.magichourunplugged.com/2010/12/13/highlights-of-wpoty...
(Freestyle: Canada at large, Vancouver) A shot of the mural on the oustide wall of the Laughing Bean, our neighbourhood cafe.
The water buffalo or domestic Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a large bovid originating in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. Today, it is also found in Europe, Australia, and some American countries. The wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) native to Southeast Asia is considered a different species, but most likely represents the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo.
Two extant types of water buffalo are recognized based on morphological and behavioural criteria – the river buffalo of South Asia and further west to the Balkans, Egypt, and Italy, and the swamp buffalo, found from Assam in the west through Southeast Asia to the Yangtze valley of China in the east. The origins of the domestic water buffalo types are debated, although results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the swamp type may have originated in China and was domesticated about 4,000 years ago, while the river type may have originated from India and was domesticated about 5,000 years ago. Water buffalo were traded from the Indus Valley Civilisation to Mesopotamia, in modern Iraq, 2500 BC by the Meluhhas. The seal of a scribe employed by an Akkadian king shows the sacrifice of water buffalo.
At least 130 million domestic water buffalo exist, and more human beings depend on them than on any other domestic animal. They are especially suitable for tilling rice fields, and their milk is richer in fat and protein than that of dairy cattle. The large feral population of northern Australia became established in the late 19th century, and smaller feral herds are in New Guinea, Tunisia, and northeastern Argentina. Feral herds are also present in New Britain, New Ireland, Irian Jaya, Papua New Guinea, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, and Uruguay.
CHARACTERISTICS
The skin of river buffalo is black, but some specimens may have dark, slate-coloured skin. Swamp buffalo have a grey skin at birth, but become slate blue later. Albinoids are present in some populations. River buffalo have comparatively longer faces, smaller girths, and bigger limbs than swamp buffalo. Their dorsal ridges extend further back and taper off more gradually. Their horns grow downward and backward, then curve upward in a spiral. Swamp buffalo are heavy-bodied and stockily built; the body is short and the belly large. The forehead is flat, the eyes prominent, the face short, and the muzzle wide. The neck is comparatively long, and the withers and croup are prominent. A dorsal ridge extends backward and ends abruptly just before the end of the chest. Their horns grow outward, and curve in a semicircle, but always remain more or less on the plane of the forehead. The tail is short, reaching only to the hocks. Height at withers is 129–133 cm for males, and 120–127 cm for females. They range in weight from 300–550 kg, but weights of over 1,000 kg have also been observed.
Tedong bonga is a black pied buffalo featuring a unique black and white colouration that is favoured by the Toraja of Sulawesi.
The swamp buffalo has 48 chromosomes; the river buffalo has 50 chromosomes. The two types do not readily interbreed, but fertile offspring can occur. Buffalo-cattle hybrids have not been observed to occur, and the embryos of such hybrids do not reach maturity in laboratory experiments.
The rumen of the water buffalo has important differences from that of other ruminants. It contains a larger population of bacteria, particularly the cellulolytic bacteria, lower protozoa, and higher fungi zoospores. In addition, higher rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and higher pH have been found as compared to those in cattle
ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
River buffalo prefer deep water. Swamp buffalo prefer to wallow in mudholes which they make with their horns. During wallowing, they acquire a thick coating of mud. Both are well adapted to a hot and humid climate with temperatures ranging from 0 °C in the winter to 30 °C and greater in the summer. Water availability is important in hot climates, since they need wallows, rivers, or splashing water to assist in thermoregulation. Some breeds are adapted to saline seaside shores and saline sandy terrain.
DIET
Water buffalo thrive on many aquatic plants and during floods, will graze submerged, raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants. They eat reeds (quassab), a giant reed (birdi), a kind of bulrush (kaulan), water hyacinth, and marsh grasses. Some of these plants are of great value to local peoples. Others, such as water hyacinth, are a major problem in some tropical valleys, and water buffalo may help to keep waterways clear.
Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening. Many fodder crops are conserved as hay, chaffed, or pulped. Fodders include alfalfa, berseem and bancheri, the leaves, stems or trimmings of banana, cassava, fodder beet, halfa, ipil-ipil and kenaf, maize, oats, pandarus, peanut, sorghum, soybean, sugarcane, bagasse, and turnips. Citrus pulp and pineapple wastes have been fed safely to buffalo. In Egypt, whole sun-dried dates are fed to milk-buffalo up to 25% of the standard feed mixture.
REPRODUCTION
Swamp buffalo generally become reproductive at an older age than river breeds. Young males in Egypt, India, and Pakistan are first mated at about 3.0–3.5 years of age, but in Italy
they may be used as early as 2 years of age. Successful mating behaviour may continue until the animal is 12 years or even older. A good river male can impregnate 100 females in a year. A strong seasonal influence on mating occurs. Heat stress reduces libido
Although buffalo are polyoestrous, their reproductive efficiency shows wide variation throughout the year. Buffalo cows exhibit a distinct seasonal change in displaying oestrus, conception rate, and calving rate. The age at first oestrus of heifers varies between breeds from 13–33 months, but mating at the first oestrus is often infertile and usually deferred until they are 3 years old. Gestation lasts from 281–334 days, but most reports give a range between 300 and 320 days. Swamp buffalo carry their calves for one or two weeks longer than river buffalo. It is not rare to find buffalo that continue to work well at the age of 30, and instances of a working life of 40 years are recorded.
TAXONOMIC HISTORY
Carl Linnaeus first described the genus Bos and the water buffalo under the binomial Bubalis bubalus in 1758; the latter was known to occur in Asia and as a domestic form in Italy. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott treated the wild and domestic forms of the water buffalo as conspecifics whereas others treated them as different species. The nomenclatorial treatment of wild and domestic forms has been inconsistent and varies between authors and even within the works of single authors.
In March 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature achieved consistency in the naming of wild and domestic water buffalo by ruling that the scientific name Bubalus arnee is valid for the wild form. B. bubalis continues to be valid for the domestic form and applies also to feral populations.
DOMESTICATION AND BREEDING
Water buffalo were domesticated in India about 5000 years ago, and in China about 4000 years ago. Two types are recognized, based on morphological and behavioural criteria – the river buffalo of the Indian subcontinent and further west to the Balkans and Italy, and the swamp buffalo, found from Assam in the west through Southeast Asia to the Yangtze valley of China in the east. The present-day river buffalo is the result of complex domestication processes involving more than one maternal lineage and a significant maternal gene flow from wild populations after the initial domestication events. Twenty-two breeds of the river type water buffalo are known, including Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Surti, Jafarabadi, Anatolian, Mediterranean, and Egyptian buffalo. China has a huge variety of buffalo genetic resources, comprising 16 local swamp buffalo breeds in various regions.
Results of mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that the two types were domesticated independently. Sequencing of cytochrome b genes of Bubalus species implies that the domestic buffalo originated from at least two populations, and that the river and the swamp types have differentiated at the full species level. The genetic distance between the two types is so large that a divergence time of about 1.7 million years has been suggested. The swamp type was noticed to have the closest relationship with the tamaraw.
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATIONS
The water buffalo population in the world is about 172 million.
IN ASIA
More than 95.8% of the world population of water buffalo are found in Asia including both river and swamp types. The water buffalo population in India numbered over 97.9 million head in 2003, representing 56.5% of the world population. They are primarily of the river type, with 10 well-defined breeds comprising Badhawari, Murrah, Nili-Ravi, Jafarabadi, Marathwada, Mehsana, Nagpuri, Pandharpuri, Toda, and Surti. Swamp buffalo occur only in small areas in the north-eastern part of the country and are not distinguished into breeds.
In 2003, the second-largest population lived in China, with 22.759 million head, all of the swamp type with breeds kept only in the lowlands, and other breeds kept only in the mountains; as of 2003, 3.2 million swamp-type carabao buffalo were in the Philippines, nearly three million swamp buffalo were in Vietnam, and 772,764 buffalo were in Bangladesh. About 750,000 head were estimated in Sri Lanka in 1997.
The water buffalo is the main dairy animal in Pakistan, with 23.47 million head in 2010. Of these, 76% are kept in the Punjab. The rest of them are mostly in the province of Sindh. Breeds used are Nili-Ravi, Kundi, and Azi Kheli. Karachi has the largest population of water buffalos for an area where fodder is not grown, consisting of 350,000 head kept mainly for milking.
In Thailand, the number of water buffalo dropped from more than 3 million head in 1996 to less than 1.24 million head in 2011. Slightly over 75% of them are kept in the country's northeastern region. The statistics also indicate that by the beginning of 2012, less than one million were in the country, partly as a result of illegal shipments to neighboring countries where sales prices are higher than in Thailand.
Water buffalo are also present in the southern region of Iraq, in the marshes. These marshes were drained by Saddam Hussein in 1991 in an attempt to punish the south for the uprisings of 1991. Following 2003, and the fall of the Saddam regime, these lands were reflooded and a 2007 report in the provinces of Maysan and Thi Qar shows a steady increase in the number of water buffalo. The report puts the number at 40,008 head in those two provinces.
IN EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
Water buffalo likely were introduced to Europe from India or other Oriental countries. To Italy they were introduced about the year 600 in the reign of the Longobard King Agilulf. As they appear in the company of wild horses, they probably were a present from the Khan of the Avars, a Turkic nomadic tribe that dwelt near the Danube River at the time. Sir H. Johnston knew of a herd of water buffalo presented by a King of Naples to the Bey of Tunis in the mid-19th century that had resumed the feral state in northern Tunis.
European buffalo are all of the river type and considered to be of the same breed named Mediterranean buffalo. In Italy, the Mediterranean type was particularly selected and is called Mediterranean Italian breed to distinguish it from other European breeds, which differ genetically. Mediterranean buffalo are also found in Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Kosovo, and the Republic of Macedonia, with a few hundred in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Hungary. Little exchange of breeding buffalo has occurred among countries, so each population has its own phenotypic features and performances. In Bulgaria, they were crossbred with the Indian Murrah breed, and in Romania, some were crossbred with Bulgarian Murrah. Populations in Turkey are of the Anatolian buffalo breed.
IN AUSTRALIA
Between 1824 and 1849, water buffalo were introduced into the Northern Territory from Timor, Kisar, and probably other islands in the Indonesian archipelago. In 1886, a few milking types were brought from India to Darwin. They have been the main grazing animals on the subcoastal plains and river basins between Darwin and Arnhem Land since the 1880s. In the early 1960s, an estimated population of 150,000 to 200,000 buffalo were living in the plains and nearby areas.
They became feral and are causing significant environmental damage. Buffalo are also found in the Top End. As a result, they were hunted in the Top End from 1885 until 1980. The commencement of the brucellosis and tuberculosis campaign (BTEC) resulted in a huge culling program to reduce buffalo herds to a fraction of the numbers that were reached in the 1980s. The BTEC was finished when the Northern Territory was declared free of the disease in 1997. Numbers dropped dramatically as a result of the campaign, but have since recovered to an estimated 150,000 animals across northern Australia in 2008.
During the 1950s, buffalo were hunted for their skins and meat, which was exported and used in the local trade. In the late 1970s, live exports were made to Cuba and continued later into other countries. Buffalo are now crossed with riverine buffalo in artificial insemination programs, and may be found in many areas of Australia. Some of these crossbreds are used for milk production. Melville Island is a popular hunting location, where a steady population up to 4,000 individuals exists. Safari outfits are run from Darwin to Melville Island and other locations in the Top End, often with the use of bush pilots. The horns, which can measure up to a record of 3.1 m tip-to-tip, are prized hunting trophies.
The buffalo have developed a different appearance from the Indonesian buffalo from which they descend. They live mainly in freshwater marshes and billabongs, and their territory range can be quite expansive during the wet season. Their only natural predators in Australia are adult saltwater crocodiles, with whom they share the billabongs, and dingoes, which have been known to prey on buffalo calves and occasionally adult buffalo when the dingoes are in large packs.
Buffalo were exported live to Indonesia until 2011, at a rate of about 3000 per year. After the live export ban that year, the exports dropped to zero, and had not resumed as of June 2013.
IN SOUTH AMERICA
Water buffalo were introduced into the Amazon River basin in 1895. They are now extensively used there for meat and dairy production. In 2005, the buffalo herd in the Brazilian Amazon stood at roughly 1.6 million head, of which 460,000 were located in the lower Amazon floodplain. Breeds used include Mediterranean from Italy, Murrah and Jafarabadi from India, and Carabao from the Philippines.
During the 1970s, small herds were imported to Costa Rica, Ecuador, Cayenne, Panama, Surinam, Guyana, and Venezuela.
In Argentina, many game ranches raise water buffalo for commercial hunting
IN NORTH AMERICA
In 1974, four water buffalo were imported to the United States from Guam to be studied at the University of Florida. In February 1978, the first herd arrived for commercial farming. Until 2002, only one commercial breeder was in the United States. Water buffalo meat is imported from Australia. Until 2011, water buffalo were raised in Gainesville, Florida, from young obtained from zoo overflow. They were used primarily for meat production, frequently sold as hamburger.[38] Other US ranchers use them for production of high-quality mozzarella cheese.
HUSBANDRY
The husbandry system of water buffalo depends on the purpose for which they are bred and maintained. Most of them are kept by people who work on small farms in family units. Their buffalo live in very close association with them, and are often their greatest capital asset. The women and girls in India generally look after the milking buffalo while the men and boys are concerned with the working animals. Throughout Asia, they are commonly tended by children who are often seen leading or riding their charges to wallowing places. Water buffalo are the ideal animals for work in the deep mud of paddy fields because of their large hooves and flexible foot joints. They are often referred to as "the living tractor of the East". It probably is possible to plough deeper with buffalo than with either oxen or horses. They are the most efficient and economical means of cultivation of small fields. In most rice-producing countries, they are used for threshing and for transporting the sheaves during the rice harvest. They provide power for oilseed mills, sugarcane presses, and devices for raising water. They are widely used as pack animals, and in India and Pakistan also for heavy haulage. In their invasions of Europe, the Turks used buffalo for hauling heavy battering rams. Their dung is used as a fertilizer, and as a fuel when dried.
Buffalo contribute 72 million tones of milk and three million tones of meat annually to world food, much of it in areas that are prone to nutritional imbalances. In India, river-type buffalo are kept mainly for milk production and for transport, whereas swamp-type buffalo are kept mainly for work and a small amount of milk.
DAIRY PRODUCTS
Water buffalo milk presents physicochemical features different from that of other ruminant species, such as a higher content of fatty acids and proteins. The physical and chemical parameters of swamp and river type water buffalo milk differ. Water buffalo milk contains higher levels of total solids, crude protein, fat, calcium, and phosphorus, and slightly higher content of lactose compared with those of cow milk. The high level of total solids makes water buffalo milk ideal for processing into value-added dairy products such as cheese. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk ranged from 4.4 mg/g fat in September to 7.6 mg/g fat in June. Seasons and genetics may play a role in variation of CLA level and changes in gross composition of the water buffalo milk.
Water buffalo milk is processed into a large variety of dairy products:
- Cream churns much faster at higher fat levels and gives higher overrun than cow cream.
- Butter from water buffalo cream displays more stability than that from cow cream.
- Ghee from water buffalo milk has a different texture with a bigger grain size than ghee from cow milk.
- Heat-concentrated milk products in the Indian subcontinent include paneer, khoa, rabri, kheer and basundi.
- Fermented milk products include dahi, yogurt, and chakka.
- Whey is used for making ricotta and mascarpone in Italy, and alkarish in Syria and Egypt.
- Soft cheeses made include mozzarella in Italy, karish, mish, and domiati in Egypt, madhfor in Iraq, alghab in Syria, kesong puti in the Philippines, and vladeasa in Romania.
- The semihard cheese beyaz peynir is made in Turkey.
- Hard cheeses include braila in Romania, rahss in Egypt, white brine in Bulgaria, and akkawi in Syria.
- Watered-down buffalo milk is used as a cheaper alternative to regular milk.
MEAT AND SKIN PRODUCTS
Water buffalo meat, sometimes called "carabeef", is often passed off as beef in certain regions, and is also a major source of export revenue for India. In many Asian regions, buffalo meat is less preferred due to its toughness; however, recipes have evolved (rendang, for example) where the slow cooking process and spices not only make the meat palatable, but also preserve it, an important factor in hot climates where refrigeration is not always available.Their hides provide tough and useful leather, often used for shoes.
BONE AND HORN PRODUCTS
The bones and horns are often made into jewellery, especially earrings. Horns are used for the embouchure of musical instruments, such as ney and kaval.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Wildlife conservation scientists have started to recommend and use introduced populations of feral domestic water buffalo in far-away lands to manage uncontrolled vegetation growth in and around natural wetlands. Introduced water buffalo at home in such environs provide cheap service by regularly grazing the uncontrolled vegetation and opening up clogged water bodies for waterfowl, wetland birds, and other wildlife. Grazing water buffalo are sometimes used in Great Britain for conservation grazing, such as in Chippenham Fen National Nature Reserve. The buffalo can better adapt to wet conditions and poor-quality vegetation than cattle.
Currently, research is being conducted at the Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies to determine the levels of nutrients removed and returned to wetlands when water buffalo are used for wetland vegetation management.
However, in uncontrolled circumstances, water buffalo can cause environmental damage, such as trampling vegetation, disturbing bird and reptile nesting sites, and spreading exotic weeds.
RESEARCH
The world's first cloned buffalo was developed by Indian scientists from National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. The buffalo calf was named Samrupa. The calf did not survive more than a week, and died due to some genetic disorders. So, the scientists created another cloned buffalo a few months later, and named it Garima.
On 15 September 2007, the Philippines announced its development of Southeast Asia's first cloned buffalo. The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD), under the Department of Science and Technology in Los Baños, Laguna, approved this project. The Department of Agriculture's Philippine Carabao Center (PCC) will implement cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer as a tool for genetic improvement in water buffalo. "Super buffalo calves" will be produced. There will be no modification or alteration of the genetic materials, as in genetically modified organisms.
On 1 January 2008, the Philippine Carabao Center in Nueva Ecija, per Filipino scientists, initiated a study to breed a super water buffalo that could produce 4 to 18 litres of milk per day using gene-based technology. Also, the first in vitro river buffalo was born there in 2004 from an in vitro-produced, vitrified embryo, named "Glory" after President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Joseph Estrada's most successful project as an opposition senator, the PCC was created through Republic Act 3707, the Carabao Act of 1992.
IN CULTURE
Some ethnic groups, such as Batak and Toraja in Indonesia and the Derung in China, use water buffalo or kerbau (called horbo in Batak or tedong in Toraja) as sacrificial animals at several festivals.
- Legend has it that the Chinese philosophical sage Laozi left China through the Han Gu Pass riding a water buffalo.
- According to Hindu lore, the god of death Yama, rides on a male water buffalo.
- The carabao subspecies is considered a national symbol in the Philippines.
- In Vietnam, water buffalo are often the most valuable possession of poor farmers: "Con trâu là đầu cơ nghiệp". They are treated as a member of the family: "Chồng cày, vợ cấy, con trâu đi bừa" ("The husband ploughs, the wife sows, water buffalo draws the rake") and are friends of the children. Children talk to their water buffalo, "Bao giờ cây lúa còn bông. Thì còn ngọn cỏ ngoài đồng trâu ăn." (Vietnamese children are responsible for grazing water buffalo. They feed them grass if they work laboriously for men.) In the old days, West Lake, Hà Nội, was named Kim Ngưu - Golden Water Buffalo.
- The Yoruban Orisha Oya (goddess of change) takes the form of a water buffalo.
FIGHTING FESTIVALS
- Pasungay Festival is held annually in the town of San Joaquin, Iloilo in the Philippines.
- Moh juj Water Buffalo fighting, is held every year in Bhogali Bihu in Assam. Ahotguri in Nagaon is famous for it.
- Do Son Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam, held each year on the ninth day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar at Do Son Township, Haiphong City in Vietnam, is one of the most popular Vietnam festivals and events in Haiphong City. The preparations for this buffalo fighting festival begin from the two to three months earlier. The competing buffalo are selected and methodically trained months in advance. It is a traditional festival of Vietnam attached to a Water God worshipping ceremony and the Hien Sinh custom to show martial spirit of the local people of Do Son, Haiphong.
- "Hai Luu" Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Vietnam, According to ancient records, the buffalo fighting in Hai Luu Commune has existed from the 2nd century B.C. General Lu Gia at that time, had the buffalo slaughtered to give a feast to the local people and the warriors, and organized buffalo fighting for amusement. Eventually, all the fighting buffalo will be slaughtered as tributes to the deities.
- "Ko Samui" Water Buffalo Fighting Festival of Thailand, is a very popular event held on special occasions such as New Year's Day in January, and Songkran in mid-April, this festival features head-wrestling bouts in which two male Asian water buffalo are pitted against one another. Unlike in Spanish Bullfighting, wherein bulls get killed while fighting sword-wielding men, Buffalo Fighting Festival held at Ko Samui, Thailand is fairly harmless contest. The fighting season varies according to ancient customs & ceremonies. The first Buffalo to turn and run away is considered the loser, the winning buffalo becomes worth several million baht. Ko Samui is an island in the Gulf of Thailand in the South China Sea, it is 700 km from Bangkok and is connected to it by regular flights.
- "Ma'Pasilaga Tedong" Water Buffalo Fighting Festival, in Tana Toraja Regency of Sulawesi Island, Indonesia, is a very popular event where the Rambu Solo' or a Burial Festival took place in Tana Toraja.
RACING FESTIVALS
Carabao Carroza Festival is being held annually every May in the town of Pavia, Iloilo, Philippines.
Kambala races of Karnataka, India, take place between December and March. The races are conducted by having the water buffalo (he buffalo) run in long parallel slushy ditches, where they are driven by men standing on wooden planks drawn by the buffalo. The objectives of the race are to finish first and to raise the water to the greatest height and also a rural sport. Kambala races are arranged with competition, as well as without competition and as a part of thanks giving (to god) in about 50 villages of coastal Karnataka.
In the Chonburi Province of Thailand, and in Pakistan, there are annual water buffalo races.
Chon Buri Water buffalo racing festival, Thailand In downtown Chonburi, 70 km south of Bangkok, at the annual water buffalo festival held in mid-October. About 300 buffalo race in groups of five or six, spurred on by bareback jockeys wielding wooden sticks, as hundreds of spectators cheer. The water buffalo has always played an important role in agriculture in Thailand. For farmers of Chon Buri Province, near Bangkok, it is an important annual festival, beginning in mid-October. It is also a celebration among rice farmers before the rice harvest. At dawn, farmers walk their buffalo through surrounding rice fields, splashing them with water to keep them cool before leading them to the race field. This amazing festival started over a hundred years ago when two men arguing about whose buffalo was the fastest ended up having a race between them. That’s how it became a tradition and gradually a social event for farmers who gathered from around the country in Chonburi to trade their goods. The festival also helps a great deal in preserving the number of buffalo, which have been dwindling at quite an alarming rate in other regions. Modern machinery is rapidly replacing buffalo in Thai agriculture. With most of the farm work mechanized, the buffalo-racing tradition has continued. Racing buffalo are now raised just to race; they do not work at all. The few farm buffalo which still do work are much bigger than the racers because of the strenuous work they perform. Farm buffalo are in the "Buffalo Beauty Pageant", a Miss Farmer beauty contest and a comic buffalo costume contest etc.. This festival perfectly exemplifies a favored Thai attitude to life — "sanuk," meaning fun.
Babulang Water buffalo racing festival, Sarawak, Malaysia, is the largest or grandest of the many rituals, ceremonies and festivals of the traditional Bisaya (Borneo) community of Limbang, Sarawak. Highlights are the Ratu Babulang competition and the Water buffalo races which can only be found in this town in Sarawak, Malaysia.
Vihear Suor village Water buffalo racing festival, in Cambodia, each year, people visit Buddhist temples across the country to honor their deceased loved ones during a 15-day period commonly known as the Festival of the Dead but in Vihear Suor village, about 35 km northeast of Cambodia, citizens each year wrap up the festival with a water buffalo race to entertain visitors and honour a pledge made hundreds of years ago. There was a time when many village cattle which provide rural Cambodians with muscle power to plough their fields and transport agricultural products died from an unknown disease. The villagers prayed to a spirit to help save their animals from the disease and promised to show their gratitude by holding a buffalo race each year on the last day of "P'chum Ben" festival as it is known in Cambodian. The race draws hundreds of spectators who come to see riders and their animals charge down the racing field, the racers bouncing up and down on the backs of their buffalo, whose horns were draped with colorful cloth.
Pothu puttu matsaram, Kerala, South India, is similar to Kambala races.
WIKIPEDIA
That's right.
Anti Social Behaviour Law grants London Police so-called dispersal powers within specified 'Good Behaviour Zones'.
'If an officer feels [not 'reasonably suspects'...just feels] that two or more people gathering in a public place are causing or are likely to cause anti social behaviour they may order them to disperse.' If you refuse their order to leave then you are committing an offence.
Platypezidae - characteristic behaviour of running around on a leaf.
Probably a Lindneromyia dorsalis.
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AKHIL BHARTIYA VIDYARATHI PARISHAD.
03/03/04 .
LAST WARNING TO GOONDA RAJ OF SFI-AISF: .
AN OPEN CHALLENGE .
.
Friends,Time has come to uproot the SFI-AISF from JNU. The behaviour of Ena Panda the JNUSU Vice President yesterday at the Nilgiri Dhaba while Mr. Bhaskar Yadav was addressing a few people is shocking. The trouble started when Mr. Yadav said that GSCASH is a political tool. To which Miss Ena Panda together with her female goons .
Anubhuti Maurya, Shilpi Jha and Mr. Parimal Maya Sudhakar the SFI JNU unit President and a apron string ofthe female goons rushed towards Mr. Bhaskar Yadav calling him 'Sala', 'Kutta', 'Bastard', 'generation of bastards', 'mother .......', 'Sister........', and what not and assaulted him brutally. Is this the kind ofdemocratic culture which goons like Ena Panda, Anubhuti and ParimaJ wants to preach in JNU. This whole incident was witnessed by at least .
200 students. .
You should feel ashamed in being the vice president of JNUSU, Ena Panda? Your behaviour yesterday night was like that of demoness Putana of the R.amayana. But remember what happened to Putana? Whatever the .
problem is between Mr. Bhaskar Yadav and the SSS convenor Latika.lLet there be a impartial court enquiry .
into this. Who gives Parimal and other hooligans like Shilpi Jha, Anubhuti Maurya and Ena Panda to take the .
law into their hands and call Ajit Kumar Singh (Secy. ABVP, JNU), Dbananjay, ~noj and others who were trying to neutralized the surcharged atmosphere and call all of them 'Sala', 'Kutta', 'Bastard', 'generation of .
bastards', 'mother .......', 'Sister........',. Does Parimal and his female troope come from the same breed that he sees all individual as such. .
ABVP warns, SFI not to repeat its old mistakes of branding individual squabbles as RSS-BJP-ABVP led .
agenda and thereby politicizing the whole the whole issue will make SFI se blood in this campus in future. Using Rape .
as a political weapon in West Bengal and Kerela SFI in JNU is teaching democracy. You generation of Rapist first .
come clean on your misdeeds in West Bengal. ABVP warns Miss Shilpi Jha and her friends of SFI AISF not to call .
ABVP activist and supporters 'Sala', 'Kuttat, 'Bastard', 'generation ofbastards', 'mother .......', 'Sister.........',. in future otherwise the consequence of this for them will be a nightmare. ABVP strongly warns IPTA to stop communalizing the campus by showing. Rape scenes in their street plays and saying 'Jai Shri Ram', after committing .
such heinous crimes. You IPTA hoodlums let this be an open warning to you all. Should you repeat this again in future in campus then the Holi ofHaldighat will be played with you all in Jhelum lawns itself. Beating up ofneutral students by the SFI potential murderers yesterday ones again proves that SFI is the real .
threat for the peaceful co-existence in JNU. It once again proves that SFI-AISF is "the real wolf in the sheep skin" but .
then time is running short for them. Too much of provocation after all back fires. We in ABVP and the nationalist students of JNU are not so foolish that we shall repeat the mistakes ofthe Hindu kings by remaining disunited even .
when the common enemy is there at the door steps. The communist ideology which you preach is a real threat for the .
unity of this country. You hoodlums and thugs of SFI-AISF you are the real internal militants and Jehadis of India. Your ideology is a bomb factory of internal terrorism and disintegration as it is you who brainwash the innocent Muslim brothers of ours by distorting history and culture to them. We in ABVP shall not remain a silent observer of this in future. SFI-AISF you dare to repeat this again in future we shall ensure that your presence in this campus is wiped out and you became a part ofthe dark ages ofhistory. We from the ABVP warn you that you should not prevent the students ofJNU from saying 'Vande Mataram' and cBharat Mata Ki Jai' in public. You 'Paki-lSI' agents you try .
to do this in future you shaJI be take into task and we shaJl take you to the court. We warn the SFI-AISF not to take out .
pmnphlets and leaflets justifying the misdeeds of people like M.F. Hussain and his portraits of showing nude Durga .
with condoms or nude Saraswati with Veena. You dare to do this in future the punishment for you shall be so severe .
that modern Indian history will remember it forever. To protect the ethos and dignity of 'Hindu culture from Hawks like M.F. Hussain and its vultures (SFI-AISF) here in this campus there shall be not just one but thousand ofHindu soldiers who shall sacrifice their lives to protect the honour ofthe motherland. .
Bharat Mata KiJai Vande Mataram, Mukesh Kumar Mishra Ajit Kumar Singh President ABVP, JNU .
Secy.,AUB~,~ .
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The flehmen behaviour, inhaling air and curling of the upper lip, facilitates the transfer of pheromones and other scents into the vomeronasal organ located above the roof of the mouth via a duct which exits just behind the front teeth of the animal. This activates the vomeronasal organ and enables oestrus detection.
Here the bull is testing the air to determine if his selected cow is ready for him.
In the Rut, male bison (bulls) find a female who is close to Estrus and stay by her side (tend her) until she is ready to mate. The bull will protect her from other bulls if he can until she is ready to mate. He will bellow to discourage other males, and also try to hide her from other bulls by standing between the cow and another bull. After mating, he will then leave her to find another cow. (Bison bison)
Image - Copyright 2015 Alan Vernon
The DNC's most powerful anti-Trump message came from the father of a fallen Muslim soldier t.co/z8PAbbmGaV (via Twitter twitter.com/kimfishercbt/status/759078105227096064)