The cathedral was designed by local architects John Michael Lee, Paul A. Ryan and Angus McSweeney, collaborating with internationally known architects Pier Luigi Nervi and Pietro Belluschi — at the time, the Dean of the School of Architecture at MIT. Its saddle roof is composed of segments of hyperbolic paraboloids in a manner reminiscent of St. Mary's Cathedral in Tokyo, which was built earlier in the decade. Due to its resemblance to a large washing machine agitator, the cathedral has been nicknamed "Our Lady of Maytag" or "McGucken's Maytag".

- Wikipedia

Urquhart Castle;( Scottish Gaelic: Caisteal na Sròine) sits beside Loch Ness in the Highlands of Scotland. The castle is on the A82 road, 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-west of Inverness and 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the village of Drumnadrochit.

The present ruins date from the 13th to the 16th centuries, though built on the site of an early medieval fortification. Founded in the 13th century, Urquhart played a role in the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century. It was subsequently held as a royal castle, and was raided on several occasions by the MacDonald Earls of Ross. The castle was granted to the Clan Grant in 1509, though conflict with the MacDonalds continued. Despite a series of further raids the castle was strengthened, only to be largely abandoned by the middle of the 17th century. Urquhart was partially destroyed in 1692 to prevent its use by Jacobite forces, and subsequently decayed. In the 20th century it was placed in state care and opened to the public: it is now one of the most-visited castles in Scotland.

The castle, situated on a headland overlooking Loch Ness, is one of the largest in Scotland in area.[2] It was approached from the west and defended by a ditch and drawbridge. The buildings of the castle were laid out around two main enclosures on the shore. The northern enclosure or Nether Bailey includes most of the more intact structures, including the gatehouse, and the five-storey Grant Tower at the north end of the castle. The southern enclosure or Upper Bailey, sited on higher ground, comprises the scant remains of earlier buildings.

History

Early Middle Ages

The name Urquhart derives from the 7th-century form Airdchartdan, itself a mix of Gaelic air (by) and Old Welsh cardden (thicket or wood). Pieces of vitrified stone, subjected to intense heat and characteristic of early medieval fortification, had been discovered at Urquhart from the early 20th century.Speculation that Urquhart may have been the fortress of Bridei son of Maelchon, king of the northern Picts, led Professor Leslie Alcock to undertake excavations in 1983. Adomnán's Life of Columba records that St. Columba visited Bridei some time between 562 and 586, though little geographical detail is given. Adomnán also relates that during the visit, Columba converted a Pictish nobleman named Emchath, who was on his deathbed, his son Virolec, and their household, at a place called Airdchartdan. The excavations, supported by radiocarbon dating, indicated that the rocky knoll at the south-west corner of the castle had been the site of an extensive fort between the 5th and 11th centuries. The findings led Professor Alcock to conclude that Urquhart is most likely to have been the site of Emchath's residence, rather than that of Bridei who is more likely to have been based at Inverness, either at the site of the castle or at Craig Phadrig to the west.

The early castle

Some sources state that William the Lion had a royal castle at Urquhart in the 12th century, though Professor Alcock finds no evidence for this.[12] In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Meic Uilleim (MacWilliams), descendents of Malcolm III, staged a series of rebellions against David I and his successors. The last of these rebellions was put down in 1229, and to maintain order Alexander II granted Urquhart to his Hostarius (usher or door-ward), Thomas de Lundin. On de Lundin's death a few years later it passed to his son Alan Durward. It is considered likely that the original castle was built soon after this time, centred on the motte at the south-west of the site.In 1275, after Alan's death, the king granted Urquhart to John II Comyn, Lord of Badenoch.

The first documentary record of Urquhart Castle occurs in 1296, when it was captured by Edward I of England. Edward's invasion marked the beginning of the Wars of Scottish Independence, which would go on intermittently until 1357. Edward appointed Sir William fitz Warin as constable to hold the castle for the English. In 1297 he was ambushed by Sir Andrew de Moray while returning from Inverness, and Moray subsequently laid siege to the castle, launching an unsuccessful night attack. The English must have been dislodged soon after, since in 1298 Urquhart was again controlled by the Scots. In 1303 Sir Alexander de Forbes failed to hold off another English assault. This time Edward installed as governor Alexander Comyn, brother of John, as the family had sided with the English against Robert Bruce. Following his murder of the Red Comyn in 1306, Bruce completed his defeat of the Comyns when he marched through the Great Glen in 1307, taking the castles of Inverlochy, Urquhart and Inverness. After this time Urquhart became a royal castle, held for the crown by a series of constables.

The remains of the 13th-century "shell keep" or motte is the earliest part of the castle to survive

Sir Robert Lauder of Quarrelwood was constable of Urquhart Castle in 1329. After fighting at the Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333, where the Scots were defeated, Lauder returned to hold Urquhart against another threatened English invasion. It is recorded as being one of only five castles in Scotland held by the Scots at this time.[nb 1] In 1342, David II spent the summer hunting at Urquhart, the only king to have stayed here.

Over the next two hundred years, the Great Glen was raided frequently by the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, powerful rulers of a semi-independent kingdom in western Scotland, with a claim to the earldom of Ross. In 1395, Domhnall of Islay seized Urquhart Castle from the crown, and managed to retain it for more than 15 years. In 1411, he marched through the glen to take on the king's supporters at the Battle of Harlaw. Although an indecisive battle, Domhnall subsequently lost the initiative and the crown was soon back in control of Urquhart. In 1437 Domhnall's son Alexander, now Earl of Ross, raided around Glen Urquhart but could not take the castle. Royal funds were granted to shore up the castle's defences. Alexander's son John succeeded his father in 1449, aged 16. In 1452 he too led a raid up the Great Glen, seizing Urquhart, and subsequently obtained a grant of the lands and castle of Urquhart for life. However, in 1462 John made an agreement with Edward IV of England against the Scottish King James III. When this became known to James in 1476, John was stripped of his titles, and Urquhart was turned over to an ally, the Earl of Huntly.

The Grants

The Grant Tower viewed from Loch Ness

Huntly brought in Sir Duncan Grant of Freuchie to restore order to the area around Urquhart Castle. His son John Grant of Freuchie (d.1538) was given a five-year lease of the Glen Urquhart estate in 1502. In 1509, Urquhart Castle, along with the estates of Glen Urquhart and Glenmoriston, was granted by James IV to John Grant in perpetuity, on condition that he repair and rebuild the castle.[20] The Grants maintained their ownership of the castle until 1912, although the raids from the west continued. In 1513, following the disaster of Flodden, Sir Donald MacDonald of Lochalsh attempted to gain from the disarray in Scotland by claiming the Lordship of the Isles and occupying Urquhart Castle. Grant regained the castle before 1517, but not before the MacDonalds had driven off 300 cattle and 1,000 sheep, as well as looting the castle of provisions. Grant unsuccessfully attempted to claim damages from MacDonald. James Grant of Freuchie (d.1553) succeeded his father, and in 1544 became involved with Huntly and Clan Fraser in a feud with the Macdonalds of Clanranald, which culminated in the Battle of the Shirts. In retaliation, the MacDonalds and their allies the Camerons attacked and captured Urquhart in 1545. Known as the "Great Raid", this time the MacDonalds succeeded in taking 2,000 cattle, as well as hundreds of other animals, and stripped the castle of its furniture, cannon, and even the gates. Grant regained the castle, and was also awarded Cameron lands as recompense.

The Great Raid proved to be the last raid. In 1527, the historian Hector Boece wrote of the "rewinous wallis" of Urquhart,[21] but by the close of the 16th century Urquhart had been rebuilt by the Grants, now a powerful force in the Highlands. Repairs and remodelling continued as late as 1623, although the castle was no longer a favoured residence. In 1644 a mob of Covenanters (Presbyterian agitators) broke into the castle when Lady Mary Grant was staying, robbing her and turning her out for her adherence to Episcopalianism. An inventory taken in 1647 shows the castle virtually empty.[25] When Oliver Cromwell invaded Scotland in 1650, he disregarded Urquhart in favour of building forts at either end of the Great Glen.

Broken masonry from the destruction of the gatehouse

When James VII was deposed in the Revolution of 1688, Ludovic Grant of Freuchie sided with William of Orange and garrisoned the castle with 200 of his own soldiers. Though lacking weapons they were well-provisioned and, when a force of 500 Jacobites (supporters of the exiled James) laid siege, the garrison were able to hold out until after the defeat of the main Jacobite force at Cromdale in May 1690. When the soldiers finally left they blew up the gatehouse to prevent reoccupation of the castle by the Jacobites. Large blocks of collapsed masonry are still visible beside the remains of the gatehouse. Parliament ordered £2,000 compensation to be paid to Grant, but no repairs were undertaken.Subsequent plundering of the stonework and other materials for re-use by locals further reduced the ruins, and the Grant Tower partially collapsed following a storm in 1715.

Later history

By the 1770s the castle was roofless, and was regarded as a romantic ruin by 19th-century painters and visitors to the Highlands.In 1884 the castle came under the control of Caroline, Dowager Countess of Seafield, widow of the 7th Earl of Seafield, on the death of her son the 8th Earl. On Lady Seafield's death in 1911 her will instructed that Urquhart Castle be entrusted into state care, and in October 1913 responsibility for the castle's upkeep was transferred to the Commissioners of His Majesty's Works and Public Buildings. Historic Scotland, the successor to the Office of Works, continues to maintain the castle, which is a category A listed building and a scheduled monument in recognition of its national significance.

In 1994 Historic Scotland proposed construction of a new visitor centre and car park to alleviate the problems of parking on the main A82 road. Strong local opposition led to a public inquiry, which approved the proposals in 1998 .The new building is sunk into the embankment below the road, with provision for parking on the roof of the structure.The visitor centre includes a display on the history of the site, including a series of replicas from the medieval period; a cinema; a restaurant; and shop. The castle is open all year, and can also host wedding ceremonies.[33] In 2011 more than 315,000 people visited Urquhart Castle, making it Historic Scotland's third most visited site after the castles of Edinburgh and Stirling.

Urquhart Castle is sited on Strone Point, a triangular promontory on the north-western shore of Loch Ness, and commands the route along this side of the Great Glen as well as the entrance to Glen Urquhart. The castle is quite close to water level, though there are low cliffs along the north-east sides of the promontory. There is considerable room for muster on the inland side, where a "castle-toun" of service buildings would originally have stood, as well as gardens and orchards in the 17th century.[2] Beyond this area the ground rises steeply to the north-west, up to the visitor centre and the A82. A dry moat, 30 metres (98 ft) across at its widest, defends the landward approach, possibly excavated in the early Middle Ages. A stone-built causeway provides access, with a drawbridge formerly crossing the gap at the centre. The castle side of the causeway was formerly walled-in, forming an enclosed space similar to a barbican .

Urquhart is one of the largest castles in Scotland in area The walled portion of the castle is shaped roughly like a figure-8 aligned northeast-southwest along the bank of the loch, around 150 by 46 metres (492 by 151 ft), forming two baileys (enclosures): the Nether Bailey to the north, and the Upper Bailey to the south.[nb 2] The curtain walls of both enclosures date largely to the 14th century, though much augmented by later building, particularly to the north where most of the remaining structures are located.

Nether Bailey

The remains of the gatehouse

The 16th-century gatehouse is on the inland side of the Nether Bailey, and comprises twin D-plan towers flanking an arched entrance passage. Formerly the passage was defended by a portcullis and a double set of doors, with guard rooms either side. Over the entrance are a series of rooms which may have served as accommodation for the castle's keeper. Collapsed masonry surrounds the gatehouse, dating from its destruction after 1690.

The Nether Bailey, the main focus of activity in the castle since around 1400,[36] is anchored at its northern tip by the Grant Tower, the main tower house or keep. The tower measures 12 by 11 metres (39 by 36 ft), and has walls up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) thick. The tower rests on 14th-century foundations, but is largely the result of 16th-century rebuilding Originally of five storeys, it remains the tallest portion of the castle despite the southern wall collapsing in a storm in the early 18th century. The standing parts of the parapet, remodelled in the 1620s, show that the corners of the tower were topped by corbelled bartizans (turrets). ] Above the main door on the west, and the postern to the east, are machicolations, narrow slots through which objects could be dropped on attackers. The western door is also protected by its own ditch and drawbridge, accessed from a cobbled "Inner Close" separated from the main bailey by a gate. The surviving interior sections can still be accessed via the circular staircase built into the east wall of the tower. The interior would have comprised a hall on the first floor, with rooms on another two floors above, and attic chambers in the turrets. Rooms on the main floors have large 16th-century windows, though with small pistol-holes below to allow for defence.

To the south of the tower is a range of buildings built against the thick, buttressed, 14th-century curtain wall. The great hall occupied the central part of this range, with the lord's private apartments of great chamber and solar in the block to the north, and kitchens to the south. The foundations of a rectangular building stand on a rocky mound within the Nether Bailey, tentatively identified as a chapel.

Upper Bailey

The Upper Bailey is focused on the rocky mound at the south-west corner of the castle. The highest part of the headland, this mound is the site of the earliest defences at Urquhart. Vitrified material, characteristic of early medieval fortification, was discovered on the slopes of the mound, indicating the site of the early medieval fortification identified by Professor Alcock. In the 13th century, the mound became the motte of the original castle built by the Durwards, and the surviving walls represent a "shell keep" (a hollow enclosure) of this date. These ruins are fragmentary, but indicate that there were towers to the north and south of the shell keep.

A 16th-century water gate in the eastern wall of the Upper Bailey gives access to the shore of the loch.The adjacent buildings may have housed the stables. To the south of this, opposite the motte, is the base of a doocot (pigeon house) and the scant remains of 13th-century buildings, possibly once a great hall but more recently re-used as a smithy.

Extwistle Hall, now in ruins, is one of the oldest buildings in the Burnley district of east Lancashire and it dates back to the late 16th century. It is located just over a mile north-east of the town, where it stands on a ridge of high ground between the Don and Swinden valleys. The two rivers combine at the foot of the ridge, a short distance west of the hall, and this no doubt underlies the etymology of the name as Extwistle translates into modern English as “river confluence where the oxen graze”.

Extwistle Hall was inhabited by the wealthy Parker family until a tragic accident in 1718 caused them to abandon it. Apparently the accident occurred when Captain Robert Parker returned from a shooting trip on a wet day and attempted to dry out his coat in front of the fire. Unfortunately he had forgotten to remove his powder flask from his coat and the resultant explosion killed him and injured a number of the household. The hall started to fall into disrepair after it was abandoned, although it was apparently occupied for a period as a farmhouse.

The hall has a sinister reputation and has long been associated with tales of the supernatural. One tale of particular note dates back to the early 18th century, when considerable sympathy for the Jacobite cause existed in Lancashire. It is said that after meeting with Jacobite agitators one night Captain Robert Parker witnessed a goblin funeral passing close to Extwistle Hall. He hid in some bushes but was horrified to see the procession carried a coffin inscribed with his own name. He took this as a warning against siding with the rebels and refused to participate in the Jacobite uprising of 1715. This turned out to be a wise decision as the revolt failed miserably and many of the leading participants were executed or financially ruined.

The picture shows the north face of the hall and was taken from the track that runs between Todmorden Road and Houghton’s Farm. It has long been rumoured that are plans to renovate the hall but unless action is taken soon it really is starting to look like this historical gem must inevitably be lost forever.

This fellow was getting a load from a batch plant near Marengo, Illinois

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

• Vlad, Starbucks Last Summer, Paris.

• Explore Jan 6, 2009 #209

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932 and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world, and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

This church, consecrated Saint Mary of the Assumption, is affectionately known in San Francisco as Saint Mary Maytag, or Our Lady of the Maytag since the inverted hyperbolic paraboloids resemble a giant washing machine agitator. I like saying "hyperbolic paraboloid"

Nervi and Belluschi killed this one. It's a treat.

Colorful Cross

A trio of Kenworth T359A 10x4 mixers loading at Silverwater batching plant.

Editor's Note: Here's a 3,000-word caption for people who like to read really long history posts.

This is an old picture of a statue of Louis XVI, King of France, that I took about five years ago in Louisville, Kentucky. The statue has a funny history. It was commissioned in 1820 by the only surviving child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, but there's never been a lot of demand for a statue of Louis XVI, so nobody knew what to do with it. It kind of floated around for while before landing in a warehouse in the French city of Montpellier, where it sat for more than a century. In 1967, Montpellier's mayor dug it out of storage and gave it to Louisville, because of all the possible Louises throughout history -- many of whom did great things -- Louisville decided to name itself after this Louis, the guy who'd gone and gotten his head chopped off in the French Revolution. This made it ironic when the statue got vandalized during all the protests over George Floyd and Breonna Taylor in the summer of 2020, forcing the city to remove the statue in order to prevent its destruction. That hand got chopped off, but Louis kept his head this time.

(Fun Fact: Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, the current supposed heir to the House of Bourbon and legitimist pretender to the throne of France, went on Twitter when all this happened begging for the people of Louisville to leave the statue alone. Historical irony flowed like rain.)

I post this because I got into an internet argument the other day with one of those disaffected young people of the Bernie Bro variety who idolizes the French Revolution. Somebody in the thread had suggested protest marches that follow the rules and get permits don't accomplish anything, and that if you want to get anything done, you have to make a big mess. Some other young person joined in, saying, "French kids learn about the liberating effects of Madame Guillotine." You hear this sort of thing a lot from certain sectors of the protest population, that everything would work out better if protestors just said "screw the system" and started chopping off heads like the French in 1792. My typical reply to this is to say something along the lines of "French kids should probably learn that the liberating effects of Madame Guillotine were instrumental to the installation of Napoleon as Emperor and the 15 years of war that followed it." This, of course, tends to throw the kids off, because their knowledge of the French Revolution starts and ends with rich people getting their heads chopped off, and then all of the sudden you get to Emmanuel Macron and a bunch of people in cool yellow vests. American schools are horrible at teaching history, especially foreign history, so the kids grow up barely knowing the French Revolution was even a thing, with no idea just how many steps you had to go through to get from Louis XVI to anything vaguely resembling democracy. All anyone knows about the French Revolution is that there was cake.

So here, friends, just for the Hell of it is my lightning fast (but still too long) distillation of the French Revolution and all the century of conservative reaction that followed, put down into a single post.

The Ancient Regime

The big thing to know about France in the second half of the 18th century is that the country was a medieval mess and had been for hundreds of years. On the foreign stage, France was pretty good at fighting wars and had become one of the great world powers. But at home, everything was a jumbled, barely unified Byzantine mass of conflicting laws and regulations and tax structures left over from the days of Charlemagne, and the end result was that a few very rich noble types kept getting richer while the great horde of everyone else fell further and further into poverty. And this is the mess Louis XVI stepped into when he inherited the throne at the age of 19 after the death of his grandfather, Louis XV, in 1774.

By all historical accounts, young Louis was a nice guy who probably meant well but was a bit of a doofus and a waffler. He might have been interested in modernizing the country if anybody had suggested it to him (he wasn't going to come up with that on his own), but his advisers had other ideas. These guys were still mad at England over the outcome of the last big war, when France got tossed off North America, and they had a plan to get England's goat. "All those stupid English colonies are really ticked off over tea,” the advisers said. "If we slipped those guys a few bucks, they might break away, and then the English would be the ones getting tossed off North America." So Louis ignored the crippling debt plaguing France from, like, the last hundred years of war and sunk a load of cash into the American Revolution. But then the thing blew up, and France got sucked into war with England for real, and the costs kept piling up higher and higher. A couple of years of bad weather in the mid-1780s led to crop failures that made the financial situation even worse, and by the start of 1789, people were starving in the streets. Something had to be done about this, and everybody but Louis seemed to know it.

And so, after a bunch prodding from all the nobles and the people in the streets of Paris, Louis and his advisors decided to call up the Estates General to come up with a solution. This was an ancient assembly, a kind of weak-tea legislative body made up of representatives from the three “estates” -- the three classes -- of the French population: the clergy, the nobles, and the common folk. The Estates General had been a big thing in medieval France, but it hadn’t convened since 1614, and nobody was sure exactly how it was supposed to work. But nothing else was working, and everyone figured this was better than nothing, so all the classes elected their representatives and sent them to Paris.

After a month or two of fighting about how much power each class should have, the Third Estate (the commoners) dramatically walked out and started their own legislative body, then invited members of the other two estates to join in, but only as equals. The other estates went along with it, and the legislative body (which called itself the National Assembly for a little while) settled into a kind of moderate-liberal reformist move with the occasional outburst of what at the time was far-left radicalism. They had a couple of fever-dream late-night votes where everybody tried to one-up everyone else, resulting in craziness like the abolition of feudalism and the elimination of noble titles and the nationalization of the Catholic Church and confiscation of all church property (which is how the French government came to own Notre Dame). They swung wildly between the reaffirmation of absolute monarchy and the establishment of a pure egalitarian republic, and sometimes people on each side of the issue got really mad. In July of 1789, the anti-monarchist mobs in the Paris streets got mad and stormed the Bastille, an ancient prison that had become a symbol of the worst abuses of monarchical power (even though it hadn’t been used much by the monarchy for a century and was at that moment housing just six people who all probably needed to be in prison). Louis spent the whole thing angry about all the power he was going to have to give up – though even he thought some of that might be a good idea – and wavering between tepid support and harsh crackdowns on revolutionary fervor. At one point in October of 1789, a mob of Parisian women angry over food shortages marched 20 miles to the Palace of Versailles, and Louis and his family wound up carted back to Paris and locked up in the Tuileries Palace for safe keeping.

But ultimately, it worked out to a kind of nice deal. The re-org lasted a year or so, with the end result being a moderate liberal Legislative Assembly run by benevolent rich folk like the former Marquis de Lafayette (now just Gilbert du Motier) that had veto power over the King. And if history had been satisfied with itself, that would have been that. The French Revolution would have been over.

The Terror

But history still had some tricks up its sleeve, and the people in the streets of Paris still weren’t happy. A lot of them thought the reforms were weak sauce, and that France still had a long way to go before they would feel anything like true freedom. Agitation increased in the streets over the next year or so. At the same time, a group of far-left agitators -- the guys known as Jacobins, after the name of the political clubs they'd been running for a year or two -- managed a slow-motion take-over of the Legislative Assembly, and they started pushing for more and more extremist reforms. Then they started calling for people’s heads. Louis and Marie Antoinette saw where all this was going, and they tried to make a break for it in June of 1791, but they got caught well short of the border. After that, they were taken as prisoners and charged with treason. The Jacobins in the Legislative Assembly declared the monarchy was dead, and they killed the monarch and his entire family just to drive the point home. Louis's head landed in the basket on January 21, 1793, and the First Republic was born in his place. (They were just calling it the Republic for the moment, because they didn't know about the other two.)

And then they started with the thing that gets so many of the protest set excited today. They started cutting off people’s heads in the phase of the revolution known as the Reign of Terror. That’s not an after-market label. That’s what the Jacobins called it themselves, because terror was the goal. One unadvertised aspect of the revolution was that it really was in many ways just a Paris phenomenon, and people in other parts of the country didn’t want any part of it. The Jacobins -- led by a real self-deluded nutball named Maximilian Robespierre – decided they needed to stamp all that out. So they started literally cutting the heads off the opposition. And yes, that meant killing off a bunch of former nobles and landlords and rich people. But it also meant hunting down and killing your old buddy Jacques from down the street who didn’t get teary-eyed enough when the guys at the bar started singing “La Marseillaise.” All the moderate liberals who’d been in the Legislative Assembly wound up killed if they couldn’t escape, but so did a lot of people in the streets who were deemed less than ideally patriotic. It took almost nothing to trigger an arrest and show-trial leading to a guillotine. The smallest statement of disagreement, the merest whisper of vague dissent could do it.

And this wasn’t just a Paris thing. The Jacobins sent committees out into the countryside to hunt down pockets of dissent and kill the less-than-zealous. One of the favorite techniques was to take a couple of hundred people-- mostly common folk, small-town merchants or poor country farmers who’d been picked up on one charge or another -- and tie them up in the hold of a barge. Then they’d haul the barge to the middle of a river and sink it, drowning them all. The Jacobins liked to call these “republican baths.” Ultimately – though numbers are a little hard to come by – the Reign of Terror is known to have killed about 16,000 people, though some historians suggest the actual number might be as high as 50,000. Only about 3,000 of these were in Paris, and only a small proportion of those were actually the rich former nobles so many in today’s protest set likes imagining itself cheering on to the guillotine. The vast majority were poor or merchant class people in the countryside who had committed the crime of not going along blindly with what a bunch of guys in Paris had to say.

This kind of thing is never sustainable, though, and eventually people had enough of the killing. Despite all the murder, the Jacobins hadn’t really solved the hunger problem, and they kept trying to distract people with patriotic wars against Austria and Britain and a few counter-revolutionary corners of their own country. Finally, one day in June of 1794, a few conservative-leaning survivors stood up to Robespierre in the Legislative Assembly, and it all came undone. The people of Paris rose up once more, only this time it was the counter-revolutionaries who’d been threatened with the guillotine just a few times too many. Robespierre and his Jacobin buddies wound up following all the thousands they’d sent to death. The radical Jacobin dream had barely lasted a year.

The Reaction

And here, I think, is where the true lesson of the French Revolution lies. Because everybody ends the story with Louis’s head in a basket, thinking some vague kind of freedom-loving, progressive France emerged from the chaos. But that’s really not what happened.

What happened was that France wound up in the grip of conservative reactionaries, who stamped out whatever civil liberties the revolution might have brought and reversed most of the social gains. These conservatives took a lesson from the Jacobin plan to distract the nation with endless war, and a young and charismatic artillery man used those wars to quickly rise up the ranks and into the government itself. In late 1799, that artillery man, Napoléon Bonaparte, executed a coup and took over the government as First Consul. Which, really, was just another word for King. Five years later in 1805, he declared himself Emperor and committed the entirety of France to a decade-long project designed to subjugate all of Europe under his absolute power.

“Say, Clint,” you might be saying. “Didn’t Napoléon get beat at Waterloo and sent off to die on an island somewhere? That’s what Abba told me. Didn’t France get freedom then?”

Not by a long shot, friends. I mean, yeah, the rest of Europe finally got together and beat Napoleon … twice. But once they shipped Napoléon off to exile, they reinstated the Bourbon monarchy. That’s right, people. The ultimate end of the French Revolution was to put France right back where it started with the ascendency in 1814 of Louis XVI’s brother, who would be called King Louis XVIII. (Louis XVII was the son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, who was never crowned king because he died in a Jacobin prison at the age of 10.) Louis XVIII remained king for almost ten years until his death in 1824, when he was succeeded by Charles X, another brother of Louis. Charles X firmly believed in the divine right of kings and the elimination of any and all civil rights, which led to a very bad five years for any remaining freedom-loving French. He was finally toppled in a mostly bloodless revolution in 1830, but the French replaced him with yet another king. This time, it was a cousin, the former Duke de Orleans who styled himself Louis Philippe, King of the French. Louis Philippe reigned until yet another revolution deposed him in 1848, and the Second Republic was born. But that republic only lasted a few years before Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, a nephew of Napoléon’s, got himself elected President and declared himself Emperor Napoléon III. And there’s no telling how long he would have lasted if he hadn’t gotten himself into a big fight with Prussia that wound up with him being deposed in 1870. After that, France was finally … finally … able to give up monarchy for good and establish the Third Republic, the current government of France. It only took the French Revolution 81 years after the Fall of the Bastille to catch on.

And that’s the thing people have to be wary of when they call for revolution. Revolution doesn’t usually turn out the way the revolutionaries think it will. Far more often than not, it results in a more authoritarian regime than the one that was there to begin with. In the case of France, the textbook revolution all revolutionary people look up to, the result was a succession of civil oppression and authoritarian crackdowns and kings on top of kings on top of emperors for more than eight decades. You start chopping off heads, and it’s going to come back to bite you. And probably your grandchildren.

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

L.A. actually does have good marches. I've attended a few in the past. So far they have all been orderly, with no outside agitators trying to make trouble

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

Debo aclarar que esta foto ha sido tratada con Photomatix para hdr a partir de 3 tomas y después se han retocado los niveles en photoshop. En ningún momento he coloreado el agua ni exagerado el color mas allá de lo que el hdr hace por si solo.

Estos enormes embalses no se para que se usaban pero permanecen allí contaminados y seguramente se esté filtrando por el suelo ya que no parece tener un fondo solido (no lo sé). Como se ve no tiene muy buen aspecto aunque allí pasan las tardes distintas aves sin saber lo que hacen.

Los aparatos dispersos flotando en la superficie son "agitadores" según los cuadros para controlarlos.

Edward Steven Phillip Shack (b. February 11, 1937), also known by the nicknames The Entertainer and The Nose, is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played for six National Hockey League teams from 1959 to 1975.

Shack was born in Sudbury, Ontario, in 1937, the son of Ukrainian immigrants. He left his job as a butcher to try out with the Guelph Biltmores hockey club, knowing he could return if hockey did not pan out as a career.

Signed by the New York Rangers and playing half a season for their AHL Providence Reds farm team, he made the NHL in the 1959 season and played two seasons for the Blueshirts.

In November of the 1960 season, Shack was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs, where he played five seasons on the left wing as a colourful, third-line agitator who was popular with the fans despite a lack of scoring prowess.

During the 1966 season Shack broke out, scoring a career high 26 goals on a line with Ron Ellis and Bob Pulford, and his popularity was such that a novelty song called Clear the Track, Here Comes Shack written in his honour and played by Douglas Rankine with The Secrets. It reached #1 on the Canadian pop charts and charted for nearly three months. Link to video - Clear The Track For Eddie Shack - www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqvNfez5zBA

Shack was a member of the Maple Leafs' last Stanley Cup-winning team in 1967, though his production fell significantly and he was traded in May of the 1967 to the Boston Bruins for Murray Oliver and cash. Playing on the right wing on a line with Derek Sanderson and Ed Westfall, Shack revived and scored 23 goals.

Injuries marred the following season, and he spent the next four seasons moving between the Los Angeles Kings, the Buffalo Sabres and the Pittsburgh Penguins. Pittsburgh sold him back to Toronto for the 1974 season. Eroded by age and injuries, Shack's skills had largely deserted him, and he retired after the 1975 season.

Link to video - Shack Attack: Eddie Shack Tribute - NHL 1959-1975 - www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-N69AZnhJg

Link to - The Hockey History blog - Eddie Shack - mapleleafslegends.blogspot.ca/2006/05/eddie-entertainer.html

Link to his hockey stats - www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=4886

Levi Tafari was born and raised in the city of Liverpool by his Jamaican parents. He attended catering college, where he studied classical French cuisine and graduated with distinction. In the early 1980s, while working as a caterer, he started attending the Liverpool 8 Writers Workshop and decided to become a performance poet. Tafari was a firm member of the Rastafarian movement and although his early performances were in that community, he saw it as his duty to reach a wider audience and began performing overseas.

Tafari self-identifies as an Urban Griot (the griot being the traditional consciousness raiser, storyteller, newscaster and political agitator). He has four collections of poetry, Duboetry (1987), Liverpool Experience (1989), Rhyme Don’t Pay (1998) and From the Page to the Stage (2006). His plays have been performed at the Blackheath Theater in Stafford and the Unity Theatre, Liverpool. He was also the first person to use the term “duboetry.” Several of his musical tracks can be found on compilation albums and he has recorded poetry, which has been released on audiocassette.

Tafari often runs creative writing workshops at schools, colleges, universities and prisons. Most recently he has applied his work to working with the British Council, undertaking tours to the Czech Republic, Jordan, Portugal, Germany and Singapore. He was Writer in Residence at Charles University in Prague. He has also appeared in many television programs including Blue Peter and Grange Hill. He also made a film about Rastafarianism for BBC television's Everyman program.

In 2001 Tafari toured with scrap recycle band, Urban Strawberry Lunch. He has also worked with the Ghanaian drum and dance ensemble Delado, the Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, jazz musician Dennis Rollins, and his own reggae band, Ministry of Love. Currently, Tafari is preparing a new collection of poems, experimenting in the recording studio with new sounds along with guitarist Ekio Falkenburg and he continues to perform his work in venues across the globe.

In early 2009 Tafari worked with children from Elmgrove Primary School in Belfast for their live performance in St George's Market. He attended the performance on 2nd April 2009.

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

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Agitator

1923 MA magazine designed by Lajos Kassák after he moved operations to Vienna from Budapest

Installation view “Engineer, Agitator, Constructor: The Artist Reinvented”

The Museum of Modern Art

New York, New York

December 13, 2020 – April 10, 2021

The back of the Agitator spec Acco's, shame Iveco can't get the height of the air intakes the same across onto the compactor line too. If they were all short like this it would be good, its a bit pathetic in my opinion, how hard is it to make them all the same height. The super high snorkels almost block the beacons fitted to the front of the compactors in waste applications.

Kann man Ironie blasen? Klassenkampf singen? Die Bolschewistische Kurkapelle kann das!

Die Bolschewistische Kurkapelle Schwarz-Rot -hier auf einer Demonstration und Kundgebung zum „Internationalen Kampf- und Feiertag der Arbeitslosen“ am 2. Mai im Prenzlauer Berg vor dem Baiz- ist eine Blaskapellengruppe aus Trompete, Bariton, Horn, Saxophon, Klarinette, Posaune und Tuba aus Berlin, die sich 1986 als soziales, musikalisches Experiment und als Nachfolger der Liedtheatergruppe Karls Enkel in Ost-Berlin gründete, mit dem Anspruch, Arbeiterlieder jenseits der DDR-Propaganda wieder hörbar zu machen. Beeinflusst wurde die Band durch die Ideen von Erwin Piscator.

In unterschiedlicher Besetzung, aber immer mit einer deutlichen Dominanz der Blechbläser, hat sie vor allem Arbeiterlieder im Repertoire, die sie neu interpretiert. Frönte man anfangs agitatorischen Liedern des Ostens – die Hymne der Sowjetunion, „Soldaty v put“ (Солдаты в путь), das Weltjugendlied samt Junge-Pioniere-Heimat-Kampf-Potpourris, so ging man später dazu über, westliche Protestformen in der Musik auszuloten und blies mit Nirvana, Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin, Laibach und den Einstürzenden Neubauten zur Attacke.

Grundsätzlich stehe der „programmatisch-politische Anspruch“ im Vordergrund, die Band möchte sich nicht auf ein reines Spaßprogramm beschränken lassen.

Ein Querschnitt durch die Ostberliner Bohème hatte sich einst in der Kapelle versammelt, eine Abordnung derer, die anders waren, unangepasst, subversiv und vielleicht sogar ein wenig widerständig. Sie spielten für die FDJ und für Hausbesetzer, in Kirchen, Umweltbibliotheken, Galerien, Jugendklubs, auf Straßenfesten und überall, wo man sie ließ. Sie spielten nicht nur Eisler und Brecht, nicht nur Arbeiterlieder und Agit-Prop, sondern auch Popsongs oder Folklore, Walzer und Marsch, altes und neues.

Die Bolschewistische Kurkapelle teilte sich im Sommer 2010 in zwei Sektionen. Eine firmiert weiterhin als Bolschewistische Kurkapelle Schwarz-Rot, die andere Sektion tritt seit 2012 unter dem Namen „Sogenannte Anarchistische Musikwirtschaft“ auf.

hinzugezogene Quellen:

Wikipedia: Bolschewistische Kurkapelle Schwarz-Rot de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolschewistische_Kurkapelle_schwarz...

taz: Sie spielten überall, wo man sie ließ taz.de/!5356114/

Buschfunk: Die Bolschewistische Kurkapelle Schwarz-Rot verlag.buschfunk.com/kuenstler/die-bolschewistische-kurka...

Webpräsenz der Band Bolschewistische Kurkapelle Schwarz-Rot www.bolschewistischekurkapelle.org

Berliner Zeitung: Interview 25 Jahre durchgetrötet www.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur-vergnuegen/interview-25-ja...

Spiegel Online: Revolutionärer Hupfauf www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/bolschewistische-kurkapelle-r...

Arte: Bolschewistische Kurkapelle www.arte.tv/de/suche/2395444.html (archive.is/20120721165503/http://www.arte.tv/de/suche/239...)

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Fotos © Streichphotography

Die Bilder sind in druckbarer Qualität und Original vorhanden.

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Copyright:

Denken Sie bitte daran, alle hier abrufbaren Medien sind durch das Urheberrecht (§ 2 Abs. 2 UrhG) geschützt und sind Eigentum des Urhebers.

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Denken Sie bitte daran, dass auch wenn Ihnen ein Nutzungsrecht gewährt wurde, dass die Werke Eigentum des Urhebers bleiben. Eine Weitergabe bzw. Übertragung des überlassenen Materials an Dritte, ist ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Urhebers nicht gestattet!

Alle Verstöße werden geahndet und rechtlich verfolgt!

Vielen Dank!

Stand: Mai 2015

For the Eurobricks Technic Challenge #9, create an A and B model using the same parts, with both being under 10,000 cubic students.

Model B is a Tractor with HOG steering, a 2 cylinder fake motor, rear wheel drive, movable plow, working sead spreader with spreader lift, working seed agitator. The model is modular with a removable hopper, seeder, and, with a little more effort, plow.

Model volume is HxWxL, 14x21x34=9996

Much more at Thirdwigg.com. Find the Youtube video here.

s0662a Leipzig Stadtplan 4484 MeyA4B10 Konversationslexikon Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts Leipzig und Wien Vierte Auflage 1888.

Leipzig (hierzu der Stadtplan), die zweite Stadt des Königreichs Sachsen, Hauptstadt der gleichnamigen Kreishauptmannschaft (S. 672), liegt 114 m ü. M., unter 51° 20' nördl. Br. und 12° 23' östl. L. v. Gr., an der Elster, Pleiße und Parthe, in der großen Ebene, die sich von der Saale bis zur Mulde und zum großen Teil bis nach der Elbe erstreckt, u. ist abwechselnd von prächtigen Waldungen, deren schönsten Schmuck zahlreiche herrliche Eichen bilden, von Wiesen, Obstpflanzungen und üppigen, sorgsam gepflegten Fruchtfeldern umgeben. Die Stadt zerfällt in die innere Stadt, die innern und äußern Vorstädte. Die Vorstädte sind mit schönen Gärten geschmückt, und ringsum liegen stattliche Dörfer, von welchen die im O. gelegenen "Grenzdörfer" Reudnitz, Neuschönefeld u. a. für das Auge untrennbar mit der Stadt zusammengewachsen sind, während die Stadt auch nach den Vororten Konnewitz (S.), Plagwitz-Lindenau (W.), Gohlis und Eutritzsch (N.) hin ihr Weichbild fast ganz ausgefüllt hat. Die Einverleibung dieser Grenzdörfer und Vororte in die Stadtgemeinde steht nahe bevor. Die durchweg gut gebaute und seit 1770 von Promenaden (den vormaligen Festungswällen) umgebene innere Stadt wurde früher in das Peters-, Ranstädter, Grimmaische und Hallesche Viertel eingeteilt. Auch die Vorstädte nannte man mit den Namen dieser Viertel. Jetzt unterscheidet man die Vorstädte nach den Himmelsgegenden.

Die Zahl der Straßen und Plätze Leipzigs beläuft sich auf etwa 250. Die Straßen der innern Stadt sind teilweise eng und krumm; doch werden von Jahr zu Jahr im Interesse des Verkehrs zeitgemäße Verbesserungen angebracht; die verkehrsreichsten Straßen sind die Grimmaische und die Petersstraße. In den innern und noch mehr in den äußern Vorstädten gibt es meist regelmäßige, breite und schöne Straßen. Unter den öffentlichen Plätzen nimmt der Markt, der vielhundertjährige Zentralpunkt des Leipziger Handels und Verkehrs, der Schauplatz vieler denkwürdiger Ereignisse, eine hervorragende Stellung ein. In der Mitte desselben befindet sich das 1845 in Pflastersteinmosaik ausgeführte Stadtwappen. Im J. 1888 soll der Markt durch Aufstellung eines großartigen, von Siemering geschaffenen Siegesdenkmals eine herrliche Zierde erhalten. Leipzigs Schmuckplatz und wohl einer der größten und schönsten Plätze Deutschlands ist der von schönen öffentlichen und Privatgebäuden eingefaßte Augustusplatz, auf dessen Südseite sich vor dem Museum seit 1886 ein von der verstorbenen Frau Mende gestifteter monumentaler Brunnen (nach einem Entwurf von Gnauth) erhebt. Von den übrigen Plätzen verdienen Erwähnung: der Roßplatz mit dem Schlachtenpanorama, der Königsplatz mit dem Denkmal des Königs Friedrich August des Gerechten (von Öser), der Fleischerplatz, der Theaterplatz mit dem Denkmal des Homöopathen Hahnemann, der Blücherplatz, der Johannisplatz mit Schillings Reformationsdenkmal (enthüllt bei der Lutherfeier 1883), der Rabensteinplatz, Marienplatz, Schletterplatz, Floßplatz, Südplatz, Körnerplatz. Von andern Denkmälern seien gleich hier erwähnt: das Leibnizdenkmal auf dem Thomaskirchhof, das Denkmal des Landwirts Albrecht Thaer an der ersten Bürgerschule, das Harkortdenkmal und der Obelisk zur Erinnerung an die Erbauung der Leipzig-Dresdener Eisenbahn in der Nähe des Dresdener Bahnhofs; seitwärts davon zu den Anlagen am Magdeburger Bahnhof das Denkmal des Bürgermeisters K. W. Müller, dem L. seine Promenaden verdankt; die Marmorstatue Gellerts von Knaur und das Denkmal des Liederkomponisten K. Zöllner im Rosenthal, einem vielbesuchten, reizenden Lustwald im NW. der Stadt. An die Tage der großen Völkerschlacht erinnern das Fricciusdenkmal, nahe der Johanniskirche, an der Stelle, wo 19. Okt. 1813 die Königsberger Landwehr unter Major Friccius in die Stadt eindrang, das am Ranstädter Steinweg 1863 zur Erinnerung an die Sprengung der Elsterbrücke errichtete Denkmal und nahe dabei vor der zweiten Bezirksschule der Denkstein für Poniatowski, der in der Elster seinen Tod fand; endlich das sogen. Kugeldenkmal an der Mittelstraße. Außer den durchweg schönen, rings um die innere Stadt führenden Promenaden und dem Rosenthal, in welchem sich auch ein zoologischer Garten befindet, dienen der Bevölkerung als Erholungsplätze in der Nähe der Johannapark, eine Stiftung des Bankiers W. Seyfferth, das Scheibenholz und Nonnenholz im W. und SW. der Stadt. L. besitzt vier Friedhöfe. Der hinter der Johanniskirche gelegene alte Johannisfriedhof wird seit 1884 als solcher nicht mehr benutzt und nach und nach in einen Park verwandelt. Der neue Johannisfriedhof liegt im SO. der Stadtflur, der nördliche an der Berliner Straße. In der Nähe des Napoleonssteins auf Probstheidaer Flur ist neuerdings (seit 1886) ein großer Zentralfriedhof angelegt worden.

[Kirchen.] Die innere Stadt enthält noch viele altertümliche, mit Erkern und Ziergiebeln versehene Gebäude, während in den Vorstädten, besonders in den äußern, der moderne Baustil vorherrschend ist. Die Zahl der Kirchen ist verhältnismäßig klein, und einige Neu- und Umbauten stammen erst aus jüngster Zeit; auch zeichnet sich das Innere derselben nicht eben sehr durch hervorragende Kunstwerke aus. Die Thomaskirche, 1221 als Klosterkirche vollendet, wurde 1482 vergrößert und wird jetzt vollständig umgebaut. Das Chor, vor dessen Hauptaltar 10. Dez. 1307 Markgraf Diezmann ermordet wurde, enthält die Bildnisse sämtlicher Leipziger Superintendenten von 1573 bis 1883. Die Nikolaikirche, um 1170 erbaut und 1513 erneut, wurde zu Ende des 18. Jahrh. bei Gelegenheit einer Restauration vieler wichtiger Kunstdenkmäler, so der Bildnisse des Petrus Mosellanus und andrer berühmter Gelehrten, beraubt, und erst in neuester Zeit fand man die damals entfernten Gemälde von Dürer und Cranach auf dem Boden auf und versetzte sie in das Museum. Auf dem Neukirchhof stand eine 1217 vom Markgrafen Dietrich errichtete Zwingburg, die später den Barfüßern zur Anlegung eines Klosters eingeräumt wurde. Die Kirche wurde 1494 umgebaut und 1698 restauriert, weshalb sie Neukirche hieß, bis sie 1880 nach gründlichem, durch Mothes ausgeführtem Umbau den Namen Matthäikirche erhielt (vgl. Evers, Geschichte der Matthaikirche, 1880). Die neue Peterskirche auf dem Schletterplatz, im gotischen Stil nach Plänen von Hartel und Lipsius erbaut (die alte Peterskirche befand sich bis zum Jahr 1885 an der Ecke der Petersstraße und Schillerstraße), ist zur Zeit das schönste kirchliche Bauwerk Leipzigs; ihr schlanker Turm, der höchste in der Stadt, hat eine Höhe von 87 m. Die bisher genannten Kirchen sind Parochialkirchen.

Die Pauliner- oder Universitätskirche, um 1240 erbaut, 1545 erneuert und von Luther durch eine Predigt eingeweiht, enthält den Grabstein des in der Thomaskirche ermordeten Markgrafen Diezmann und andre bemerkenswerte Epitaphien. Im Kreuzgang findet man eine Reihe von enkaustischen Wandgemälden aus dem 13. und 14. Jahrh., die, in sieben Hauptfelder eingeteilt, als die größte aller deutschen Wandgemäldeflächen (22,5 m Länge und 4,5 m Höhe) denen von Pisa, Verona und Assisi an die Seite gestellt werden. Zur Reformationszeit übertüncht, 1836 wieder entdeckt und 1869-71 mit Sorgfalt und Mühe restauriert, sind sie jetzt leider schon wieder so verblichen, daß wenig mehr davon zu sehen ist. Die Johanniskirche am Grimmaischen Steinweg, 1582 eingeweiht, enthält einige sehenswerte Gemälde; an der Ostseite befindet sich das Grabmal Gellerts. Die Kirche gehörte ursprünglich zu dem benachbarten Johannishospital, das 1278 als Hospital der Aussätzigen gegründet und zu einem Asyl für bejahrte Bürgersleute umgewandelt warb. Dieses im Lauf der Jahrhunderte zu großem Reichtum gelangte Asyl (Johannisstift) befindet sich jetzt in einem am Johannisthal gelegenen, von Lipsius entworfenen Prachtbau (1872 vollendet). In reizender Lage, am Saum des schönen Johannaparks, erhebt sich die 1883 begonnene, 1886 vollendete Lutherkirche. Die katholische Kirche, im gotischen Stil nach Heideloffs Entwürfen 1847 errichtet, steht an der Weststraße, gegenüber der Pleißenburg. Die im maurischen Stil erbaute Synagoge in der Zentralstraße ist ein Werk Simonsohns und wurde 1855 eingeweiht. Für die reformierte Gemeinde, deren Bethaus sich zur Zeit in der Klostergasse befindet, ist der Bau einer neuen Kirche auf dem Areal des Georgenhauses projektiert. Nahe der Lutherkirche, an der Sebastian Bach- und Schreberstraße, steht seit 1885 eine kleine englisch-amerikanische Kirche.

[Profanbanten.] Unter den Profanbauten verdient zuerst genannt zu werden das an der Ostseite des Marktes gelegene Rathaus, welches mit Benutzung der untern Mauern des alten, aus dem 13. Jahrh. stammenden Baues 1556 vom Bürgermeister Hieronymus Lotter erbaut wurde. In dem schönen, großen Sitzungssaal hängen die Bilder aller sächsischen Fürsten sowie ein äußerst kunstreich mit der Nadel gearbeitetes Werk, den Urteilsspruch Salomos darstellend, aus dem ersten Drittel des 16. Jahrh.; in der Ratsstube werden kostbare altertümliche Pokale verwahrt, darunter einer, der Luthers Eigentum war. Hinter dem Rathaus, am Naschmarkt, steht die 1678 erbaute Alte Börse, welche vorzeiten für ein überaus kostbares Bauwerk galt, auf der Plattform mit den Statuen des Merkur und Apollo, der Venus und Pallas (von Morelli) geschmückt. Nach Erbauung der prachtvollen Neuen Börse auf dem Plauenschen Platz wurde das Gebäude für die Sitzungen des Stadtverordnetenkollegiums hergerichtet. Am Markt steht auch das Königshaus, in welchem 1695 bis 1829 die sächsischen Herrscher bei ihrer Anwesenheit in L. wohnten. Hier feierte jahrelang König August der Starke seine berüchtigten Meßfeste, hier rastete 1698 Peter d. Gr., 1707 Karl XII. von Schweden, fand 1760 das bekannte Gespräch zwischen Friedrich d. Gr. und Gellert statt und wohnte 1809 Jérôme, König von Westfalen, sowie 1813 Napoleon. Im Erker dieses Hauses war es, wo letzterer vom König von Sachsen Abschied auf Nimmerwiedersehen nahm, und von hier aus führte man den König wenige Stunden später in die Gefangenschaft. In demselben Zimmer starb 1820 Fürst Schwarzenberg, der Sieger von L., und 1827 während der Huldigungsfeier die Königin von Sachsen. Die prächtige Fassade des ältesten Kaufmannshauses Leipzigs, Barthels Hof genannt (Ecke des Marktes und der Hainstraße), hat man nach dessen 1871 erfolgtem Abbruch, als Perle der Spätgotik, wieder auf der Hofseite des Neubaues angefügt. An der Ecke der Katharinenstraße steht die 1555 erbaute alte Ratswage. Dem Rathaus gegenüber, in der Grimmaischen Straße, befindet sich das länger als drei Jahrhunderte berühmteste Bürgerhaus der Stadt, Auerbachs Hof, welches, 1530-38 erbaut, durch die an ihm haftende Faustsage und durch Goethes Faustdichtung weltbekannt geworden ist, ehedem ein Bazar der reichsstädtischen Handelsherren und als solcher der wichtigste Meßhandelsplatz mit 100 Gewölben und vielen offenen Buden. Die in dem Weinkeller befindlichen Faustbilder stammen aus dem Jahr 1525 (s. Auerbach 1). Das stattliche Fürstenhaus in derselben Straße bewohnte 1712 Peter d. Gr. auf seiner Reise nach Karlsbad; im Erdgeschoß desselben befindet sich die Niederlage der Meißener Porzellanfabrik. Das angrenzende Mauricianum erbaute die Universität 1845 auf der Stelle der Begräbnisgrüfte des eingegangenen Pauliner-Gottesackers. In der benachbarten Nikolaistraße ist das Gasthaus zum Rosenkranz, die frühere Wittenberger Herberge, in welcher Luther bei seiner Durchreise nach Worms Quartier nahm und auch später oft herbergte. Nahe dabei ist Quandts Hof, wo in einem noch vorhandenen Seitengebäude die Neuberin mit ihrer berühmten Truppe spielte. In dem altertümlichen Roten Kolleg in der Ritterstraße wurde Leibniz geboren, und daneben, im Hof der 1834 erbauten bisherigen Buchhändlerbörse, wohnte und starb der Dichter Gellert. An der Nordseite des Nikolaikirchhofs, neben der alten, schon 1512 vorhandenen Nikolaischule, erhebt sich der 1887 vollendete überaus stattliche Neubau des Predigerhauses zu St. Nikolai. Die Ecke der Grimmaischen Straße und des Augustusplatzes bildet das elegante Café français, 1834 auf dem Grund eines alten Thorturms errichtet. Auf der Stelle des daran stoßenden Paulinums stand ehedem eine Zwingburg, die 1224 zerstört und durch ein Dominikanerkloster ersetzt wurde, dessen Gebäude nach seiner 1545 erfolgten Säkularisation der Universität zufielen. Im Paulinum befinden sich die Münzsammlung und die Universitätsbibliothek (vgl. unten), für welch letztere aber im ehemaligen botanischen Garten ein Neubau nach Roßbachs preisgekröntem Entwurf errichtet wird. Der nach der Universitätsstraße gelegene Hof enthält das Konviktsgebäude und das nach dem verdienstvollen Rektor Kaspar Börner (gestorben 1547) genannte, neuerbaute Bornerianum. Von dem Mittelgebäude nur durch einen Hof getrennt ist das 1834-36 nach Schinkels Entwürfen erbaute Universitätsgebäude (Augusteum) mit den symbolisierten Fakultäten von Rietschel im Giebelfeld. Die Aula enthält Statuen sächsischer Fürsten, die Büsten Goethes und Leibniz' von Knaur, Gottfr. Hermanns und Börners von Rietschel, von letzterm auch prächtige Basreliefs, die Entwickelung der Kultur darstellend, ferner ein Denkmal, welches die Universität den im Krieg von 1870/71 gegen Frankreich gefallenen Studenten setzen ließ. Im Augusteum befindet sich auch die archäologische Sammlung. Am benachbarten Augustusplatz erhebt sich das 1864-67 erbaute Neue Theater, zu dem Oberbaurat Langhans in Berlin die Entwürfe lieferte (Grundrisse und Durchschnitt des Gebäudes s. Tafel "Theaterbau"). Die allegorischen Gruppen in den Giebelfeldern sind von Hagen, Lürssen, Wittich und Schiele. Bemerkenswerte Gebäude in der Nähe sind das Postgebäude am Augustusplatz, das königliche Palais und die Georgenhalle, in der zur Zeit das Reichsgericht untergebracht ist, für welches jetzt ein großartiger monumentaler Bau auf dem Areal des ehemaligen botanischen Gartens, gegenüber dem Landgerichtsgebäude, errichtet wird. Dem Theater gegenüber steht das 1837 gegründete, 1858 eingeweihte und 1883-86 nach den Plänen von Licht sehr erweiterte städtische Museum, durch Schenkungen des Kunstfreundes Heinrich Schletter wesentlich gehoben, mit Skulpturen von Thorwaldsen, Schilling, Hähnel, Rietschel u. a., Gipsabgüssen, Kartons und hervorragenden modernen Gemälden, namentlich von Calame, Delaroche, A. und O. Achenbach, Bellangé, Biard, Verboeckhoven, Lessing, Defregger, Preller, Knaus, Vautier, Sohn, Lindenschmit, einigen Bildern der ältern deutschen und niederländischen Schule sowie einer großen Kupferstichsammlung. Das nahegelegene Fridericianum verwahrt das pharmakologische Museum und die akademische Lesehalle. Der Goldene Bär in der Universitätsstraße ist das Gründungshaus der berühmten, seit 160 Jahren bestehenden Buchdruckerei von B. Chr. Breitkopf, welche jetzt (Breitkopf u. Härtel) ihr Geschäftshaus in der Nürnberger Straße hat. In dem 1740 erbauten Gewandhaus befindet sich die Stadtbibliothek mit über 100,000 Bänden und einer reichhaltigen Manuskriptensammlung. In dem Saal des Gewandhauses fanden 1781-1884 die weltberühmten Gewandhauskonzerte statt, für welche in den Jahren 1882-1884 nach den Plänen von Gropius und Schmieden im ehemaligen botanischen Garten ein prachtvolles neues Konzerthaus erbaut worden ist, in dessen Nähe das 1843 von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy und kunstbegeisterten Leipziger Bürgern begründete Konservatorium für Musik ebenfalls einen Neubau erhalten hat. Im Hof der dem alten Gewandhaus nahegelegenen Großen Feuerkugel wohnte Goethe als Student und vor ihm Lessing. An der Ecke der Schillerstraße und der Petersstraße, an der Stelle, wo bis 1885 die alte Peterskirche stand, erhebt sich jetzt das prächtige Reichsbankgebäude. Gegenüber liegt die vormalige Citadelle Pleißenburg, 1213 als Zwingburg angelegt, 1547 zusammengeschossen und 1549-51 wieder aufgebaut. Hier fand 1519 die berühmte Disputation zwischen Eck und Luther statt, und 6. Nov. 1632 starb daselbst der in der Schlacht bei Lützen tödlich verwundete Pappenheim. Im Dreißigjährigen Krieg wiederholt belagert und eingenommen, wurde sie seit 1770 nicht mehr als Festung betrachtet und dient jetzt als Kaserne und zu andern militärischen Zwecken. Der Turm diente bis 1861 als Sternwarte. Am nahen Thomaskirchhof stand ein 1213 gestiftetes Augustinerkloster, mit welchem eine gelehrte Schule, die Thomasschule, verbunden war, die sich zugleich unter der Leitung ausgezeichneter Kantoren (wie Joh. Seb. Bach, Hiller, Schicht, Weinlig, Hauptmann u. a.) durch die Pflege des Kirchengesangs einen glänzenden Namen in der Geschichte der Musik erworben hat. Seit 1877 hat die Schule ein neues stattliches Gebäude in der Westvorstadt erhalten. Der alten Thomasschule schrägüber steht die Zentralhalle, 1850 als Vergnügungslokal errichtet; der große Saal ist geschmückt mit schönen Fresken (nach Preller). In dem Haus "zum Kaffeebaum" wurde 1694 die erste Kaffeewirtschaft in L. errichtet. Das Alte Theater, unfern vom Eingang zum Rosenthal, wurde 1766 vom Kaufmann Zehmisch gegründet und 1817 vom badischen Oberbaudirektor Weinbrenner umgebaut. An der Nordseite der Promenade stehen der Thüringer, Magdeburger und Dresdener Bahnhof. Die übrigen Bahnhöfe liegen vereinzelt und zwar der Bayrische auf der Grenze zwischen der Süd- und Ostvorstadt, der Eilenburger im O. und der Berliner im äußersten Nordosten der Stadt. Letzterer ist neuerdings durch einen über die Geleise der Thüringer und Magdeburger Bahn führenden Viadukt zugänglicher gemacht worden. Der Zentralgüterbahnhof befindet sich bei Schönefeld. Nahe dem Dresdener Bahnhof steht das große Gebäude der Allgemeinen Deutschen Kreditanstalt. Am Ende der Wintergartenstraße sieht man den Kristallpalast, das frühere Alte Schützenhaus, Leipzigs umfangreichstes Vergnügungsetablissement, mit schönem Garten, großen Sälen, Dioramen und prachtvollem Zirkus (Alberthalle). Auf der Querstraße befindet sich das großartige Etablissement des Buchhändlers Brockhaus. Ferner sind hervorragende Gebäude der Ostvorstadt: das Etablissement des Bibliographischen Instituts von Meyer (früher in Hildburghausen) am Gerichtsweg, das geschmackvolle Haus des Buchhändlers E. Keil, des Begründers der "Gartenlaube", in der Thalstraße, das Paketpostamt und das neue Buchhändlerhaus in der Hospitalstraße. Im Johannisthal, einer 1832 auf dem Areal der ehemaligen Sandgrube geschaffenen großen Gartenanlage, die aber in neuester Zeit teilweise bebaut worden ist, erhebt sich seit 1861 die neue Sternwarte. Auf der Südseite des Johannisthals liegen das städtische Krankenhaus zu St. Jakob, das Taubstummeninstitut, die Augenheilanstalt und eine große Anzahl von Universitätsinstituten, wie die Anatomie, das physiologische, pathologische, pharmakologische, hygieinische, landwirtschaftliche, agrikulturchemische, physikalische, chemische, zoologische Institut, weiter hinaus nach SO. der botanische Garten, die Irrenanstalt und die Veterinärklinik. Zur Verschönerung der Stadt, zur Verbesserung des Straßenpflasters und der Schleusen ist in jüngster Zeit viel geschehen. Von größern Arbeiten der letzten Jahre sind zu nennen: die Überbrückung des Elstermühlgrabens im Ranstädter Steinweg, die Niederlegung des Dammes zwischen der Pleißenburg und der Mühlgasse, die Anlage einer zweiten Gasanstalt und eines Schlachthofs im S. der Stadt, die Anlage einer neuen großartigen Wasserleitung aus den bei Naunhof gelegenen Wäldern. Die reichen Schenkungen, welche der Stadt in den letzten Jahren zugeflossen sind (Karl Tauchnitz, Grassi u. a.), ermöglichen der städtischen Verwaltung, für die weitere Verschönerung der Stadt zu sorgen.

[Bevölkerung.] Die Zahl der Einwohner von L. betrug 1676 gegen 20,000, 1776: 24,000, 1800: 32,146, 1864: 85,394, 1885: 170,342 Ortsanwesende, darunter 3373 aktive Militärs. Dazu kommt die Einwohnerschaft der wirtschaftlich längst zu L. gehörenden Grenzdörfer (62,446) und andrer Vorstadtdörfer (68,666) sowie der ebenfalls zur Einverleibung bestimmten Außendörfer (7827), so daß das wirtschaftliche L. schon jetzt mehr als 300,000 Einw. zählt. Dem Religionsbekenntnis nach zählte man 1885 in der eigentlichen Stadt 155,627 Lutheraner, 3844 Reformierte, 5623 Römisch-Katholische, 3631 Juden und 1617 andre.

[Handel und Industrie.] Schon gegen Ausgang des Mittelalters verdankte L. seine wachsende Bedeutung vornehmlich dem Handel. Die nach mehr als 400jährigem Bestehen im J. 1887 aufgelöste Kramerinnung und die später neben ihr begründete Vereinigung der Großhändler sowie der aus beiden Körperschaften gebildete Handelsvorstand (bis 1868) haben in ihrer Blütezeit eine hervorragende Rolle gespielt. Den Charakter als Handelsstadt hat L. zunächst durch seine drei Handelsmessen, zu Neujahr, Ostern und Michaelis, gewonnen, welche es zu einem Platz von universeller Bedeutung für die Handelswelt machen. Unter ihnen dauert die Neujahrsmesse, die unbedeutendste, zwei Wochen (1.-15. Jan.), die Oster- oder Jubilatemesse (zugleich Buchhändlermesse) und die Michaelismesse je drei Wochen, wovon die erste die "Böttcherwoche", die zweite die "Meßwoche", die dritte die "Zahlwoche" genannt wird. Am Donnerstag der Zahlwoche müssen alle zur Messe eingegangenen Wechselverbindlichkeiten gelöst werden; in der Neujahrsmesse ist der 12. Jan. dieser Zahltag. Die Leipziger Messen entwickelten sich aus Jahrmärkten und erlangten erst eine größere Bedeutung, als 1507 Kaiser Maximilian I. der Stadt Stapel- und Niederlagsrecht verlieh. Infolge der günstigen Lage Leipzigs in dem gewerbfleißigen Sachsen und zwischen dem industriereichen Westen Europas und dem stark konsumierenden Osten sowie infolge des Eifers, mit dem der Leipziger Rat und die sächsischen Fürsten über den "Freiheiten" der Leipziger Messen wachten, erhoben dieselben sich zu einer Bedeutung, welche von 1711 an diejenige der ältern Reichsmessen von Frankfurt a. M. überragte und auch nicht durch die großen Anstrengungen Frankfurts a. O. beeinträchtigt werden konnte. Die hauptsächlichsten Blüteperioden der Leipziger Messen fallen in das Ende des 17. und das Ende des 18. Jahrh. Einen letzten großen Aufschwung nahmen dieselben infolge des Eintritts des Königreichs Sachsen in den Zollverein 1834. Wenn aber der Umfang des Leipziger Meßgeschäfts noch bis in die 60er Jahre namhaft stieg, so darf dabei nicht übersehen werden, daß die rückläufige Bewegung in der relativen Bedeutung der Messen für den Welthandel auch bei den Leipziger Messen sich trotzdem gleichzeitig vollzog. Eisenbahnen, Post, Telegraph und das Institut der Geschäftsreisenden haben den Messen das Rückgrat gebrochen. Doch darf nicht verkannt werden, daß die jetzige Bedeutung des Handels- und Industrieplatzes L. nur durch die Messen ermöglicht worden ist. Vgl. E. Hasse, Geschichte der Leipziger Messen, Leipz. 1885.

Unter den Handelszweigen, für welche die Messen noch jetzt von großer Bedeutung sind, verdienen der Tuch- und der Lederhandel, besonders aber der Rauchwarenhandel hervorgehoben zu werden; dieses Geschäft gehört dem Welthandel im eigentlichen Sinn des Wortes an, denn hier findet der Austausch der amerikanischen und der russischen Rauchwaren statt, von welchen sich ungeheure Vorräte in den hiesigen Lagern zusammenfinden. Bei den Londoner Auktionen wie bei den Märkten in Nishnij Nowgorod spielt L. durch seine Vertreter eine wesentliche Rolle. In andern Zweigen, wie im Glas- und im Kurzwarengeschäft, pflegen die Verkäufer die Messen nur noch mit Musterlagern zu beziehen. Abgesehen vom Rauchwarengeschäft, welches die Käufer aus dem Orient auf längere Zeit hier festhält, spielt sich der Großhandel in der Hauptsache in wenigen Tagen ab und zwar in der sogen. Vorwoche, welche der Böttcherwoche vorangeht, also noch vor dem amtlichen Beginn der Messe. Von hervorragender Wichtigkeit war früher, besonders in den ersten Jahrzehnten nach Begründung des Zollvereins, der sogen. Zwischenhandel, worunter in erster Reihe der Vertrieb ausländischer Waren (englischer Kurz- und Manufaktur-, d. h. Webwaren, französischer und schweizerischer Seidenstoffe, Stutz- und Taschenuhren etc.) und zwar meist wieder nach dem Ausland verstanden wurde; er fand in den Messen einen Stützpunkt. Mit der Erleichterung des direkten Verkehrs, mit dem Erstarken der heimischen Industrie ist dieses Geschäft mehr und mehr zusammengeschrumpft. Auch der Handel in Webgarnen, in roher und gefärbter Seide, in Farbewaren, in Eisen und Blech, welcher, von alten, kapitalkräftigen Firmen betrieben, die Industrie in weitem Umkreis versorgt, ist schwieriger und weniger gewinnbringend geworden. Ebenso hat der Getreidehandel an Bedeutung verloren, seit der Zoll den Bezug russischen Getreides erschwert. Dagegen ist der Wollhandel mit dem steigenden Verbrauch von Kolonialwollen durch die Industrie gewachsen, und als neuer Zweig hat sich ihm das Geschäft in Kammzug u. Kämmlingen angeschlossen. Eine große Entwickelung zeigt ferner der Papierhandel (neuerdings wurde eine eigne Papierprüfungsanstalt errichtet), ebenso der Handel in Rohtabak (Verzollung 1886: 15,486. Doppelztr). Für den Umfang des Kolonialwarenhandels gibt die Thatsache einen Anhalt, daß im J. 1886 in L. 64,429 Doppelztr. Kaffee, 18,946 Doppelztr. Reis u. 34,322 Doppelztr. Südfrüchte verzollt worden sind. In dem Vertrieb der Erzeugnisse der deutschen Industrie sowohl in Deutschland selbst als nach dem Ausland hat der Handel ein sich immer mehr erweiterndes Arbeitsfeld gewonnen; die erste Stelle unter den Ausfuhrgebieten nehmen aber noch immer die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika ein; 1886 betrug der Wert der Ausfuhr dahin aus dem Konsulatsbezirk L. über 4 Mill. Doll.

Die Industrie, beim Anschluß Sachsens an den Zollverein noch von geringer Bedeutung, hat in L. selbst und in den Vorstadtdörfern, unter denen namentlich Plagwitz, Lindenau und Reudnitz ihr das rasche Wachstum verdanken, in den Jahren 1867-1873, dann wieder seit 1878 einen sehr ansehnlichen Aufschwung genommen. Die Zahl der Eisengießereien ist auf 21 gestiegen, der Wert der jährlich erzeugten Gußwaren beläuft sich auf 2 Mill. Mk.; die Mehrzahl ist aber mit Maschinenfabriken verbunden, welche den Guß weiter verarbeiten. Hervorragende Spezialitäten von L. sind Buchbinderei- (unter andern Drahtheft-) Maschinen, Werkzeugmaschinen, Destillationsapparate, landwirtschaftliche Geräte, Drahtseilbahnen; ferner feuerfeste Schränke. In der Pianofortefabrikation genießen einige Firmen Weltruf. Daneben ist in der Herstellung sogen. Musikwerke (Orchestrions, Aristons etc.) ein neuer Industriezweig emporgeblüht, der seinen Hauptsitz in Gohlis hat. Von großer Bedeutung ist auch die Fabrikation ätherischer Öle und Essenzen und die Spritfabrikation. Die Bierbrauereien von L. und Umgegend erzeugen jährlich etwa 570,000 hl Bier; auch die Fabrikation künstlicher Mineralwässer ist von Bedeutung. Neben einigen altberühmten Tabaksfabriken bestehen seit Jahrzehnten eine Anzahl von Zigarrenfabriken. In der Textilindustrie ist zunächst die 1836 errichtete Kammgarnspinnerei mit 52,000 Spindeln zu nennen; neben ihr besteht noch eine jüngere. Die Wollkämmerei, die Wollgarnfärberei und die noch junge Baumwollspinnerei sind Etablissements ersten Ranges. Ferner sind bemerkenswert: die zahlreichen Rüschenfabriken, 3 mechanische Spitzenfabriken (die ersten in Deutschland), Fabriken künstlicher Blumen, Gummiwaren etc. Zu hervorragender Bedeutung hat sich die Rauchwarenzurichterei und -Färberei entfaltet; ebenso die Fabrikation von Chromolithographien und Luxuspapieren. Als Spezialität ist noch die Papierwäschefabrikation zu nennen. Die Wachstuchfabrikation, seit langer Zeit in L. heimisch, leidet unter der Konkurrenz des Ledertuchs, des Linoleums etc.

Das Bankwesen zeigt eine entsprechende Entwickelung. Neben der Leipziger Bank (seit 1838) wurde 1856 die Allgemeine Deutsche Kreditanstalt begründet, deren Umsatz jetzt nahe an 2,5 Milliarden heranreicht. Noch etwas größer ist der Umsatz der Reichsbankhauptstelle, vor deren Errichtung schon eine Zweigniederlassung der Preußischen Bank bestand. Außerdem sind zu nennen: der Kassenverein (1867), die Filiale der Sächsischen Bank zu Dresden, die Leipziger Kreditbank; ferner die Kommunalbank für das Königreich Sachsen, der Erbländische Ritterschaftliche Kreditverein etc.

Im Versicherungswesen hat L. sich mit zuerst hervorgethan; 1819 wurde die Feuerversicherungsanstalt, 1830 die Lebensversicherungsgesellschaft begründet; neben letzterer ist noch die Renten-, Kapital- und Lebensversicherungsbank Teutonia zu nennen. Außerdem bestehen eine Menge kleinere Anstalten und Zweigniederlassungen auswärtiger Versicherungsinstitute. An der Spitze des Handels und der Industrie steht die Handelskammer, welche in der von ihr erbauten Neuen Börse ein würdiges Heim gesunden hat; dieselbe besitzt eine bedeutende Fachbibliothek.

Die Bedeutung des Leipziger Buchhandels durch Zahl und Betrieb der Buchhandlungen und Buchdruckereien und durch die Organisation des gesamten deutschen Buchhandels, welcher seinen gemeinsamen Mittelpunkt in L. findet, ist allgemein bekannt. L. ist Sitz des Börsenvereins deutscher Buchhändler, des Deutschen Buchdruckervereins (1869) und des Zentralvereins für das gesamte Buchgewerbe (1884). Ende 1886 bestanden in L. 509 buchhändlerische Firmen (1833: 92, 1860: 184, 1866: 207), von denen 244 reine Verlagshandlungen, 39 Musikalienhandlungen u. 14 Antiquariatshandlungen waren. Dem Verein der Buchhändler zu L., gegründet 25. Febr. 1833, gehörten davon 367 Mitglieder (378 Firmen) an. Die großartige Geschäftsthätigkeit des Leipziger Buchhandels kennzeichnet auch die durch genannten Verein 2. März 1833 eröffnete Bestellanstalt für Buchhändlerpapiere, welche Geschäftspapiere aller Art, als Zettel, durch welche Bücher verlangt werden, Geschäftsanzeigen u. dgl. (1886: 24 Mill.), unter den Leipziger Buchhändlern und durch Kommissionäre unter den Buchhändlern von ganz Deutschland vermittelt. Die Kommissionäre (Ende 1886: 142) besorgten die Geschäfte von 6136 Kommittenten. Der Umsatz des Buchhandels in L. entzieht sich der neuen Verkehrserleichterungen halber (billige Zahlungsvermittelung durch die Post, Girokonten der Reichsbank etc.) jeder zuverlässigen Schätzung. Die Zahl der in L. verlegten Werke betrug 1873: 1805, 1885: 2664 und 20 Landkarten. In engem Zusammenhang mit diesem großartigen Buchhandel steht der überaus lebhafte Betrieb der Buchdruckerei, die Anfang 1887 von 89 Firmen ausgeübt ward; viele der größern Buchhandlungen haben ihre eignen Offizinen, zum Teil verbunden mit Buchbinderei, Schriftgießerei etc. Notendruckereien sind 7, Steindruckereien 65, xylographische Anstalten 91 vorhanden. 1888 wird das neue deutsche Buchhändlerhaus eröffnet werden, in welchem auch das 1885 begründete deutsche Buchgewerbemuseum Platz findet. Vgl. Lorck, Die Druckkunst und der Buchhandel in L. (Leipz. 1879); O. v. Hase, Die Entwickelung des Buchgewerbes in L. (das. 1887).

[Bildungsanstalten.] Unter den Unterrichtsanstalten Leipzigs nimmt die Universität die erste Stelle ein. Sie entstand infolge der 1409 zu Prag zwischen Deutschen und Böhmen ausgebrochenen Streitigkeiten, wodurch 2000 deutsche Studenten unter Anführung der Professoren Otto von Münsterberg und Hofmann aus Schweidnitz nach L. auswanderten. Als Stiftungstag ist der 4. Dez. 1409 angenommen. Der erste Rektor war Otto von Münsterberg (gest. 1416). Anfänglich bestanden nur zwei Fakultäten, die theologische und die philosophische, die in zwei Kollegienhäusern untergebracht waren; dann kam 1415 die medizinische und 1504 die juristische hinzu. Kurfürst Moritz überließ der Universität 1545 die Gebäude des Paulinerklosters und einen großen Wald nebst andern Besitzungen, so daß sie jetzt acht Dörfer und in der Stadt einen sehr bedeutenden Gebäudekomplex besitzt. Das jährliche Einkommen beziffert sich auf mehr als 600,000 Mk., außerdem erhält sie vom Staat noch eine Subvention von 1,320,000 Mk. Anfänglich schied sie sich in die sächsische, fränkische, meißnische und polnische Nation, welche Einrichtung erst 1830 schwand. Mit der Universität stehen 48 verschiedene Seminare und wissenschaftliche Institute und Sammlungen in Verbindung. Besonders die naturwissenschaftlichen und medizinischen Institute sind reich ausgestattet. Die Universitätsbibliothek hat mehr als 300,000 Bände, 600 abendländische und 1600 orientalische Handschriften, das Münzkabinett fast 100,000 Nummern. Die Zahl der Studierenden im Wintersemester 1887/88 belief sich auf 3361 (vor 1870 durchschnittlich 1000-1200). Nächstdem sind zu nennen: 2 städtische Gymnasien (Nikolai- und Thomasschule), ein Staatsgymnasium, ein städtisches Realgymnasium, eine Realschule, eine königliche Baugewerkenschule, eine höhere Schule für Mädchen, eine Gewerbeschule, 7 Bürgerschulen, 8 Bezirksschulen, eine Freischule, 2 Fortbildungsschulen für Knaben, eine für Mädchen, eine katholische Schule und eine israelitische Religionsschule. Als Privatschulen bestehen 3 Erziehungs- und Lehrinstitute für Knaben und 7 für Töchter höherer Stände, eine Sonntagsschule der Loge Balduin zur Linde, eine Sonntags-Gewerbeschule, eine Übungsschule für angehende Lehrer, mehrere kaufmännische Fortbildungsschulen, eine Handelslehranstalt für Kommis, eine Lehranstalt für erwachsene Töchter zur Ausbildung für den kaufmännischen und gewerblichen Geschäftsbetrieb, eine höhere Fach- und weibliche Gewerbeschule, ein Seminar für Handfertigkeitsunterricht u. a. Ferner die von der Kramerinnung 1831 gegründete, auch im Ausland sehr geschätzte Öffentliche Handelslehranstalt, eine 1853 vom Verein der Buchhändler begründete Unterrichtsanstalt für Buchhandlungs-Lehrlinge. Der Förderung der Künste sind folgende Anstalten gewidmet: die Akademie der bildenden Künste und Kunstgewerbeschule, das städtische Museum, del Vecchios permanente Kunstausstellung (am Markt), das Kunstgewerbemuseum, der Verein für kirchliche Kunst, der Verein der Kunstfreunde, der Leipziger Künstlerverein, der Leipziger Kunstverein. Im Bereich der Musik stehen das Konservatorium der Musik (s. oben) und das altberühmte Institut der Gewandhauskonzerte (s. d.) in erster Linie. Andre Musikinstitute sind: die Singakademie, der Konzertverein Euterpe, der weitbekannte Riedelsche Verein für Kirchenmusik, der Bach-Verein, der Verein Ossian etc. Außer den beiden städtischen Theatern besitzt L. noch das in der Südvorstadt gelegene Carolatheater. Von den zahlreichen hierher gehörenden wissenschaftlichen und andern Vereinen erwähnen wir: die königliche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (gegründet 1846), die Jablonowskische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (seit 1768), die Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, den Verein für Erdkunde, den Verein für Handelsgeographie, die Deutsche Genossenschaft dramatischer Autoren und Komponisten, den Verein für Geschichte Leipzigs, den Landwirtschaftlichen Kreisverein, die Naturforschende Gesellschaft, das Museum für Völkerkunde, den Kaufmännischen Verein, die Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft, den Verein für Volkswohl, den Arbeiterbildungsverein, den Schiller-Verein, die Polytechnische Gesellschaft, die Gartenbaugesellschaft, den Gustav-Adolf-Verein, den Evangelischen Missionsverein, den Baugewerkenverein etc. Außer den beiden genannten großen Bibliotheken gibt es sechs Volksbibliotheken und die pädagogische Zentralbibliothek (Comenius-Stiftung). [Wohlthätigkeitsanstalten etc.] Die wichtigsten Anstalten und Vereine zu gemeinnützigen und wohlthätigen Zwecken sind: das neue städtische Krankenhaus (früher Jakobshospital, zugleich Klinik für die Universität), das Johannishospital für alte Leute, das Armenhaus, die Versorgungsanstalt St. Georg (am Rosenthal), die Heilanstalt für Augenkranke, das Taubstummeninstitut, 3 Stiftungen für Blinde, das Waisenhaus, das Leihhaus und die Sparkasse, die seit 1881 neuorganisierte Armenanstalt, das Daheim für Arbeiterinnen, die Gesellschaft der Armenfreunde, die Pestalozzi-Stiftung, 2 städtische Speiseanstalten, die neue Speiseanstalt in der Südvorstadt, der Kredit- und Sparbankverein, der Verein für Familien- und Volkserziehung, das Asyl für Obdachlose, die Herberge zur Heimat, 6 Kleinkinderbewahranstalten, viele Kindergärten, der Krankenhilfsverein, der Sächsische Landes-Militärhilfsverein (zugleich Landesverein der Kaiser Wilhelms-Stiftung für Sachsen), die Erziehungs- und Pfleganstalt für schwach- und blödsinnige Kinder, der Verein zur Fürsorge für entlassene Sträflinge, der Volksbibliothekverein, das orthopädische Institut, der Schreber-Verein für Förderung der Erziehung und des Unterrichts mit 3 Schrebergärten u. v. a. Freimaurerlogen hat L. 3: Minerva zu den drei Palmen, Balduin zur Linde und Apollo. Apotheken sind 15 vorhanden.

[Verwaltung, Behörden.] Die städtische Verwaltung liegt in den Händen des Stadtrats, der einschließlich des Oberbürgermeisters, des Bürgermeisters und des Polizeidirektors aus 12 besoldeten und 15 unbesoldeten Mitgliedern besteht, und des Stadtverordnetenkollegiums, welches 60 Mitglieder zählt. Die finanziellen Verhältnisse der Stadt sind günstige. Im J. 1885 betrugen die Aktiven 48,914,543 Mk., die Passiven 31,232,575 Mk., so daß ein Vermögensbestand von 17,681,968 Mk. vorhanden war. Die zur Stadt gehörigen Rittergüter sowie die in ihrem Besitz befindlichen Waldungen, Wiesen und Felder haben allein einen Wert von gegen 9 Mill. Mk. Als kaiserlich deutsche Reichsbehörden hat L. das Reichsgericht, den Disziplinarhof, die Disziplinarkammer, die Oberpostdirektion, das Telegraphenamt (mit Fernsprecheinrichtung) und eine Hauptstelle der Reichsbank. Die hauptsächlichsten andern Behörden sind: die Kreishauptmannschaft, Amtshauptmannschaft, ein Landgericht und Amtsgericht, 2 sächsische Eisenbahndirektionen, 2 Ephorien, ein Polizeiamt, das Hauptzollamt, Hauptsteueramt, Landbauamt, die Landeslotteriedirektion. L. ist Garnison der drei Infanterieregimenter Nr. 106, 107 und 134 und Sitz der Kommandos der 24. Infanteriedivision, der 47. und 48. Infanterie- und 24. Kavalleriebrigade. Das Wappen der Stadt (s. Abbildung, S. 662) ist ein der Länge nach geteilter Schild; links befindet sich auf goldenem Grund ein schwarzer aufgerichteter Löwe; rechts sind vier Balken abwechselnd in Blau und Gold.

[Umgebung etc.] Die öffentlichen großen, schönen Privatgärten, die vormals eine Zierde Leipzigs und beliebte Erholungs- und Vergnügungsorte der gebildeten Einwohnerschaft waren, hat die Spekulation vernichtet und in Straßen umgewandelt. Seit 1867 werden vom Rennverein auf der südlich vom Scheibenholz gelegenen Rennbahn öffentliche Wettrennen veranstaltet. Die besuchtesten Vergnügungsorte in Leipzigs Umgebung sind, außer dem schon genannten Rosenthal, das Neue Schützenhaus, Gohlis mit dem Schillerhaus, Möckern, Eutritzsch, Konnewitz, Schleußig und Zschocher, wohin reizende Waldwege führen, ebenso Leutzsch, Böhlitz-Ehrenberg u. Lützschena mit Park und einer Gemäldegalerie des Barons v. Speck-Sternburg; ferner die durch die Völkerschlacht von 1813 denkwürdigen Dörfer Probstheida, Meusdorf, Wachau (Geburtsort Rabeners), Dölitz, Lösnig und Markkleeberg, teilweise noch mit Spuren der Schlachttage; Machern, Knauthain und Eythra mit herrlichen Parkanlagen; endlich der Bienitz, ein 8 km entferntes Gehölz und Fundort botanischer Seltenheiten. In direkter Eisenbahnverbindung steht L. mit Dresden (durch zwei Linien), Magdeburg, Hof, Erfurt, Gera, Dessau, Berlin und Guben. Eine die Stadt mit den Vorstadtdörfern verbindende Pferdebahn (1887 Baulänge 29,8 km) besteht seit 1872.

Geschichte.

Die Stadt L. verdankt ihren Ursprung einem kleinen Fischerdörfchen, das die wendischen Sorben am Zusammenfluß von Pleiße und Parthe gründeten und Lipsk (von lip oder lipa, die Linde) nannten. Erst 1015 wird der Ort als Stadt erwähnt, die unter den Grafen des Gaues Chutici stand. 1017 verschenkte Kaiser Heinrich II. L. an das Stift Merseburg; 1082 wurde es von dem Böhmenherzog Wratislaw zerstört, erhob sich aber bald wieder. 1134 brachte es Konrad von Wettin durch Tausch an sein Haus. Unter Otto dem Reichen (1156-89) ward L., damals 5-6000 Einw. zählend, erweitert und befestigt und erhielt seine beiden Hauptmessen. Um die ihm besonders wegen der Gründung des Thomasklosters (nebst der Thomaskirche 1213), dem er das Patronat der Leipziger Kirche übergab, feindlich gesinnten Bürger im Zaum zu halten, ließ Markgraf Dietrich 1218 die Stadtmauer schleifen und drei feste Schlösser errichten. Während der Minderjährigkeit Heinrichs des Erlauchten (1221-63) ließ dessen Vormund, Landgraf Ludwig von Thüringen, das Schloß am Grimmaischen Thor wieder niederreißen, worauf die Dominikaner auf dieser Stelle ihr Kloster zum heil. Paulus erbauten. Heinrich vergrößerte die Stadt durch Anlegung des Brühls, der Ritterstraße, der Nikolaistraße und eines Teils der Reichsstraße (1237). Um diese Zeit bildete sich in L. auch eine Kaufmannsgilde, zu welcher sich die italienischen Kaufleute (Lombarden), die seit der Rückkehr Konrads von Wettin aus Italien sich hier niedergelassen hatten, gesellten. Bei der von Heinrich vorgenommenen Länderteilung kam L. mit dem Osterland an Dietrich den Weisen, Markgrafen von Landsberg (1263-1283), der den nach L. reisenden Kaufleuten für ihre Person und Güter einen Schutzbrief erteilte, die Bürger vom Gerichtszwang ihres Amtmanns befreite und 1273 der Stadt das Münzrecht verlieh. Bei der Länderteilung unter den Söhnen Friedrichs des Ernsthaften 1349 fiel L. mit dem Osterland Friedrich dem Strengen (1349-81) zu. Dieser und sein Bruder Wilhelm stifteten 4. Dez. 1409 auf Grund der Errichtungsbulle des Papstes Alexander V. (vom 9. Sept.) daselbst eine Universität (vgl. S. 666), welche zu Ende des 15. Jahrh. schon über 660 Studierende zählte. 1423 erlangte die Stadt, welche bisher von markgräflichen Vögten verwaltet worden war, jedoch nur auf Wiederkauf, die Ober- und Niedergerichte und bestellte einen Stadtrichter. 1454 wurde der Stadtgraben um die innere Stadt gezogen, und 1483 erfolgte die Gründung des Oberhofgerichts; 1458 kam zu den beiden schon bestehenden Messen noch die Neujahrsmesse hinzu. Bei der neuen Teilung der Wettinschen Lande 1485 fiel L. der Albertinischen Linie zu. Georg der Bärtige (1500-1539) gab der Stadt das Stempel- und Niederlagsrecht, erweiterte die Grenzen des Weichbildes und überließ ihr 1508 nunmehr erblich die Ober- und Untergerichte. Das 1519 in der alten Pleißenburg zwischen Luther, Karlstadt und Eck gehaltene sogen. Leipziger Kolloquium war für die weitere Entwickelung der Reformation von großem Einfluß. Georg unterdrückte zwar die evangelische Lehre in L. gewaltsam; indes schon sein Bruder Heinrich der Fromme (1539-41) führte die Reformation förmlich ein (der jedoch die Universität erst später sich anschloß) und erteilte dem Rate das Patronatsrecht über die Kirchen und Schulen. 1545 ließen sich die ersten Buchhändler, Steiger und Boskopf, in L. nieder. Im Schmalkaldischen Krieg erlitt L. 1547 eine Belagerung durch Johann Friedrich den Großmütigen, bei der die Vorstädte gänzlich eingeäschert wurden. Unter dem neuen Kurfürsten Moritz wurden dagegen die Festungswerke verstärkt, die Pleißenburg neu aufgebaut; die Vorstädte entstanden in ihrer jetzigen Entfernung von der innern Stadt, und 1550 wurde das Konsistorium aus Merseburg hierher verlegt. Im März 1549 ward hier von den sächsischen Landständen das sogen. Leipziger Interim beschlossen. Durch Kurfürst August veranlaßt, ließen sich viele niederländische Kaufleute in L. nieder.

Ungemein litt die Stadt in dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg. 1631 erschien Tilly vor Leipzigs Mauern und nötigte es zur Übergabe. Gustav Adolfs glänzender Sieg bei Breitenfeld 17. Sept. d. J. befreite jedoch schon 22. Sept. die Stadt vom Feind. 1632 und 1633 wurde sie vom kaiserlichen General Holk eingenommen, 1642 von den Schweden unter Torstensson, welche sie trotz des 1648 abgeschlossenen Westfälischen Friedens wegen rückständiger 267,000 Thlr. Kriegssteuer bis 1650 besetzt hielten. Der Dreißigjährige Krieg hatte der Stadt über 1,070,000 Thlr. gekostet und ihren Wohlstand gänzlich zerrüttet. Nach wiederhergestelltem Frieden wurde L. stärker befestigt; auch wurden damals die Lindenalleen auf den Wällen angepflanzt; 1677 wurde die Ratsbibliothek gegründet und 1678 die Börse errichtet. Seit 1667 zog sich der Buchhandel aus Frankfurt a. M., wo zu strenge Zensur geübt wurde, nach L., und seit Anfang des 18. Jahrh. wurde L. der Hauptstapelplatz des deutschen Buchhandels. 1682 wurde das Handelsgericht errichtet und eine Handelsgerichts- und eine Wechselordnung bekannt gemacht; 1687 trat eine Bücherkommission ins Leben, und 1690 wurde die Münzkonferenz gehalten, der 1691 die Einführung des Leipziger Münzfußes (1 Mark = 12 Thlr.) folgte. Unter August II. (1694-1733) ließ sich, nach Aufhebung des Edikts von Nantes, die sogen. französische Kolonie (meist Kaufleute) in L. nieder. L. gehörte zu den vier Legestädten des Reichs und hatte bei den sächsischen Landtagen das Direktorium unter den Städten. Von den traurigsten Folgen war der Siebenjährige Krieg für L., das von Friedrich d. Gr. mit schweren Kontributionen (über 15 Mill. Thlr.) belegt wurde. In der Zeit des nachfolgenden Friedens nahmen der Handel und die Messen einen Aufschwung wie fast niemals vorher. Die Universität wurde von Friedrich August I. sehr begünstigt, seit 1784 die Festungswerke abgetragen und der Stadtgraben in einen Park verwandelt. Eine ganz veränderte Richtung gab dem Handel der französisch-preußische Krieg von 1806. Die französische Beschlagnahme aller englischen Waren mußte durch Zahlung von 7 Mill. Frank losgekauft werden, doch hatte L. sich mitten in den folgenden Kriegsjahren starker Messen zu erfreuen. Im Krieg von 1809 wurde es 22. Juni von den Österreichern und 26. Juni von einem Korps Braunschweiger besetzt, das eine Kontribution erhob. Die größten Leiden brachte der französisch-russische Krieg über L. Am 31. März 1813 wurde es zuerst von Kosaken und andern russischen Truppen besetzt, die aber, bis auf eine geringe Besatzung, 30. April wieder abzogen, worauf 2. Mai, nach der Schlacht bei Lützen, ein Korps Franzosen unter General Lauriston die Stadt besetzte. Das welthistorische Ereignis der großen Völkerschlacht (s. unten) vom 16. bis 19. Okt. 1813 brachte furchtbare Schreckenstage über L. Die Stadt wurde mit Sturm genommen und erhielt einen russischen Kommandanten; viele Tausende raffte das in den zahlreichen überfüllten Spitälern, zu denen Kirchen und andre öffentliche Gebäude eingerichtet waren, ausgebrochene Nervenfieber dahin. Von Nachteil für die Stadt wurde auch die Teilung Sachsens 1815, welche die preußischen Schlagbäume bis zwei Stunden vor die Stadt rückte. Am 5. April 1831 wurde die verhaßte alte städtische Regierung durch einen neuen, von den provisorischen Kommunerepräsentanten gewählten Magistrat ersetzt. Von großer Bedeutung für L. wurde der 1833 erfolgende Anschluß Sachsens an den Deutschen Zollverein, dem schnell die Anlegung von Eisenbahnen folgte. Das Jahr 1835 brachte die Beseitigung des Schöppenstuhls, des Oberhofgerichts und des Konsistoriums, wogegen die Stadt Sitz des Appellationsgerichts und der Kreisdirektion wurde. Hierzu kamen 1836 die Buchhändlerbörse und 1. Sept. 1838 die Leipziger Bank. Eine durch die Maßregeln gegen eine sich in L. konstituierende deutschkatholische Gemeinde sowie durch eine Bekanntmachung der Minister in Beziehung auf den Symbolzwang der protestantischen Kirche hervorgerufene Mißstimmung der Bürger ließ es 12. Aug. 1845 bei der Anwesenheit des Prinzen Johann zu einem Volksauflauf kommen, bei welchem das Einschreiten des Militärs mehreren Personen das Leben kostete. Während des Sturmjahrs 1848 wirkten hier zahlreiche politische Vereine in verschiedenen Richtungen, namentlich entwickelte Robert Blum eine große agitatorische Thätigkeit. In der Nacht zum 17. Mai 1849 kam es zwischen der Kommunalgarde und den Tumultuanten zu blutigen Zusammenstößen. 1866 war L. mehrere Monate von preußischen Truppen besetzt. 1868 wurde das Reichsoberhandelsgericht und 1879 das Reichsgericht nach L. verlegt. Vgl. außer den bereits angeführten Schriften: Hasse, Die Stadt L. und ihre Umgebung, geographisch und statistisch beschrieben (Leipz. 1878); die "Mitteilungen des Statistischen Büreaus der Stadt L."; "Festschrift zur 28. Hauptversammlung des Vereins deutscher Ingenieure in L." (1887, auch die Industrieverhältnisse betreffend); Hirschfeld, Leipzigs Großindustrie und Großhandel (Leipz. 1887); Lokalführer von Moser (das. 1887), Benndorf (das. 1887); Große, Geschichte der Stadt L. (das. 1837-42, 2 Bde.); Sparfeld, Chronik der Stadt L. (2. Aufl., das. 1851); Wuttke, Geschichte Leipzigs und seine Umgegend bis zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts (im 1. Bd. der "Schriften des Vereins für die Geschichte Leipzigs", 1873); Kneschke, L. seit 100 Jahren (2. Aufl., Leipz. 1870); Derselbe, Zur Geschichte des Theaters und der Musik in L. (das. 1864); Müller, Das Stadttheater zu L. 1862-87 (das. 1887); Wustmann, Aus Leipzigs Vergangenheit (das. 1885); Seifert, Die Reformation in L. (das. 1883); Moser, Leipziger Wanderungen (das. 1874); Derselbe, Geschichte des Leipziger Handels (das. 1870); Derselbe, Chronik der Stadt L. und ihrer Umgebung (das. 1877); "Urkundenbuch der Stadt L." (das. 1870 ff.).

Publicité Diamond Reo montrant des modèles équippés avec des agitateurs de béton (tambour ouvert) pour le transport du béton). La date de la pub est inconnue.

Diamond Reo add showing example of trucks with concrete agitator (open drum) workload bodies - unknown timeline.

Near the Bundaleer station homestead is the Bundaleer Reservoir. The reservoir was built between 1898 and 1903 to provide water for Port Pirie, Snowtown, Brinkworth, Blyth etc. It is a simple earth wall reservoir but its construction made it one of the engineering feats of Australia and it is listed as the seventh engineering achievement of Australia! Planning work began in 1891 but the ground work only commenced in 1898. Unlike other reservoirs it is not located on a river or creek and it is not located in steep terrain with gorges etc. It receives water from concreted channels which cover over 30 kms bringing water from the Broughton River, Bundaleer Creek and Never Never Creek. All the water reaches the reservoir using natural slopes and gravity without pumps. To achieve this one major aqueduct was erected across one creek and sometimes the concrete water channels become tunnels when they go under hills. Unfortunately these engineering marvels are no longer used. Once the Morgan to Whyalla Murray River pipeline passed the reservoir in 1944 water was then pumped into the reservoir from the Murray. The amazing aqueduct now leaks water when rainfall fills the channels. Bundaleer received quite a bit of press notice during construction because in the early days a major embankment collapse was a disaster. In Friday 25th May 1899 the accident happened and five men were killed - Patrick McGrath, William Larkin, James Crotty, W Hamilton and William Ahearn and three other men were seriously injured. All were young and probably family men. Despite this accident worked proceeded and the camp director C. S. Mann later reported that it was an unpopular place to work because of its isolation but the main ones complaining at conditions at the camp were the duffers and agitators not the good workers. About 500 men worked with picks and shovels on the dam construction at any one time. Mr Mann was the engineer in chief who designed the reservoir and aqueduct and channels. He was also the architect of the Happy Valley reservoir system which linked the weir on the Onkaparinga River at Clarendon to the reservoir at Happy Valley many miles away beyond a range of hills. The steel aqueduct was started in 1900. £12,000 was spent on the aqueduct and the concrete channels but of this amount £8,000 was for the aqueduct alone. It carried and still carries water from Bundaleer Creek to the reservoir. It is 500 feet long (152 metres) and 50 feet high (52 metres). The reservoir embankment was 80 feet high (25 metres), 400 feet thick (122 metres) and 1,100 feet (335 metres) long. The Governor visited the aqueduct and the reservoir on its opening in October 1903. Meantime worked was under way to lay pipes to the main towns that were going to receive reticulated water for the first time. The main pipeline ascended the Hummock Ranges beyond Snowtown and joined the Beetaloo Reservoir to Moonta pipeline at Keilli near Mundoora. The total cost of the reservoir, earthworks, aqueduct, channels and pipelines was around £599,000 with £220,000 spent on the reservoir and associated drainage works.

Near the Bundaleer Creek aqueduct as some signs of old mining on the eastern hills. Three lodes of good quality copper were discovered here in 1858 and a group of men from Burra set up the Wheal Sarah Mining Company. Shafts up to 200 feet deep were sunk and thirty three tons of copper were extracted by May 1859 with the ore being about 60% pure copper. The mine operated only from 1859 to 1861 as the copper deposits were not extensive enough to be viable after the early success. Yet a new company was formed to rework the mines and shafts in 1909 but it had no success and ceased operation in 1912.

It definitely was about time to rain.

MEASUREMENTS

Length o.a. : 78.60 m

Length b.p.p.: 69.00 m

Breath moulded:. 17.60 m

Depth moulded: 7.70 m

Draught, Max.: 6.502 m

Freeboard, min: 1208 mm

Ligth ship 2220 T

Deadweight 3787.4 T

Gross tonnage: 2954 T

Net tonnage: 998 T

Classificati on

DNV 1A1 – FIFI I – SF LFL* COMF-V(3) E0 DYNPOS-AUTR NAUTOSV(

A) CLEAN DESIGN DK(+) HL(2.8) OILREC According to NOFO 2005

CARGO C A PA C I T I E S

Deck cargo 2500 tons

Deck area max L x B = 55.5 m x 14.4 m = 800 m 2

+-Deck strength Main deck from stern to fr. 85 = 5 t/m2

Fuel Oil 910 m3 Flow meter with printer

Liquid Mud: SG 2,8 975 m3 Total in 8 combi tanks

1 Agitators in each tank (EL. Driven)

Brine : SG 2,8 975 m3 Total in 8 combi tanks

Base oil: 414 m3 in combi tanks

Pot water: 933 m3

Drillwater / ballast: 1004 m3 / 1827 m3

Methanol + 178 m3

Nitrogen bottle rack system + 1 Nitrogene Comp.

MEG / Glycol 156 m3

ORO: 1122 m3

Cement / Barite/bentonit: 302 m3 in 5 vertical tanks

DISCHARGE RATES

Fuel Oil 2 x spindle Screw0- 200 m3 9 bar

Liquid Mud 2 x Ecc. Screw 0-100 m3 24 bar

Brine: 2 x Ecc. Screw 0-100 m3 24 bar

Base Oil 1 x two Spindle Screw 100 m3

Pot.water 2 x Spindle Screw 0-200 m3 9 bar

Drillwater/ballast: 2 x Spindle Screw 0-250 m3 9 bar

Methanol: 2 x Spindle 0-75 m3 9 bar

MEG / Glycol 2 x two spindle screw pump 0-75 m3 9 bar

ORO: 4 x Ecc. Screw 0-100 m3 24 bar

1 x 2 Spindle Screw 100 m3 9 bar

Cement / Barite: 2 x Comp. 30m3/min – 5.6 bar

2 x Cyclone

2 x Dust Collector

TANK CLEANING SYSTEM

A total of 8 cleaning machines fitted in: MUD,& Brine

Slop Tank 1 x 20.0 m3

MACHINERY / D/E-PROPULSION Resiliently Mounted

Main Engines: 4 x 1380 BkW/1800 rpm

MTV: Type 12 V 4000M50B

Main generators: 4 x 1445 EkW. 690 V, 60 Hz

Type: Marelli MJR 450 LA4B3

Emergency Engine: 1 x 99 BKW/1800 rpm

John Deere 6068 TFM 50

Emergency generator: 1 x 125 kVA-690 V 60 Hz

PERFORMANCE / CONSUMPTION a t 4 , 8 m d r a f t

Max speed: 13.8 knots

Econ- speed: 9-12 knots /

Service. speed: 12.0 knots / 9.1 t pr 24 hrs

Econ. speed: 10.0 knots /5.5 t pr 24 hrs

DP II Average: Draft 5,0 mtr / 9.3 t pr 24 hrs

HS: 2.5 m wind 25 knots

Harbor Mode 1 t pr 24 hrs

MAIN PROPULSION

Frequency controlled 2 x 1600 kW Schottel Twin

probeller Type STB 1212

Fwd. Tunnel thrusters 2 x 880 kW

Brunvoll Type FU-80-LTC-2000

BRI DGE D E S IGN : N A U T - OSV

1 x Consol forward bridge

2 x Consol aft bridge

1 x Radio station

AUTOMATION SYSTEM

IAS Powertec

LOADING COMPUTER

1 x Shipload

D P 2 S Y S T E M KONGSBERG K - POS - 2 1

1 x Fanbeam laser 4.1

1 x Radius

1 x Kongsberg DPS 200 CM

1 x Kongsberg DPS 116 CM

2 x Spotbeam

2 x Gill ultrasonic wind sensor

THRUSTER CONTROL

RR Helikone-x

BRI DGE WATCH MON I TORI NG SYSTEM

Havyard Powertec

ACCOMMODAT ION 2 3 P ERSONS

Cabins 11 off single cabins

2 off double cabins

2 off 4 men cabin

1 off office

1 off Hospital with additional 1 bed.

LIFE S AVI NG EQUIPM E N T 2 3 p e r s o n s

Safety Equipment: Acc to NMD/SOLAS for 23 persons

Life Raft: 4 x 25 persons

Mob boat: Type mako 5.55 m Water jet version, 6 persons

Survival suits: 23 persons

S t a n d b y r e s c u e e q u i p m e n t

Rescue class 250 persons

Mob boat: Type mako 5.55 m Water jet version, 6 persons

Rescue scoop 1 x Dacon

I N C I N ERATOR

1 x Atlas 200 SL WS P

Bo i l e r

1 x Parat Electrical 1600 kW

ENTERTAINING EQUIPMENTS

1 x Sat. TV: Seatel

1 x Rack with 4 x Tuners

1 x TV in all crew cabins

1 x TV in all lounges

1 x Radio / CD in all cabins

1 x Gymnasium w/Equipments

DECK EQUIPMENT

Windless 1 x NDM AWE-42 K3 8.7 T

Tugger winch 2 x NDM 7 ATC 180L4 10 T

Capstan 2 x NDM Capstan 101 10 T

Deck Crane 1 x Abas 3T 1.7 m -12 m

Provision crane

Hose Connection all substance Midship and aftship Starboard and Port

Methanol connection station starboard side aftship

A N T I ROL L I NG SYSTEM

2 x Stabilizing tanks. Passive anti.roll system.

navi gAT ION EQUIPMENT

1 x Furuno S-Band ARPA Radar, Model FAR-2137S (10 cm)

1 x Furuno X-Band ARPA Radar, Model FCR-2117. (3 cm) Chart Radar

2 x Furuno Conning system, Model Furuno

2 x Furuno DGPS Navigator, Model GP-150

2 x Furuno ECDIS, Model TECDIS

3 x Sperry navigate X mk1

1 x Sperry Marin Navpilot 4000

1 x Furuno Echosounder FE-700

1 x Athe doppler logg

1 x Jotron uais tr-2500

1 x Tayio td-1550A direction finder

1 x Furuno Voyage Data Recorder, Model VR-3000

COMMUNICAT ION EQUIPMENT GMDSS A 3

1 x Furuno FS 2571C MF/HF/DSC 250 W Simplex radio station

2 x Furuno Felkon 15 Inmarsat C

1 x Fleet 33

3 x Jotron. Tron TR-20 GMDSS Portable VHF

2 x Furuno FM 8800D VHF

2 x Sailor RT 2048 VHF

3 x Motorola GP360 VHF Portable

3 x Motorola GM380 UHF

2 x GSM mobile phone Fax/Voice

1 x V-sat

1 x Furuno navtex NX 7000

Siem N-Sea

Multipurpose field & ROV Support Vessel (MRSV)

Built:2009

Design:MT 6017 MK II

Dp Class:2

LOA:93.60 m

Breadth:19.70 m

Draught:6.30 m

Dwt:4,214 t

Accommodation:68

Cargo Deck Area:1,046 m2

Crane:100 t Offshore/Subsea crane

ROV Moonpool7.2 X 7.2 m

The Siem N-Sea is a diesel electric driven vessel with low fuel consumption for reduced emission to the environment. It is designed to meet the general offshore supply market with its 100 T heave compensated offshore crane, specially designed for ROV and light Construction duties.

Low noise and vibration in hull and superstructure ensure excellent sea-keeping and high comfort for the crew and personnel.

Owner: ..................................... Siem Off shore Inc

Builder: .................................... Kleven Yard, Norway

Built: ............................................................. 2008/2009

Design: .................................................. MT 6017 MK II

IMO No: ............................................................9424508

Classifi cation

DnV +1A1, E0, SF, Dynpos AUTR, Class notation

CLEAN, COMF-V rate 3, Supply Vessel ,

dk(+)(10 t/m2 ), hl(2,5/2,8), LFL*, OIL REC,

NAUT OSV, ICE C

Flag - Norwegian

Certifi cates - World wide

1966 Loadline Conv.,SOLAS, MARPOL

Main dimensions

LOA: ...................................................................... 93.60 m

LPP: ....................................................................... 86.60 m

Breadth: ............................................................... 19.70 m

Depth 1st deck: ...................................................7.85 m

Draught scantling ................................. (max) 6.30 m

Gross tonnage (1969 conv.): ........................4850 GT

Net tonnage .........................................................1450 T

Trial Speed

Speed: ........................................... 15,5 knots approx

CARGO /CAPACITIES

General

All cargo pumps are frequency/capacity controlled.

The cement bulk system includes dust collector

with dust cyclone for the bulk tanks with

automatic drainage

Liquid Mud and Special Product tanks is free of

any stiff eners, girders or floors. 10 off agitators

for the mud tanks installed.

Wash water syst. w/wash. mash. for brine,

mud and slop tanks to be heated to above 80

degree Celsius in the hot water tk.

CAPACITIES

Dead weight at .................................d=6.30 m 4500 t

Deck cargo capacity: VCG 1m a.dk ................3400 t

Cargo deck area: ................................... max 1046 m2

Deck strenght: ................................................... 10t/m2

Fuel oil, total: ...................................................1.150 m3

Fresh water, total: ..........................................1.000 m3

Ballast water/ drill water: ............................1.530 m3

Liquid mudr: ....................................................... 860 m3

Slop (wash w): .......................................................43 m3

Slop: ....................................................................... 300 m3

Brine: ..................................................................... 495 m3

Drill water: ........................................................1.310 m3

Methanol: ............................................................ 175 m3

Special product: ................................................ 220 m3

Cement: ................................................................ 300 m3

Emulsion Breaker: ............................................. 100 m3

ORO: ...................................................................1.130 m3

Liq. cargo discharge pumps

Fresh water: ............4” 2 x 0 -150 m3/hour – 9 bar

Ballast ............. 4” 2 x 0 -150 m3/hour – 9 bar

Fuel oil: ......................4” 2 x 0 -250m3/hour - 9 bar

Liq mud: ..........4” 1 x 0 -100m3/hour - 24 bar + 1

x 0 – 125m3/h – 24bar

Slop (wash w) ................. 1 x 16m3/h vs. 5,0 bar. for

emptying tks

Slop: ......................... 4” 2 x 0 -100m3/hour - 24 bar

Brine: ....................... 4” 2 x 0 -100m3/hour - 24 bar

Drill water: ................4” 2 x 0 -150m3/hour - 9 bar

Methanol: ................... 4” 2 x 0 -75m3/hour - 9 bar

Special prod: .............. 4” 2 x 0 -75m3/hour - 9 bar

Cement: ..............4” 2 x compr. 30m3/min -5,6bar:

2x100te/hr

Emulsion breaker: .......4” 2 x 0 -100m3/hour - 9 bar

ORO: ..........4” 2 x 0 -250m3/hour - 9 bar (comb.F.O.)

SHIP EQUIPMENT

DP system

One fully automatic DP system AUTR

with redundancy in position reference and

thruster control (DP-class 2)

Navigation & comm. equpment

1 x 3cm/X - band Radar, ARPA

According to GMDSS Sea area A3 to be installed.

1 x 10cm/S - band Radar,

ARPA & interswitch between radars

Helicopter monitoring, Helicom & Helibeacon inst.

1 x Mini-ARPA ARP-23

According to GMDSS A3:

1 x Direction fi nder (VHF and MF)

1 x Satellite V-system to be prepared for by yard

1 x NMEA distribution unit

1 x MF/HF 150W simplex Radio w/dualpow & DSC

1 x 12 channels DGPS satellite type Furuno

1 x Inmarsat C type Furuno Felcom 15&telex&EGC

1 x AIS type Furuno Universal AIS

1 x Inmarsat F 77 w/telefax and telephone. Interface

to email system and ships internal communicat.syst.

1 x ECDIS voyage computer,

type Telchart TRANSAS with

1 x Navtex-receiver, type Furuno Navtex 500

interface to radars, DGPS, Ecco Sounder,

AIS syst, Gyro

1 x Watch keeping receiver system

3 x Gyro, Anschutz Standard 22

This antique "Hamilton Beach" Milkshake Maker dates back to between 1942-1950. It was made having only 3 parts to it, the cup, motor with single agitator and housing stand. From it's looks it must have made many milkshakes.

This Aug. 10, 2015, photo shows two of the big rotating pieces at the front end of the SR 99 tunneling machine. The largest circle is Bertha’s main bearing and bull gear, which rotates the cutterhead. The smaller circle is the center pipe, part of the agitator that mixes excavated material in the chamber behind the cutterhead. Learn more about the Alaskan Way Viaduct Replacement Program at www.alaskanwayviaduct.org or follow Bertha, the SR 99 tunneling machine, on Twitter @BerthaDigsSR99.

River Dargle Flood Defence Scheme.

These images were taken during the first week of December 2016.

Work has finished on the construction of the 'debris trap' in the river bed, opposite the Rivervale Apartments complex. This work was begun a few years ago, and halted with the creation of a pit, and the placement of (what I like to call) the 8 Dargle Dolmen stones (upright pillars) - 4 of which are immediately visible to the eye.

The ‘Debris Trap’ consists of 12 concrete elliptical shaped columns approximately 1.6m (5ft) high spaced 0.5m apart across the river channel -- essential for trapping any trees or other objects which may flow down the river in flood conditions.

To create proper foundations for the columns, the guys had to drive steel piles deep into the bed of the river. Similar to work done elsewhere. Within that waterproof chamber, they set/poured concrete to build the columns.

So, as we can see, they'd (chamfered) dressed a terrace adjacent to the pillars.

Now there are engaged in what is know as 'Hydro-seeding'.

Hydroseeding:

Hydroseeding (hydraulic mulch seeding) is the process of spraying a specially mixed slurry comprising of water, seed, hydro-mulch, fertiliser plus eco-friendly binder in just one operation. Although the optimum times to hydroseed are Spring and Autumn, with the right weather conditions hydroseeding can be carried out throughout the year.

Individual mixtures (grasses, legumes, wildflower, tree & shrub seed and sedum) can all be applied with a variety of different hydro-mulches; wood fibre, paper etc, together with organic tackifiers, fertilisers and trace elements to establish vegetation on inhospitable sites.

Additives to the hydroseed mix such as plant hormones, additional erosion control tackifier, soil amendments and microbial bacteria, enhance germination establishment to create the ideal growing environment that increases moisture retention, aids soil stabilisation, provides valuable nutrients and helps fight disease.

Looks like they're using the T-60 HydroSeeder® - 600 Gallon Working Capacity Tank.

The Finn Model T-60 Series II is the ideal 600 gallon HydroSeeder® for the landscaper or contractor who needs an economical machine for seeding smaller jobs. Coverage is up to 7200 square feet per load with seed, fertilizer and mulch in an easy, one-step process.

Private homes, ball fields, apartments, condominiums and golf course work are just a few of the ideal applications for the T-60. For a small investment you can become a one-person seeding and mulching crew.

The T-60 combines top machine performance with a clean, operator friendly design. For the maximum in mixing efficiency, the T-60 features both hydraulically controlled paddle agitator and liquid re-circulation. For operator convenience, agitator controls are at each end of the tank. A low machine profile allows for easy material loading and excellent sta bility. A large tool box in the hitch can be used for storing hose & nozzles.

Finn's powerful centrifugal slurry pump is driven by an in-line common shaft clutch, eliminating high maintenance belts and coupling. This new configuration dramatically increases output and operating pressure.

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

we had to clean up an old gdr house, which was fully equiped. including a big box with maps and travel informations from 1950s till 1990s, which was the biggest find for me :)

I also took a big pack of ugly postcards with me, dont really know what to do with all that stuff, but I will post some more.

this is a booklet of camping sites at the baltic sea round rostock from 1965, comes with some forms and infos

Two tanks I made exclusively with pieces from two Pirate Tank sets. After seeing what Legohaulic and Nannan did with two, I couldn't resist when I accidentally got a pair myself, for Christmas. I didn't finish quite as spectacularly as them, but I'm rather pleased.

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

Mary Edmonson (1832–1853) and Emily Edmonson (1835–1895), "two respectable young women of light complexion", were African Americans who became celebrities in the United States abolitionist movement after gaining their freedom from slavery.

[edit]L

This 8-wheeler Mack agitator/concrete mixer operated by Boral was seen by chance near Sydney airport at Mascot in August 1991.

I'm fairly certain this is an 'MBR' model and although it's not great on styling, it still has a certain charm and I don't recall seeing another model like this anywhere in Australia during my visit that year.

Fenella and Mary, Aged Agitators, Bristol, August 2020.

Website: simonholliday.com

Instagram: @SimonHolliday

This villa was built in the 18th century on one of the most beautiful places on earth with a killer view! Only this view will add a million dollars to the price of these grounds. It was built by a wealthy baron who built it as his summer house. When the baron left, rumours say that the villa was owned by anarchists, Utopians and agitators. At one time even they left and currently the place is awaiting to be bought. Probably for some several millions…

Visited this location during our Italy Tour 2013

Seaton Carew is a seaside resort in County Durham, northern England, with a population of 6,018 (2017). The area is named after a Norman French family called Carou who owned lands in the area and settled there, while 'Seaton' means farmstead or settlement by the sea. The resort falls within the unitary authority of Hartlepool.

It separated from most of Hartlepool by the Durham Coast Line. The resort is on the North Sea coast and north of the river Tees estuary.

There is evidence that the area was occupied in Roman times as vestiges of Roman buildings, coins and artefacts are occasionally found on the beach. Later during the reign of Henry I, Seaton came into the possession of Robert De Carrowe and the settlement changed its name to Seaton Carrowe. In medieval times salt was extracted from sea water by evaporation and ash from the fuel used to remove the water was dumped on North Gare and now forms a series of grass covered mounds on the golf course.[9] A Gilbertine priory or cell to Sempringham Priory was established in the Seaton area although so far no trace has been found. In 1667 a gun fortification was built on the promontory of Seaton Snook to defend the mouth of the Tees, particularly against the Dutch—remnants of these fortifications can be seen today.

Seaton Carew was a fishing village but grew in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a seaside holiday resort for wealthy Quaker families from Darlington, effectively founding Seaton Carew as a seaside resort. Many stayed at the rows of stucco houses and hotels built along the seafront and around The Green—a turfed square facing the sea.

In 1867 a hoard of Spanish silver dollars was revealed in the sands following a heavy storm.

In 1874 the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club (now Seaton Carew Golf Club) was founded by Duncan McCuaig, with a 14-hole course on coastal land to the south-east of Seaton Carew. Four holes were added in 1891 and in 1925 further work was carried out with the guidance of renowned golf course designer Alister MacKenzie.

In 1882 Seaton Carew was incorporated into West Hartlepool and the Museum of Hartlepool records that a small riot involving Irish labourers took place in the late Victorian era, when townsfolk mistook them for Fenian agitators.

Just north of Seaton was the works of the West Hartlepool Steel & Iron Company. In 1898 Christopher Furness and W.C. Gray of West Hartlepool purchased the Stockton Malleable Iron Works, the Moor Steel and Iron Works, and the West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works to form the South Durham Steel and Iron Company. This became part of the British Steel Corporation in 1967. The West Hartlepool Steel and Iron Works is thought to have closed in 1979.

Tourists and visitors are attracted to the resort's four miles of sandy beach, promenade, arcades, and fish and chip restaurants. The beach is regularly cleaned and is patrolled by lifeguards during the summer holidays. In 2019 the main beach was given an 'excellent' bathing rating by the Environment Agency and was granted a Seaside Award by environmental charity Keep Britain Tidy.

The artist and leading railway poster designer Frank Henry Mason (1875–1965) was born at Seaton Carew and briefly worked in a Hartlepool shipyard.

The science fiction writer Mark Adlard was born in Seaton Carew in 1932[53] and for a time he lived on The Green.

Neil Warnock, football manager/pundit, lived in Seaton Carew when he played for Hartlepool United.

Footballer Evan Horwood grew up in Seaton before moving to Yorkshire to play for Sheffield United. He has also played for Carlisle United F.C., Hartlepool United and Tranmere Rovers.

John Darwin and his wife Anne lived in Seaton when John faked his death in a canoeing accident in 2002. The story made the news across the world and it inspired a BBC drama documentary on the Darwins' lives

Protesting white parents and students gather outside Poolesville Elementary school September 5, 1956 to call for a boycott on the first day of integration of Montgomery County’s Poolesville school.

Two years after the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation of public schools by race, Montgomery County, Md. began a phased integration of its schools. In the upper county area this meant sending 14 select, upper grade black students to the K-12 school in Poolesville.

The integration effort went on without organized opposition throughout the rest of the county, but staunch segregationists organized a school boycott and a series of demonstrations and protest meetings in an attempt to halt black students from attending the all-white school in Poolesville.

On that first day of classes about 150 parents gathered outside the school to encourage the students and other parents to keep their children out of school. About 300 children were held out on the first day.

One woman in the crowd shouted out, “We oughta make so much noise that they can’t teach.”

School principal Robert T. Crawford estimated that about 173 of 340 elementary students were absent and 125 of the 260 pupils in the high school were not in class.

The 14 black students, all assigned to the seventh, eighth and ninth grades, were escorted into the school by police and teachers.

One of the organizers of the boycott was Everette Severe of the Maryland Petition Committee, a white supremacist group seeking a referendum vote to block integration of schools throughout the state.

Severe a well-known white supremacist having written letters to newspapers opposing integration and speaking at pro-segregation rallies. He lived in Kensington, Md. and did not have children.

Severe told the crowd outside the school, “We’re not supposed to send our kids to school until we have a hearing. Keep your kids out of school every day this week.”

Severe circulated a petition to demand a hearing on the issue. It said in part that the admission of the black students placed “in serious jeopardy” the “security and welfare” of their children.

Severe also helped organize a meeting of the segregationists at a Poolesville hall that night where they vowed to continue the fight.

Previous to the Poolesville boycott Severe on September 3rd told a Charlottesville, Va. rally opposed to integration that the people “are the law of the land, not the Supreme court.”

The day before Montgomery County schools opened, Severe attended a white supremacist meeting in Wayson’s Corner to urge a boycott of Anne Arundel County schools telling the crowd that the U.S. Supreme Court decision was invalid because, “Their total legal background hardly adds up to one good country lawyer.”

He called for an organization to halt integration adding, “God grant that it will happen quickly.”

The Poolesville group attempted to keep pressure on the school board to hold a hearing by staging a march on the county seat in Rockville.

On September 7, 1956, county police disbanded a gathering of about 60 people at 10:30 p.m. assembled at Jefferson Street beside the county courthouse. The march was called in an attempt to spread the school boycott beyond Poolesville.

The white supremacists kept up picketing at the school through the week, but attendance began to rise and by Friday had reached 70 percent. School superintendent Edward Norris warned that school officials' patience with the protesters was wearing thin and that Maryland law may be used against the parents.

The law called for a $20 fine, a 30-day jail term or both for disturbing public school sessions. Another section carried a $50 fine for inducing or trying to induce absenteeism.

By September 12th, attendance at the school had reached 582 students or about 90 percent when normal absenteeism was accounted for.

The county announced that three road workers had been suspended 10 days without pay for participating in the protests during working hours.

The school board, which had been resisting any meeting with the segregationists, agreed to grant an audience to hear specific objections to the integration policy, but not a challenge to the overall plan.

Meanwhile at a meeting at the Poolesville town hall that evening, 100 adults met and agreed to send their children back to school while they organized private schooling for their children.

Severe had problems of his own. He was suspended from his job by NBC radio over his public role in the protests and had his contract for part-time work for the Voice of America terminated.

There were more meetings of the dwindling number of parents participating in the boycott where calls were made to challenge the integration in court, but the boycott and organized opposition had largely dissipated.

The die-hards views were adequately expressed by parent Katherine Mills who wrote a letter to the Washington Post published October 3, 1956. Some excerpts follow.

Mills began by explaining that the segregationists “bitterly resent the treatment received at the hands of school and county authorities.”

“We resent the fact that our elected county school board not only permits Negroes to enter white schools, but actually encourages them to enter white schools.”

“I have no doubt that in the minds of some people we are pictured as a bunch of poor, ignorant yokels who’ve been carefully taught by “outside agitators” to fear and hate racial integration.”

“As a matter of fact, we do fear and hate racial integration, but our fear stems from our knowledge of local Negroes…”

“Negro parents as a whole are not so careful as their white neighbors in looking after the cleanliness and health of their children. We do not favor the joint use of school washrooms by colored and white. We just don’t want to take risks of any kind with our children.”

“The marital habits of some of our Maryland Negroes are, to say the least, very casual. They are like the marital habits of the often-divorced white persons in northern café society.”

“Of course some colored couples don’t bother with divorce, because there was no actual marriage in the first place.”

“We believe the morals of our own race are lax enough as it is without exposing our children to an even more primitive view of sex habits. Furthermore, we abhor any steps that might encourage interracial mating.”

“Until the cultural gaps between them are completely filled in, the white and colored races should not be mixed in the public schools of Montgomery County.”

For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHskquzhMu

The photographer is unknown. The image is courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.

This villa was built in the 18th century on one of the most beautiful places on earth with a killer view! Only this view will add a million dollars to the price of these grounds. It was built by a wealthy baron who built it as his summer house. When the baron left, rumours say that the villa was owned by anarchists, Utopians and agitators. At one time even they left and currently the place is awaiting to be bought. Probably for some several millions…

The surrounding gardens are packed with tropical plants and when we were there we heard the gardener at work some 15 meters away. I think the surrounding luxury villas make sure also this garden is kept nice and tidy. We managed to avoid the gardener and did our thing in the Mediterranean sun.

Please visit www.preciousdecay.com for more pictures