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Attachment theory describes several behavioural systems, the function of which is to regulate human attachment, fear, exploration, care-giving, peer-affiliation and sex. Attachment is defined as any form of behaviour that results in a person attaining and retaining proximity to a differentiated other. The primary caregiver is the source of the infants stress regulation and, therefore, sense of safety and security. Attachment theory emphasises the role of the parent as mediator, reflector and moderator of the childs mind and the childs reliance on the parent to respond to their affective states in ways that are contingent to their internal experience, a process often referred to as secure base/safe haven functioning. Within the close parent-child relationship neural networks dedicated to feelings of safety and danger, attachment and the core sense of self are sculpted and shaped. These networks are conceptualised as internal working models of attachment.
Characteristic patterns of interaction operating within the familys caregiving-attachment system give rise to secure, insecure and disorganized patterns of attachment. These discrete patterns have been categorized using the Strange Situation research procedure, which observes the young childs behaviour when separated and reunited with his or her primary caregiver. Attachment patterns are represented in the childs internal working models of self-other relationships. Secure attachment is promoted by the interactive regulation of affect, which facilitates the recognition, labelling and evaluation of emotional and intentional states in the self and in others, a capacity known as reflective function or mentalization. The recognition of affects as having dynamic, transactional properties is the key to understanding behaviour in oneself and in another. The child comes to recognize his or her mental states as meaningful self-states via a process of parental affect mirroring and marking. Secure children are able to use sophisticated cognitive strategies to integrate and resolve their fear of separation and loss.
When the parent is unavailable, inconsistent or unpredictable, the infant develops one of two organized insecure patterns of attachment: avoidant or ambivalent-resistant. These defensive strategies involve either the deactivation or hyper-activation of the attachment system. Deactivation is characterized by avoidance of the caregiver and by emotional detachment. In effect, the avoidant child immobilizes the attachment system by excluding thoughts and feelings that normally activate the system. Hyper-activation is manifested by an enmeshed ambivalent preoccupation with the caregiver and with negative emotions, particularly anger. However, in common with the avoidant child, the ambivalent child appears to cognitively disconnect feelings from the situation that elicited the distress. Disorganised-disoriented attachment is discussed below.
Attachment research, then, demonstrates that discrete patterns of secure, insecure, and disorganized attachment have as their precursor a specific pattern of caregiver-infant interaction and their own behavioural sequelae. Repeated patterns of interpersonal experience are encoded in implicit-procedural memory and conceptualized as self-other working models of attachment. These mental models consist of generalized beliefs and expectations about relationships between the self and key attachment figures, not the least of which concerns ones worthiness to receive love and care from others.
In sum, the care-giving environment generally, and the infant-caregiver attachment relationship particularly, initiate the child along one of an array of potential developmental pathways. Disturbance of attachment is the outcome of a series of deviations that take the child increasingly further from adaptive functioning. Child abuse and cumulative developmental trauma violate the childs sense of trust, identity and agency and have pernicious and seminal influences on the developing personality. In essence, internal working models of early attachment relationships provide the templates for psychopathology in later life, which may include violent, destructive and self-destructive forms of behaviour. In attachment theory, the main purpose of defence is the regulation of emotions. The primary mechanisms for achieving this are distance regulation and the defensive exclusion of thoughts and feelings associated with attachment trauma.
Early trauma in the form of abuse, loss, neglect and severe parent-child misattunement compromises brain-mediated functions such as attachment, empathy and affect regulation. From an attachment theory perspective, patterns of attachment are encoded and stored as generalized relational patterns in the systems of implicit memory. These are conceptualized as cognitive-affective internal working models which are seen as mediating how we think and feel about ourselves, others and the relationships we develop. Although open to change and modification in the light of new attachment experiences, whether positive or negative, these non-conscious procedural models, scripts or schemas within which early stress and trauma are retained, tend to persevere and guide, appraise and predict attachment-related thoughts, feelings and behaviours throughout the life cycle via the implicit memory system. Psychopathology is seen as deriving from an accumulation of maladaptive interactional patterns that result in character traits and personality types and disorders.
Disorganised attachment may occur when the childs parent is both the source of fear and the only protective figure to whom to turn to resolve stress and anxiety. In such instances, neither proximity seeking nor proximity avoiding is a solution to the activation of the childs attachment and fear behavioural systems. If the trauma remains unresolved and is carried into adulthood, it leaves the individual vulnerable to affect dysregulation in interpersonal conflict situations that induce fear, hate, shame and rage. In such cases, alcohol and illicit drugs are often resorted to as a maladaptive means of suppressing dreaded psychobiological states and restoring a semblance of affective equilibrium.
Findings show that disorganised attachment developed in infancy shifts to controlling behaviour in the older child and adult, reflecting an internalized mental model of the self as unlovable, unworthy of care and support, and fearful of rejection, betrayal and abandonment. Disorganised attachment is associated with a predisposition to relational violence, to dissociative states and conduct disorders in children and adolescents, and to personality disorders in adults. This state of mind constitutes a primary risk factor for the development of borderline, anti-social and sociopathic personality disorders. The rate of such disorders in forensic settings is particularly high. Clinically, dissociated traumatic experience is unsymbolized by thought and language, being encapsulated within the personality as a separate, non-reflective reality which is cut off from authentic human relatedness. The information contained in implicit memory may be retrieved by state-dependent moods and situations. Dissociated archaic internal working models are then activated, influencing and distorting expectations of current events and relationships outside of conscious awareness, particularly in situations involving intense interpersonal stress. In such situations, the self is felt to be endangered, thereby increasing the risk of an angry and potentially violent reaction.
@algonquinoutfit : RT @AlgonquinWRS: New research in press @CanFieldNat about threatened Eastern #wolf behaviour #AlgonquinPark t.co/OoL5t6k89r (via Twitter twitter.com/algonquinoutfit/status/801059019188240384)
behaviour engenders uncertainty. (The US Republicans refusing a budget unless they are allowed to sabotage Obama's Health Care scheme
See the full gallery on Posterous Addirittura il Venerdì di Repubblica si è accorto dei cambiamenti della piattaforma di retargeting (e Behavioral Marketing) di Facebook. Si chiama Facebook Exchange, è stata lanciata lo scorso autunno e a marzo introdurrà un refresh importante per gli utenti - che s ... Post originale: pasqualeborriello.com/facebook-exchange-cambiano-le-regol...
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
Found on the path near the pond at Woods Mill Nature Reserve, Sussex. They were- really large, are these hornets or queen wasps? What are they doing? Fighting or mating?
They were not moving much and were not distracted by me hovering over them with my camera. I left them to it!
ID as European Hornets (Vespa crabro) by Tim Randall
"This is two males fighting, no doubt a female will be nearby. Unlike the females, male hornets do not sting. These fights are rarely to the death"
Claire Thomas
Supporter Adviser (Wildlife) / Supporter Services
rspb.org.uk
Attachment theory describes several behavioural systems, the function of which is to regulate human attachment, fear, exploration, care-giving, peer-affiliation and sex. Attachment is defined as any form of behaviour that results in a person attaining and retaining proximity to a differentiated other. The primary caregiver is the source of the infants stress regulation and, therefore, sense of safety and security. Attachment theory emphasises the role of the parent as mediator, reflector and moderator of the childs mind and the childs reliance on the parent to respond to their affective states in ways that are contingent to their internal experience, a process often referred to as secure base/safe haven functioning. Within the close parent-child relationship neural networks dedicated to feelings of safety and danger, attachment and the core sense of self are sculpted and shaped. These networks are conceptualised as internal working models of attachment.
Characteristic patterns of interaction operating within the familys caregiving-attachment system give rise to secure, insecure and disorganized patterns of attachment. These discrete patterns have been categorized using the Strange Situation research procedure, which observes the young childs behaviour when separated and reunited with his or her primary caregiver. Attachment patterns are represented in the childs internal working models of self-other relationships. Secure attachment is promoted by the interactive regulation of affect, which facilitates the recognition, labelling and evaluation of emotional and intentional states in the self and in others, a capacity known as reflective function or mentalization. The recognition of affects as having dynamic, transactional properties is the key to understanding behaviour in oneself and in another. The child comes to recognize his or her mental states as meaningful self-states via a process of parental affect mirroring and marking. Secure children are able to use sophisticated cognitive strategies to integrate and resolve their fear of separation and loss.
When the parent is unavailable, inconsistent or unpredictable, the infant develops one of two organized insecure patterns of attachment: avoidant or ambivalent-resistant. These defensive strategies involve either the deactivation or hyper-activation of the attachment system. Deactivation is characterized by avoidance of the caregiver and by emotional detachment. In effect, the avoidant child immobilizes the attachment system by excluding thoughts and feelings that normally activate the system. Hyper-activation is manifested by an enmeshed ambivalent preoccupation with the caregiver and with negative emotions, particularly anger. However, in common with the avoidant child, the ambivalent child appears to cognitively disconnect feelings from the situation that elicited the distress. Disorganised-disoriented attachment is discussed below.
Attachment research, then, demonstrates that discrete patterns of secure, insecure, and disorganized attachment have as their precursor a specific pattern of caregiver-infant interaction and their own behavioural sequelae. Repeated patterns of interpersonal experience are encoded in implicit-procedural memory and conceptualized as self-other working models of attachment. These mental models consist of generalized beliefs and expectations about relationships between the self and key attachment figures, not the least of which concerns ones worthiness to receive love and care from others.
In sum, the care-giving environment generally, and the infant-caregiver attachment relationship particularly, initiate the child along one of an array of potential developmental pathways. Disturbance of attachment is the outcome of a series of deviations that take the child increasingly further from adaptive functioning. Child abuse and cumulative developmental trauma violate the childs sense of trust, identity and agency and have pernicious and seminal influences on the developing personality. In essence, internal working models of early attachment relationships provide the templates for psychopathology in later life, which may include violent, destructive and self-destructive forms of behaviour. In attachment theory, the main purpose of defence is the regulation of emotions. The primary mechanisms for achieving this are distance regulation and the defensive exclusion of thoughts and feelings associated with attachment trauma.
Early trauma in the form of abuse, loss, neglect and severe parent-child misattunement compromises brain-mediated functions such as attachment, empathy and affect regulation. From an attachment theory perspective, patterns of attachment are encoded and stored as generalized relational patterns in the systems of implicit memory. These are conceptualized as cognitive-affective internal working models which are seen as mediating how we think and feel about ourselves, others and the relationships we develop. Although open to change and modification in the light of new attachment experiences, whether positive or negative, these non-conscious procedural models, scripts or schemas within which early stress and trauma are retained, tend to persevere and guide, appraise and predict attachment-related thoughts, feelings and behaviours throughout the life cycle via the implicit memory system. Psychopathology is seen as deriving from an accumulation of maladaptive interactional patterns that result in character traits and personality types and disorders.
Disorganised attachment may occur when the childs parent is both the source of fear and the only protective figure to whom to turn to resolve stress and anxiety. In such instances, neither proximity seeking nor proximity avoiding is a solution to the activation of the childs attachment and fear behavioural systems. If the trauma remains unresolved and is carried into adulthood, it leaves the individual vulnerable to affect dysregulation in interpersonal conflict situations that induce fear, hate, shame and rage. In such cases, alcohol and illicit drugs are often resorted to as a maladaptive means of suppressing dreaded psychobiological states and restoring a semblance of affective equilibrium.
Findings show that disorganised attachment developed in infancy shifts to controlling behaviour in the older child and adult, reflecting an internalized mental model of the self as unlovable, unworthy of care and support, and fearful of rejection, betrayal and abandonment. Disorganised attachment is associated with a predisposition to relational violence, to dissociative states and conduct disorders in children and adolescents, and to personality disorders in adults. This state of mind constitutes a primary risk factor for the development of borderline, anti-social and sociopathic personality disorders. The rate of such disorders in forensic settings is particularly high. Clinically, dissociated traumatic experience is unsymbolized by thought and language, being encapsulated within the personality as a separate, non-reflective reality which is cut off from authentic human relatedness. The information contained in implicit memory may be retrieved by state-dependent moods and situations. Dissociated archaic internal working models are then activated, influencing and distorting expectations of current events and relationships outside of conscious awareness, particularly in situations involving intense interpersonal stress. In such situations, the self is felt to be endangered, thereby increasing the risk of an angry and potentially violent reaction.
I was literally surprised to see this beautiful female Satin Bowerbird sitting on an a elevated viewing platform railing, just watching the world go by!
She allowed me to get very close to her, without her even twitching (pun intended!) - she then flew down to the ground level below, plucked an unlucky worm, then ate it and went on watching.
The male satin bowerbird is a rich and sumptuous deep satin colour, hence the name.
The Satin Bowerbird, Ptilonorhynchus violaceus is a bowerbird common in rainforest and tall wet sclerophyll forest in eastern Australia from southern Queensland to Victoria. There is also an isolated population in the Wet Tropics of north Queensland.
Males are uniformly coloured in a deep shiny blue.
Like all bowerbirds, the Satin Bowerbird shows highly complex courtship behaviour.
Males build specialized stick structures, called bowers, which they decorate with blue shiny objects if these are available, including berries, flowers, bottle tops, and even ballpoint pens, drinking straws and other discarded plastic items. As the males mature they use more blue objects than other colours. Females visit these and choose which male they will allow to mate with them. In addition to building their bowers, males carry out intense behavioural displays called dances to woo their mates,
Nest building and incubation are carried out by the females alone.
Great Flight Aviary, Royal Melbourne Zoo, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Emily Gore, Managing Partner of Instinctiv, introducing the Science of Response conference in London on 20 May 2014
This is the first and only instance of this behaviour that I have observed. The moth is licking the honeydew exudate from the fulgorid, despite the presence of the ants which are doing the same thing. Not sure is this is something specific to this moth sp., if it's pure luck, or just a not very often described phenomenon. In any case I was happy to find and document it.Found during a night hike in kanuku mountains. For a greater selection of photos which include different angles and species ask by pm to be added to my friend's list.
Yesterday the tire flew off my minibus, I cut the head off a pit viper and I was banned from a commercial flight by associating with a narco-trafficker. Today I am bushwhacking through the jungle in the remote trail-less backwaters of Guyana, waist deep in water and praying to make it through the rest of the day alive. What will tomorrow bring? God only knows. The adventure starts here- pbertner.wordpress.com/.
Two evictions, four injunctions, and more than 1,000 resolved cases have been achieved by a crack Dudley resident protection team in one year - www.dudley.gov.uk/media/media-releases/april-2014/tacklin... Left to right: Cllr Steve Waltho, Tracey Rowe and Charlie Day
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
I got my pup back half an hour ago, i missed her so much this weekend! it´s all new to her too, so she is a bit confused and it shows in her behaviour. Or should i say misbehaviour...
Everytime i meet Kita after even a very short break, she re-evaluates our relationship and the whole pack and her own place in it. so i must be very firm with her when all i want to do is cuddle with her on the couch. that is not a good idea with this dog, she is so dominating and a bit of a hard-ass, it is best for her that i just show her her place when she comes back and ignore her for a while.
My ex told me that when he tried to leave Kita in his apartment for half an hour she started howling and banging against the front door, so he couldn´t go anywhere without the dog. I foresee problems there....i am the pack leader to Kita and she trusts me, everybody else has to work with her and gain the trust.
and i have a LOT to do with her, training-wise...
We are going out for a long walk later tonight and also early in the morning. it will be really good for me too.
sooc.
P.S. how do you spell that word, is it behavior or behaviour??? somebody help, please, i hate misspelling!
P.S. got it now, thanks to c&a!
Gesture, attitude, behaviour : a workshop with dancers Mauro Paccagnella and Alessandro Bernardeschi on march 6, 2007 at Erg (Ecole de Recherche Graphique, Brussels) for bachelor 1 students. Professors : Sabine Voglaire and Marc Wathieu. Pictures by Yves André.
Behavioural Economist, Dr Helia Marreiros presenting on an online experiment on online privacy. This study aims to experimentally investigate the extent to which existent online privacy policies affect individual behaviour.
The 2nd Privacy, Identity & Data Protection Day, Centre for Doctoral Training, University of Southampton.
21 November 2014.
Dinghy self bailers have considerable advantages and disadvantages. And these are different for different boat usage and different boat performance and behaviours.
From Joost Engelen: Today I had a great opportunity to test the Venturi dinghy self bailer that I installed at the end of last season (but did not manage to test yet) with 15 knots of wind gusting to 22+ knots.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Self Bailers are different for Racing and Cruising.
- Dinghy Self Bailers will remove water from the boat if spray does come aboard. if spray doesn't come aboard then maybe not such a useful solution.
- Self bailers ALWAYS leak after a few weeks or months this can be annoying for boat used for a cruising role. Some boats just do not collect any spray.
- Dinghy Self bailers can help remove water after capsize if the boat can be sailed fast enough.
Sailing experience on two different boats Defines the advantages and Disadvantages of Self Bailers
1/ Viola Sailing Canoe, benefit for the Way Joost Uses the Boat.
The Viola Sailing Canoe is low to the water so cost/benefit analysis works out well - The Viola has an open bow with no foredeck. Joost writes that "Interestingly there is almost no water that comes in over the low bow. It comes from the spray pushed out and up and blows in over the side decks"
The Viola is going to kick up spray … so it makes sense to remove it as fast as it arrives!
Joost notes that the spray comes in when the chop is short and sharp.
www.storerboatplans.com/event/sailing/capsize/dinghy-self...
See the full gallery on Posterous Addirittura il Venerdì di Repubblica si è accorto dei cambiamenti della piattaforma di retargeting (e Behavioral Marketing) di Facebook. Si chiama Facebook Exchange, è stata lanciata lo scorso autunno e a marzo introdurrà un refresh importante per gli utenti - che s ... Post originale: pasqualeborriello.com/facebook-exchange-cambiano-le-regol...
Album Title: Exotic Behaviour
Model: 虹羚
Photographer: Edwin Setiawan
Place: 士林官邸
Date: 2009/07/12
Just about Photography: edwinsetiawan.wordpress.com
Edwin Setiawan Photography: www.edwinsetiawan.com
On very hot days in Broome its so unbearable that even natural enemies share the few cool spots left. These guys are taking advantage of some airflow in a boiling hot drainpipe.