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A McHenry man was arrested Sunday morning after allegedly threatening a person with a firearm and refusing to cooperate with police.
William B. Cheatham, 56, was arrested at his home in the 1000 block of North Front Street, according to a statement from McHenry Police Chief John Birk.
Officers were called to the scene about 8:30 p.m. after a report of a domestic disturbance. When officers arrived, it was reported that Cheatham threatened to harm one of the victims with a firearm, Birk said. Cheatham reportedly retreated into his residence and refused to answer responding officers.
An investigation revealed that Cheatham was a convicted felon and in possession of numerous firearms. A search warrant for the residence was obtained.
Because of a threat of weapons, the McHenry Police Department requested assistance from the Emergency Services Team of the Northern Illinois Police Alarm System. NIPAS is a joint venture of suburban municipal police agencies that provide mutual aid.
Police entered the residence, and Cheatham was taken into custody without incident. During a search of the residence, investigators recovered 13 long guns, two handguns and ammunition, Birk said. To help ensure the safety of other area residents, Route 31 was closed to traffic for about four hours.
Cheatham faces charges of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, assault and disorderly conduct.
Cheatham was processed and taken to the McHenry County Jail to await a bond hearing.
McHenry police could not be reached for information Sunday.
Caller shares her story
Cheatham’s girlfriend, Jami Stefko, told the Northwest Herald on Sunday morning that Cheatham threatened to put a gun to her 17-year-old daughter’s head. Stefko said Cheatham came home from work intoxicated and was upset that her daughter had guests.
To avoid conflict, Stefko said she escorted her daughter and their guests out of the home before calling 911.
“He threatened my 17-year-old daughter, and he has guns. He didn’t pull one out, but the point is he shouldn’t say that,” Stefko said. “She’s doing OK. She’s here with me sleeping.”
She said Cheatham was the only person inside the home when police arrived and the hours-long standoff began.
“They had to break our bedroom window on the side of the house, where it’s taped and broken, and they had to throw tear gas in,” Stefko said.
Stefko, who was busy airing out their bedroom Sunday, said the fate of their relationship is unclear.
“I don’t know what’s going to happen. I’m tired right now,” she said. “It’s upsetting, but everybody’s safe. That’s the most important. At least it didn’t end bad. Bill’s alive, no cops got hurt, we’re all OK.”
Cheatham was convicted of aggravated driving under the influence after being arrested in May 2012.
Area bar cleared
Bartender Dana Johnson said the nearby Corner Tap, 3901 Main St., was shut down during the standoff. When she returned to work Sunday morning, the place looked like “everyone went out for a cigarette” and never came back.
“This morning it was kind of funny coming in because everything was left as if everyone was still drinking,” Johnson said. “Everybody had to leave. Lights were left on. Cash was left out. It was really crazy.”
Johnson said Cheatham was a regular and got along with most patrons.
“He helps the community all the time,” she said. “He’s a veteran. I never would have imagined this happening. Never.”
*Written by Daniel Gaitan, Northwest Herald
This photograph is being made available only for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial material, advertisements, emails, products, promotions without the expressed consent of Alex Vucha.
TEIGN C Damen Stan 1405
IMO: - N/A
MMSI: 235082804
Call Sign: MWBM9
AIS Vessel Type: Dredger
GENERAL
DAMEN YARD NUMBER: 503705
Avelingen-West 20
4202 MS Gorinchem
The Netherlands
Phone: +31 (0)183 63 99 11
info@damen.com
DELIVERY DATE August 2001
BASIC FUNCTIONS Towing, mooring, pushing and dredging operations
FLAG United Kingdom [GB]
OWNED Teignmouth Harbour Commission
CASSCATION: Bureau Veritas 1 HULL MACH Seagoing Launch
DIMENSIONS
LENGTH 14.40 m
BEAM 4.73 m
DEPTH AT SIDES 205 m
DRAUGHT AFT 171 m
DISPLACEMENT 48 ton
TANK CAPACITIES
Fuel oil 6.9 m³
PERFORMANCES (TRIALS)
BOLLARD PULL AHEAD 8.0 ton
SPEED 9.8 knots
PROPULSION SYSTEM
MAIN ENGINE 2x Caterpillar 3406C TA/A
TOTAL POWER 477 bmW (640i hp) at 1800 rpm
GEARBOX 2x Twin Disc MG 5091/3.82:1
PROPELLERS Bronze fixed pitch propeller
KORT NOZZELS Van de Giessen 2x 1000 mm with stainless steel innerings
ENGINE CONTROL Kobelt
STEERING GEAR 2x 25 mm single plate Powered hydraulic 2x 45, rudder indicator
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
BILGE PUMP Sterling SIH 20, 32 m/hr
BATTERY SETS 2x 24V, 200 Ah + change over facility
COOLING SYSTEM Closed cooling system
ALARM SYSTEM Engines, gearboxes and bilge alarms
FRESH WATER PRESSURE SET Speck 24V
DECK LAY-OUT
ANCHORS 2x 48 kg Pool (HHP)
CHAIN 70 m, Ø 13mm, shortlink U2
ANCHOR WINCH Hand-operated
TOWING HOOK Mampaey, 15.3 ton SWL
COUPLING WINCH
PUSHBOW Cylindrical nubber fender Ø 380 mm
ACCOMMODATION
The wheelhouse ceiling and sides are insulated with mineral wool and
panelled. The wheelhouse floor is covered with rubber/synthetic floor
covering, make Bolidt, color blue The wheelhouse has one
helmsman seat, a bench and table with chair Below deck two berths, a
kitchen unit and a toilet space are arranged.
NAUTICAL AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
SEARCHLIGHT Den Haan 170 W 24 V
VHF RADIO Sailor RT 2048 25 W
NAVIGATION Navigation lights incl towing and pilot lights
Teignmouth Harbour Commission
The Harbour Commission is a Trust Port created by Statute.
The principal Order is the Teignmouth Harbour Order 1924
as amended by the Teignmouth Harbour Revision Order 2003
Visited this huge location and was surprised how much is still to see there in relative good state. Unfortunately the copper kettles are not accessible anymore and are secured by motion alarm system.
Please visit www.preciousdecay.com for more pictures or like my facebook fanpage on www.facebook.com/Preciousdecay
Built: 1956, refurbished 2007
Dimensions: 140 feet length/ 22 feet beam/ 10 feet draft
Class: Luxury Class
Type: Sailing Ship
Capacity: 16 passengers
Crew: 8 crew members + 1 natural guide
-
Accommodation: 8 cabins with private bathroom, all cabins have climate controls and ample space to hang and store clothing
Facilities: comfortable salon for lectures and presentations, TV/Video system, inside and Al Fresco Dinning Areas, sundeck with lounge chairs, a resting area
Activities: walks & hikes, snorkeling, kayaking, dinghy rides, diving
Safety and navigation: all international standards of safety, ISM certified, equipped with an emergency alarm system, 2 emergency life rafts for 16 pax each, emergency life vests, fog horns, smoke detectors, and fire extinguishers, all emergency equipment, SOLAS certified
Specific feature: Sea kayaks, snorkeling gear, wetsuits, kids club.
The whole village is screwed. Domestic and business broadband. Card payment systems. Alarm systems. The works. BT see no ships. I was talking to the Post Office manager, who is having to turn people away. BT won't speak to her because they are not the service provider to her premises. (Post Office Broadband, you see) So she has to find somebody within the PO mamagement structure to "take ownership of the problem" as they say in smart speak. Meanwhile, Orange, Vodafone, Pipex customers are all suffering outages, and old age pensioners can't access their Post Office card accounts, and the (few remaining!) shops can only accept cash.
Apparently there was a power cut on Sunday close by the exchange that appears to have taken out some key equipment. However there has been a gradual creep of lost functionality since before Christmas that BT has routinely declined to address.
Now then... my (BT) hub has been troubelsome for a while. The hub-phone died a while back but that wasn't a big deal. Renewing equpiments / contracts was on my to-do list somewhere anyway so when the guy in India *eventually* agreed it was a faulty hub he then did the "oh dear you'll need to buy a contract " routine. Actually while that did make me angry in-principle it didn't in fact harm me in any way since that decision was already made. Staying with BT was the only option really because theirs is the only fair-usage policy that would not result in an arbitrary cut-off rather than mere tarpitting. It did however buy them some time until the gear gets here, which I was able to speed up by playing the "disabled family member" card - but that's STILL bloody Friday. Now, I can get by with my crummy dial-up 56K until then, but more by luck than judgement. (It's the only reason I haven't kicked Orange completely into touch so there's a stroke of luck). The rest of the village has greater need, and cannot.
I live 75 yards on a line of sight from the Telephone Exchange and am supplied by the same electricity line. Our power didn't go off on Sunday, it was just the supply line to other folk's IT equipment, the one that BT needs your business to be on before they will commit to "service levels" (not a joke). So, what caused that? Cumulative strain not seen by engineers or addressed by management? Or a cockup during the install of the latest battery of surveillance equipment? You tell me. BT won't, and that's a fact. Despite widescale "deregulation" of the nationalised telephone service in the 1980s, BT retains a monopoly over the telecomms infrastucture. So you think it's callous private enterprise. Just for a change, it's not ....
IT'S THE BLOODY GOVERNMENT And I don't mean the stooges that we will go through the pretence of "electing" in 3 weeks' time. I mean the people who own them, and who think they own me - and you for that matter.
I'm being serious about the surveillance equipment by the way. You need to pilot (as in badger cull?) something like that in a remote area to iron out problems of this sort which, were they to take out say Manchester city centre, might get noticed. But there are only 2000 people in Dyserth, and we are all just a bunch of ignorant hayseeds, aren't we?
... Well no we're not, actually, and hopefully we aren't powerless either. David Cameron says he wants us to take charge of our own lives. Trust me, it is not in his interests to want that. He seems like a nice enough fellow in his own right, so for his own sake personally I hope it's just talk - for if he is genuine in that wish, it will be his undoing.
This is the Global Economy in action.
Of course there is an upside to all this,,,,
... if Her Majesty's Government don't recognise who and where we are, Al'Qaeda probably don't care enough to bother with us either.
Don't worry - be happy
(Tell you what though - dial up is quite nippy today: it seems I virtually have the exchange all to myself)
***STOP PRESS*** - the modem is getting bounced now! another 7p. per go in the BT kitty for no result
I feel like the BBC corrsepondent under shellfire in some Iraqi or Afghan bunker
Kathmandu Durbar Square (Nepali: वसन्तपुर दरवार क्षेत्र, Basantapur Darbar Kshetra) in front of the old royal palace of the former Kathmandu Kingdom is one of three Durbar (royal palace) Squares in the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal, all of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Several buildings in the Square collapsed due to a major earthquake on 25 April 2015. Durbar Square was surrounded with spectacular architecture and vividly showcases the skills of the Newar artists and craftsmen over several centuries. The Royal Palace was originally at Dattaraya square and was later moved to the Durbar square.
The Kathmandu Durbar Square held the palaces of the Malla and Shah kings who ruled over the city. Along with these palaces, the square surrounds quadrangles, revealing courtyards and temples. It is known as Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square, a name derived from a statue of Hanuman, the monkey devotee of Lord Ram, at the entrance of the palace.
CONTENTS
HISTORY AND CONSTRUCTION
The preference for the construction of royal palaces at this site dates back to as early as the Licchavi period in the third century. Even though the present palaces and temples have undergone repeated and extensive renovations and nothing physical remains from that period. Names like Gunapo and Gupo, which are the names referred to the palaces in the square in early scriptures, imply that the palaces were built by Gunakamadev, a King ruling late in the tenth-century. When Kathmandu City became independent under the rule of King Ratna Malla (1484–1520), the palaces in the square became the Royal Palaces for its Malla Kings. When Prithvi Narayan Shah invaded the Kathmandu Valley in 1769, he favored the Kathmandu Durbar Square for his palace. Other subsequent Shah kings continued to rule from the square until 1896 when they moved to the Narayan Hiti Palace.
The square is still the center of important royal events like the coronation of King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah in 1975 and King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah in 2001.
Though there are no written archives stating the history of Kathmandu Durbar Square, construction of the palace in the square is credited to Sankharadev (1069–1083). As the first king of the independent Kathmandu City, Ratna Malla is said to have built the Taleju temple in the Northern side of the palace in 1501. For this to be true then the temple would have had to have been built in the vihara style as part of the palace premise surrounding the Mul Chok courtyard for no evidence of a separate structure that would match this temple can be found within the square.
Construction of the Karnel Chok is not clearly stated in any historical inscriptions; although, it is probably the oldest among all the courtyards in the square. The Bhagavati Temple, originally known as a Narayan Temple, rises above the mansions surrounding it and was added during the time of Jagajaya Malla in the early eighteenth century. The Narayan idol within the temple was stolen so Prithvi Narayan Shah replaced it with an image of Bhagavati, completely transforming the name of the temple.
The oldest temples in the square are those built by Mahendra Malla (1560–1574). They are the temples of Jagannath, Kotilingeswara Mahadev, Mahendreswara, and the Taleju Temple. This three-roofed Taleju Temple was established in 1564, in a typical Newari architectural style and is elevated on platforms that form a pyramid-like structure. It is said that Mahendra Malla, when he was residing in Bhaktapur, was highly devoted to the Taleju Temple there; the Goddess being pleased with his devotion gave him a vision asking him to build a temple for her in the Kathmandu Durbar Square. With a help of a hermit, he designed the temple to give it its present form and the Goddess entered the temple in the form of a bee.
His successors Sadasiva (1575–1581), his son, Shiva Simha (1578–1619), and his grandson, Laksmi Narsingha (1619–1641), do not seem to have made any major additions to the square. During this period of three generations the only constructions to have occurred were the establishment of Degutale Temple dedicated to Goddess Mother Taleju by Shiva Simha and some enhancement in the royal palace by Laksminar Simha.
UNDER PRATAP MALLA
In the time of Pratap Malla, son of Laksminar Simha, the square was extensively developed. He was an intellectual, a pious devotee, and especially interested in arts. He called himself a Kavindra, king of poets, and boasted that he was learned in fifteen different languages. A passionate builder, following his coronation as a king, he immediately began enlargements to his royal palace, and rebuilt some old temples and constructed new temples, shrines and stupas around his kingdom.During the construction of his palace, he added a small entrance in the traditional, low and narrow Newari style. The door was elaborately decorated with carvings and paintings of deities and auspicious sings and was later transferred to the entrance of Mohan Chok. In front of the entrance he placed the statue of Hanuman thinking that Hanuman would strengthen his army and protect his home. The entrance leads to Nasal Chok, the courtyard where most royal events such as coronation, performances, and yagyas, holy fire rituals, take place. It was named after Nasadya, the God of Dance, and during the time of Pratap Malla the sacred mask dance dramas performed in Nasal Chok were widely famed. In one of these dramas, it is said that Pratap Malla himself played the role of Lord Vishnu and that the spirit of the Lord remained in the king's body even after the play. After consulting his Tantric leaders, he ordered a stone image of Lord Vishnu in his incarnation as Nara Simha, the half-lion and half-human form, and then transferred the spirit into the stone. This fine image of Nara Simha made in 1673 still stands in the Nasal Chok. In 1650, he commissioned for the construction of Mohan Chok in the palace. This chok remained the royal residential courtyard for many years and is believed to store a great amount of treasure under its surface. Pratap Malla also built Sundari Chok about this time. He placed a slab engraved with lines in fifteen languages and proclaimed that he who can understand the inscription would produce the flow of milk instead of water from Tutedhara, a fountain set in the outer walls of Mohan Chok. However elaborate his constructions may have been, they were not simply intended to emphasize his luxuries but also his and the importance of others' devotion towards deities. He made extensive donations to temples and had the older ones renovated. Next to the palace, he built a Krishna temple, the Vamsagopala, in an octagonal shape in 1649. He dedicated this temple to his two Indian wives, Rupamati and Rajamati, as both had died during the year it was built. In Mohan Chok, he erected a three roofed Agamachem temple and a unique temple with five superimposing roofs. After completely restoring the Mul Chok, he donated to the adjoining Taleju Temple. To the main temple of Taleju, he donated metal doors in 1670. He rebuilt the Degutale Temple built by his grandfather, Siva Simha, and the Taleju Temple in the palace square. As a substitute to the Indreswara Mahadeva Temple in the distant village of Panauti he built a Shiva temple, Indrapura, near his palace in the square. He carved hymns on the walls of the Jagannath Temple as prayers to Taleju in the form of Kali.
At the southern end of the square, near Kasthamandap at Maru, which was the main city crossroads for early traders, he built another pavilion named Kavindrapura, the mansion of the king of poets. In this mansion he set an idol of dancing Shiva, Nasadyo, which today is highly worshipped by dancers in the Valley.
In the process of beautifying his palace, he added fountains, ponds, and baths. In Sundari Chok, he established a low bath with a golden fountain. He built a small pond, the Naga Pokhari, in the palace adorned with Nagakastha, a wooden serpent, which is said he had ordered stolen from the royal pond in the Bhaktapur Durbar Square. He restored the Licchavi stone sculptures such as the Jalasayana Narayana, the Kaliyadamana, and the Kala Bhairav. An idol of Jalasayana Narayana was placed in a newly created pond in the Bhandarkhal garden in the eastern wing of the palace. As a substitute to the idol of Jalasayana Narayana in Buddhanilkantha, he channeled water from Buddhanilkantha to the pond in Bhandarkhal due bestow authenticity. The Kalyadana, a manifestation of Lord Krishna destroying Kaliya, a water serpent, is placed in Kalindi Chok, which is adjacent to the Mohan Chok. The approximately ten-feet-high image of terrifyingly portrayed Kal Bhairav is placed near the Jagannath Temple. This image is the focus of worship in the chok especially during Durga Puja.
With the death of Pratap Malla in 1674, the overall emphasis on the importance of the square came to a halt. His successors retained relatively insignificant power and the prevailing ministers took control of most of the royal rule. The ministers encountered little influence under these kings and, increasingly, interest of the arts and additions to the square was lost on them. They focused less on culture than Pratap Malla during the three decades that followed his death, steering the city and country more towards the arenas of politics and power, with only a few minor constructions made in the square. These projects included Parthivendra Malla building a temple referred to as Trailokya Mohan or Dasavatara, dedicated to Lord Vishnu in 1679. A large statue of Garuda, the mount of Lord Vishnu, was added in front of it a decade later. Parthivendra Malla added a pillar with image of his family in front of the Taleju Temple.
Around 1692, Radhilasmi, the widowed queen of Pratap Malla, erected the tall temples of Shiva known as Maju Deval near the Garuda image in the square. This temple stands on nine stepped platforms and is one of the tallest buildings in the square. Then her son, Bhupalendra Malla, took the throne and banished the widowed queen to the hills. His death came early at the age of twenty one and his widowed queen, Bhuvanalaksmi, built a temple in the square known as Kageswara Mahadev. The temple was built in the Newari style and acted as a substitute for worship of a distant temple in the hills. After the earthquake in 1934, the temple was restored with a dome roof, which was alien to the Newari architecture.
Jayaprakash Malla, the last Malla king to rule Kathmandu, built a temple for Kumari and Durga in her virginal state. The temple was named Kumari Bahal and was structured like a typical Newari vihara. In his house resides the Kumari, a girl who is revered as the living goddess. He also made a chariot for Kumari and in the courtyard had detailed terra cotta tiles of that time laid down.
UNDER THE SHAH DYNASTY
During the Shah dynasty that followed, the Kathmandu Durbar Square saw a number of changes. Two of the most unique temples in the square were built during this time. One is the Nautale, a nine-storied building known as Basantapur Durbar. It has four roofs and stands at the end of Nasal Chok at the East side of the palace. It is said that this building was set as a pleasure house. The lower three stories were made in the Newari farmhouse style. The upper floors have Newari style windows, sanjhya and tikijhya, and some of them are slightly projected from the wall. The other temple is annexed to the Vasantapur Durbar and has four-stories. This building was initially known as Vilasamandira, or Lohom Chok, but is now commonly known as Basantapur or Tejarat Chok. The lower floors of the Basantapur Chok display extensive woodcarvings and the roofs are made in popular the Mughal style. Archives state that Prthivi Narayan Shah built these two buildings in 1770.
Rana Bahadur Shah was enthroned at the age of two. Bahadur Shah, the second son of Prithvi Narayan Shah, ruled as a regent for his young nephew Rana Bahadur Shah for a close to a decade from 1785 to 1794 and built a temple of Shiva Parvati in the square. This one roofed temple is designed in the Newari style and is remarkably similar to previous temples built by the Mallas. It is rectangular in shape, and enshrines the Navadurga, a group of goddesses, on the ground floor. It has a wooden image of Shiva and Parvati at the window of the upper floor, looking out at the passersby in the square. Another significant donation made during the time of Rana Bahadur Shah is the metal-plated head of Swet Bhairav near the Degutale Temple. It was donated during the festival of Indra Jatra in 1795, and continues to play a major role during the festival every year. This approximately twelve feet high face of Bhairav is concealed behind a latticed wooden screen for the rest of the year. The following this donation Rana Bahadur donated a huge bronze bell as an offering to the Goddess Taleju. Together with the beating of the huge drums donated by his son Girvan Yudha, the bell was rung every day during the daily ritual worship to the goddess. Later these instruments were also used as an alarm system. However, after the death of his beloved third wife Kanimati Devi due to smallpox, Rana Bahadur Shah turned mad with grief and had many images of gods and goddesses smashed including the Taleju statue and bell, and Sitala, the goddess of smallpox.
In 1908, a palace, Gaddi Durbar, was built using European architectural designs. The Rana Prime Ministers who had taken over the power but not the throne of the country from the Shahs Kings from 1846 to 1951 were highly influenced by European styles. The Gaddi Durbar is covered in white plaster, has Greek columns and adjoins a large audience hall, all foreign features to Nepali architecture. The balconies of this durbar were reserved for the royal family during festivals to view the square below.
Some of the parts of the square like the Hatti Chok near the Kumari Bahal in the southern section of the square were removed during restoration after the devastating earthquake in 1934. While building the New Road, the southeastern part of the palace was cleared away, leaving only fragments in places as reminders of their past. Though decreased from its original size and attractiveness from its earlier seventeenth-century architecture, the Kathmandu Durbar Square still displays an ancient surrounding that spans abound five acres of land. It has palaces, temples, quadrangles, courtyards, ponds, and images that were brought together over three centuries of the Malla, the Shah, and the Rana dynasties. It was destroyed in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.
VISITING
Kathmandu's Durbar Square is the site of the Hanuman Dhoka Palace Complex, which was the royal Nepalese residence until the 19th century and where important ceremonies, such as the coronation of the Nepalese monarch, took place. The palace is decorated with elaborately-carved wooden windows and panels and houses the King Tribhuwan Memorial Museum and the Mahendra Museum. It is possible to visit the state rooms inside the palace.
Time and again the temples and the palaces in the square have gone through reconstruction after being damaged by natural causes or neglect. Presently there are less than ten quadrangles in the square. The temples are being preserved as national heritage sites and the palace is being used as a museum. Only a few parts of the palace are open for visitors and the Taleju temples are only open for people of Hindu and Buddhist faiths.
At the southern end of Durbar Square is one of the most curious attractions in Nepal, the Kumari Chok. This gilded cage contains the Raj Kumari, a girl chosen through an ancient and mystical selection process to become the human incarnation of the Hindu mother goddess, Durga. She is worshiped during religious festivals and makes public appearances at other times for a fee paid to her guards.
WIKIPEDIA
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49 E. Fernandez St. San Juan City
Call us: 7237959 / Fax: 7245898
Built: 1956, refurbished 2007
Dimensions: 140 feet length/ 22 feet beam/ 10 feet draft
Class: Luxury Class
Type: Sailing Ship
Capacity: 16 passengers
Crew: 8 crew members + 1 natural guide
-
Accommodation: 8 cabins with private bathroom, all cabins have climate controls and ample space to hang and store clothing
Facilities: comfortable salon for lectures and presentations, TV/Video system, inside and Al Fresco Dinning Areas, sundeck with lounge chairs, a resting area
Activities: walks & hikes, snorkeling, kayaking, dinghy rides, diving
Safety and navigation: all international standards of safety, ISM certified, equipped with an emergency alarm system, 2 emergency life rafts for 16 pax each, emergency life vests, fog horns, smoke detectors, and fire extinguishers, all emergency equipment, SOLAS certified
Specific feature: Sea kayaks, snorkeling gear, wetsuits, kids club.
Fish, any of approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate animals (phylum Chordata) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. Living species range from the primitive jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks, skates, and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes. Most fish species are cold-blooded; however, one species, the opah (Lampris guttatus), is warm-blooded.
The term fish is applied to a variety of vertebrates of several evolutionary lines. It describes a life-form rather than a taxonomic group. As members of the phylum Chordata, fish share certain features with other vertebrates. These features are gill slits at some point in the life cycle, a notochord, or skeletal supporting rod, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a tail. Living fishes represent some five classes, which are as distinct from one another as are the four classes of familiar air-breathing animals—amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. For example, the jawless fishes (Agnatha) have gills in pouches and lack limb girdles. Extant agnathans are the lampreys and the hagfishes. As the name implies, the skeletons of fishes of the class Chondrichthyes (from chondr, “cartilage,” and ichthyes, “fish”) are made entirely of cartilage. Modern fish of this class lack a swim bladder, and their scales and teeth are made up of the same placoid material. Sharks, skates, and rays are examples of cartilaginous fishes. The bony fishes are by far the largest class. Examples range from the tiny seahorse to the 450-kg (1,000-pound) blue marlin, from the flattened soles and flounders to the boxy puffers and ocean sunfishes. Unlike the scales of the cartilaginous fishes, those of bony fishes, when present, grow throughout life and are made up of thin overlapping plates of bone. Bony fishes also have an operculum that covers the gill slits.
The study of fishes, the science of ichthyology, is of broad importance. Fishes are of interest to humans for many reasons, the most important being their relationship with and dependence on the environment. A more obvious reason for interest in fishes is their role as a moderate but important part of the world’s food supply. This resource, once thought unlimited, is now realized to be finite and in delicate balance with the biological, chemical, and physical factors of the aquatic environment. Overfishing, pollution, and alteration of the environment are the chief enemies of proper fisheries management, both in fresh waters and in the ocean. (For a detailed discussion of the technology and economics of fisheries, see commercial fishing.) Another practical reason for studying fishes is their use in disease control. As predators on mosquito larvae, they help curb malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases.
Fishes are valuable laboratory animals in many aspects of medical and biological research. For example, the readiness of many fishes to acclimate to captivity has allowed biologists to study behaviour, physiology, and even ecology under relatively natural conditions. Fishes have been especially important in the study of animal behaviour, where research on fishes has provided a broad base for the understanding of the more flexible behaviour of the higher vertebrates. The zebra fish is used as a model in studies of gene expression.
There are aesthetic and recreational reasons for an interest in fishes. Millions of people keep live fishes in home aquariums for the simple pleasure of observing the beauty and behaviour of animals otherwise unfamiliar to them. Aquarium fishes provide a personal challenge to many aquarists, allowing them to test their ability to keep a small section of the natural environment in their homes. Sportfishing is another way of enjoying the natural environment, also indulged in by millions of people every year. Interest in aquarium fishes and sportfishing supports multimillion-dollar industries throughout the world.
Fishes have been in existence for more than 450 million years, during which time they have evolved repeatedly to fit into almost every conceivable type of aquatic habitat. In a sense, land vertebrates are simply highly modified fishes: when fishes colonized the land habitat, they became tetrapod (four-legged) land vertebrates. The popular conception of a fish as a slippery, streamlined aquatic animal that possesses fins and breathes by gills applies to many fishes, but far more fishes deviate from that conception than conform to it. For example, the body is elongate in many forms and greatly shortened in others; the body is flattened in some (principally in bottom-dwelling fishes) and laterally compressed in many others; the fins may be elaborately extended, forming intricate shapes, or they may be reduced or even lost; and the positions of the mouth, eyes, nostrils, and gill openings vary widely. Air breathers have appeared in several evolutionary lines.
Many fishes are cryptically coloured and shaped, closely matching their respective environments; others are among the most brilliantly coloured of all organisms, with a wide range of hues, often of striking intensity, on a single individual. The brilliance of pigments may be enhanced by the surface structure of the fish, so that it almost seems to glow. A number of unrelated fishes have actual light-producing organs. Many fishes are able to alter their coloration—some for the purpose of camouflage, others for the enhancement of behavioral signals.
Fishes range in adult length from less than 10 mm (0.4 inch) to more than 20 metres (60 feet) and in weight from about 1.5 grams (less than 0.06 ounce) to many thousands of kilograms. Some live in shallow thermal springs at temperatures slightly above 42 °C (100 °F), others in cold Arctic seas a few degrees below 0 °C (32 °F) or in cold deep waters more than 4,000 metres (13,100 feet) beneath the ocean surface. The structural and, especially, the physiological adaptations for life at such extremes are relatively poorly known and provide the scientifically curious with great incentive for study.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes, such as the Dead Sea in Asia and the Great Salt Lake in North America. The present distribution of fishes is a result of the geological history and development of Earth as well as the ability of fishes to undergo evolutionary change and to adapt to the available habitats. Fishes may be seen to be distributed according to habitat and according to geographical area. Major habitat differences are marine and freshwater. For the most part, the fishes in a marine habitat differ from those in a freshwater habitat, even in adjacent areas, but some, such as the salmon, migrate from one to the other. The freshwater habitats may be seen to be of many kinds. Fishes found in mountain torrents, Arctic lakes, tropical lakes, temperate streams, and tropical rivers will all differ from each other, both in obvious gross structure and in physiological attributes. Even in closely adjacent habitats where, for example, a tropical mountain torrent enters a lowland stream, the fish fauna will differ. The marine habitats can be divided into deep ocean floors (benthic), mid-water oceanic (bathypelagic), surface oceanic (pelagic), rocky coast, sandy coast, muddy shores, bays, estuaries, and others. Also, for example, rocky coastal shores in tropical and temperate regions will have different fish faunas, even when such habitats occur along the same coastline.
Although much is known about the present geographical distribution of fishes, far less is known about how that distribution came about. Many parts of the fish fauna of the fresh waters of North America and Eurasia are related and undoubtedly have a common origin. The faunas of Africa and South America are related, extremely old, and probably an expression of the drifting apart of the two continents. The fauna of southern Asia is related to that of Central Asia, and some of it appears to have entered Africa. The extremely large shore-fish faunas of the Indian and tropical Pacific oceans comprise a related complex, but the tropical shore fauna of the Atlantic, although containing Indo-Pacific components, is relatively limited and probably younger. The Arctic and Antarctic marine faunas are quite different from each other. The shore fauna of the North Pacific is quite distinct, and that of the North Atlantic more limited and probably younger. Pelagic oceanic fishes, especially those in deep waters, are similar the world over, showing little geographical isolation in terms of family groups. The deep oceanic habitat is very much the same throughout the world, but species differences do exist, showing geographical areas determined by oceanic currents and water masses.
All aspects of the life of a fish are closely correlated with adaptation to the total environment, physical, chemical, and biological. In studies, all the interdependent aspects of fish, such as behaviour, locomotion, reproduction, and physical and physiological characteristics, must be taken into account.
Correlated with their adaptation to an extremely wide variety of habitats is the extremely wide variety of life cycles that fishes display. The great majority hatch from relatively small eggs a few days to several weeks or more after the eggs are scattered in the water. Newly hatched young are still partially undeveloped and are called larvae until body structures such as fins, skeleton, and some organs are fully formed. Larval life is often very short, usually less than a few weeks, but it can be very long, some lampreys continuing as larvae for at least five years. Young and larval fishes, before reaching sexual maturity, must grow considerably, and their small size and other factors often dictate that they live in a habitat different than that of the adults. For example, most tropical marine shore fishes have pelagic larvae. Larval food also is different, and larval fishes often live in shallow waters, where they may be less exposed to predators.
After a fish reaches adult size, the length of its life is subject to many factors, such as innate rates of aging, predation pressure, and the nature of the local climate. The longevity of a species in the protected environment of an aquarium may have nothing to do with how long members of that species live in the wild. Many small fishes live only one to three years at the most. In some species, however, individuals may live as long as 10 or 20 or even 100 years.
Fish behaviour is a complicated and varied subject. As in almost all animals with a central nervous system, the nature of a response of an individual fish to stimuli from its environment depends upon the inherited characteristics of its nervous system, on what it has learned from past experience, and on the nature of the stimuli. Compared with the variety of human responses, however, that of a fish is stereotyped, not subject to much modification by “thought” or learning, and investigators must guard against anthropomorphic interpretations of fish behaviour.
Fishes perceive the world around them by the usual senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste and by special lateral line water-current detectors. In the few fishes that generate electric fields, a process that might best be called electrolocation aids in perception. One or another of these senses often is emphasized at the expense of others, depending upon the fish’s other adaptations. In fishes with large eyes, the sense of smell may be reduced; others, with small eyes, hunt and feed primarily by smell (such as some eels).
Specialized behaviour is primarily concerned with the three most important activities in the fish’s life: feeding, reproduction, and escape from enemies. Schooling behaviour of sardines on the high seas, for instance, is largely a protective device to avoid enemies, but it is also associated with and modified by their breeding and feeding requirements. Predatory fishes are often solitary, lying in wait to dart suddenly after their prey, a kind of locomotion impossible for beaked parrot fishes, which feed on coral, swimming in small groups from one coral head to the next. In addition, some predatory fishes that inhabit pelagic environments, such as tunas, often school.
Sleep in fishes, all of which lack true eyelids, consists of a seemingly listless state in which the fish maintains its balance but moves slowly. If attacked or disturbed, most can dart away. A few kinds of fishes lie on the bottom to sleep. Most catfishes, some loaches, and some eels and electric fishes are strictly nocturnal, being active and hunting for food during the night and retiring during the day to holes, thick vegetation, or other protective parts of the environment.
Communication between members of a species or between members of two or more species often is extremely important, especially in breeding behaviour (see below Reproduction). The mode of communication may be visual, as between the small so-called cleaner fish and a large fish of a very different species. The larger fish often allows the cleaner to enter its mouth to remove gill parasites. The cleaner is recognized by its distinctive colour and actions and therefore is not eaten, even if the larger fish is normally a predator. Communication is often chemical, signals being sent by specific chemicals called pheromones.
Many fishes have a streamlined body and swim freely in open water. Fish locomotion is closely correlated with habitat and ecological niche (the general position of the animal to its environment).
Many fishes in both marine and fresh waters swim at the surface and have mouths adapted to feed best (and sometimes only) at the surface. Often such fishes are long and slender, able to dart at surface insects or at other surface fishes and in turn to dart away from predators; needlefishes, halfbeaks, and topminnows (such as killifish and mosquito fish) are good examples. Oceanic flying fishes escape their predators by gathering speed above the water surface, with the lower lobe of the tail providing thrust in the water. They then glide hundreds of yards on enlarged, winglike pectoral and pelvic fins. South American freshwater flying fishes escape their enemies by jumping and propelling their strongly keeled bodies out of the water.
So-called mid-water swimmers, the most common type of fish, are of many kinds and live in many habitats. The powerful fusiform tunas and the trouts, for example, are adapted for strong, fast swimming, the tunas to capture prey speedily in the open ocean and the trouts to cope with the swift currents of streams and rivers. The trout body form is well adapted to many habitats. Fishes that live in relatively quiet waters such as bays or lake shores or slow rivers usually are not strong, fast swimmers but are capable of short, quick bursts of speed to escape a predator. Many of these fishes have their sides flattened, examples being the sunfish and the freshwater angelfish of aquarists. Fish associated with the bottom or substrate usually are slow swimmers. Open-water plankton-feeding fishes almost always remain fusiform and are capable of rapid, strong movement (for example, sardines and herrings of the open ocean and also many small minnows of streams and lakes).
Bottom-living fishes are of many kinds and have undergone many types of modification of their body shape and swimming habits. Rays, which evolved from strong-swimming mid-water sharks, usually stay close to the bottom and move by undulating their large pectoral fins. Flounders live in a similar habitat and move over the bottom by undulating the entire body. Many bottom fishes dart from place to place, resting on the bottom between movements, a motion common in gobies. One goby relative, the mudskipper, has taken to living at the edge of pools along the shore of muddy mangrove swamps. It escapes its enemies by flipping rapidly over the mud, out of the water. Some catfishes, synbranchid eels, the so-called climbing perch, and a few other fishes venture out over damp ground to find more promising waters than those that they left. They move by wriggling their bodies, sometimes using strong pectoral fins; most have accessory air-breathing organs. Many bottom-dwelling fishes live in mud holes or rocky crevices. Marine eels and gobies commonly are found in such habitats and for the most part venture far beyond their cavelike homes. Some bottom dwellers, such as the clingfishes (Gobiesocidae), have developed powerful adhesive disks that enable them to remain in place on the substrate in areas such as rocky coasts, where the action of the waves is great.
The methods of reproduction in fishes are varied, but most fishes lay a large number of small eggs, fertilized and scattered outside of the body. The eggs of pelagic fishes usually remain suspended in the open water. Many shore and freshwater fishes lay eggs on the bottom or among plants. Some have adhesive eggs. The mortality of the young and especially of the eggs is very high, and often only a few individuals grow to maturity out of hundreds, thousands, and in some cases millions of eggs laid.
Males produce sperm, usually as a milky white substance called milt, in two (sometimes one) testes within the body cavity. In bony fishes a sperm duct leads from each testis to a urogenital opening behind the vent or anus. In sharks and rays and in cyclostomes the duct leads to a cloaca. Sometimes the pelvic fins are modified to help transmit the milt to the eggs at the female’s vent or on the substrate where the female has placed them. Sometimes accessory organs are used to fertilize females internally—for example, the claspers of many sharks and rays.
In the females the eggs are formed in two ovaries (sometimes only one) and pass through the ovaries to the urogenital opening and to the outside. In some fishes the eggs are fertilized internally but are shed before development takes place. Members of about a dozen families each of bony fishes (teleosts) and sharks bear live young. Many skates and rays also bear live young. In some bony fishes the eggs simply develop within the female, the young emerging when the eggs hatch (ovoviviparous). Others develop within the ovary and are nourished by ovarian tissues after hatching (viviparous). There are also other methods utilized by fishes to nourish young within the female. In all live-bearers the young are born at a relatively large size and are few in number. In one family of primarily marine fishes, the surfperches from the Pacific coast of North America, Japan, and Korea, the males of at least one species are born sexually mature, although they are not fully grown.
Some fishes are hermaphroditic—an individual producing both sperm and eggs, usually at different stages of its life. Self-fertilization, however, is probably rare.
Successful reproduction and, in many cases, defense of the eggs and the young are assured by rather stereotypical but often elaborate courtship and parental behaviour, either by the male or the female or both. Some fishes prepare nests by hollowing out depressions in the sand bottom (cichlids, for example), build nests with plant materials and sticky threads excreted by the kidneys (sticklebacks), or blow a cluster of mucus-covered bubbles at the water surface (gouramis). The eggs are laid in these structures. Some varieties of cichlids and catfishes incubate eggs in their mouths.
Some fishes, such as salmon, undergo long migrations from the ocean and up large rivers to spawn in the gravel beds where they themselves hatched (anadromous fishes). Some, such as the freshwater eels (family Anguillidae), live and grow to maturity in fresh water and migrate to the sea to spawn (catadromous fishes). Other fishes undertake shorter migrations from lakes into streams, within the ocean, or enter spawning habitats that they do not ordinarily occupy in other ways.
The basic structure and function of the fish body are similar to those of all other vertebrates. The usual four types of tissues are present: surface or epithelial, connective (bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissues, as well as their derivative, blood), nerve, and muscle tissues. In addition, the fish’s organs and organ systems parallel those of other vertebrates.
The typical fish body is streamlined and spindle-shaped, with an anterior head, a gill apparatus, and a heart, the latter lying in the midline just below the gill chamber. The body cavity, containing the vital organs, is situated behind the head in the lower anterior part of the body. The anus usually marks the posterior termination of the body cavity and most often occurs just in front of the base of the anal fin. The spinal cord and vertebral column continue from the posterior part of the head to the base of the tail fin, passing dorsal to the body cavity and through the caudal (tail) region behind the body cavity. Most of the body is of muscular tissue, a high proportion of which is necessitated by swimming. In the course of evolution this basic body plan has been modified repeatedly into the many varieties of fish shapes that exist today.
The skeleton forms an integral part of the fish’s locomotion system, as well as serving to protect vital parts. The internal skeleton consists of the skull bones (except for the roofing bones of the head, which are really part of the external skeleton), the vertebral column, and the fin supports (fin rays). The fin supports are derived from the external skeleton but will be treated here because of their close functional relationship to the internal skeleton. The internal skeleton of cyclostomes, sharks, and rays is of cartilage; that of many fossil groups and some primitive living fishes is mostly of cartilage but may include some bone. In place of the vertebral column, the earliest vertebrates had a fully developed notochord, a flexible stiff rod of viscous cells surrounded by a strong fibrous sheath. During the evolution of modern fishes the rod was replaced in part by cartilage and then by ossified cartilage. Sharks and rays retain a cartilaginous vertebral column; bony fishes have spool-shaped vertebrae that in the more primitive living forms only partially replace the notochord. The skull, including the gill arches and jaws of bony fishes, is fully, or at least partially, ossified. That of sharks and rays remains cartilaginous, at times partially replaced by calcium deposits but never by true bone.
The supportive elements of the fins (basal or radial bones or both) have changed greatly during fish evolution. Some of these changes are described in the section below (Evolution and paleontology). Most fishes possess a single dorsal fin on the midline of the back. Many have two and a few have three dorsal fins. The other fins are the single tail and anal fins and paired pelvic and pectoral fins. A small fin, the adipose fin, with hairlike fin rays, occurs in many of the relatively primitive teleosts (such as trout) on the back near the base of the caudal fin.
The skin of a fish must serve many functions. It aids in maintaining the osmotic balance, provides physical protection for the body, is the site of coloration, contains sensory receptors, and, in some fishes, functions in respiration. Mucous glands, which aid in maintaining the water balance and offer protection from bacteria, are extremely numerous in fish skin, especially in cyclostomes and teleosts. Since mucous glands are present in the modern lampreys, it is reasonable to assume that they were present in primitive fishes, such as the ancient Silurian and Devonian agnathans. Protection from abrasion and predation is another function of the fish skin, and dermal (skin) bone arose early in fish evolution in response to this need. It is thought that bone first evolved in skin and only later invaded the cartilaginous areas of the fish’s body, to provide additional support and protection. There is some argument as to which came first, cartilage or bone, and fossil evidence does not settle the question. In any event, dermal bone has played an important part in fish evolution and has different characteristics in different groups of fishes. Several groups are characterized at least in part by the kind of bony scales they possess.
Scales have played an important part in the evolution of fishes. Primitive fishes usually had thick bony plates or thick scales in several layers of bone, enamel, and related substances. Modern teleost fishes have scales of bone, which, while still protective, allow much more freedom of motion in the body. A few modern teleosts (some catfishes, sticklebacks, and others) have secondarily acquired bony plates in the skin. Modern and early sharks possessed placoid scales, a relatively primitive type of scale with a toothlike structure, consisting of an outside layer of enamel-like substance (vitrodentine), an inner layer of dentine, and a pulp cavity containing nerves and blood vessels. Primitive bony fishes had thick scales of either the ganoid or the cosmoid type. Cosmoid scales have a hard, enamel-like outer layer, an inner layer of cosmine (a form of dentine), and then a layer of vascular bone (isopedine). In ganoid scales the hard outer layer is different chemically and is called ganoin. Under this is a cosminelike layer and then a vascular bony layer. The thin, translucent bony scales of modern fishes, called cycloid and ctenoid (the latter distinguished by serrations at the edges), lack enameloid and dentine layers.
Skin has several other functions in fishes. It is well supplied with nerve endings and presumably receives tactile, thermal, and pain stimuli. Skin is also well supplied with blood vessels. Some fishes breathe in part through the skin, by the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surrounding water and numerous small blood vessels near the skin surface.
Skin serves as protection through the control of coloration. Fishes exhibit an almost limitless range of colours. The colours often blend closely with the surroundings, effectively hiding the animal. Many fishes use bright colours for territorial advertisement or as recognition marks for other members of their own species, or sometimes for members of other species. Many fishes can change their colour to a greater or lesser degree, by movement of pigment within the pigment cells (chromatophores). Black pigment cells (melanophores), of almost universal occurrence in fishes, are often juxtaposed with other pigment cells. When placed beneath iridocytes or leucophores (bearing the silvery or white pigment guanine), melanophores produce structural colours of blue and green. These colours are often extremely intense, because they are formed by refraction of light through the needlelike crystals of guanine. The blue and green refracted colours are often relatively pure, lacking the red and yellow rays, which have been absorbed by the black pigment (melanin) of the melanophores. Yellow, orange, and red colours are produced by erythrophores, cells containing the appropriate carotenoid pigments. Other colours are produced by combinations of melanophores, erythrophores, and iridocytes.
The major portion of the body of most fishes consists of muscles. Most of the mass is trunk musculature, the fin muscles usually being relatively small. The caudal fin is usually the most powerful fin, being moved by the trunk musculature. The body musculature is usually arranged in rows of chevron-shaped segments on each side. Contractions of these segments, each attached to adjacent vertebrae and vertebral processes, bends the body on the vertebral joint, producing successive undulations of the body, passing from the head to the tail, and producing driving strokes of the tail. It is the latter that provides the strong forward movement for most fishes.
The digestive system, in a functional sense, starts at the mouth, with the teeth used to capture prey or collect plant foods. Mouth shape and tooth structure vary greatly in fishes, depending on the kind of food normally eaten. Most fishes are predacious, feeding on small invertebrates or other fishes and have simple conical teeth on the jaws, on at least some of the bones of the roof of the mouth, and on special gill arch structures just in front of the esophagus. The latter are throat teeth. Most predacious fishes swallow their prey whole, and the teeth are used for grasping and holding prey, for orienting prey to be swallowed (head first) and for working the prey toward the esophagus. There are a variety of tooth types in fishes. Some fishes, such as sharks and piranhas, have cutting teeth for biting chunks out of their victims. A shark’s tooth, although superficially like that of a piranha, appears in many respects to be a modified scale, while that of the piranha is like that of other bony fishes, consisting of dentine and enamel. Parrot fishes have beaklike mouths with short incisor-like teeth for breaking off coral and have heavy pavementlike throat teeth for crushing the coral. Some catfishes have small brushlike teeth, arranged in rows on the jaws, for scraping plant and animal growth from rocks. Many fishes (such as the Cyprinidae or minnows) have no jaw teeth at all but have very strong throat teeth.
Some fishes gather planktonic food by straining it from their gill cavities with numerous elongate stiff rods (gill rakers) anchored by one end to the gill bars. The food collected on these rods is passed to the throat, where it is swallowed. Most fishes have only short gill rakers that help keep food particles from escaping out the mouth cavity into the gill chamber.
Once reaching the throat, food enters a short, often greatly distensible esophagus, a simple tube with a muscular wall leading into a stomach. The stomach varies greatly in fishes, depending upon the diet. In most predacious fishes it is a simple straight or curved tube or pouch with a muscular wall and a glandular lining. Food is largely digested there and leaves the stomach in liquid form.
Between the stomach and the intestine, ducts enter the digestive tube from the liver and pancreas. The liver is a large, clearly defined organ. The pancreas may be embedded in it, diffused through it, or broken into small parts spread along some of the intestine. The junction between the stomach and the intestine is marked by a muscular valve. Pyloric ceca (blind sacs) occur in some fishes at this junction and have a digestive or absorptive function or both.
The intestine itself is quite variable in length, depending upon the fish’s diet. It is short in predacious forms, sometimes no longer than the body cavity, but long in herbivorous forms, being coiled and several times longer than the entire length of the fish in some species of South American catfishes. The intestine is primarily an organ for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream. The larger its internal surface, the greater its absorptive efficiency, and a spiral valve is one method of increasing its absorption surface.
Sharks, rays, chimaeras, lungfishes, surviving chondrosteans, holosteans, and even a few of the more primitive teleosts have a spiral valve or at least traces of it in the intestine. Most modern teleosts have increased the area of the intestinal walls by having numerous folds and villi (fingerlike projections) somewhat like those in humans. Undigested substances are passed to the exterior through the anus in most teleost fishes. In lungfishes, sharks, and rays, it is first passed through the cloaca, a common cavity receiving the intestinal opening and the ducts from the urogenital system.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in water, and most fishes exchange dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water by means of the gills. The gills lie behind and to the side of the mouth cavity and consist of fleshy filaments supported by the gill arches and filled with blood vessels, which give gills a bright red colour. Water taken in continuously through the mouth passes backward between the gill bars and over the gill filaments, where the exchange of gases takes place. The gills are protected by a gill cover in teleosts and many other fishes but by flaps of skin in sharks, rays, and some of the older fossil fish groups. The blood capillaries in the gill filaments are close to the gill surface to take up oxygen from the water and to give up excess carbon dioxide to the water.
Most modern fishes have a hydrostatic (ballast) organ, called the swim bladder, that lies in the body cavity just below the kidney and above the stomach and intestine. It originated as a diverticulum of the digestive canal. In advanced teleosts, especially the acanthopterygians, the bladder has lost its connection with the digestive tract, a condition called physoclistic. The connection has been retained (physostomous) by many relatively primitive teleosts. In several unrelated lines of fishes, the bladder has become specialized as a lung or, at least, as a highly vascularized accessory breathing organ. Some fishes with such accessory organs are obligate air breathers and will drown if denied access to the surface, even in well-oxygenated water. Fishes with a hydrostatic form of swim bladder can control their depth by regulating the amount of gas in the bladder. The gas, mostly oxygen, is secreted into the bladder by special glands, rendering the fish more buoyant; the gas is absorbed into the bloodstream by another special organ, reducing the overall buoyancy and allowing the fish to sink. Some deep-sea fishes may have oils, rather than gas, in the bladder. Other deep-sea and some bottom-living forms have much-reduced swim bladders or have lost the organ entirely.
The swim bladder of fishes follows the same developmental pattern as the lungs of land vertebrates. There is no doubt that the two structures have the same historical origin in primitive fishes. More or less intermediate forms still survive among the more primitive types of fishes, such as the lungfishes Lepidosiren and Protopterus.
The circulatory, or blood vascular, system consists of the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. It is in the capillaries that the interchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and other substances such as hormones and waste products takes place. The capillaries lead to the veins, which return the venous blood with its waste products to the heart, kidneys, and gills. There are two kinds of capillary beds: those in the gills and those in the rest of the body. The heart, a folded continuous muscular tube with three or four saclike enlargements, undergoes rhythmic contractions and receives venous blood in a sinus venosus. It passes the blood to an auricle and then into a thick muscular pump, the ventricle. From the ventricle the blood goes to a bulbous structure at the base of a ventral aorta just below the gills. The blood passes to the afferent (receiving) arteries of the gill arches and then to the gill capillaries. There waste gases are given off to the environment, and oxygen is absorbed. The oxygenated blood enters efferent (exuant) arteries of the gill arches and then flows into the dorsal aorta. From there blood is distributed to the tissues and organs of the body. One-way valves prevent backflow. The circulation of fishes thus differs from that of the reptiles, birds, and mammals in that oxygenated blood is not returned to the heart prior to distribution to the other parts of the body.
The primary excretory organ in fishes, as in other vertebrates, is the kidney. In fishes some excretion also takes place in the digestive tract, skin, and especially the gills (where ammonia is given off). Compared with land vertebrates, fishes have a special problem in maintaining their internal environment at a constant concentration of water and dissolved substances, such as salts. Proper balance of the internal environment (homeostasis) of a fish is in a great part maintained by the excretory system, especially the kidney.
The kidney, gills, and skin play an important role in maintaining a fish’s internal environment and checking the effects of osmosis. Marine fishes live in an environment in which the water around them has a greater concentration of salts than they can have inside their body and still maintain life. Freshwater fishes, on the other hand, live in water with a much lower concentration of salts than they require inside their bodies. Osmosis tends to promote the loss of water from the body of a marine fish and absorption of water by that of a freshwater fish. Mucus in the skin tends to slow the process but is not a sufficient barrier to prevent the movement of fluids through the permeable skin. When solutions on two sides of a permeable membrane have different concentrations of dissolved substances, water will pass through the membrane into the more concentrated solution, while the dissolved chemicals move into the area of lower concentration (diffusion).
The kidney of freshwater fishes is often larger in relation to body weight than that of marine fishes. In both groups the kidney excretes wastes from the body, but the kidney of freshwater fishes also excretes large amounts of water, counteracting the water absorbed through the skin. Freshwater fishes tend to lose salt to the environment and must replace it. They get some salt from their food, but the gills and skin inside the mouth actively absorb salt from water passed through the mouth. This absorption is performed by special cells capable of moving salts against the diffusion gradient. Freshwater fishes drink very little water and take in little water with their food.
Marine fishes must conserve water, and therefore their kidneys excrete little water. To maintain their water balance, marine fishes drink large quantities of seawater, retaining most of the water and excreting the salt. Most nitrogenous waste in marine fishes appears to be secreted by the gills as ammonia. Marine fishes can excrete salt by clusters of special cells (chloride cells) in the gills.
There are several teleosts—for example, the salmon—that travel between fresh water and seawater and must adjust to the reversal of osmotic gradients. They adjust their physiological processes by spending time (often surprisingly little time) in the intermediate brackish environment.
Marine hagfishes, sharks, and rays have osmotic concentrations in their blood about equal to that of seawater and so do not have to drink water nor perform much physiological work to maintain their osmotic balance. In sharks and rays the osmotic concentration is kept high by retention of urea in the blood. Freshwater sharks have a lowered concentration of urea in the blood.
Endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream and body tissues and, along with the central nervous system, control and regulate many kinds of body functions. Cyclostomes have a well-developed endocrine system, and presumably it was well developed in the early Agnatha, ancestral to modern fishes. Although the endocrine system in fishes is similar to that of higher vertebrates, there are numerous differences in detail. The pituitary, the thyroid, the suprarenals, the adrenals, the pancreatic islets, the sex glands (ovaries and testes), the inner wall of the intestine, and the bodies of the ultimobranchial gland make up the endocrine system in fishes. There are some others whose function is not well understood. These organs regulate sexual activity and reproduction, growth, osmotic pressure, general metabolic activities such as the storage of fat and the utilization of foodstuffs, blood pressure, and certain aspects of skin colour. Many of these activities are also controlled in part by the central nervous system, which works with the endocrine system in maintaining the life of a fish. Some parts of the endocrine system are developmentally, and undoubtedly evolutionarily, derived from the nervous system.
As in all vertebrates, the nervous system of fishes is the primary mechanism coordinating body activities, as well as integrating these activities in the appropriate manner with stimuli from the environment. The central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, is the primary integrating mechanism. The peripheral nervous system, consisting of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to various body organs, carries sensory information from special receptor organs such as the eyes, internal ears, nares (sense of smell), taste glands, and others to the integrating centres of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system also carries information via different nerve cells from the integrating centres of the brain and spinal cord. This coded information is carried to the various organs and body systems, such as the skeletal muscular system, for appropriate action in response to the original external or internal stimulus. Another branch of the nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, helps to coordinate the activities of many glands and organs and is itself closely connected to the integrating centres of the brain.
The brain of the fish is divided into several anatomical and functional parts, all closely interconnected but each serving as the primary centre of integrating particular kinds of responses and activities. Several of these centres or parts are primarily associated with one type of sensory perception, such as sight, hearing, or smell (olfaction).
The sense of smell is important in almost all fishes. Certain eels with tiny eyes depend mostly on smell for location of food. The olfactory, or nasal, organ of fishes is located on the dorsal surface of the snout. The lining of the nasal organ has special sensory cells that perceive chemicals dissolved in the water, such as substances from food material, and send sensory information to the brain by way of the first cranial nerve. Odour also serves as an alarm system. Many fishes, especially various species of freshwater minnows, react with alarm to a chemical released from the skin of an injured member of their own species.
Many fishes have a well-developed sense of taste, and tiny pitlike taste buds or organs are located not only within their mouth cavities but also over their heads and parts of their body. Catfishes, which often have poor vision, have barbels (“whiskers”) that serve as supplementary taste organs, those around the mouth being actively used to search out food on the bottom. Some species of naturally blind cave fishes are especially well supplied with taste buds, which often cover most of their body surface.
Sight is extremely important in most fishes. The eye of a fish is basically like that of all other vertebrates, but the eyes of fishes are extremely varied in structure and adaptation. In general, fishes living in dark and dim water habitats have large eyes, unless they have specialized in some compensatory way so that another sense (such as smell) is dominant, in which case the eyes will often be reduced. Fishes living in brightly lighted shallow waters often will have relatively small but efficient eyes. Cyclostomes have somewhat less elaborate eyes than other fishes, with skin stretched over the eyeball perhaps making their vision somewhat less effective. Most fishes have a spherical lens and accommodate their vision to far or near subjects by moving the lens within the eyeball. A few sharks accommodate by changing the shape of the lens, as in land vertebrates. Those fishes that are heavily dependent upon the eyes have especially strong muscles for accommodation. Most fishes see well, despite the restrictions imposed by frequent turbidity of the water and by light refraction.
Fossil evidence suggests that colour vision evolved in fishes more than 300 million years ago, but not all living fishes have retained this ability. Experimental evidence indicates that many shallow-water fishes, if not all, have colour vision and see some colours especially well, but some bottom-dwelling shore fishes live in areas where the water is sufficiently deep to filter out most if not all colours, and these fishes apparently never see colours. When tested in shallow water, they apparently are unable to respond to colour differences.
Sound perception and balance are intimately associated senses in a fish. The organs of hearing are entirely internal, located within the skull, on each side of the brain and somewhat behind the eyes. Sound waves, especially those of low frequencies, travel readily through water and impinge directly upon the bones and fluids of the head and body, to be transmitted to the hearing organs. Fishes readily respond to sound; for example, a trout conditioned to escape by the approach of fishermen will take flight upon perceiving footsteps on a stream bank even if it cannot see a fisherman. Compared with humans, however, the range of sound frequencies heard by fishes is greatly restricted. Many fishes communicate with each other by producing sounds in their swim bladders, in their throats by rasping their teeth, and in other ways.
A fish or other vertebrate seldom has to rely on a single type of sensory information to determine the nature of the environment around it. A catfish uses taste and touch when examining a food object with its oral barbels. Like most other animals, fishes have many touch receptors over their body surface. Pain and temperature receptors also are present in fishes and presumably produce the same kind of information to a fish as to humans. Fishes react in a negative fashion to stimuli that would be painful to human beings, suggesting that they feel a sensation of pain.
An important sensory system in fishes that is absent in other vertebrates (except some amphibians) is the lateral line system. This consists of a series of heavily innervated small canals located in the skin and bone around the eyes, along the lower jaw, over the head, and down the mid-side of the body, where it is associated with the scales. Intermittently along these canals are located tiny sensory organs (pit organs) that apparently detect changes in pressure. The system allows a fish to sense changes in water currents and pressure, thereby helping the fish to orient itself to the various changes that occur in the physical environment.
Although a great many fossil fishes have been found and described, they represent a tiny portion of the long and complex evolution of fishes, and knowledge of fish evolution remains relatively fragmentary. In the classification presented in this article, fishlike vertebrates are divided into seven categories, the members of each having a different basic structural organization and different physical and physiological adaptations for the problems presented by the environment. The broad basic pattern has been one of successive replacement of older groups by newer, better-adapted groups. One or a few members of a group evolved a basically more efficient means of feeding, breathing, or swimming or several better ways of living. These better-adapted groups then forced the extinction of members of the older group with which they competed for available food, breeding places, or other necessities of life. As the new fishes became well established, some of them evolved further and adapted to other habitats, where they continued to replace members of the old group already there. The process was repeated until all or almost all members of the old group in a variety of habitats had been replaced by members of the newer evolutionary line.
The earliest vertebrate fossils of certain relationships are fragments of dermal armour of jawless fishes (superclass Agnatha, order Heterostraci) from the Upper Ordovician Period in North America, about 450 million years in age. Early Ordovician toothlike fragments from the former Soviet Union are less certainly remains of agnathans. It is uncertain whether the North American jawless fishes inhabited shallow coastal marine waters, where their remains became fossilized, or were freshwater vertebrates washed into coastal deposits by stream action.
Jawless fishes probably arose from ancient, small, soft-bodied filter-feeding organisms much like and probably also ancestral to the modern sand-dwelling filter feeders, the Cephalochordata (Amphioxus and its relatives). The body in the ancestral animals was probably stiffened by a notochord. Although a vertebrate origin in fresh water is much debated by paleontologists, it is possible that mobility of the body and protection provided by dermal armour arose in response to streamflow in the freshwater environment and to the need to escape from and resist the clawed invertebrate eurypterids that lived in the same waters. Because of the marine distribution of the surviving primitive chordates, however, many paleontologists doubt that the vertebrates arose in fresh water.
Heterostracan remains are next found in what appear to be delta deposits in two North American localities of Silurian age. By the close of the Silurian, about 416 million years ago, European heterostracan remains are found in what appear to be delta or coastal deposits. In the Late Silurian of the Baltic area, lagoon or freshwater deposits yield jawless fishes of the order Osteostraci. Somewhat later in the Silurian from the same region, layers contain fragments of jawed acanthodians, the earliest group of jawed vertebrates, and of jawless fishes. These layers lie between marine beds but appear to be washed out from fresh waters of a coastal region.
It is evident, therefore, that by the end of the Silurian both jawed and jawless vertebrates were well established and already must have had a long history of development. Yet paleontologists have remains only of specialized forms that cannot have been the ancestors of the placoderms and bony fishes that appear in the next period, the Devonian. No fossils are known of the more primitive ancestors of the agnathans and acanthodians. The extensive marine beds of the Silurian and those of the Ordovician are essentially void of vertebrate history. It is believed that the ancestors of fishlike vertebrates evolved in upland fresh waters, where whatever few and relatively small fossil beds were made probably have been long since eroded away. Remains of the earliest vertebrates may never be found.
By the close of the Silurian, all known orders of jawless vertebrates had evolved, except perhaps the modern cyclostomes, which are without the hard parts that ordinarily are preserved as fossils. Cyclostomes were unknown as fossils until 1968, when a lamprey of modern body structure was reported from the Middle Pennsylvanian of Illinois, in deposits more than 300 million years old. Fossil evidence of the four orders of armoured jawless vertebrates is absent from deposits later than the Devonian. Presumably, these vertebrates became extinct at that time, being replaced by the more efficient and probably more aggressive placoderms, acanthodians, selachians (sharks and relatives), and by early bony fishes. Cyclostomes survived probably because early on they evolved from anaspid agnathans and developed a rasping tonguelike structure and a sucking mouth, enabling them to prey on other fishes. With this way of life they apparently had no competition from other fish groups. Cyclostomes, the hagfishes and lampreys, were once thought to be closely related because of the similarity in their suctorial mouths, but it is now understood that the hagfishes, order Myxiniformes, are the most primitive living chordates, and they are classified separately from the lampreys, order Petromyzontiformes.
Early jawless vertebrates probably fed on tiny organisms by filter feeding, as do the larvae of their descendants, the modern lampreys. The gill cavity of the early agnathans was large. It is thought that small organisms taken from the bottom by a nibbling action of the mouth, or more certainly by a sucking action through the mouth, were passed into the gill cavity along with water for breathing. Small organisms then were strained out by the gill apparatus and directed to the food canal. The gill apparatus thus evolved as a feeding, as well as a breathing, structure. The head and gills in the agnathans were protected by a heavy dermal armour; the tail region was free, allowing motion for swimming.
Most important for the evolution of fishes and vertebrates in general was the early appearance of bone, cartilage, and enamel-like substance. These materials became modified in later fishes, enabling them to adapt to many aquatic environments and finally even to land. Other basic organs and tissues of the vertebrates—such as the central nervous system, heart, liver, digestive tract, kidney, and circulatory system— undoubtedly were present in the ancestors of the agnathans. In many ways, bone, both external and internal, was the key to vertebrate evolution.
The next class of fishes to appear was the Acanthodii, containing the earliest known jawed vertebrates, which arose in the Late Silurian, more than 416 million years ago. The acanthodians declined after the Devonian but lasted into the Early Permian, a little less than 280 million years ago. The first complete specimens appear in Lower Devonian freshwater deposits, but later in the Devonian and Permian some members appear to have been marine. Most were small fishes, not more than 75 cm (approximately 30 inches) in length.
We know nothing of the ancestors of the acanthodians. They must have arisen from some jawless vertebrate, probably in fresh water. They appear to have been active swimmers with almost no head armour but with large eyes, indicating that they depended heavily on vision. Perhaps they preyed on invertebrates. The rows of spines and spinelike fins between the pectoral and pelvic fins give some credence to the idea that paired fins arose from “fin folds” along the body sides.
The relationships of the acanthodians to other jawed vertebrates are obscure. They possess features found in both sharks and bony fishes. They are like early bony fishes in possessing ganoidlike scales and a partially ossified internal skeleton. Certain aspects of the jaw appear to be more like those of bony fishes than sharks, but the bony fin spines and certain aspects of the gill apparatus would seem to favour relationships with early sharks. Acanthodians do not seem particularly close to the Placodermi, although, like the placoderms, they apparently possessed less efficient tooth replacement and tooth structure than the sharks and the bony fishes, possibly one reason for their subsequent extinction.
©AVucha 2017
At 11:15 PM on Friday, August 18, 2017, the Woodstock Fire/Rescue District responded to a reported structure fire at 4001 Doty Road.
Upon arrival, the first arriving units reported an abandoned residential structure fire that was well involved.
There are no fire hydrants in this area, which prompted the activation of the Mutual Aid Box Alarm System (MABAS) for additional water tenders, firefighters, and change of quarter’s companies.
The following communities provided assistance; Crystal Lake, Marengo, Hebron, Wonder Lake, Huntley, McHenry, Pingree Grove, Bloomfield, Union, Spring Grove, Harvard, Barrington Countryside, Richmond, Cary, Fox River Grove, and Algonquin
Firefighters remained on the scene until 2:30am checking for and extinguishing hidden fires.
The investigation is being conducted by Woodstock Fire/Rescue District and the McHenry County Sheriff's Office. The dollar loss amount is undetermined at this time.
This photograph is being made available only for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial material, advertisements, emails, products, promotions without the expressed consent of Alex Vucha.
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Dear Sir/Madam.
We get your company name and email address on the internet,we are one 3G CAMERA ALARM (3G REMOTE MONITOR) manufacturer from HongKong, we can offer the competitive price and the hi-quality products for you.
With this high-tech wireless equipment, you can detect anywhere at anytime by dialing video calls with 3G mobile phone. The 3G remote camera can be widely used in house, school, shop, moving cars, trains or take care of elders and children as long as WCDMA network is available.
Modern design 3G Remote camera matches excellent 300,000 pixel camera, you can send SMS command to make images and videos store in the camera. With the built-in high-light infrared LED, the camera can shoot clear film even in darkness.
The Remote camera is compatible with normal 315 MHz or 433 MHz wireless sensor in the market, such as wireless infrared motion detector, door sensor, smoke detector etc, and all of them are wireless, easy to use. You can also select any kind of sensor mentioned to work with our product. You or your family or your guards can receive the alarm message with your preset ways such as SMS ,voice call, video call which are stored as evidence when the wireless sensor was triggered.
Main Function:
Prominent Function: With Video phone, could view motion video in anytime, anywhere.
A: The video begin to transfer Simultaneously, when there is alarm, as long as there is 3G signal covered area, the picture is clear and smooth.
B: Could pre-set 6 groups of alarming telephone No., receive MMS, and monitor locally.
C: With built-in one Cway Video camera, lens optional, the distance is different according to the lens.
D: With SD card Storage function, Support the maximum capacity 4G card ,could set the local video, when there is local alarm(This function is optional, built-in SD card, take it out Only when necessary, Automatically covered)
E: Where no 3G signal, the system will automatically switch to 2G mode, dial the tel No. and send local MMS
F: View the local video, though calling-back video phone, and could control the PTZ remotely
G: Could used with maximum more than 20 wireless accessories, and 5 remote controls.
H: System could select the shouting speakers, when view the local video, could drive out the intruder though shouting directly.(This function is optional, the home theater is paid by the buyer)
I: Could select the PIR sensor, Door sensor, Smoke sensor, Gas Sensor, Emergency button etc. accessories.
J: During the process of Video calling, could control the PTZ 360 degree rotation to view the local video though the keypad of mobile phone remotely(Video saved in SD card optional)
M: The products use the most word-widely used W-CAMA format
N: Built-in SSG super PTZ, 360 Degree rotation, no dead Angle, could control the video for any angle remotely
Q: when there is power off, the built-in lithium continue to support the normal work of alarm system(Optional function)
Attached is the picture, if you interested in our 3G products, we can send the advertisment book,operation manual and the price list to you.
Our retail price is 199.00 USD, MOQ is 5pcs.
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Any questions,please feel free to contact us!
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Kevin
Sales manager
Hong Kong Crown Technology Limited
Website: www.crown-hk.net
Tel.86-027-59907560 Fax：86-027-85740362
MSN :kevinke2010@hotmail.com
E-mail：sales@crown-hk.net
Almost as an homage to Samuel Morse, this alarm system in the lido Bruggerhorn. The instruction is not quite true, but the Morse characters are correct. At least the designer of this system had some imagination. St.Margrethen, Switzerland, July 2, 2010.
Asheboro Fire & Security Inc
159 N Park St
Asheboro, NC 27203
United States
(336) 521-7790
fire.alarm.systems.asheboro.nc@gmail.com
Firefighters have been heading back to college in Wisbech to take up a unique training opportunity at the College of West Anglia.
The crew from Wisbech Fire Station turned the former C Block at the college site, on Ramnoth Road, into a training ground during the past few months to deliver challenging exercise scenarios to test firefighters from across the county.
The site was chosen as it is due for demolition over the coming months and at the time of proposal was not being used. It was also a large and complicated design with many unusual features that offered the chance to conduct many different training scenarios for Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service staff.
Staff from Wisbech Fire Station and the College of West Anglia health and safety department worked closely together to ensure that guidelines and procedures were put in place to enable the use of the college buildings and to provide extremely valuable training opportunities for firefighters from Wisbech and other stations across Cambridgeshire.
Wisbech Station Commander Brett Mills said: “The day crew identified an excellent training opportunity using their local knowledge and networking. This supported vital critical safety training for both whole-time and on-call firefighters. I would like to thank Firefighter Gary Reach, Crew Commander Clive Griffin from Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service, and Richard Heron and Amanda Marshall from the College Of West Anglia for their hard work in organising this and continuing the excellent partnership working between CFRS and CWA.”
Various different ladder drills were conducted around the buildings as it offered different conditions and opportunities that cannot be replicated in the firefighters’ usual drill yard. Breathing apparatus search and rescue drills were also conducted inside the building during both day and night time sessions.
The buildings were also used to hold an on-call training support day to provide further training for firefighters from across Cambridgeshire. During these sessions firefighters wore obscuration masks to replicate heavy smoke logging of the building without the college fire alarm system being affected.
The College of West Anglia is one of the largest providers of education and training in Norfolk and Cambridgeshire with an exceptional track record of developing the skills and talents of its students.
The Wisbech campus was transformed over the summer of 2015, following extensive investment to improve its facilities in the form of a £6.5million flagship learning building. This adds to the £7.2million technology centre, which opened in April 2013. Older buildings such as the C Block are now set for demolition as they are no longer fit for purpose.
The 1400m2 new teaching centre which opened in September, and 2000 m2 of refurbished space with its state-of-the-art teaching and IT facilities, is host to health & social care, hair & beauty in their brand new salons, foundation studies, computing, and uniformed and public services courses. There are also new facilities for teaching in English, maths and ESOL (English for speakers of other languages). The new main atrium entrance and reception area, teamed with the expansion of the restaurant, social areas and learning resource centre, is now a welcoming hub for students and staff alike.
Mark Reavell, Executive Director Partnerships at CWA, said: “We were pleased to be able offer the old buildings to the fire service for them to use as part of their training. It is understandably difficult for them to get access to facilities to carry out this sort of simulated exercise and it all seemed to work out perfectly prior to the start of demolition. We will however be pleased to see the old buildings disappear forever!"
House details are as follows:
Negotiable
Our fully furnished
house has 3 bedrooms and 3 bathrooms. A bathtub with 50 gallon hot
water heater, hot shower, 4 ACs, western kitchen, TV, laundry machine, fridge,
security alarm system, located on Rajpruek Rd. in a very nice, quiet and
beautiful near Grace International School, Sunshine Kindergarten School,
American Pacific International School, Hana International Kindergarten School,
Little Star Bilingual Preschool, Sarasart School, Khun Mae School, Chiang Mai
Montessori Preschool, Panyaden School, and Lanna International School. Rice
field and Suthep Mountain view.
It's about 5-10
minutes drive from Robinson Central Plaza and 3-5 minutes drive
from Royal Flora garden, Night Safari and Children World play land, Big C
superstore. Mae Hea Market, Rimping Store. Renters will be able to use the
facilities of the village, which include a swimming pool, fitness center,
playground and security guard
House size 155 sq.m.
Land 63.9 Sq.wah.(or 255.6 sq.m.)
For sale THB 5,500,000 (all fees at land department will be paid by owner 50%
buyer 50%)
For rent 30,000
Bht/month minimunm 1 yr contract.บ้านสวยพร้อมอยู่ ถนนราชพฤกษ์ หางดง
มองเห็นวิวดอยสุเทพ สงบเงียบ และเป็นธรรมชาติขนาด 63.9 ตรว.,
พื้นที่ใช้สอย 155 ตรม., 3 ห้องนอน 3 ห้องน้ำ
ห้องครัวสไตล์ตะวันก ตกแต่งพร้อมอยู่, เฟอร์นิเจอร์ครบชุด เครื่องใช้ไฟฟ้า
ได้แก่เครื่องทำน้ำอุ่น, เครื่องปรับอากาศ 4
เครื่อง, เครื่องซักผ้า,ทีวี
และสัญญาณกันขโมยภายในโครงการมีสิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกครบครัน
ได้แก่ สระว่ายน้ำ, ฟิตเนส, สนามเด็กเล่น และ การรักษาความปลอดภัยตลอด 24 ชั่วโมง โครงการตั้งอยู่บนถนนราชพฤกษ์
ใกล้กับโรงเรียนนานาชาติเกรซ, โรงเรียนอนุบาลซันซายส์,
โรงเรียนนานาชาติอเมริกันแปซิฟิก,โรงเรียนอนุบาลนานาชาติฮานา,
โรงเรียนสองภาษาลิตเติ้ลสตาร์, โรงเรียนสารสาร์ท
และ โรงเรียนนานาชาติลานนา เดินทางสะดวก ใช้เวลาเดินทาง 5-10
นาทีถึงโรบินสัน และ3-5 นาทีเดินทางไปพืชสวนโลกใกล้กับไนซ์ซาฟารี,
บิ๊กซี ซุปเปอร์เซ็นเตอร์, ตลาดสดแม่เหียะ,
ริมปิงสโตร์ ราคาขาย 5,500,000 บาท (โอนคนละครึ่ง)
ราคาเช่า 30,000 บาท/เดือน (สัญญา1ปี)
More Info: www.century21urban.com/listing_detail/index/166
Tel: 053-305040
Email: sales@century21urban.com
Line. c21urban
Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Century-21-Urban/599761070118960
Twitter: twitter.com/C21UrbanTH
GPlus: plus.google.com/+Century21urbanThailand
Youtube: www.youtube.com/channel/UC2p9mSTJjGC5zgJduWqlGOQ/
Century21Urban Welcome Corporation Co., Ltd96 Chaiyapoom Road, Changmoi ,Mueang Chiangmai, Chiangmai 50300
Built: 1956, refurbished 2007
Dimensions: 140 feet length/ 22 feet beam/ 10 feet draft
Class: Luxury Class
Type: Sailing Ship
Capacity: 16 passengers
Crew: 8 crew members + 1 natural guide
-
Accommodation: 8 cabins with private bathroom, all cabins have climate controls and ample space to hang and store clothing
Facilities: comfortable salon for lectures and presentations, TV/Video system, inside and Al Fresco Dinning Areas, sundeck with lounge chairs, a resting area
Activities: walks & hikes, snorkeling, kayaking, dinghy rides, diving
Safety and navigation: all international standards of safety, ISM certified, equipped with an emergency alarm system, 2 emergency life rafts for 16 pax each, emergency life vests, fog horns, smoke detectors, and fire extinguishers, all emergency equipment, SOLAS certified
Specific feature: Sea kayaks, snorkeling gear, wetsuits, kids club.
The eastern harbour land and beaches were important routes to and from the Wairarapa for European settlers arriving in the new port and town of Wellington.
Pencarrow Head itself featured almost immediately in New Zealand Company plans to protect shipping and as early as 1842 a white beacon was erected there and was tended by George Bennett and his wife Mary.
As shipwreck after shipwreck occurred, public pressure increased for a lighthouse. In June 1858 the iron tower arrived from England and was landed on Pencarrow beach then assembled on the cliffs above.
Unfortunately by the time it was built George Bennett had drowned in a boating accident (1855) so his wife Mary became New Zealand's first official lighthouse keeper.
The light was first lit 1 January 1859. The light was often shrouded by low fog so a new tower was constructed on the beach in 1906. Originally the tower was an open steel frame but it was encased in concrete and increased in height in the 1930's.
Both lights burned together for 30 years until Baring Head lighthouse was built in 1935 and the original light was decommissioned.
Baring Head was named after Baring the director of the New Zealand Association, the forebear to the New Zealand Company who bought settlers to the New Zealand.
Baring Head is situated on the southern headland of Port Nicholson (Wellington Harbour).
In 1929 the Marine Department discussed moving the old Pencarrow lighthouse to a new site at Baring Head. The idea was deferred while tests were made on new revolving light equipment at Egmont lighthouse.
In 1931 they decided to build a new lighthouse which would serve both as an approach light for Wellington harbour and a coastal light for Cook Strait. The contract was let, but due to economics the contract was then deferred. The land was donated by Mr. Eric Riddiford in 1932 and in 1934 work begun. At the time Baring Head was so inaccessible by road, the Marine Department considered shipping construction materials there.
First lit on June 18, 1935, Baring Head was the second to last manned lighthouse to be built in New Zealand. It replaced the first New Zealand light, the original Pencarrow lighthouse which was extinguished the same day and designated as a historical place.
The light was the first to run on electricity from the onset and was initially run with a diesel powered generator. This meant the keepers no longer had a night watch and an alarm system in the keeper's house would warn of any failures.
One of the more accessible lighthouses, the keepers were able to pick up their supplies in Wellington or the suburbs and the keeper's children also attended school there.
During the Second World War the lighthouse grounds were used by the New Zealand Navy as a radar and signal station.
In 1950 the light station was connected to the main electrical grid and the diesel generators were used as a backup.
In 1956 the light's character was changed from flashing three times every 15 seconds to the present character due to a nearby Harbour Board automatic light having a similar character. The lens does not revolve, the bulb flashes on and off instead.
The radio beacon, which guided ships up to 100 nautical miles away, was removed in 1981. The lighthouse was automated in 1989.
Despite all these precautions, the eastern harbour coast remained dangerous to shipping, especially in fog and rain. Up to 21 wrecks have been recorded on the Pencarrow coast, the most recent being in 1981.
125 4th Avenue, Kamloops, BC.
Kamloops Fire Hall #1 was built to replace Kamloops’ first wood frame station on Victoria Street. The new station accommodated a larger fleet of fire trucks and a corps of volunteer and staff firefighters.
The fire tower housed an alarm system, which was used to call the volunteers to a fire. Different alarm codes signalled to the firefighters the location of the fire, and they would meet the fire trucks there. The fire truck bays were located were the storefronts are situated today.
The architectural style is Spanish, which was popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The exterior was stuccoed, with some architectural details added to make for a very attractive and serviceable building.
Visited this huge location and was surprised how much is still to see there in relative good state. Unfortunately the copper kettles are not accessible anymore and are secured by motion alarm system.
Please visit www.preciousdecay.com for more pictures or like my facebook fanpage on www.facebook.com/Preciousdecay
Excerpt from historicalhamilton.com/beasley/hamilton-fire-station-1/:
Date Built: 1913
From the incorporation of the Town of Hamilton in 1833, the headquarters for Hamilton's fire services, Central Fire Station #1, stood on King William between Hughson and John streets. In 1913 a new headquarters building was erected around the corner on John South, complete with a modern fire alarm system. The building was just recently updated and refurbished.
I noticed her walking on the other side of Yonge Street in downtown Toronto and her look interested me from afar. Hoping that the streetlights ahead would be in my favor and allow me to meet her at the next intersection, I got lucky and was able to cross before she arrived. I introduced myself and asked the question and she smiled and said “Sure. I’ve got a couple of minutes before I have to open up the store.” Meet Kaila or, as she’s usually called, “Kai.”
Knowing that time was short, I suggested we take a few steps back from the busy intersection and pose her against the brushed aluminum panels of a drugstore. There was an overhang which softened the light on this chilly, overcast day in early December.
I explained my plan and demonstrated where I wanted her to stand and face, then let her duplicate the position. She shrugged off her backpack without my suggesting it and asked if I needed any particular expression. I said “No. Just be yourself. The way you are looking at me right now is fine.” I had to duck a bit and shoot slightly upward to avoid the dividing lines between the aluminum panels. She suggested removing her overcoat too and seeing that this was her contribution to the pose I said “Sure.” I took a couple of portraits with her glasses on and then invited her to remove them. “They are cool glasses and I like the look but it’s always nice to have a frame or two that shows the eyes.” She was glad to oblige.
Kai put her coat back on and gathered up her backpack and I said I’d walk with her to the store to finish our conversation so she wouldn’t be late for opening the store which was in the next block. I would have to take notes on a sheet of paper because my phone which I use to take notes had died. “You can recharge it at the store if you have your cord.” I had to decline the kind offer because I didn’t have the cord.
Kai opened the shop (At Eaze), turned on the lights, deactivated the alarm system, and we completed our conversation at the counter. The store sells fashionable urban-look clothing for younger customers. I learned that Kai is 23 and from Toronto. Her attractive features stem from having a Trinidadian father and an Estonian mother. She grew up in the suburbs but is now living downtown with her girlfriend (“She’s probably the woman I’m going to marry”) near the store. She said she was just walking from home when I met her.
It was an interesting conversation and I enjoyed Kai’s thoughtful manner and her openness. She is using her job at the store to learn retail skills and hopes to have her own business one day selling urban-look clothing and accessories. When I asked her how life is treating her she said “Frankly, it’s a bit of a struggle right now.” “How so?” I asked. “Being independent and young these days is challenging. Who can afford to go to university if their parents aren’t well-off and lots of young people find it hard to get a career established and afford rent and all that goes with being financially independent. In addition, my mother is in treatment for cancer and that’s a worry.” It turns out her illness was caught early and had not spread so her outlook is good but I could tell she cared about her.
When I asked her if he had any advice to share with the project she said “Well, I believe that all we can do is be the best person we can be and conduct ourselves the way we want the world to be. I’m pretty happy with who I am and although things are kind of challenging right now, I’m a believer in karma and I think things will come full circle and work out well for me.” She sees herself as an outgoing, ambitious, progressive and positive person. “I can usually find the good in just about anyone I meet.”
I found Kai to be a very grounded and mature woman who presented herself as calm and confident. This was one of those project encounters that I felt gave a good glimpse of who she was as a person and chatting with her was a real pleasure.
I was curious about her gold canine teeth and asked about them. She flashed them with a smile and said they clip over her own teeth and are decorative. A cool and different look. When I told her I had photographed a young man a week ago who worked in another downtown alternative clothing store she was interested. “Maybe I’ll see him in your collection of project photos?” I told her I’d be sure to point her to the submission when I send her her own photos.
It was time to let Kai get to work managing the store so I said goodbye and wished her mother good health. She thanked me and wished me good luck with my photo project. She said she thought it was a great concept.
Thank you Kai for participating in 100 Strangers. You are #679 in Round 7 of my project and I admire your positive stance toward life.
Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by the other photographers in our group at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page.
Final update: I received a very nice email from Kai thanking me for the photos and suggesting a correction which I've made. Thanks Kai. It was great meeting you.
This magnificent residence commands stunning panoramas and offers the ultimate in luxury deep waterfront living.
A statement in style and sophistication on 917m2 approx of land and located in a prestige cul-de-sac this exquisite home of impressive proportions ticks all the right boxes.
Offering multiple living areas with each capturing magical waterviews, not a cent has been spared in the creation of this 5 bedroom sanctuary.
• 5 bedrooms or 4 bedrooms plus office (all with built-ins)
• 3 bathrooms & powder room at pool area
• Main bedroom with ensuite, balcony and sweeping views
• State of the art kitchen flowing to open plan living, dining, bar and snooker area
• 3 car garage with cedar remote door, internal access and coded keypad entry, separate workshop/storeroom
• Fully equipped movie room with 2.9 metre screen providing the ultimate at home cinematic experience
• Solar heated pool and entertaining area with pergola, all backdropped with sweeping bay views
• Video security at entry, alarm system, ducted vacuum system, 5000L rainwater tank
• Wharf and remote control cradle for boat
• Music sound system throughout, ducted reverse cycle air conditioning/heating
Natalie Vials 0433 111 319
Beach & Bay Realty 9527 0008
Visited this huge location and was surprised how much is still to see there in relative good state. Unfortunately the copper kettles are not accessible anymore and are secured by motion alarm system.
Please visit www.preciousdecay.com for more pictures or like my facebook fanpage on www.facebook.com/Preciousdecay
Visited this huge location and was surprised how much is still to see there in relative good state. Unfortunately the copper kettles are not accessible anymore and are secured by motion alarm system.
Please visit www.preciousdecay.com for more pictures or like my facebook fanpage on www.facebook.com/Preciousdecay
©AVucha 2017
At 11:15 PM on Friday, August 18, 2017, the Woodstock Fire/Rescue District responded to a reported structure fire at 4001 Doty Road.
Upon arrival, the first arriving units reported an abandoned residential structure fire that was well involved.
There are no fire hydrants in this area, which prompted the activation of the Mutual Aid Box Alarm System (MABAS) for additional water tenders, firefighters, and change of quarter’s companies.
The following communities provided assistance; Crystal Lake, Marengo, Hebron, Wonder Lake, Huntley, McHenry, Pingree Grove, Bloomfield, Union, Spring Grove, Harvard, Barrington Countryside, Richmond, Cary, Fox River Grove, and Algonquin
Firefighters remained on the scene until 2:30am checking for and extinguishing hidden fires.
The investigation is being conducted by Woodstock Fire/Rescue District and the McHenry County Sheriff's Office. The dollar loss amount is undetermined at this time.
This photograph is being made available only for personal use printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial material, advertisements, emails, products, promotions without the expressed consent of Alex Vucha.
Visited this huge location and was surprised how much is still to see there in relative good state. Unfortunately the copper kettles are not accessible anymore and are secured by motion alarm system.
Please visit www.preciousdecay.com for more pictures or like my facebook fanpage on www.facebook.com/Preciousdecay
Spectacular newly restored historic marble entrance vestibule & lobby
Newly renovated elevators
Newly renovated windowed and climate controlled public halls
24/7 Doorman announces visitors & accepts packages and deliveries
Valet & Maid services available
Rooftop sundeck, beautifully planted and comfortably furnished
Common areas monitored by closed circuit TV
Intercom communications to each apartment.
Alarm system in each apartment
Convenient & Safe ATM located in the lobby
Full staff overseen by 20 year resident superintendent
Pets welcome!
Tom Prince 347.602.3564 Rental Housing Professional
Read more: newyork.ebayclassifieds.com/apartments-for-rent/new-york/...
594 Broadway has 2-3 available office space that can be rented just as normal offices or as editing suites with different rental price.
Office space is located in the heart of Soho. The entire 2,800 square foot floor has 2 passenger elevators and 1 freight elevator. They take pride in the fact that our office space has a laid-back, yet creative vibe, and offers an overall great atmosphere.
What they offer:
-Internet and phone line included
-Available bull pen area
-Furnished key lock offices
-Lounge area with TV and Kitchenette
-2 Passenger elevators & 2 freight elevators with operators
-Common space with fridge and Coffee machines
-Fax machine/printer/copy machine & phone/internet services
-Electricity, office cleaning, garbage removal, central air/heating, water & security alarm system
-24/7 access
Check the rental price here: deskzone.com/properties/594-broadway-offices/
©AVucha 2013
Crystal Lake Fire/Rescue Dive Rescue Team conducting a training dive at Three Oaks Recreation Area. 5517 Northwest Hwy, Crystal Lake, IL.
Pulled from the departments website:
The Crystal Lake Fire Rescue Department is a member of the Mutual Aid Box Alarm System (MABAS) and the Lake / McHenry Counties Specialized Rescue Team (SRT) and, as such, can be requested to assist other departments with water-related incidents. To maintain these memberships, all DRT personnel must complete a minimum number of training dives each year, including open water, ice dive and annual basic skills.
www.fearings.com/modules/web/index.php/id/10/Fire
Fearing's Audio - Video - Security specializes in Projection & Flat Panel Displays, Video System Design and Installation,fire alarm monitoring, fire protection systems, fire alarm maintenance, fire and security alarms, security camera systems.
1998 Dodge Avenger ES Coupe V6 Automatic $2,500
V6-2.5L SOHC 24V Fuel Injected Engine, 4-Speed Automatic Transmission, Front Wheel Drive, Power Windows,4-Wheel disk brakes with ABS[antilock braking system], Leather Seats, Air Conditioning [cold ac],Power Door Locks, Power Moon Roof, AM/FM/Cassette/CD Audio System, Driver n Passenger
Air-Bags, Anti-Theft Alarm System, Keyless Entry System, Power Driver's Seat, Power Mirrors, Garage Door Opener ,Vanity mirror, Locking Gas Door. Gas Mileage: City 17/Hwy 25. V6-163 Horsepower @ 5500 RPM. Torque 170 @ 4350 RPM.
This car runs very good, although it does have an idle problem, it will idle fine at start-up and initial takeoff then when u come to the first stop the idle drops to around 400 rpm and stalls the car. So I drive with one foot on the brake and one foot on the accelerator at any stop .My research found cleaning the fuel injection intake may cure the problem, so if I get around to fixing it the price will increase. The Avenger handles really well and is very clean inside and out with one minor wrinkle in the passenger door which looks like it belongs there. Interior is in excellent condition. The Tires are almost new. The passenger door handle is missing from the outside, and the trunk lock has been messed up but the trunk release works fine from the inside. There are minor paint flaws that can be fixed with a professional buffing and some touch-up. Clean and clear title. It has not been smogged; you will have to do that. 167,000 Miles. Contact mike call 775 863 4633.if u must text leave me your number, I will not text back, but can email, although a phone call is best.
www.kbb.com/sellers-toolkit/image/479897/
rel="nofollow">www.kbb.com/sellers-toolkit/image/479897/
My grandson Charlie loved sitting on the driver seat of the Museum's restored 1926 Ahrens Fox pumper.
The Florence Bradshaw memorial at Lapworth by Eric Gill (1922), bearing a delightful Madonna & Child relief in his hallmark style (reminiscent of his Stations of the Cross at Westminster Cathedral).
This magnificent work of art is sadly off limits to the casual visitor to the church as it is situated in the north chapel which, along with the chancel and east bay of the nave, is covered by a highly sensitive alarm system (I found out just how sensitive when leaning over the rope fractionally into the alarmed airspace!)
MIRCOD BIOTECH Portable Cooling Stations incorporate specifically designed refrigeration systems, protecting vaccines from freezing.
Forced air systems provide close top-to-bottom uniformity at all space.
Microprocessor controls assure precise temperature throughout the chamber.
Easy to view control panel displays with alarm systems that have access to remote monitoring.
Reserve cooling for rapid temperature recovery following openings.
Tolerance for high ambient temperature with high performance refrigeration systems and CFC free insulation.
Company Summary： Wulian has our own brands, and more than 70 kinds of patents. All of Wulian's products are applied wireless ZigBee technology, now Wulian is the participant of ZigBee Alliance , and we are also the ZigBee China Regional Headquater, Wulian is the only supplier who can supply the whole set of home automation system and solutions in the world. we have more than 100 kinds of series of wireless products and 12 home automation systems, including the fire alarm system, home security system, lighting control system, home theater system, HVAC, save energy system, environment control system, home care system, CCTV, wireless window blinds system, wireless irrigation system, and smart parking system etc. Now Wulian has reached up 7000 distributors in China region and 33 countries in overseas market at this moment. Marketing: Now we has distributors in EU, the North America, Latin America ,the middle east, Asia, Africa etc., like Australian telecommunication company, Russian telecommunication company etc., and more than 33 countries have Wulian distributors now, Partners: Wulian has built deep cooperation with World Top 500 companies for ODM, OEM, including Schneider, Philips, HuaWei and Somfy etc., for example, we cooperated with Somfy's Chinese factory, and developed a new chip, we inserted it into the motor tube of automated blinds, so you can control all the automated blinds on your mobile phone. Products Advantages： No other company has so complete products lines like us. And all of our products can be applied residence, commercial building, hotel, hospital, modern agriculture, government projects, and different area all over the world. Keep High Speed on R&D Wulian’s R&D team efforts continuously introduce equipments and improvements on existing products. And keep R&D 3 new smart home products per month averagely as per the needs of market. Product Summary: The main part of our system: software and hardware. Software is free, you can download from Google play or app store. And wireless gateway is the core of whole ZigBee home automation system. The main functions: In one word, you can use your smart phone to control every electronic devices in your house including: 1. Scene Control - trigger a scene with multiple functions defined by user with just one touch. 2. Linkage Control - DIY your own smart home system by linking different devices according to your need. 3. Timing control - Set timers with simple operation for your routine jobs. 4. Remote control - Monitor and control your home remotely wherever and whenever possible. More info:wulian.cc/english/
1987 Volkswagen Golf GTi Cabriolet.
15 previous keepers.
Anglia Car Auctions, King's Lynn -
"A good runner which can be used as is or it would make an optimal restoration project. The vendor states that the vehicle has good history with numerous bills going back to 1999 including each MoT certificate from 1998 to the latest which expires in May 2018. Fitted with a Sigma alarm system in 1998 and we are informed it is still working today alongside two sets of keys.
V5 present
MoT May 2018
Recorded mileage 137,300
Estimate: £1,200 - 1,500
Result: £1,700."