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(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
It's a multi-layered one pan stew that builds depth of flavor from earthiness, acidity, sweetness, herbaceousness and heat.
vegetariancooking.alcoholicpoet.com/2018/03/spicy-spanish...
From the bottle itself: RELAX RIESLING is fermented slightly dry with a wonderful fruity bouquet and intense flavors of apples and peaches with just a hint of citrus. The natural acidity gives this wine a perfect balance that is refreshingly crisp and leaves your mouth watering. A perfect party wine, or can be enjoyed with a variety of foods from seafood to poultry to oriental food and fresh salads. Serve chilled......
.....which is exactly what I plan to do. It is in the blue glass bottle (not a plastic overlay to the bottle like some) typical of other such wines from Schmitt Sohne.And, in the small print, I note on the bottle “2018 Riesling Qualitatswein MOSEL....”
....Mosel was what I was looking for. The River Mosel....I feel almost as if I had found a Zellerschwartzenkatz Mosel from all those years ago, when I tasted riesling for the first time. Like a baby chick imprinting on its mama hen, I was similarly imprinted with RIESLING.
Carl had this, of course. As we established in college, he is a "connoisseur of fine things."
In case you have difficulty reading the packages, there are two types of coffee:
- Civet coffee: The civets eat the coffee beans, digest them, then expel them as solid waste. Someone harvests the waste and turns it into coffee. So, yes, it's civet-shit coffee. According to the package, this gives the coffee a "delicate" flavor.
- Weasel coffee: Much like the civet coffee, except that the weasels regurgitate the beans after partial digestion. According to the package, the weasel digestion/regurgitation process imparts a "surprising delicious chocolatey taste."
We didn't actually have any last night, though I surely will next time I'm up to visit.
-----
update 4/3/2010:
I've since had Kopi Luwak on a couple of other occasions. Sadly, the brewing conditions were not the best-- the stuff is very expensive, and I usually want to share it with anyone who expresses interest.
That said, I've always tasted it brewed through a french press. The variety I've tried, from Edible, comes pre-ground, and seems to be a fairly light roast. It's a very mellow coffee, low acidity, with a nice nut flavor. If it weren't $25/cup, I'd have it more often.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. Some teas, like Darjeeling and Chinese greens, have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy notes.
Tea originated in China, possibly as a medicinal drink. It came to the West via Portuguese priests and merchants, who introduced it during the 16th century. Drinking tea became fashionable among Britons during the 17th century, who started large scale production and commercialization of the plant in India to bypass a Chinese monopoly at that time.
The phrase herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. These are also known as tisanes or herbal infusions to distinguish them from "tea" as it is commonly construed.
ETYMOLOGY
The Chinese character for tea is 茶, originally written with an extra stroke as 荼 (pronounced tu, used as a word for a bitter herb), and acquired its current form during the Tang Dynasty as used in the eighth-century treatise on tea The Classic of Tea. The word is pronounced differently in the different varieties of Chinese, such as chá in Mandarin, zo and dzo in Wu Chinese, and ta and te in Min Chinese. One suggestion is that the different pronunciations may have arisen from the different words for tea in ancient China, for example tu (荼) may have given rise to tê; historical phonologists however argued that the cha, te and dzo all arose from the same root with a reconstructed pronunciation dra (dr- represents a single consonant for a retroflex d), which changed due to sound shift through the centuries. Other ancient words for tea include jia (檟, defined as "bitter tu" during the Han Dynasty), she (蔎), ming (茗) and chuan (荈), with chuan the only other word still in use for tea. Most, such as Mandarin and Cantonese, pronounce it along the lines of cha, but Hokkien varieties along the Southern coast of China and in Southeast Asia pronounce it like teh. These two pronunciations have made their separate ways into other languages around the world:
- Te is from the Amoy tê of southern Fujian province. It reached the West from the port of Xiamen (Amoy), once a major point of contact with Western European traders such as the Dutch, who spread it to Western Europe.
- Cha is from the Cantonese chàh of Guangzhou (Canton) and the ports of Hong Kong and Macau, also major points of contact, especially with the Portuguese, who spread it to India in the 16th century. The Korean and Japanese pronunciations of cha, however, came not from Cantonese, rather they were borrowed into Korean and Japanese during earlier periods of Chinese history.
The widespread form chai came from Persian چای chay. Both the châ and chây forms are found in Persian dictionaries. They derive from Northern Chinese pronunciation of chá, which passed overland to Central Asia and Persia, where it picked up the Persian grammatical suffix -yi before passing on to Russian, Arabic, Urdu, Turkish, etc.
English has all three forms: cha or char (both pronounced /ˈtʃɑː/), attested from the 16th century; tea, from the 17th; and chai, from the 20th.
Languages in more intense contact with Chinese, Sinospheric languages such as Vietnamese, Zhuang, Tibetan, Korean, and Japanese, may have borrowed their words for tea at an earlier time and from a different variety of Chinese, so-called Sino-Xenic pronunciations. Although normally pronounced as cha, Korean and Japanese also retain the early but now less common pronunciations of ta and da. Japanese has different pronunciations for the word tea depending on when the pronunciations was first borrowed into the language: Ta comes from the Tang Dynasty court at Chang'an: that is, from Middle Chinese; da, however, comes from the earlier Southern Dynasties court at Nanjing, a place where the consonant was still voiced, as it is today in neighbouring Shanghainese zo. Vietnamese and Zhuang have southern cha-type pronunciations.
ORIGN AND HISTORY
Tea plants are native to East and South Asia, and probably originated around the meeting points of the lands of north Burma and southwest China. Statistical cluster analysis, chromosome number, easy hybridization, and various types of intermediate hybrids and spontaneous polyploids indicate that likely a single place of origin exists for Camellia sinensis, an area including the northern part of Burma, and Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China. Tea drinking likely began during the Shang Dynasty in China, when it was used for medicinal purposes. It is believed that, soon after, "for the first time, people began to boil tea leaves for consumption into a concentrated liquid without the addition of other leaves or herbs, thereby using tea as a bitter yet stimulating drink, rather than as a medicinal concoction."
Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to Shennong in 2737 BC. A Chinese inventor was the first person to invent a tea shredder. The first recorded drinking of tea is in China, with the earliest records of tea consumption dating to the 10th century BC. Another early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century AD, in a medical text by Hua Tuo, who stated, "to drink bitter t'u constantly makes one think better." Another early reference to tea is found in a letter written by the Qin Dynasty general Liu Kun. It was already a common drink during the Qin Dynasty (third century BC) and became widely popular during the Tang Dynasty, when it was spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. In India, it has been drunk for medicinal purposes for a long but uncertain period, but apart from the Himalayan region seems not to have been used as a beverage until the British introduced Chinese tea there.
Tea was first introduced to Portuguese priests and merchants in China during the 16th century, at which time it was termed chá. The first record in English is from Peter Mundy an East India Company agent writing to Macao requesting "the best sort of chaw" in 1615. In 1750, tea experts travelled from China to the Azores, and planted tea, along with jasmine and mallow, to give it aroma and distinction. Both green and black tea continue to grow on the islands, which are the main suppliers to continental Portugal. Catherine of Braganza, wife of King Charles II of England, took the tea habit to Great Britain around 1660 when it was tasted by Samuel Pepys, but tea was not widely consumed in Britain until the 18th century, and remained expensive until the latter part of that period. Tea smuggling during the 18th century led to Britain’s masses being able to afford and consume tea, and its importance eventually influenced the Boston Tea Party. The British government eventually eradicated the tax on tea, thereby eliminating the smuggling trade by 1785. In Britain and Ireland, tea had become an everyday beverage for all levels of society by the late 19th century, but at first it was consumed as a luxury item on special occasions, such as religious festivals, wakes, and domestic work gatherings such as quiltings. The price in Europe fell steadily during the 19th century, especially after Indian tea began to arrive in large quantities.
The first European to successfully transplant tea to the Himalayas, Robert Fortune, was sent by the East India Company on a mission to China in 1848 to bring the tea plant back to Great Britain. He began his journey in high secrecy as his mission occurred in the lull between the Anglo-Chinese First Opium War (1839–1842) and Second Opium War (1856–1860), at a time when westerners were not held in high regard.
Tea was introduced into India by the British, in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on it. The British brought Chinese seeds into Northeast India, but the plants failed; they later discovered that a different variety of tea was endemic to Assam and the northeast region of India and that it was used by local tribes. Using the Chinese planting and cultivation techniques, the British launched a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate it for export. Tea was originally consumed only by anglicized Indians; it became widely popular in India in the 1950s because of a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board.
CULTIVATION AND HARVESTING
Tea plants are propagated from seed and cuttings; about 4 to 12 years are needed for a plant to bear seed and about three years before a new plant is ready for harvesting. In addition to a zone 8 climate or warmer, tea plants require at least 127 cm of rainfall a year and prefer acidic soils. Many high-quality tea plants are cultivated at elevations of up to 1,500 m above sea level. While at these heights the plants grow more slowly, they acquire a better flavour.
Two principal varieties are used: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, which is used for most Chinese, Formosan and Japanese teas, and C. s. var. assamica, used in Pu-erh and most Indian teas (but not Darjeeling). Within these botanical varieties, many strains and modern clonal varieties are known. Leaf size is the chief criterion for the classification of tea plants, with three primary classifications being, Assam type, characterised by the largest leaves; China type, characterised by the smallest leaves; and Cambodian type, characterised by leaves of intermediate size.
A tea plant will grow into a tree of up to 16 m if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are generally pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. Also, the short plants bear more new shoots which provide new and tender leaves and increase the quality of the tea.
Only the top 1–2 in of the mature plant are picked. These buds and leaves are called 'flushes'. A plant will grow a new flush every seven to 15 days during the growing season. Leaves that are slow in development tend to produce better-flavoured teas. Pests of tea include mosquito bugs of the genus Helopeltis (which are true bugs that must not be confused with the dipteran) that can tatter leaves, so they may be sprayed with insecticides.
PROCESSING AND CLASSIFICATION
Tea is generally divided into categories based on how it is processed. At least six different types are produced:
- White: Wilted and unoxidized
- Yellow: Unwilted and unoxidized, but allowed to yellow
- Green: Unwilted and unoxidized
- Oolong: Wilted, bruised, and partially oxidized
- Black: Wilted, sometimes crushed, and fully oxidized (called 'red tea' in China)
- Post-Fermented: Green tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost ('black tea' for the Chinese)
The most common are white, green, oolong, and black. Some varieties, such as traditional oolong and Pu-erh, a post-fermented tea, can be used medicinally.
After picking, the leaves of C. sinensis soon begin to wilt and oxidize unless immediately dried. An enzymatic oxidation process triggered by the plant's intracellular enzymes causes the leaves to turn progressively darker as their chlorophyll breaks down and tannins are released. This darkening is stopped at a predetermined stage by heating, which deactivates the enzymes responsible. In the production of black teas, halting by heating is carried out simultaneously with drying.
Without careful moisture and temperature control during manufacture and packaging, growth of undesired molds and bacteria may make tea unfit for consumption.
Blending and additives
Although single-estate teas are available, almost all tea in bags and most loose tea sold in the West is blended. Such teas may combine others from the same cultivation area or several different ones. The aim is to obtain consistency, better taste, higher price, or some combination of the three.
Tea easily retains odors, which can cause problems in processing, transportation, and storage. This same sensitivity also allows for special processing (such as tea infused with smoke during drying) and a wide range of scented and flavoured variants, such as bergamot (found in Earl Grey), vanilla, and spearmint.
CONTENT
Caffeine constitutes about 3% of tea's dry weight, translating to between 30 mg and 90 mg per 250-ml cup depending on type, brand, and brewing method. A study found that the caffeine content of 1 g of black tea ranged from 22 to 28 mg, while the caffeine content of 1 g of green tea ranged from 11 to 20 mg, reflecting a significant difference.
Tea also contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline, which are stimulants and xanthines similar to caffeine.
Because of modern environmental pollution, fluoride and aluminium also sometimes occur in tea. Certain types of brick tea made from old leaves and stems have the highest levels.
NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOXHEMICALS
Black and green teas contain no essential nutrients in significant content, with the exception of the dietary mineral, manganese at 0.5 mg per cup or 26% of the Daily Value. Tea leaves contain diverse polyphenols, including flavonoids, epigallocatechin gallate (commonly noted as EGCG) and other catechins.
It has been suggested that green and black tea may protect against cancer or other diseases such as obesity or Alzheimer's disease, but the compounds found in green tea have not been conclusively demonstrated to have any effect on human diseases. One human study demonstrated that regular consumption of black tea over four weeks had no beneficial effect in lowering blood cholesterol levels.
TEA CULTURE
Tea may be consumed early in the day to heighten calm alertness; it contains L-theanine, theophylline, and bound caffeine (sometimes called theine). Decaffeinated brands are also sold. While herbal teas are also referred to as tea, most of them do not contain leaves from the tea plant.
While tea is the second most consumed beverage on Earth after water, in many cultures it is also consumed at elevated social events, such as afternoon tea and the tea party. Tea ceremonies have arisen in different cultures, such as the Chinese and Japanese tea ceremonies, each of which employs traditional techniques and ritualised protocol of brewing and serving tea for enjoyment in a refined setting. One form of Chinese tea ceremony is the Gongfu tea ceremony, which typically uses small Yixing clay teapots and oolong tea.
Turkish tea is an important part of Turkish cuisine, and is the most commonly consumed hot drink, despite the country's long history of coffee consumption. In 2004 Turkey produced 205,500 tonnes of tea (6.4% of the world's total tea production), which made it one of the largest tea markets in the world, with 120,000 tons being consumed in Turkey, and the rest being exported. In 2010 Turkey had the highest per capita consumption in the world at 2.7 kg. As of 2013, the per-capita consumption of Turkish tea exceeds 10 cups per day and 13.8 kg per year. Tea is grown mostly in Rize Province on the Black Sea coast.
Ireland has, for a long time, been one of the biggest per-capita consumers of tea in the world. The national average is four cups per person per day, with many people drinking six cups or more. Tea in Ireland is usually taken with milk or sugar and is slightly spicier and stronger than the traditional English blend. The two main brands of tea sold in Ireland are Lyons and Barry's. The Irish love of tea is perhaps best illustrated by the stereotypical housekeeper, Mrs. Doyle in the popular sitcom Father Ted.
Tea is prevalent in most cultures in the Middle East. In Arab culture, tea is a focal point for social gatherings.
In Pakistan, tea is called chai (written as چائے). Both black and green teas are popular and are known locally as sabz chai and kahwah, respectively. The popular green tea called kahwah is often served after every meal in the Pashtun belt of Balochistan and in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which is where the Khyber Pass of the Silk Road is found.
In the transnational Kashmir region, which straddles the border between India and Pakistan, Kashmiri chai or noon chai, a pink, creamy tea with pistachios, almonds, cardamom, and sometimes cinnamon, is consumed primarily at special occasions, weddings, and during the winter months when it is sold in many kiosks.
In central and southern Punjab and the metropolitan Sindh region of Pakistan, tea with milk and sugar (sometimes with pistachios, cardamom, etc.), commonly referred to as chai, is widely consumed. It is the most common beverage of households in the region. In the northern Pakistani regions of Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan, a salty, buttered Tibetan-style tea is consumed. In Iranian culture, tea is so widely consumed, it is generally the first thing offered to a household guest.
In India, tea is one of the most popular hot beverages. It is consumed daily in almost all homes, offered to guests, consumed in high amounts in domestic and official surroundings, and is made with the addition of milk with or without spices. It is also served with biscuits dipped in the tea and eaten before consuming the tea. More often than not, it is drunk in "doses" of small cups (referred to as "Cutting" chai if sold at street tea vendors) rather than one large cup. On 21 April 2012, the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission (India), Montek Singh Ahluwalia, said tea would be declared as national drink by April 2013. The move is expected to boost the tea industry in the country. Speaking on the occasion, Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi said a special package for the tea industry would be announced in the future to ensure its development.
In the United States, 80% of tea is consumed as iced tea. Sweet tea is native to the southeastern US, and is iconic in its cuisine.
Switzerland has its own unique blend of iced tea, made with the basic ingredients like black tea, sugar, lemon juice and mint, but a variety of Alp herbs are also added to the concoction. Apart from classic flavours like lemon and peach, exotic flavours like jasmine and lemongrass are also very popular.
In the United Kingdom, it is consumed daily and often by a majority of people across the country, and indeed is perceived as one of Britain's cultural beverages. In British homes, it is customary good manners for a host to offer tea to guests soon after their arrival. Tea is generally consumed at home; outside the home in cafés. Afternoon tea with cakes on fine porcelain is a cultural stereotype, sometimes available in quaint tea-houses. In southwest England, many cafes serve a 'cream tea', consisting of scones, clotted cream, and jam alongside a pot of tea. Throughout the UK, 'tea' may also refer to the evening meal.
In Burma (Myanmar), tea is consumed not only as hot drinks, but also as sweet tea and green tea known locally as laphet-yay and laphet-yay-gyan, respectively. Pickled tea leaves, known locally as laphet, are also a national delicacy. Pickled tea is usually eaten with roasted sesame seeds, crispy fried beans, roasted peanuts and fried garlic chips.
PREPARATION
STEEPING TEA
The traditional method of preparing tea is to place loose tea leaves directly (or in a tea infuser) into a tea pot or teacup, pour freshly boiled water over the leaves, and allow the infused liquid to steep (or "brew"). After a few minutes, the infuser is removed, or the tea is poured through a strainer while serving. Strength should be varied by the amount of tea leaves used, not changing the steeping time.
Most green teas should be allowed two or three minutes, although other types may vary between thirty seconds and ten minutes.
Quantity also varies by tea type, with a basic recipe calling for one slightly heaped teaspoon (about 5 ml) for each teacup of water (200–240 ml). Stronger teas to be drunk with milk (such as Assam) are often prepared more heavily, while more delicate high-grown varieties (such as a Darjeeling) more lightly.
Optimum brewing temperature depends on tea type. Camellia sinensis naturally contains tannins having bitter properties accentuated by both temperature and steeping time. These tannins are enhanced by oxidation during processing. Teas with little or no oxidation, such as a green or white, are best at lower temperatures between 65 and 85 °C, while more oxidized teas require 100 °C to extract their large, complex, flavourful phenolic molecules.
In addition, boiling reduces the dissolved oxygen content of water, which would otherwise react with phenolic molecules to degrade them.
Type Water temp. Steep time Infusions
_________________________________________
White tea 65 to 70 °C 1–2 minutes 3
Yellow tea 70 to 75 °C 1–2 minutes 3
Green tea 75 to 80 °C 1–2 minutes 4–6
Oolong tea 80 to 85 °C 2–3 minutes 4–6
Black tea 99 °C 2–3 minutes 2–3
Flowering tea 100 °C 2–3 minutes 4–5
Pu'er tea 95 to 100 °C Limitless Several
Tisanes 99 °C 3–6 minutes Varied
Some tea sorts are often brewed several times using the same leaves. Historically in China, tea is divided into a number of infusions. The first is immediately poured out to wash the tea, and then the second and further infusions are drunk. The third through fifth are nearly always considered the best, although different teas open up differently and may require more infusions to produce the best flavour.
One way to taste a tea throughout its entire process is to add hot water to a cup containing the leaves and sample it every 30 seconds. As the tea leaves unfold (known as "The Agony of the Leaves") the taste evolves.
A tea cosy or a teapot warmer are often used to keep the temperature of the tea in a teapot constant over periods of 20–60 minutes.
BLACK TEA
Popular varieties of black tea include Assam, Nepal, Darjeeling, Nilgiri, Turkish, Keemun, and Ceylon teas.
Many of the active substances in black tea do not develop at temperatures lower than 90 °C. As a result, black tea in the West is usually steeped in water near its boiling point, at around 99 °C. The most common fault when making black tea is to use water at too low a temperature. Since boiling point drops with increasing altitude, it is difficult to brew black tea properly in mountainous areas. Warming the tea pot before steeping is critical at any elevation.
Western black teas are usually brewed for about four minutes and are usually not allowed to steep for less than 30 seconds or more than about five minutes (a process known as brewing or mashing in Britain). In many regions of the world, however, actively boiling water is used and the tea is often stewed. In India, black tea is often boiled for fifteen minutes or longer to make Masala chai, as a strong brew is preferred. Tea should be strained while serving.
A food safety management group of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published a standard for preparing a cup of tea (ISO 3103: Tea — Preparation of liquor for use in sensory tests), primarily intended for standardizing preparation for comparison and rating purposes.
GREEN TEA
In regions of the world that prefer mild beverages, such as the West and Far East, green tea should be steeped in water around 80 to 85 °C, the higher the quality of the leaves the lower the temperature. Regions such as North Africa or Central Asia prefer a bitter tea, and hotter water is used. In Morocco, green tea is steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes.
The container in which green tea is steeped is often warmed beforehand to prevent premature cooling. High-quality green and white teas can have new water added as many as five or more times, depending on variety, at increasingly higher temperatures.
FLOWERING TEA
Flowering tea or blooming tea should be brewed at 100 °C in clear glass tea wares for up to three minutes. First pull 1/3 water to make the tea ball wet and after 30 seconds add the boiling water up to 4/5 of the capacity of the tea ware. The boiling water can help the tea ball bloom quickly and with a strong aroma of the tea. The height of glass tea ware should be 8–10 cm, which can help the tea and flowers bloom completely. One tea ball can be brewed 4-5 times.
OOLONG TEA
Oolong tea should be brewed around 85 to 96 °C, with the brewing vessel warmed before pouring the water. Yixing purple clay teapots are the traditional brewing-vessel for oolong tea which can be brewed multiple times from the same leaves, unlike green tea, seeming to improve with reuse. In the Chinese and Taiwanese Gongfu tea ceremony, the first brew is discarded, as it is considered a rinse of leaves rather than a proper brew.
PREMIUM OR DELICATE TEA
Some teas, especially green teas and delicate oolong teas, are steeped for shorter periods, sometimes less than 30 seconds. Using a tea strainer separates the leaves from the water at the end of the brewing time if a tea bag is not being used. However, the black Darjeeling tea, a premium Indian tea, needs a longer than average steeping time. Elevation and time of harvest offer varying taste profiles; proper storage and water quality also have a large impact on taste.
PU-ERH TEA
Pu-erh teas require boiling water for infusion. Some prefer to quickly rinse pu-erh for several seconds with boiling water to remove tea dust which accumulates from the ageing process, then infuse it at the boiling point (100 °C), and allow it to steep from 30 seconds to five minutes.
SERVING
To preserve the pretannin tea without requiring it all to be poured into cups, a second teapot may be used. The steeping pot is best unglazed earthenware; Yixing pots are the best known of these, famed for the high-quality clay from which they are made. The serving pot is generally porcelain, which retains the heat better. Larger teapots are a post-19th century invention, as tea before this time was very rare and very expensive. Experienced tea-drinkers often insist the tea should not be stirred around while it is steeping (sometimes called winding or mashing in the UK). This, they say, will do little to strengthen the tea, but is likely to bring the tannins out in the same way that brewing too long will do. For the same reason, one should not squeeze the last drops out of a teabag; if stronger tea is desired, more tea leaves should be used.
ADDITIVES
The addition of milk to tea in Europe was first mentioned in 1680 by the epistolist Madame de Sévigné. Many teas are traditionally drunk with milk in cultures where dairy products are consumed. These include Indian masala chai and British tea blends. These teas tend to be very hearty varieties of black tea which can be tasted through the milk, such as Assams, or the East Friesian blend. Milk is thought to neutralise remaining tannins and reduce acidity. The Han Chinese do not usually drink milk with tea but the Manchus do, and the elite of the Qing Dynasty of the Chinese Empire continued to do so. Hong Kong-style milk tea is based on British colonial habits. Tibetans and other Himalayan peoples traditionally drink tea with milk or yak butter and salt. In Eastern European countries (Russia, Poland and Hungary) and in Italy, tea is commonly served with lemon juice. In Poland, tea with milk is called a bawarka ("Bavarian style"), and is often drunk by pregnant and nursing women. In Australia, tea with milk is white tea.
The order of steps in preparing a cup of tea is a much-debated topic, and can vary widely between cultures or even individuals. Some say it is preferable to add the milk before the tea, as the high temperature of freshly brewed tea can denature the proteins found in fresh milk, similar to the change in taste of UHT milk, resulting in an inferior-tasting beverage. Others insist it is better to add the milk after brewing the tea, as black tea is often brewed as close to boiling as possible. The addition of milk chills the beverage during the crucial brewing phase, if brewing in a cup rather than using a pot, meaning the delicate flavour of a good tea cannot be fully appreciated. By adding the milk afterwards, it is easier to dissolve sugar in the tea and also to ensure the desired amount of milk is added, as the colour of the tea can be observed. Historically, the order of steps was taken as an indication of class: only those wealthy enough to afford good-quality porcelain would be confident of its being able to cope with being exposed to boiling water unadulterated with milk. Higher temperature difference means faster heat transfer so the earlier you add milk the slower the drink cools. A 2007 study published in the European Heart Journal found certain beneficial effects of tea may be lost through the addition of milk.
Many flavourings are added to varieties of tea during processing. Among the best known are Chinese jasmine tea, with jasmine oil or flowers, the spices in Indian masala chai, and Earl Grey tea, which contains oil of bergamot. A great range of modern flavours have been added to these traditional ones. In eastern India, people also drink lemon tea or lemon masala tea. Lemon tea simply contains hot tea with lemon juice and sugar. Masala lemon tea contains hot tea with roasted cumin seed powder, lemon juice, black salt and sugar, which gives it a tangy, spicy taste. Adding a piece of ginger when brewing tea is a popular habit of Sri Lankans, who also use other types of spices such as cinnamon to sweeten the aroma.
Other popular additives to tea by the tea-brewer or drinker include sugar, liquid honey or a solid Honey Drop, agave nectar, fruit jams, and mint. In China, sweetening tea was traditionally regarded as a feminine practice. In colder regions, such as Mongolia, Tibet and Nepal, butter is added to provide necessary calories. Tibetan butter tea contains rock salt and dre, a butter made from yak milk, which is churned vigorously in a cylindrical vessel closely resembling a butter churn. The same may be said for salt tea, which is popular in the Hindu Kush region of northern Pakistan.
Alcohol, such as whisky or brandy, may also be added to tea.
The flavour of the tea can also be altered by pouring it from different heights, resulting in varying degrees of aeration. The art of high-altitude pouring is used principally by people in Northern Africa (e.g. Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Libya and Western Sahara), but also in West Africa (e.g. Guinea, Mali, Senegal) and can positively alter the flavour of the tea, but it is more likely a technique to cool the beverage destined to be consumed immediately. In certain cultures, the tea is given different names depending on the height from which it is poured. In Mali, gunpowder tea is served in series of three, starting with the highest oxidisation or strongest, unsweetened tea (cooked from fresh leaves), locally referred to as "strong like death", followed by a second serving, where the same tea leaves are boiled again with some sugar added ("pleasant as life"), and a third one, where the same tea leaves are boiled for the third time with yet more sugar added ("sweet as love"). Green tea is the central ingredient of a distinctly Malian custom, the "Grin", an informal social gathering that cuts across social and economic lines, starting in front of family compound gates in the afternoons and extending late into the night, and is widely popular in Bamako and other large urban areas.
In Southeast Asia, particularly in Singapore and Malaysia, the practice of pouring tea from a height has been refined further using black tea to which condensed milk is added, poured from a height from one cup to another several times in alternating fashion and in quick succession, to create a tea with entrapped air bubbles creating a frothy "head" in the cup. This beverage, teh tarik, literally, "pulled tea" (which has its origin as a hot Indian tea beverage), has a creamier taste than flat milk tea and is extremely popular in the region. Tea pouring in Malaysia has been further developed into an art form in which a dance is done by people pouring tea from one container to another, which in any case takes skill and precision. The participants, each holding two containers, one full of tea, pour it from one to another. They stand in lines and squares and pour the tea into each other's pots. The dance must be choreographed to allow anyone who has both pots full to empty them and refill those of whoever has no tea at any one point.
ECONOMICS
Tea is the most popular manufactured drink consumed in the world, equaling all others – including coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, and alcohol – combined. Most tea consumed outside East Asia is produced on large plantations in the hilly regions of India and Sri Lanka, and is destined to be sold to large businesses. Opposite this large-scale industrial production are many small "gardens," sometimes minuscule plantations, that produce highly sought-after teas prized by gourmets. These teas are both rare and expensive, and can be compared to some of the most expensive wines in this respect.
India is the world's largest tea-drinking nation, although the per capita consumption of tea remains a modest 750 grams per person every year. Turkey, with 2.5 kg of tea consumed per person per year, is the world's greatest per capita consumer.
PRODUCTION
In 2003, world tea production was 3.21 million tonnes annually. In 2010, world tea production reached over 4.52 million tonnes after having increased by 5.7% between 2009 and 2010.[84] Production rose by 3.1% between 2010 and 2011. The largest producers of tea are the People's Republic of China, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Turkey.
TRADE
According to the FAO in 2007, the largest importer of tea, by weight, was the Russian Federation, followed by the United Kingdom, Pakistan, and the United States. Kenya, China, India and Sri Lanka were the largest exporters of tea in 2007 (with exports of: 374229, 292199, 193459 and 190203 tonnes respectively). The largest exporter of black tea is Kenya, largest producer (and consumer) India.
PACKAGING
TEA BAGS
In 1907, American tea merchant Thomas Sullivan began distributing samples of his tea in small bags of Chinese silk with a drawstring. Consumers noticed they could simply leave the tea in the bag and reuse it with fresh tea. However, the potential of this distribution/packaging method would not be fully realised until later on. During World War II, tea was rationed in the United Kingdom. In 1953 (after rationing in the UK ended), Tetley launched the tea bag to the UK and it was an immediate success.
The "pyramid tea bag" (or sachet) introduced by Lipton and PG Tips/Scottish Blend in 1996, attempts to address one of the connoisseurs' arguments against paper tea bags by way of its three-dimensional tetrahedron shape, which allows more room for tea leaves to expand while steeping.
However, some types of pyramid tea bags have been criticised as being environmentally unfriendly, since their synthetic material is not as biodegradable as loose tea leaves and paper tea bags.
LOOSE TEA
The tea leaves are packaged loosely in a canister, paper bag, or other container such as a tea chest. Some whole teas, such as rolled gunpowder tea leaves, which resist crumbling, are sometimes vacuum packed for freshness in aluminised packaging for storage and retail. The loose tea must be individually measured for use, allowing for flexibility and flavor control at the expense of convenience. Strainers, tea balls, tea presses, filtered teapots, and infusion bags prevent loose leaves from floating in the tea and over-brewing. A traditional method uses a three-piece lidded teacup called a gaiwan, the lid of which is tilted to decant the tea into a different cup for consumption.
COMPRESSED TEA
Compressed tea (such as Pu-erh) is produced for convenience in transport, storage, and ageing. It can usually be stored longer without spoilage than loose leaf tea.
Compressed tea is prepared by loosening leaves from the cake using a small knife, and steeping the extracted pieces in water. During the Tang dynasty, as described by Lu Yu, compressed tea was ground into a powder, combined with hot water, and ladled into bowls, resulting in a "frothy" mixture. In the Song dynasty, the tea powder would instead be whisked with hot water in the bowl. Although no longer practiced in China today, the whisking method of preparing powdered tea was transmitted to Japan by Zen Buddhist monks, and is still used to prepare matcha in the Japanese tea ceremony.
Compressed tea was the most popular form of tea in China during the Tang dynasty. By the beginning of the Ming dynasty, it had been displaced by loose leaf tea. It remains popular, however, in the Himalayan countries and Mongolian steppes. In Mongolia, tea bricks were ubiquitous enough to be used as a form of currency. Among Himalayan peoples, compressed tea is consumed by combining it with yak butter and salt to produce butter tea.
INSTANT TEA
"Instant tea", both hot and cold, is an alternative to the brewed products. Similar to freeze-dried instant coffee, but not requiring boiling water, instant tea was developed in the 1930s. Nestlé introduced the first commercial product in 1946, while Redi-Tea debuted instant iced tea in 1953.
Delicacy of flavour is sacrificed for convenience. Additives such as chai, vanilla, honey or fruit, are popular, as is powdered milk.
During the Second World War British and Canadian soldiers were issued an instant tea known as 'Compo' in their Composite Ration Packs. These blocks of instant tea, powdered milk, and sugar were not always well received. As Royal Canadian Artillery Gunner, George C Blackburn observed:
But, unquestionably, the feature of Compo rations destined to be remembered beyond all others is Compo tea...Directions say to "sprinkle powder on heated water and bring to the boil, stirring well, three heaped teaspoons to one pint of water."
Every possible variation in the preparation of this tea was tried, but...it always ended up the same way. While still too hot to drink, it is a good-looking cup of strong tea. Even when it becomes just cool enough to be sipped gingerly, it is still a good-tasting cup of tea, if you like your tea strong and sweet. But let it cool enough to be quaffed and enjoyed, and your lips will be coated with a sticky scum that forms across the surface, which if left undisturbed will become a leathery membrane that can be wound around your finger and flipped away...
STORAGE
Storage conditions and type determine the shelf life of tea. Black tea's is greater than green's. Some, such as flower teas, may last only a month or so. Others, such as pu-erh, improve with age.
To remain fresh and prevent mold, tea needs to be stored away from heat, light, air, and moisture. Tea must be kept at room temperature in an air-tight container. Black tea in a bag within a sealed opaque canister may keep for two years. Green tea deteriorates more rapidly, usually in less than a year. Tightly rolled gunpowder tea leaves keep longer than the more open-leafed Chun Mee tea.
Storage life for all teas can be extended by using desiccant or oxygen-absorbing packets, vacuum sealing, or refrigeration in air-tight containers (except green tea, where discrete use of refrigeration or freezing is recommended and temperature variation kept to a minimum).
WIKIPEDIA
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub native to Asia. After water, it is the most widely consumed drink in the world. Some teas, like Darjeeling and Chinese greens, have a cooling, slightly bitter, and astringent flavour, while others have vastly different profiles that include sweet, nutty, floral, or grassy notes.
Tea originated in China, possibly as a medicinal drink. It came to the West via Portuguese priests and merchants, who introduced it during the 16th century. Drinking tea became fashionable among Britons during the 17th century, who started large scale production and commercialization of the plant in India to bypass a Chinese monopoly at that time.
The phrase herbal tea usually refers to infusions of fruit or herbs made without the tea plant, such as steeps of rosehip, chamomile, or rooibos. These are also known as tisanes or herbal infusions to distinguish them from "tea" as it is commonly construed.
ETYMOLOGY
The Chinese character for tea is 茶, originally written with an extra stroke as 荼 (pronounced tu, used as a word for a bitter herb), and acquired its current form during the Tang Dynasty as used in the eighth-century treatise on tea The Classic of Tea. The word is pronounced differently in the different varieties of Chinese, such as chá in Mandarin, zo and dzo in Wu Chinese, and ta and te in Min Chinese. One suggestion is that the different pronunciations may have arisen from the different words for tea in ancient China, for example tu (荼) may have given rise to tê; historical phonologists however argued that the cha, te and dzo all arose from the same root with a reconstructed pronunciation dra (dr- represents a single consonant for a retroflex d), which changed due to sound shift through the centuries. Other ancient words for tea include jia (檟, defined as "bitter tu" during the Han Dynasty), she (蔎), ming (茗) and chuan (荈), with chuan the only other word still in use for tea. Most, such as Mandarin and Cantonese, pronounce it along the lines of cha, but Hokkien varieties along the Southern coast of China and in Southeast Asia pronounce it like teh. These two pronunciations have made their separate ways into other languages around the world:
- Te is from the Amoy tê of southern Fujian province. It reached the West from the port of Xiamen (Amoy), once a major point of contact with Western European traders such as the Dutch, who spread it to Western Europe.
- Cha is from the Cantonese chàh of Guangzhou (Canton) and the ports of Hong Kong and Macau, also major points of contact, especially with the Portuguese, who spread it to India in the 16th century. The Korean and Japanese pronunciations of cha, however, came not from Cantonese, rather they were borrowed into Korean and Japanese during earlier periods of Chinese history.
The widespread form chai came from Persian چای chay. Both the châ and chây forms are found in Persian dictionaries. They derive from Northern Chinese pronunciation of chá, which passed overland to Central Asia and Persia, where it picked up the Persian grammatical suffix -yi before passing on to Russian, Arabic, Urdu, Turkish, etc.
English has all three forms: cha or char (both pronounced /ˈtʃɑː/), attested from the 16th century; tea, from the 17th; and chai, from the 20th.
Languages in more intense contact with Chinese, Sinospheric languages such as Vietnamese, Zhuang, Tibetan, Korean, and Japanese, may have borrowed their words for tea at an earlier time and from a different variety of Chinese, so-called Sino-Xenic pronunciations. Although normally pronounced as cha, Korean and Japanese also retain the early but now less common pronunciations of ta and da. Japanese has different pronunciations for the word tea depending on when the pronunciations was first borrowed into the language: Ta comes from the Tang Dynasty court at Chang'an: that is, from Middle Chinese; da, however, comes from the earlier Southern Dynasties court at Nanjing, a place where the consonant was still voiced, as it is today in neighbouring Shanghainese zo. Vietnamese and Zhuang have southern cha-type pronunciations.
ORIGN AND HISTORY
Tea plants are native to East and South Asia, and probably originated around the meeting points of the lands of north Burma and southwest China. Statistical cluster analysis, chromosome number, easy hybridization, and various types of intermediate hybrids and spontaneous polyploids indicate that likely a single place of origin exists for Camellia sinensis, an area including the northern part of Burma, and Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China. Tea drinking likely began during the Shang Dynasty in China, when it was used for medicinal purposes. It is believed that, soon after, "for the first time, people began to boil tea leaves for consumption into a concentrated liquid without the addition of other leaves or herbs, thereby using tea as a bitter yet stimulating drink, rather than as a medicinal concoction."
Chinese legends attribute the invention of tea to Shennong in 2737 BC. A Chinese inventor was the first person to invent a tea shredder. The first recorded drinking of tea is in China, with the earliest records of tea consumption dating to the 10th century BC. Another early credible record of tea drinking dates to the third century AD, in a medical text by Hua Tuo, who stated, "to drink bitter t'u constantly makes one think better." Another early reference to tea is found in a letter written by the Qin Dynasty general Liu Kun. It was already a common drink during the Qin Dynasty (third century BC) and became widely popular during the Tang Dynasty, when it was spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. In India, it has been drunk for medicinal purposes for a long but uncertain period, but apart from the Himalayan region seems not to have been used as a beverage until the British introduced Chinese tea there.
Tea was first introduced to Portuguese priests and merchants in China during the 16th century, at which time it was termed chá. The first record in English is from Peter Mundy an East India Company agent writing to Macao requesting "the best sort of chaw" in 1615. In 1750, tea experts travelled from China to the Azores, and planted tea, along with jasmine and mallow, to give it aroma and distinction. Both green and black tea continue to grow on the islands, which are the main suppliers to continental Portugal. Catherine of Braganza, wife of King Charles II of England, took the tea habit to Great Britain around 1660 when it was tasted by Samuel Pepys, but tea was not widely consumed in Britain until the 18th century, and remained expensive until the latter part of that period. Tea smuggling during the 18th century led to Britain’s masses being able to afford and consume tea, and its importance eventually influenced the Boston Tea Party. The British government eventually eradicated the tax on tea, thereby eliminating the smuggling trade by 1785. In Britain and Ireland, tea had become an everyday beverage for all levels of society by the late 19th century, but at first it was consumed as a luxury item on special occasions, such as religious festivals, wakes, and domestic work gatherings such as quiltings. The price in Europe fell steadily during the 19th century, especially after Indian tea began to arrive in large quantities.
The first European to successfully transplant tea to the Himalayas, Robert Fortune, was sent by the East India Company on a mission to China in 1848 to bring the tea plant back to Great Britain. He began his journey in high secrecy as his mission occurred in the lull between the Anglo-Chinese First Opium War (1839–1842) and Second Opium War (1856–1860), at a time when westerners were not held in high regard.
Tea was introduced into India by the British, in an attempt to break the Chinese monopoly on it. The British brought Chinese seeds into Northeast India, but the plants failed; they later discovered that a different variety of tea was endemic to Assam and the northeast region of India and that it was used by local tribes. Using the Chinese planting and cultivation techniques, the British launched a tea industry by offering land in Assam to any European who agreed to cultivate it for export. Tea was originally consumed only by anglicized Indians; it became widely popular in India in the 1950s because of a successful advertising campaign by the India Tea Board.
CULTIVATION AND HARVESTING
Tea plants are propagated from seed and cuttings; about 4 to 12 years are needed for a plant to bear seed and about three years before a new plant is ready for harvesting. In addition to a zone 8 climate or warmer, tea plants require at least 127 cm of rainfall a year and prefer acidic soils. Many high-quality tea plants are cultivated at elevations of up to 1,500 m above sea level. While at these heights the plants grow more slowly, they acquire a better flavour.
Two principal varieties are used: Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, which is used for most Chinese, Formosan and Japanese teas, and C. s. var. assamica, used in Pu-erh and most Indian teas (but not Darjeeling). Within these botanical varieties, many strains and modern clonal varieties are known. Leaf size is the chief criterion for the classification of tea plants, with three primary classifications being, Assam type, characterised by the largest leaves; China type, characterised by the smallest leaves; and Cambodian type, characterised by leaves of intermediate size.
A tea plant will grow into a tree of up to 16 m if left undisturbed, but cultivated plants are generally pruned to waist height for ease of plucking. Also, the short plants bear more new shoots which provide new and tender leaves and increase the quality of the tea.
Only the top 1–2 in of the mature plant are picked. These buds and leaves are called 'flushes'. A plant will grow a new flush every seven to 15 days during the growing season. Leaves that are slow in development tend to produce better-flavoured teas. Pests of tea include mosquito bugs of the genus Helopeltis (which are true bugs that must not be confused with the dipteran) that can tatter leaves, so they may be sprayed with insecticides.
PROCESSING AND CLASSIFICATION
Tea is generally divided into categories based on how it is processed. At least six different types are produced:
- White: Wilted and unoxidized
- Yellow: Unwilted and unoxidized, but allowed to yellow
- Green: Unwilted and unoxidized
- Oolong: Wilted, bruised, and partially oxidized
- Black: Wilted, sometimes crushed, and fully oxidized (called 'red tea' in China)
- Post-Fermented: Green tea that has been allowed to ferment/compost ('black tea' for the Chinese)
The most common are white, green, oolong, and black. Some varieties, such as traditional oolong and Pu-erh, a post-fermented tea, can be used medicinally.
After picking, the leaves of C. sinensis soon begin to wilt and oxidize unless immediately dried. An enzymatic oxidation process triggered by the plant's intracellular enzymes causes the leaves to turn progressively darker as their chlorophyll breaks down and tannins are released. This darkening is stopped at a predetermined stage by heating, which deactivates the enzymes responsible. In the production of black teas, halting by heating is carried out simultaneously with drying.
Without careful moisture and temperature control during manufacture and packaging, growth of undesired molds and bacteria may make tea unfit for consumption.
Blending and additives
Although single-estate teas are available, almost all tea in bags and most loose tea sold in the West is blended. Such teas may combine others from the same cultivation area or several different ones. The aim is to obtain consistency, better taste, higher price, or some combination of the three.
Tea easily retains odors, which can cause problems in processing, transportation, and storage. This same sensitivity also allows for special processing (such as tea infused with smoke during drying) and a wide range of scented and flavoured variants, such as bergamot (found in Earl Grey), vanilla, and spearmint.
CONTENT
Caffeine constitutes about 3% of tea's dry weight, translating to between 30 mg and 90 mg per 250-ml cup depending on type, brand, and brewing method. A study found that the caffeine content of 1 g of black tea ranged from 22 to 28 mg, while the caffeine content of 1 g of green tea ranged from 11 to 20 mg, reflecting a significant difference.
Tea also contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline, which are stimulants and xanthines similar to caffeine.
Because of modern environmental pollution, fluoride and aluminium also sometimes occur in tea. Certain types of brick tea made from old leaves and stems have the highest levels.
NUTRIENTS AND PHYTOXHEMICALS
Black and green teas contain no essential nutrients in significant content, with the exception of the dietary mineral, manganese at 0.5 mg per cup or 26% of the Daily Value. Tea leaves contain diverse polyphenols, including flavonoids, epigallocatechin gallate (commonly noted as EGCG) and other catechins.
It has been suggested that green and black tea may protect against cancer or other diseases such as obesity or Alzheimer's disease, but the compounds found in green tea have not been conclusively demonstrated to have any effect on human diseases. One human study demonstrated that regular consumption of black tea over four weeks had no beneficial effect in lowering blood cholesterol levels.
TEA CULTURE
Tea may be consumed early in the day to heighten calm alertness; it contains L-theanine, theophylline, and bound caffeine (sometimes called theine). Decaffeinated brands are also sold. While herbal teas are also referred to as tea, most of them do not contain leaves from the tea plant.
While tea is the second most consumed beverage on Earth after water, in many cultures it is also consumed at elevated social events, such as afternoon tea and the tea party. Tea ceremonies have arisen in different cultures, such as the Chinese and Japanese tea ceremonies, each of which employs traditional techniques and ritualised protocol of brewing and serving tea for enjoyment in a refined setting. One form of Chinese tea ceremony is the Gongfu tea ceremony, which typically uses small Yixing clay teapots and oolong tea.
Turkish tea is an important part of Turkish cuisine, and is the most commonly consumed hot drink, despite the country's long history of coffee consumption. In 2004 Turkey produced 205,500 tonnes of tea (6.4% of the world's total tea production), which made it one of the largest tea markets in the world, with 120,000 tons being consumed in Turkey, and the rest being exported. In 2010 Turkey had the highest per capita consumption in the world at 2.7 kg. As of 2013, the per-capita consumption of Turkish tea exceeds 10 cups per day and 13.8 kg per year. Tea is grown mostly in Rize Province on the Black Sea coast.
Ireland has, for a long time, been one of the biggest per-capita consumers of tea in the world. The national average is four cups per person per day, with many people drinking six cups or more. Tea in Ireland is usually taken with milk or sugar and is slightly spicier and stronger than the traditional English blend. The two main brands of tea sold in Ireland are Lyons and Barry's. The Irish love of tea is perhaps best illustrated by the stereotypical housekeeper, Mrs. Doyle in the popular sitcom Father Ted.
Tea is prevalent in most cultures in the Middle East. In Arab culture, tea is a focal point for social gatherings.
In Pakistan, tea is called chai (written as چائے). Both black and green teas are popular and are known locally as sabz chai and kahwah, respectively. The popular green tea called kahwah is often served after every meal in the Pashtun belt of Balochistan and in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which is where the Khyber Pass of the Silk Road is found.
In the transnational Kashmir region, which straddles the border between India and Pakistan, Kashmiri chai or noon chai, a pink, creamy tea with pistachios, almonds, cardamom, and sometimes cinnamon, is consumed primarily at special occasions, weddings, and during the winter months when it is sold in many kiosks.
In central and southern Punjab and the metropolitan Sindh region of Pakistan, tea with milk and sugar (sometimes with pistachios, cardamom, etc.), commonly referred to as chai, is widely consumed. It is the most common beverage of households in the region. In the northern Pakistani regions of Chitral and Gilgit-Baltistan, a salty, buttered Tibetan-style tea is consumed. In Iranian culture, tea is so widely consumed, it is generally the first thing offered to a household guest.
In India, tea is one of the most popular hot beverages. It is consumed daily in almost all homes, offered to guests, consumed in high amounts in domestic and official surroundings, and is made with the addition of milk with or without spices. It is also served with biscuits dipped in the tea and eaten before consuming the tea. More often than not, it is drunk in "doses" of small cups (referred to as "Cutting" chai if sold at street tea vendors) rather than one large cup. On 21 April 2012, the Deputy Chairman of Planning Commission (India), Montek Singh Ahluwalia, said tea would be declared as national drink by April 2013. The move is expected to boost the tea industry in the country. Speaking on the occasion, Assam Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi said a special package for the tea industry would be announced in the future to ensure its development.
In the United States, 80% of tea is consumed as iced tea. Sweet tea is native to the southeastern US, and is iconic in its cuisine.
Switzerland has its own unique blend of iced tea, made with the basic ingredients like black tea, sugar, lemon juice and mint, but a variety of Alp herbs are also added to the concoction. Apart from classic flavours like lemon and peach, exotic flavours like jasmine and lemongrass are also very popular.
In the United Kingdom, it is consumed daily and often by a majority of people across the country, and indeed is perceived as one of Britain's cultural beverages. In British homes, it is customary good manners for a host to offer tea to guests soon after their arrival. Tea is generally consumed at home; outside the home in cafés. Afternoon tea with cakes on fine porcelain is a cultural stereotype, sometimes available in quaint tea-houses. In southwest England, many cafes serve a 'cream tea', consisting of scones, clotted cream, and jam alongside a pot of tea. Throughout the UK, 'tea' may also refer to the evening meal.
In Burma (Myanmar), tea is consumed not only as hot drinks, but also as sweet tea and green tea known locally as laphet-yay and laphet-yay-gyan, respectively. Pickled tea leaves, known locally as laphet, are also a national delicacy. Pickled tea is usually eaten with roasted sesame seeds, crispy fried beans, roasted peanuts and fried garlic chips.
PREPARATION
STEEPING TEA
The traditional method of preparing tea is to place loose tea leaves directly (or in a tea infuser) into a tea pot or teacup, pour freshly boiled water over the leaves, and allow the infused liquid to steep (or "brew"). After a few minutes, the infuser is removed, or the tea is poured through a strainer while serving. Strength should be varied by the amount of tea leaves used, not changing the steeping time.
Most green teas should be allowed two or three minutes, although other types may vary between thirty seconds and ten minutes.
Quantity also varies by tea type, with a basic recipe calling for one slightly heaped teaspoon (about 5 ml) for each teacup of water (200–240 ml). Stronger teas to be drunk with milk (such as Assam) are often prepared more heavily, while more delicate high-grown varieties (such as a Darjeeling) more lightly.
Optimum brewing temperature depends on tea type. Camellia sinensis naturally contains tannins having bitter properties accentuated by both temperature and steeping time. These tannins are enhanced by oxidation during processing. Teas with little or no oxidation, such as a green or white, are best at lower temperatures between 65 and 85 °C, while more oxidized teas require 100 °C to extract their large, complex, flavourful phenolic molecules.
In addition, boiling reduces the dissolved oxygen content of water, which would otherwise react with phenolic molecules to degrade them.
Type Water temp. Steep time Infusions
_________________________________________
White tea 65 to 70 °C 1–2 minutes 3
Yellow tea 70 to 75 °C 1–2 minutes 3
Green tea 75 to 80 °C 1–2 minutes 4–6
Oolong tea 80 to 85 °C 2–3 minutes 4–6
Black tea 99 °C 2–3 minutes 2–3
Flowering tea 100 °C 2–3 minutes 4–5
Pu'er tea 95 to 100 °C Limitless Several
Tisanes 99 °C 3–6 minutes Varied
Some tea sorts are often brewed several times using the same leaves. Historically in China, tea is divided into a number of infusions. The first is immediately poured out to wash the tea, and then the second and further infusions are drunk. The third through fifth are nearly always considered the best, although different teas open up differently and may require more infusions to produce the best flavour.
One way to taste a tea throughout its entire process is to add hot water to a cup containing the leaves and sample it every 30 seconds. As the tea leaves unfold (known as "The Agony of the Leaves") the taste evolves.
A tea cosy or a teapot warmer are often used to keep the temperature of the tea in a teapot constant over periods of 20–60 minutes.
BLACK TEA
Popular varieties of black tea include Assam, Nepal, Darjeeling, Nilgiri, Turkish, Keemun, and Ceylon teas.
Many of the active substances in black tea do not develop at temperatures lower than 90 °C. As a result, black tea in the West is usually steeped in water near its boiling point, at around 99 °C. The most common fault when making black tea is to use water at too low a temperature. Since boiling point drops with increasing altitude, it is difficult to brew black tea properly in mountainous areas. Warming the tea pot before steeping is critical at any elevation.
Western black teas are usually brewed for about four minutes and are usually not allowed to steep for less than 30 seconds or more than about five minutes (a process known as brewing or mashing in Britain). In many regions of the world, however, actively boiling water is used and the tea is often stewed. In India, black tea is often boiled for fifteen minutes or longer to make Masala chai, as a strong brew is preferred. Tea should be strained while serving.
A food safety management group of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published a standard for preparing a cup of tea (ISO 3103: Tea — Preparation of liquor for use in sensory tests), primarily intended for standardizing preparation for comparison and rating purposes.
GREEN TEA
In regions of the world that prefer mild beverages, such as the West and Far East, green tea should be steeped in water around 80 to 85 °C, the higher the quality of the leaves the lower the temperature. Regions such as North Africa or Central Asia prefer a bitter tea, and hotter water is used. In Morocco, green tea is steeped in boiling water for 15 minutes.
The container in which green tea is steeped is often warmed beforehand to prevent premature cooling. High-quality green and white teas can have new water added as many as five or more times, depending on variety, at increasingly higher temperatures.
FLOWERING TEA
Flowering tea or blooming tea should be brewed at 100 °C in clear glass tea wares for up to three minutes. First pull 1/3 water to make the tea ball wet and after 30 seconds add the boiling water up to 4/5 of the capacity of the tea ware. The boiling water can help the tea ball bloom quickly and with a strong aroma of the tea. The height of glass tea ware should be 8–10 cm, which can help the tea and flowers bloom completely. One tea ball can be brewed 4-5 times.
OOLONG TEA
Oolong tea should be brewed around 85 to 96 °C, with the brewing vessel warmed before pouring the water. Yixing purple clay teapots are the traditional brewing-vessel for oolong tea which can be brewed multiple times from the same leaves, unlike green tea, seeming to improve with reuse. In the Chinese and Taiwanese Gongfu tea ceremony, the first brew is discarded, as it is considered a rinse of leaves rather than a proper brew.
PREMIUM OR DELICATE TEA
Some teas, especially green teas and delicate oolong teas, are steeped for shorter periods, sometimes less than 30 seconds. Using a tea strainer separates the leaves from the water at the end of the brewing time if a tea bag is not being used. However, the black Darjeeling tea, a premium Indian tea, needs a longer than average steeping time. Elevation and time of harvest offer varying taste profiles; proper storage and water quality also have a large impact on taste.
PU-ERH TEA
Pu-erh teas require boiling water for infusion. Some prefer to quickly rinse pu-erh for several seconds with boiling water to remove tea dust which accumulates from the ageing process, then infuse it at the boiling point (100 °C), and allow it to steep from 30 seconds to five minutes.
SERVING
To preserve the pretannin tea without requiring it all to be poured into cups, a second teapot may be used. The steeping pot is best unglazed earthenware; Yixing pots are the best known of these, famed for the high-quality clay from which they are made. The serving pot is generally porcelain, which retains the heat better. Larger teapots are a post-19th century invention, as tea before this time was very rare and very expensive. Experienced tea-drinkers often insist the tea should not be stirred around while it is steeping (sometimes called winding or mashing in the UK). This, they say, will do little to strengthen the tea, but is likely to bring the tannins out in the same way that brewing too long will do. For the same reason, one should not squeeze the last drops out of a teabag; if stronger tea is desired, more tea leaves should be used.
ADDITIVES
The addition of milk to tea in Europe was first mentioned in 1680 by the epistolist Madame de Sévigné. Many teas are traditionally drunk with milk in cultures where dairy products are consumed. These include Indian masala chai and British tea blends. These teas tend to be very hearty varieties of black tea which can be tasted through the milk, such as Assams, or the East Friesian blend. Milk is thought to neutralise remaining tannins and reduce acidity. The Han Chinese do not usually drink milk with tea but the Manchus do, and the elite of the Qing Dynasty of the Chinese Empire continued to do so. Hong Kong-style milk tea is based on British colonial habits. Tibetans and other Himalayan peoples traditionally drink tea with milk or yak butter and salt. In Eastern European countries (Russia, Poland and Hungary) and in Italy, tea is commonly served with lemon juice. In Poland, tea with milk is called a bawarka ("Bavarian style"), and is often drunk by pregnant and nursing women. In Australia, tea with milk is white tea.
The order of steps in preparing a cup of tea is a much-debated topic, and can vary widely between cultures or even individuals. Some say it is preferable to add the milk before the tea, as the high temperature of freshly brewed tea can denature the proteins found in fresh milk, similar to the change in taste of UHT milk, resulting in an inferior-tasting beverage. Others insist it is better to add the milk after brewing the tea, as black tea is often brewed as close to boiling as possible. The addition of milk chills the beverage during the crucial brewing phase, if brewing in a cup rather than using a pot, meaning the delicate flavour of a good tea cannot be fully appreciated. By adding the milk afterwards, it is easier to dissolve sugar in the tea and also to ensure the desired amount of milk is added, as the colour of the tea can be observed. Historically, the order of steps was taken as an indication of class: only those wealthy enough to afford good-quality porcelain would be confident of its being able to cope with being exposed to boiling water unadulterated with milk. Higher temperature difference means faster heat transfer so the earlier you add milk the slower the drink cools. A 2007 study published in the European Heart Journal found certain beneficial effects of tea may be lost through the addition of milk.
Many flavourings are added to varieties of tea during processing. Among the best known are Chinese jasmine tea, with jasmine oil or flowers, the spices in Indian masala chai, and Earl Grey tea, which contains oil of bergamot. A great range of modern flavours have been added to these traditional ones. In eastern India, people also drink lemon tea or lemon masala tea. Lemon tea simply contains hot tea with lemon juice and sugar. Masala lemon tea contains hot tea with roasted cumin seed powder, lemon juice, black salt and sugar, which gives it a tangy, spicy taste. Adding a piece of ginger when brewing tea is a popular habit of Sri Lankans, who also use other types of spices such as cinnamon to sweeten the aroma.
Other popular additives to tea by the tea-brewer or drinker include sugar, liquid honey or a solid Honey Drop, agave nectar, fruit jams, and mint. In China, sweetening tea was traditionally regarded as a feminine practice. In colder regions, such as Mongolia, Tibet and Nepal, butter is added to provide necessary calories. Tibetan butter tea contains rock salt and dre, a butter made from yak milk, which is churned vigorously in a cylindrical vessel closely resembling a butter churn. The same may be said for salt tea, which is popular in the Hindu Kush region of northern Pakistan.
Alcohol, such as whisky or brandy, may also be added to tea.
The flavour of the tea can also be altered by pouring it from different heights, resulting in varying degrees of aeration. The art of high-altitude pouring is used principally by people in Northern Africa (e.g. Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, Libya and Western Sahara), but also in West Africa (e.g. Guinea, Mali, Senegal) and can positively alter the flavour of the tea, but it is more likely a technique to cool the beverage destined to be consumed immediately. In certain cultures, the tea is given different names depending on the height from which it is poured. In Mali, gunpowder tea is served in series of three, starting with the highest oxidisation or strongest, unsweetened tea (cooked from fresh leaves), locally referred to as "strong like death", followed by a second serving, where the same tea leaves are boiled again with some sugar added ("pleasant as life"), and a third one, where the same tea leaves are boiled for the third time with yet more sugar added ("sweet as love"). Green tea is the central ingredient of a distinctly Malian custom, the "Grin", an informal social gathering that cuts across social and economic lines, starting in front of family compound gates in the afternoons and extending late into the night, and is widely popular in Bamako and other large urban areas.
In Southeast Asia, particularly in Singapore and Malaysia, the practice of pouring tea from a height has been refined further using black tea to which condensed milk is added, poured from a height from one cup to another several times in alternating fashion and in quick succession, to create a tea with entrapped air bubbles creating a frothy "head" in the cup. This beverage, teh tarik, literally, "pulled tea" (which has its origin as a hot Indian tea beverage), has a creamier taste than flat milk tea and is extremely popular in the region. Tea pouring in Malaysia has been further developed into an art form in which a dance is done by people pouring tea from one container to another, which in any case takes skill and precision. The participants, each holding two containers, one full of tea, pour it from one to another. They stand in lines and squares and pour the tea into each other's pots. The dance must be choreographed to allow anyone who has both pots full to empty them and refill those of whoever has no tea at any one point.
ECONOMICS
Tea is the most popular manufactured drink consumed in the world, equaling all others – including coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, and alcohol – combined. Most tea consumed outside East Asia is produced on large plantations in the hilly regions of India and Sri Lanka, and is destined to be sold to large businesses. Opposite this large-scale industrial production are many small "gardens," sometimes minuscule plantations, that produce highly sought-after teas prized by gourmets. These teas are both rare and expensive, and can be compared to some of the most expensive wines in this respect.
India is the world's largest tea-drinking nation, although the per capita consumption of tea remains a modest 750 grams per person every year. Turkey, with 2.5 kg of tea consumed per person per year, is the world's greatest per capita consumer.
PRODUCTION
In 2003, world tea production was 3.21 million tonnes annually. In 2010, world tea production reached over 4.52 million tonnes after having increased by 5.7% between 2009 and 2010.[84] Production rose by 3.1% between 2010 and 2011. The largest producers of tea are the People's Republic of China, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Turkey.
TRADE
According to the FAO in 2007, the largest importer of tea, by weight, was the Russian Federation, followed by the United Kingdom, Pakistan, and the United States. Kenya, China, India and Sri Lanka were the largest exporters of tea in 2007 (with exports of: 374229, 292199, 193459 and 190203 tonnes respectively). The largest exporter of black tea is Kenya, largest producer (and consumer) India.
PACKAGING
TEA BAGS
In 1907, American tea merchant Thomas Sullivan began distributing samples of his tea in small bags of Chinese silk with a drawstring. Consumers noticed they could simply leave the tea in the bag and reuse it with fresh tea. However, the potential of this distribution/packaging method would not be fully realised until later on. During World War II, tea was rationed in the United Kingdom. In 1953 (after rationing in the UK ended), Tetley launched the tea bag to the UK and it was an immediate success.
The "pyramid tea bag" (or sachet) introduced by Lipton and PG Tips/Scottish Blend in 1996, attempts to address one of the connoisseurs' arguments against paper tea bags by way of its three-dimensional tetrahedron shape, which allows more room for tea leaves to expand while steeping.
However, some types of pyramid tea bags have been criticised as being environmentally unfriendly, since their synthetic material is not as biodegradable as loose tea leaves and paper tea bags.
LOOSE TEA
The tea leaves are packaged loosely in a canister, paper bag, or other container such as a tea chest. Some whole teas, such as rolled gunpowder tea leaves, which resist crumbling, are sometimes vacuum packed for freshness in aluminised packaging for storage and retail. The loose tea must be individually measured for use, allowing for flexibility and flavor control at the expense of convenience. Strainers, tea balls, tea presses, filtered teapots, and infusion bags prevent loose leaves from floating in the tea and over-brewing. A traditional method uses a three-piece lidded teacup called a gaiwan, the lid of which is tilted to decant the tea into a different cup for consumption.
COMPRESSED TEA
Compressed tea (such as Pu-erh) is produced for convenience in transport, storage, and ageing. It can usually be stored longer without spoilage than loose leaf tea.
Compressed tea is prepared by loosening leaves from the cake using a small knife, and steeping the extracted pieces in water. During the Tang dynasty, as described by Lu Yu, compressed tea was ground into a powder, combined with hot water, and ladled into bowls, resulting in a "frothy" mixture. In the Song dynasty, the tea powder would instead be whisked with hot water in the bowl. Although no longer practiced in China today, the whisking method of preparing powdered tea was transmitted to Japan by Zen Buddhist monks, and is still used to prepare matcha in the Japanese tea ceremony.
Compressed tea was the most popular form of tea in China during the Tang dynasty. By the beginning of the Ming dynasty, it had been displaced by loose leaf tea. It remains popular, however, in the Himalayan countries and Mongolian steppes. In Mongolia, tea bricks were ubiquitous enough to be used as a form of currency. Among Himalayan peoples, compressed tea is consumed by combining it with yak butter and salt to produce butter tea.
INSTANT TEA
"Instant tea", both hot and cold, is an alternative to the brewed products. Similar to freeze-dried instant coffee, but not requiring boiling water, instant tea was developed in the 1930s. Nestlé introduced the first commercial product in 1946, while Redi-Tea debuted instant iced tea in 1953.
Delicacy of flavour is sacrificed for convenience. Additives such as chai, vanilla, honey or fruit, are popular, as is powdered milk.
During the Second World War British and Canadian soldiers were issued an instant tea known as 'Compo' in their Composite Ration Packs. These blocks of instant tea, powdered milk, and sugar were not always well received. As Royal Canadian Artillery Gunner, George C Blackburn observed:
But, unquestionably, the feature of Compo rations destined to be remembered beyond all others is Compo tea...Directions say to "sprinkle powder on heated water and bring to the boil, stirring well, three heaped teaspoons to one pint of water."
Every possible variation in the preparation of this tea was tried, but...it always ended up the same way. While still too hot to drink, it is a good-looking cup of strong tea. Even when it becomes just cool enough to be sipped gingerly, it is still a good-tasting cup of tea, if you like your tea strong and sweet. But let it cool enough to be quaffed and enjoyed, and your lips will be coated with a sticky scum that forms across the surface, which if left undisturbed will become a leathery membrane that can be wound around your finger and flipped away...
STORAGE
Storage conditions and type determine the shelf life of tea. Black tea's is greater than green's. Some, such as flower teas, may last only a month or so. Others, such as pu-erh, improve with age.
To remain fresh and prevent mold, tea needs to be stored away from heat, light, air, and moisture. Tea must be kept at room temperature in an air-tight container. Black tea in a bag within a sealed opaque canister may keep for two years. Green tea deteriorates more rapidly, usually in less than a year. Tightly rolled gunpowder tea leaves keep longer than the more open-leafed Chun Mee tea.
Storage life for all teas can be extended by using desiccant or oxygen-absorbing packets, vacuum sealing, or refrigeration in air-tight containers (except green tea, where discrete use of refrigeration or freezing is recommended and temperature variation kept to a minimum).
WIKIPEDIA
#AbFav_EDIBLE_
... fresh Physalis in their husks. Both to eat and to photograph!
Physalis is characterised by the small orange fruit similar in size, shape and structure to a small tomato, but partly or fully enclosed in a large papery husk derived from the calyx.
The berry also goes by the names Golden Strawberry,Chinese Lantern and Cape gooseberry.
Not all Physalis species bear edible fruit.
Select species are cultivated for their edible fruit, however; the typical Physalis fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like strawberries or pineapple in flavour, with a mild acidity.
Physalis fruit is a good source of vitamin C, beta-carotene, iron, calcium and trace amounts of B vitamins.
These fruits contain 18 kinds of amino acids.
These berries are also abundant in polysaccharides, compounds that may help fortify the immune system.
Thank you for your time and comments, greatly appreciated, M, (*_*)
For more: www.indigo2photography.com
IT IS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN (BY LAW!!!) TO USE ANY OF MY image or TEXT on websites, blogs or any other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
PHYSALIS, orange, fruit, "Magda Indigo", "black background", STUDIO, square, husk, skeleton, "Golden Strawberry", "Chinese Lantern", "Cape gooseberry", design, colour, "conceptual art", NikonD7000, "Magda indigo"
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
Hydrangea, the name, comes from the Greek words "hydro" or water, and "angeion," or vase = water vase, they prefer a lot of water.
A very ancient plant, found in fossils going back thousands of years.
In most species the flowers are white, but in some species (notably H. macrophylla), they are blue, red, pink, light purple, or dark purple.
In these species the colour is affected by the presence of aluminium ions which are available or tied up depending upon the soil’s pH content.
For H. macrophylla and H. serrata cultivars, the flower colour can be determined by the relative acidity of the soil: an acidic soil (pH below 7), will have available aluminium ions and typically produce flowers that are blue to purple, whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will tie up aluminium ions and result in pink or red flowers.
I wish you all the very best and thank you for all your kind words, time, comments, likes and faves.
Very much appreciated. M, (*_*)
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Hydrangea, blooms, red, leaves, flowers, Nature, studio, "conceptual art", colour, black-background, square, "Magda indigo", NikonD7000
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of leaves) about one meter tall bearing narrow leaf blades. The inflorescences bear pale yellow with purple flowers and arise directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.
Ginger is in the family Zingiberaceae, which also includes turmeric (Curcuma longa), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), and galangal. Ginger originated in Island Southeast Asia and was likely domesticated first by the Austronesian peoples. It was transported with them throughout the Indo-Pacific during the Austronesian expansion (c. 5,000 BP), reaching as far as Hawaii. Ginger is one of the first spices to have been exported from Asia, arriving in Europe with the spice trade, and was used by ancient Greeks and Romans. The distantly related dicots in the genus Asarum are commonly called wild ginger because of their similar taste.
ETYMOLOGY
The English origin of the word, "ginger", is from the mid-14th century, from Old English gingifer, from Medieval Latin gingiber, from Greek zingiberis, from Prakrit (Middle Indic) singabera, from Sanskrit srngaveram, from srngam "horn" and vera- "body", from the shape of its root. The word probably was readopted in Middle English from Old French gingibre (modern French gingembre).
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION
Ginger originated from Island Southeast Asia. It is a true cultigen and does not exist in its wild state. The most ancient evidence of its domestication is among the Austronesian peoples where it was among several species of ginger cultivated and exploited since ancient times. They cultivated other gingers including turmeric (Curcuma longa), white turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria), and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet). The rhizomes and the leaves were used to flavor food or eaten directly. The leaves were also used to weave mats. Aside from these uses, ginger had religious significance among Austronesians, being used in rituals for healing and for asking protection from spirits. It was also used in the blessing of Austronesian ships.
Ginger was carried with them in their voyages as canoe plants during the Austronesian expansion, starting from around 5,000 BP. They introduced it to the Pacific Islands in prehistory, long before any contact with other civilizations. Reflexes of the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian word *laqia are still found in Austronesian languages all the way to Hawaii. They also presumably introduced it to India along with other Southeast Asian food plants and Austronesian sailing technologies, during early contact by Austronesian sailors with the Dravidian-speaking peoples of Sri Lanka and South India at around 3,500 BP. It was also carried by Austronesian voyagers into Madagascar and the Comoros in the 1st millennium CE.
From India, it was also carried by traders into the Middle East and the Mediterranean by around the 1st century CE. It was primarily grown in southern India and the Greater Sunda Islands during the spice trade, along with peppers, cloves, and numerous other spices.
HORTICULTURE
Ginger produces clusters of white and pink flower buds that bloom into yellow flowers. Because of its aesthetic appeal and the adaptation of the plant to warm climates, it is often used as landscaping around subtropical homes. It is a perennial reed-like plant with annual leafy stems, about a meter tall. Traditionally, the rhizome is gathered when the stalk withers; it is immediately scalded, or washed and scraped, to kill it and prevent sprouting. The fragrant perisperm of the Zingiberaceae is used as sweetmeats by Bantu, and also as a condiment and sialagogue.
PRODUCTION
In 2016, global production of ginger was 3.3 million tonnes, led by India with 34% of the world total. Nigeria, China, and Indonesia also had substantial production.
PRODUCTION IN INDIA
Though it is grown in many areas across the globe, ginger is “among the earliest recorded spices to be cultivated and exported from southwest India” India holds the seventh position is ginger export worldwide, however is still the “largest producer of ginger in the world” Regions in southwest and Northeast India are most suitable for ginger production due to their warm and humid climate, average rainfall and land space.
Ginger has the ability to grow in a wide variety of land types and areas, however is best produced when grown in a warm, humid environment, at an elevation between 300 and 900m, and in well-drained soils at least 30 cm deep. A period of low rainfall prior to growing and well-distributed rainfall during growing are also essential for the ginger to thrive well in the soil.
Ginger produced in India is most often farmed through homestead farming. Since most ginger crops are produced on homestead farms, the farm employees are mostly family members or other local members of the community. Gendered roles within ginger farming are distributed quite evenly and fairly. From land preparation to seed storage, all works of ginger cultivation in India are generally done by both female and male farmers. Male farmers are widely known as the ones who purchase seeds, do the ploughing, and mulching, while female farmers usually do weeding and both genders share the work of hoeing, digging, planting, manure application, and harvesting. This being said, since these farms are family run the distribution of work is more dependant on the family situation rather than gender. For example, if there are more men in the family then there would be more men working on the farm, but if there are an equal number of men and women, or less men than woman then there would be more women seen working on the farm. The role of does the selling of the ginger varies throughout different cities and states in India. In Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland (all in the Northeast of India) woman are important benefactors in the sale of ginger, but in Sikkim which is also in the Northeast region, men play a larger role than women do in the sale of ginger.
GINGER FARMING
The size of the ginger seed, called rhizome, is essential to the production of ginger. The larger the rhizome piece, the faster ginger will be produced and therefore the faster it will be sold onto the market. Prior to planting the seed rhizomes, farmers are required to treat the seeds to prevent seed-borne pathogens and pests, rhizome rot and other seed-borne diseases. There are various ways farmers do seed treatment in India. These include dipping the seeds in cow dung emulsion, smoking the seeds before storage, or hot water treatment.
Once the seeds are properly treated, the farm land in which they are to be planted must be thoroughly dug or ploughed by the farmer to break up the soil. After the soil is sufficiently ploughed at least 3-5 times, water channels are made 60–80 ft apart to irrigate the crop.
The next step after famers ensure soil is well suitable for planting and growing is planting the rhizome seed. In India, planting the irrigated ginger crop is usually done in the months between March and June as those months account for the beginning of the monsoon, or rainy and season. Once the planting stage is done, farmers go on to mulch the crop to “conserve moisture and check weed growth”, as well as check surface run-off to conserve soil. Mulching is done by applying mulch (green leaves for example) to the plant beds directly after planting and again 45 and 90 days into growth. After mulching comes hilling, which is the stirring and breaking up of soil to check weed growth, break the firmness of the soil from rain, and conserve soil moisture. Farmers must ensure that their ginger crops are receiving supplemental irrigation if rainfall is low in their region. In India, farmers must irrigate their ginger crops every two weeks at the least between September and November (when the monsoon is over) to ensure maximum yield and high quality product.
The final farming stage for ginger is the harvesting stage and for items such as vegetable, soda, and candy, harvesting should be done between four and five months of planting, whereas when the rhizome is planted for products such as dried ginger or ginger oil, harvesting must be done eight to ten months after planting.
Dry ginger, one of the most popular forms of ginger commercially exported, must undergo drying and preparation to reach the goal product. Ginger rhizomes that are to be converted into dry ginger must be harvested at full maturity (8–10 months), then they must be soaked overnight and rubbed well for cleaning. After being removed from water the outer skin is very delicately scraped off with a bamboo splinter or wooden knife and this process must be done by hand as it is too delicate a process to be done by machinery. After being traded internationally, dried ginger is ground in the consuming centres to which they arrive. Fresh ginger, another very popular form of exported ginger is not required to undergo further processing after being harvested, and can be harvested much sooner than dry ginger.
TRANSPORTATION AND EXPORT OF GINGER
Ginger is sent through various stages to be transported to its final destination either domestically or internationally and the journey begins when farmers sell of a portion of their produce to village traders who collect produce right at the farm gate. Once the produce is collected it is transported to the closest assembly market where it is then taken to main regional and/or district level marketing centres. Farmers with a large yield of produce will directly take their produce to the local and/or regional markets. Once the produce has “reached [the] regional level markets, they are cleaned, graded, and packed in sacks of about 60kg”. They are then moved to terminal markets such as in New Dehli, Kochi, and Bombay.
States in which ginger is exported follow the marketing channels of vegetable marketing in India and the steps are similar to those when transported domestically, however instead of reaching a terminal market after the regional forwarding centres, the produce will reach an export market and be sent off by vehicle, plane and/or boat to reach its final international destination where it will arrive to a local retail market and finally reach the consumer once purchased!
Dry ginger is most popularly traded between asian countries through a unique distribution system involving a network of small retail outlets. Fresh and preserved ginger are often sold directly to supermarket chains, and in some countries fresh ginger is seen exclusively in small shops unique to certain ethnic communities. India often exports their ginger and other vegetable produce very frequently to Pakistan and Bangladesh, as well as to in “Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Morocco, the United States, Yemen Republic, the United Kingdom, and Netherlands”.
Though India is the largest ginger producer in the world as previously mentioned, it fails to play the role of a large exporter and only accounts for about 1.17% of total ginger exports. Ginger farming in India is a costly and risky business, as they do not gain a whole lot of money from exports and “more than 65 % of the total cost incurred is toward labor and seed material purchase”. The farm owner may benefit given that there is no losses in production or price decreases, which is not easily avoidable. Production of dry ginger proves to have a higher benefit-cost ratio, as well as ginger cultivated in intercropping systems rather than as a pure crop.
USES
Ginger is a very popular spice used worldwide; whether it be used to spice up meals, or as a medicine, the demand for ginger all over the world has been consistent throughout history. Ginger can be used for a variety of food or medicine items such as vegetables, candy, soda, pickles, and alcoholic beverages.
Ginger is a fragrant kitchen spice. Young ginger rhizomes are juicy and fleshy with a mild taste. They are often pickled in vinegar or sherry as a snack or cooked as an ingredient in many dishes. They can be steeped in boiling water to make ginger herb tea, to which honey may be added. Ginger can be made into candy or ginger wine.
Mature ginger rhizomes are fibrous and nearly dry. The juice from ginger roots is often used as a seasoning in Indian recipes and is a common ingredient of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and many South Asian cuisines for flavoring dishes such as seafood, meat, and vegetarian dishes.
Fresh ginger can be substituted for ground ginger at a ratio of six to one, although the flavors of fresh and dried ginger are somewhat different. Powdered dry ginger root is typically used as a flavoring for recipes such as gingerbread, cookies, crackers and cakes, ginger ale, and ginger beer. Candied ginger or crystallized ginger, known in the U.K. as "stem ginger", is the root cooked in sugar until soft, and is a type of confectionery. Fresh ginger may be peeled before eating. For longer-term storage, the ginger can be placed in a plastic bag and refrigerated or frozen.
REGIONAL USES
In Indian cuisine, ginger is a key ingredient, especially in thicker gravies, as well as in many other dishes, both vegetarian and meat-based. Ginger has a role in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. It is an ingredient in traditional Indian drinks, both cold and hot, including spiced masala chai. Fresh ginger is one of the main spices used for making pulse and lentil curries and other vegetable preparations. Fresh ginger together with peeled garlic cloves is crushed or ground to form ginger garlic masala. Fresh, as well as dried, ginger is used to spice tea and coffee, especially in winter. In south India, "sambharam" is a summer yogurt drink made with ginger as a key ingredient, along with green chillies, salt and curry leaves. Ginger powder is used in food preparations intended primarily for pregnant or nursing women, the most popular one being katlu, which is a mixture of gum resin, ghee, nuts, and sugar. Ginger is also consumed in candied and pickled form. In Japan, ginger is pickled to make beni shōga and gari or grated and used raw on tofu or noodles. It is made into a candy called shoga no sato zuke. In the traditional Korean kimchi, ginger is either finely minced or just juiced to avoid the fibrous texture and added to the ingredients of the spicy paste just before the fermenting process.
In Burma, ginger is called gyin. It is widely used in cooking and as a main ingredient in traditional medicines. It is consumed as a salad dish called gyin-thot, which consists of shredded ginger preserved in oil, with a variety of nuts and seeds. In Thailand' where it is called ขิง khing, it is used to make a ginger garlic paste in cooking. In Indonesia, a beverage called wedang jahe is made from ginger and palm sugar. Indonesians also use ground ginger root, called jahe, as a common ingredient in local recipes. In Malaysia, ginger is called halia and used in many kinds of dishes, especially soups. Called luya in the Philippines, ginger is a common ingredient in local dishes and is brewed as a tea called salabat. In Vietnam, the fresh leaves, finely chopped, can be added to shrimp-and-yam soup (canh khoai mỡ) as a top garnish and spice to add a much subtler flavor of ginger than the chopped root. In China, sliced or whole ginger root is often paired with savory dishes such as fish, and chopped ginger root is commonly paired with meat, when it is cooked. Candied ginger is sometimes a component of Chinese candy boxes, and a herbal tea can be prepared from ginger. Raw ginger juice can be used to set milk and make a desert, ginger milk curd.
In the Caribbean, ginger is a popular spice for cooking and for making drinks such as sorrel, a drink made during the Christmas season. Jamaicans make ginger beer both as a carbonated beverage and also fresh in their homes. Ginger tea is often made from fresh ginger, as well as the famous regional specialty Jamaican ginger cake. On the island of Corfu, Greece, a traditional drink called τσιτσιμπύρα (tsitsibira), a type of ginger beer, is made. The people of Corfu and the rest of the Ionian islands adopted the drink from the British, during the period of the United States of the Ionian Islands.
In Western cuisine, ginger is traditionally used mainly in sweet foods such as ginger ale, gingerbread, ginger snaps, parkin, and speculaas. A ginger-flavored liqueur called Canton is produced in Jarnac, France. Ginger wine is a ginger-flavored wine produced in the United Kingdom, traditionally sold in a green glass bottle. Ginger is also used as a spice added to hot coffee and tea.
SIMILAR INGREDIENTS
Other members of the family Zingiberaceae are used in similar ways. They include the myoga (Zingiber mioga), the several types of galangal, the fingerroot (Boesenbergia rotunda), and the bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet).
A dicotyledonous native species of eastern North America, Asarum canadense, is also known as "wild ginger", and its root has similar aromatic properties, but it is not related to true ginger. The plant contains aristolochic acid, a carcinogenic compound. The United States Food and Drug Administration warns that consumption of aristolochic acid-containing products is associated with "permanent kidney damage, sometimes resulting in kidney failure that has required kidney dialysis or kidney transplantation. In addition, some patients have developed certain types of cancers, most often occurring in the urinary tract."
NUTRITIONAL INFORMATION
Raw ginger is composed of 79% water, 18% carbohydrates, 2% protein, and 1% fat (table). In 100 grams (a standard amount used to compare with other foods), raw ginger supplies 80 Calories and contains moderate amounts of vitamin B6 (12% of the Daily Value, DV) and the dietary minerals, magnesium (12% DV) and manganese (11% DV), but otherwise is low in nutrient content (table).
When used as a spice powder in a common serving amount of one US tablespoon (5 grams), ground dried ginger (9% water) provides negligible content of essential nutrients, with the exception of manganese (70% DV).
COMPOSITION AND SAFETY
If consumed in reasonable quantities, ginger has few negative side effects. It is on the FDA's "generally recognized as safe" list, though it does interact with some medications, including the anticoagulant drug warfarin and the cardiovascular drug nifedipine.
CHEMISTRY
The characteristic fragrance and flavor of ginger result from volatile oils that compose 1-3% of the weight of fresh ginger, primarily consisting of zingerone, shogaols, and gingerols with [6]-gingerol (1-[4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl]-5-hydroxy-3-decanone) as the major pungent compound. Zingerone is produced from gingerols during drying, having lower pungency and a spicy-sweet aroma. Shagoals are more pungent and have higher antioxidant activity but not found in raw ginger, but is formed from gingerols during heating, storage or via acidity.
Fresh ginger also contains an enzyme zingibain which is a cysteine protease and has similar properties to rennet.
MEDICINAL USE AND RESEARCH
Evidence that ginger helps alleviate nausea and vomiting resulting from chemotherapy or pregnancy is inconsistent. There is no clear evidence of harm from taking ginger during pregnancy, although its safety has not been established. Ginger is not effective for treating dysmenorrhea, and there is insufficient evidence for it having analgesic properties due to the lack of well conducted trials. Available data provides weak evidence for its anti-inflammatory role and it may reduce the subjective experience of pain in osteoarthritis.
Allergic reactions to ginger generally result in a rash. Although generally recognized as safe, ginger can cause heartburn and other side effects, particularly if taken in powdered form. It may adversely affect individuals with gallstones and may interfere with the effects of anticoagulants, such as warfarin or aspirin.
WIKIPEDIA
Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium.
Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rakkyo. With a history of human use of over 7,000 years, garlic is native to central Asia, and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region, as well as a frequent seasoning in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.
DESCRIPTION
Allium sativum is a bulbous plant. It grows up to 1.2 m in height. Its hardiness is USDA Zone 8. It produces hermaphrodite flowers. Pollination occurs by bees and other insects.
ORIGIN AND MAJOR TYPES
Allium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become naturalized. The "wild garlic", "crow garlic", and "field garlic" of Britain are members of the species Allium ursinum, Allium vineale, and Allium oleraceum, respectively. Identification of the wild progenitor for common garlic is made difficult by the sterility of its many cultivars which may all be descended from the species, Allium longicuspis, growing wild in central and southwestern Asia.
In North America, Allium vineale (known as "wild garlic" or "crow garlic") and Allium canadense, known as "meadow garlic" or "wild garlic" and "wild onion", are common weeds in fields. One of the best-known "garlics", the so-called elephant garlic, is actually a wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum), and not a true garlic. Single clove garlic (also called pearl or solo garlic) originated in the Yunnan province of China.
EUROPEAN GARLIC
There are a number of garlics with Protected Geographical Status in Europe; these include:
- Aglio Rosso di Nubia (Red Garlic of Nubia) from Nubia-Paceco, Provincia di Trapani, Sicily, Italy
- Aglio Bianco Polesano from Veneto, Italy (PDO)
- Aglio di Voghiera from Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (PDO)
- Ail blanc de Lomagne from Lomagne in the Gascony area of France (PGI)
- Ail de la Drôme from Drôme in France (PGI)
- Ail rose de Lautrec a rose/pink garlic from Lautrec in France (PGI)
- Ajo Morado de las Pedroñeras a rose/pink garlic from Las Pedroñeras in Spain (PGI)
SUBSPECIES AND VARIETIES
There are two subspecies of A. sativum, ten major groups of varieties, and hundreds of varieties or cultivars.
A. sativum var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll, called Ophioscorodon, or hard necked garlic, includes porcelain garlics, rocambole garlic, and purple stripe garlics. It is sometimes considered to be a separate species, Allium ophioscorodon G.Don.
A. sativum var. sativum, or soft-necked garlic, includes artichoke garlic, silverskin garlic, and creole garlic.
CULTIVATION
Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. While sexual propagation of garlic is indeed possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated asexually, by planting individual cloves in the ground. In cold climates, cloves are planted in the autumn, about six weeks before the soil freezes, and harvested in late spring. The cloves must be planted at sufficient depth to prevent freeze/thaw which causes mold or white rot. Garlic plants are usually very hardy, and are not attacked by many pests or diseases. Garlic plants are said to repel rabbits and moles. Two of the major pathogens that attack garlic are nematodes and white rot disease, which remain in the soil indefinitely after the ground has become infected. Garlic also can suffer from pink root, a typically nonfatal disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red.
Garlic plants can be grown closely together, leaving enough space for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth. Garlic does well in loose, dry, well drained soils in sunny locations, and is hardy throughout USDA climate zones 4–9. When selecting garlic for planting, it is important to pick large bulbs from which to separate cloves. Large cloves, along with proper spacing in the planting bed, will also improve bulb size. Garlic plants prefer to grow in a soil with a high organic material content, but are capable of growing in a wide range of soil conditions and pH levels.
There are different varieties or subspecies of garlic, most notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic. The latitude where the garlic is grown affects the choice of type as garlic can be day-length sensitive. Hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates; softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator.
Garlic scapes are removed to focus all the garlic's energy into bulb growth. The scapes can be eaten raw or cooked.
PRODUCTION TRENDS
Garlic is grown globally, but China is by far the largest producer of garlic, with around 20 million tonnes (44 billion pounds) grown annually, accounting for over 81% of world output. India (4.6%) and South Korea (1.4%) follow, with Egypt (1.2%) on fourth place and the United States (where garlic is grown in every state except for Alaska) in ninth place (0.8%). This leaves 11% of global garlic production in countries that each produce less than 2% of global output. Much of the garlic production in the United States is centered in Gilroy, California, which calls itself the "garlic capital of the world".
USES
CULINARY USES
Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment.
The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.
Other parts of the garlic plant are also edible. The leaves and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are sometimes eaten. They are milder in flavor than the bulbs, and are most often consumed while immature and still tender. Immature garlic is sometimes pulled, rather like a scallion, and sold as "green garlic". When green garlic is allowed to grow past the "scallion" stage, but not permitted to fully mature, it may produce a garlic "round", a bulb like a boiling onion, but not separated into cloves like a mature bulb. It imparts a garlic flavor and aroma in food, minus the spiciness. Green garlic is often chopped and stir-fried or cooked in soup or hotpot in Southeast Asian (i.e. Vietnamese, Thai, Lao, Cambodian, Singaporean) and Chinese cookery, and is very abundant and low-priced. Additionally, the immature flower stalks (scapes) of the hardneck and elephant types are sometimes marketed for uses similar to asparagus in stir-fries.
Inedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the "skin" covering each clove and root cluster. The papery, protective layers of "skin" over various parts of the plant are generally discarded during preparation for most culinary uses, though in Korea immature whole heads are sometimes prepared with the tender skins intact. The root cluster attached to the basal plate of the bulb is the only part not typically considered palatable in any form.
Garlic is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, southern Europe, and parts of South and Central America. The flavor varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with onion, tomato, or ginger. The parchment-like skin is much like the skin of an onion, and is typically removed before using in raw or cooked form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in an oven. Garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove. In Korea, heads of garlic are heated over the course of several weeks; the resulting product, called black garlic, is sweet and syrupy, and is now being sold in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.Garlic may be applied to different kinds of bread, usually in a medium of butter or oil, to create a variety of classic dishes, such as garlic bread, garlic toast, bruschetta, crostini and canapé.
Oils can be flavored with garlic cloves. These infused oils are used to season all categories of vegetables, meats, breads and pasta. Garlic, along with fish sauce, chopped fresh chilis, lime juice, sugar and water, is a basic essential item in dipping fish sauce, a highly used dipping sauce condiment used in Indochina. In East and Southeast Asia, chili oil with garlic is a popular dipping sauce, especially for meat and seafood. Tuong ot toi Viet Nam (Vietnam Chili Garlic Sauce) is a highly popular condiment and dip across North America and Asia.
In some cuisines, the young bulbs are pickled for three to six weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt, and spices. In eastern Europe, the shoots are pickled and eaten as an appetizer. Laba garlic, prepared by soaking garlic in vinegar, is a type of pickled garlic served with dumplings in northern China to celebrate the Chinese New Year.
Lightly smoked garlic is becoming increasingly popular in British and European cuisine. It is particularly prized for stuffing poultry and game, and in soups and stews. In both these cases it is important to utilize the undiscarded skin, as much of the smoke flavor is situated there, rather than in the cloves themselves.
Immature scapes are tender and edible. They are also known as "garlic spears", "stems", or "tops". Scapes generally have a milder taste than the cloves. They are often used in stir frying or braised like asparagus. Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables.
Mixing garlic with egg yolks and olive oil produces aioli. Garlic, oil, and a chunky base produce skordalia. Blending garlic, almond, oil, and soaked bread produces ajoblanco. Tzatziki, yogurt mixed with garlic and salt is a common sauce in Eastern Mediterranean cuisines.
Garlic powder has a different taste from fresh garlic. If used as a substitute for fresh garlic, 1/8 teaspoon of garlic powder is equivalent to one clove of garlic.
STORAGE
Domestically, garlic is stored warm - above 18 °C - and dry to keep it dormant (lest it sprout). It is traditionally hung; softneck varieties are often braided in strands called plaits or grappes. Peeled cloves may be stored in wine or vinegar in the refrigerator. Commercially, garlic is stored at 0 °C, in a dry, low-humidity environment. Garlic will keep longer if the tops remain attached.
Garlic is often kept in oil to produce flavored oil; however, the practice requires measures to be taken to prevent the garlic from spoiling. Untreated garlic kept in oil can support the growth of Clostridium botulinum which causes the deadly botulism illness; refrigeration will not assure the safety of garlic kept in oil. To reduce this risk, the oil should be refrigerated and used within one week. According to wikihow, the garlic immersed in oil should be stored in the freezer and not the fridge. Commercially prepared oils are widely available. Manufacturers add acids or other chemicals to eliminate the risk of botulism in their products. Two outbreaks of botulism related to garlic stored in oil have been reported.
Garlic bulbs should be clean and white with a dried neck and outer skin and quite firm under pressure. They should be discarded if they are soft or spongy or show signs of mold.
HISTORICAL USE
The use of garlic in China dates back to 2000 BC. It was consumed by ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (Virgil, Ecologues ii. 11), and, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogized it as the "rustic's theriac" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), discussed it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters, The Superstitious Man). According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths.
In his Natural History, Pliny gives a list of scenarios in which garlic was considered beneficial (N.H. xx. 23). Dr. T. Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and, says Cullen (Mat. Med. ii. p. 174, 1789), found some dropsies cured by it alone.
Garlic was rare in traditional English cuisine (though it is said to have been grown in England before 1548) and has been a much more common ingredient in Mediterranean Europe.[citation needed] Translations of the c. 1300 Assize of Weights and Measures indicate a passage as dealing with standardized units of garlic production, sale, and taxation - the hundred of 15 ropes of 15 heads each - but the Latin version of the text refers to herring rather than garlic.
Garlic was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World Wars I and II.
NUTRIENTS
In the typical serving size of 1-3 cloves (3-9 g), garlic provides no significant nutritional value with the content of all essential nutrients below 10% of the Daily Value (DV) (right table). When expressed per 100 grams, garlic contains several nutrients in rich amounts (> 20% DV), including vitamins B6 and C, and the dietary minerals, manganese and phosphorus. Per 100 gram serving, garlic is also a good source (10-19% DV) of certain B vitamins including thiamine (Vitamin B1), and pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5), as well as certain dietary minerals including calcium, iron, and zinc (right table).
RESEARCH
CARDIOVASCULAR
A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that garlic preparations may effectively lower total cholesterol by 11–23 mg/dL and LDL cholesterol by 3–15 mg/dL in adults with high cholesterol if taken for longer than two months. The same analysis found that garlic had a marginally positive effect on HDL cholesterol, no significant effect on blood triglyceride levels, and that garlic preparations were generally well tolerated with very few side effects.
A 2012 Cochrane review of two randomized controlled trials found that the effect of garlic supplementation on blood pressure is unclear and that there is insufficient evidence to determine if garlic lowers cardiovascular death and disease rates in people with hypertension.
As garlic may reduce platelet aggregation, patients taking anticoagulant medication are cautioned about consuming garlic.
CANCER
A 2014 meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies found that garlic consumption is associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer in the Korean population. Similarly, a 2013 meta-analysis of case-control studies and cohort studies found limited evidence suggesting an association between higher garlic consumption and a lower risk of prostate cancer. However, the association was only significant in the case-control studies and the authors noted there was evidence of publication bias.
COMMON COLD
One news source reported garlic supplements may prevent the common cold, but there is insufficient clinical research to confirm this effect. A 2014 report in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews concluded that "there is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. A single trial suggested that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but more studies are needed to validate this finding. Claims of effectiveness appear to rely largely on poor-quality evidence." Another review reached similar conclusions about the lack of high-quality evidence for the idea that garlic prevents or treats the common cold.
OTHER USES
The sticky juice within the bulb cloves is used as an adhesive in mending glass and porcelain. An environmentally benign garlic-derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide and insecticide, including for use for control of cabbage root fly and red mite in poultry.
Garlic along with cinnamon is used as a fish and meat preservative, and displays antimicrobial property at temperatures as high as 120 degree Celsius; the combination can also be used to preserve fried and deep fried foods, and in the future might be used in an inner layer of plastic.
ADVERSE EFFECTS AND TOXICOLOGY
Garlic is known to cause bad breath (halitosis) and body odor, described as a pungent "garlicky" smell to sweat. This is caused by allyl methyl sulfide (AMS). AMS is a volatile liquid which is absorbed into the blood during the metabolism of garlic-derived sulfur compounds; from the blood it travels to the lungs (and from there to the mouth, causing bad breath; see garlic breath) and skin, where it is exuded through skin pores. Washing the skin with soap is only a partial and imperfect solution to the smell. Studies have shown sipping milk at the same time as consuming garlic can significantly neutralize bad breath. Mixing garlic with milk in the mouth before swallowing reduced the odor better than drinking milk afterward. Plain water, mushrooms and basil may also reduce the odor; the mix of fat and water found in milk, however, was the most effective.
The green, dry "folds" in the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent. The sulfur compound allicin, produced by crushing or chewing fresh garlic, produces other sulfur compounds: ajoene, allyl polysulfides, and vinyldithiins. Aged garlic lacks allicin, but may have some activity due to the presence of S-allylcysteine.
Some people suffer from allergies to garlic and other species of Allium. Symptoms can include irritable bowel, diarrhea, mouth and throat ulcerations, nausea, breathing difficulties, and, in rare cases, anaphylaxis. Garlic-sensitive patients show positive tests to diallyl disulfide, allylpropyldisulfide, allylmercaptan and allicin, all of which are present in garlic. People who suffer from garlic allergies are often sensitive to many other plants, including onions, chives, leeks, shallots, garden lilies, ginger, and bananas.
Several reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and acne treatment, indicate care must be taken for these uses, usually testing a small area of skin using a very low concentration of garlic. On the basis of numerous reports of such burns, including burns to children, topical use of raw garlic, as well as insertion of raw garlic into body cavities, is discouraged. In particular, topical application of raw garlic to young children is not advisable. The side effects of long-term garlic supplementation are largely unknown, and no FDA-approved study has been performed. Possible side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, sweating, dizziness, allergic reactions, bleeding, and menstrual irregularities.
Some breastfeeding mothers have found, after consuming garlic, that their babies can be slow to feed, and have noted a garlic odor coming from them.
If higher than recommended doses of garlic are taken with anticoagulant medications, this can lead to a higher risk of bleeding. Garlic may interact with warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, quinolone family of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications. Alliums might be toxic to cats or dogs.
SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS USES
Garlic has been regarded as a force for both good and evil. In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation as a potent preventative medicine. Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and vampires. To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.
In Iranian countries which celebrate Nowruz (Persian calendar New Year) such as Iran, the Caucasus countries, Afghanistan, and Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, garlic is one of the items in a Seven-Seen table, a traditional New Year's display.
In Islam, it is generally recommended not to eat raw garlic prior to going to the mosque, since the odor could distract other Muslims during their prayer. Muhammad himself disliked eating garlic.
In both Hinduism and Jainism, garlic is thought to stimulate and warm the body and to increase one's desires. Some devout Hindus generally avoid using garlic and the related onion in the preparation of foods, while less devout followers may only observe this for religious festivities and events. Followers of the Jain religion avoid eating garlic and onion on a daily basis.
In some Buddhist traditions, garlic – along with the other five "pungent spices" – is understood to stimulate sexual and aggressive drives to the detriment of meditation practice. In Mahayana Buddhism, monks and nuns are not allowed to consume garlic or other pungent spices such as chili, which are deemed as being "earthly pleasures" and are viewed as promoting aggression due to their spiciness and pungency.
PROPERTIES
Fresh or crushed garlic yields the sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulfides, vinyldithiins, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products, which are not sulfur-containing compounds.
The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter.
The phytochemicals responsible for the sharp flavor of garlic are produced when the plant's cells are damaged. When a cell is broken by chopping, chewing, or crushing, enzymes stored in cell vacuoles trigger the breakdown of several sulfur-containing compounds stored in the cell fluids (cytosol). The resultant compounds are responsible for the sharp or hot taste and strong smell of garlic. Some of the compounds are unstable and continue to react over time. Among the members of the onion family, garlic has by far the highest concentrations of initial reaction products, making garlic much more potent than onion, shallot, or leeks. Although many humans enjoy the taste of garlic, these compounds are believed to have evolved as a defensive mechanism, deterring animals such as birds, insects, and worms from eating the plant. Because of this, people throughout history have used garlic to keep away insects such as mosquitoes and slugs.
A large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the "hot" sensation of raw garlic. This chemical opens thermo-transient receptor potential channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness. Allicin, along with its decomposition products diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, are major contributors to the characteristic odor of garlic, with other allicin-derived compounds, such as vinyldithiins and ajoene. Because of its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the "stinking rose". When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the diner's sweat and garlic breath the following day. This is because garlic's strong-smelling sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming allyl methyl sulfide. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time.
The well-known phenomenon of "garlic breath" is allegedly alleviated by eating fresh parsley. The herb is, therefore, included in many garlic recipes, such as pistou, persillade, and the garlic butter spread used in garlic bread.
Because of the AMS in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent, but no clinically reported evidence suggests it is actually effective.
Abundant sulfur compounds in garlic are also responsible for turning garlic green or blue during pickling and cooking. Under these conditions (i.e. acidity, heat) the sulfur-containing compound alliinase react with common amino acids to make pyrroles, clusters of carbon-nitrogen rings. These rings can be linked together into polypyrrole molecules. Ring structures absorb particular wavelengths of light and thus appear colored. The two-pyrrole molecule looks red, the three-pyrrole molecule looks blue and the four-pyrrole molecule looks green (like chlorophyll, a tetrapyrrole). Like chlorophyll, the pyrrole pigments are safe to eat.
WIKIPEDIA
Welsh Cove, Maces Bay, New Brunswick.
My thanks to Forrest Gump 24 for the ID.
From Wikipedia -
Empetrum nigrum is a species of crowberry known as black crowberry which is native to most northern areas of the northern hemisphere, as well as the Falkland Islands in the southern hemisphere. It is in the family Ericaceae.
In gardening, it can be grown in acidic soils in shady, moist areas. It can be used for the edible berries, for a purple dye, or as a ground cover.
From Wikipedia -
Crowberry (Empetrum) is a small genus of dwarf evergreen shrubs that bear edible fruit. They are commonly found in the northern hemisphere, from temperate to subarctic climates, and also in the Southern Andes of South America and on the South Atlantic islands of South Georgia, the Falklands and Tristan da Cunha. The typical habitat is on moorlands, tundra and muskeg, but also in spruce forests. They are also found abundantly on the dune slacks and sand dunes of the Danish Island of Fanø as well as all over Iceland.
Species of crowberry include: E. nigrum (Crowberry), E. eamesii (Rockberry), E.rubrum and E. hermaphroditum. All are evergreen mat forming shrubs, with small, light green needle-like leaves 3-10 mm long. The flowers are small and plain looking. The fruit is a fairly dry black berry, smaller than the alpine bearberry, but with somewhat better flavour, and looks similar to a blueberry.
The genus and related ones such as Ceratiola and Corema were for most of the 20th century classified in their own family Empetraceae, but molecular data, leaf morphology, and other considerations point to their inclusion in the Ericaceae (specifically, as a tribe within the subfamily Ericoideae). This tribe does share a number of distinctive morphological features, which seem to be associated with wind pollination.
In subarctic areas, crowberry has been a vital addition to the diet of the Inuit and the Sami. After waning popularity, the crowberry is regaining its reputation as an edible berry. It provides a steady crop and the gathering is relatively easy. The high concentration of anthocyanin pigment can be used as a natural food dye. The Dena'ina (Tanaina) harvest it for food, sometimes storing in quantity for winter, and like it mixed with lard or oil. They keep well in a cool place without any special preparation.
The berries are usually collected in the fall of the year but if not picked they may persist on the plant and can be picked in the spring. The Inuit and Native Americans mix them with other berries, especially the blueberry. Cooking enhances the flavor. They make good pie and jelly.
The leaves and stems are used in Dena'ina medicine for diarrhea and stomach problems; they are boiled or soaked in hot water, and the strained liquid drunk. Some claim the berry juice is good for kidney trouble.
In Dena'ina plantlore in the Outer and Upper Inlet area of Lake Clark, the root is also used as a medicine, being used to remove a growth on an eye and to heal sore eyes. The roots are boiled and the eyes are washed with the strained, cooled tea, to which a little sugar may be added. Some people say blackberry stems can be used in the same way for these ailments.
Crowberries contain mostly water. Their vitamin content is low, as is also the concentration of volatile liquids, the lack of which makes them almost odorless. The acidity is lower than is typically encountered in forest berries, and benzene acids are almost absent.
Crowberries are also occasionally grown as ornamental plants in rockeries, notably the yellow-foliage cultivar Empetrum nigrum 'Lucia'.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint) and electronic drawing.
A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[1] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.
In addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering and technical drawing. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman or a draughtsman.[2]
Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.
Madame Palmyre with Her Dog, 1897. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Galileo Galilei. Phases of the Moon. 1616.
Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.
There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling, free hand and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).
A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.
In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.
History[edit]
Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.
Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]
The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.
Drawing Outside the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[20] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.
Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[21] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.
Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.
Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.
The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.
Technique[edit]
Raphael, study for what became the Alba Madonna, with other sketches
Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[22]
Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.
The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[23] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[24]
Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.
Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.
Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.
Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[25]
Tone[edit]
Line drawing in sanguine by Leonardo da Vinci
Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.
Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.
Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.
Form and proportion[edit]
Pencil portrait by Ingres
Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.
When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive volumes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic volumes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive volumes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[26]
A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.
Perspective[edit]
Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.
Two-point perspective drawing
When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[27] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.
Artistry[edit]
Chiaroscuro study drawing by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
The composition of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of artistic merit. The artist plans element placement in the art to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating.
The illumination of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of light and shadow is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. The placement of the light sources can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features.
When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the negative space, and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed.
Drawing process in the Academic Study of a Male Torso by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1801, National Museum, Warsaw)
A study is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study.
Process[edit]
Individuals display differences in their ability to produce visually accurate drawings.[28] A visually accurate drawing is described as being "recognized as a particular object at a particular time and in a particular space, rendered with little addition of visual detail that can not be seen in the object represented or with little deletion of visual detail”.[29]
Investigative studies have aimed to explain the reasons why some individuals draw better than others. One study posited four key abilities in the drawing process: perception of objects being drawn, ability to make good representational decisions, motor skills required for mark-making and the drawer's own perception of their drawing.[29] Following this hypothesis, several studies have sought to conclude which of these processes are most significant in affecting the accuracy of drawings.
Motor function Motor function is an important physical component in the 'Production Phase' of the drawing process.[30] It has been suggested that motor function plays a role in drawing ability, though its effects are not significant.[29]
Perception It has been suggested that an individual's ability to perceive an object they are drawing is the most important stage in the drawing process.[29] This suggestion is supported by the discovery of a robust relationship between perception and drawing ability.[31]
This evidence acted as the basis of Betty Edwards' how-to drawing book, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.[32] Edwards aimed to teach her readers how to draw, based on the development of the reader's perceptual abilities.
Furthermore, the influential artist and art critic John Ruskin emphasised the importance of perception in the drawing process in his book The Elements of Drawing.[33] He stated that "For I am nearly convinced, that once we see keenly enough, there is very little difficult in drawing what we see".
Visual memory has also been shown to influence one's ability to create visually accurate drawings. Short-term memory plays an important part in drawing as one’s gaze shifts between the object they are drawing and the drawing itself.[34]
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 4, Nos. 1-4, 1910
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1910
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic nonsuppurative osteoplastic periostitis of traumatic origin, by
George Pickrell and L. M. Schmidt 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shooting glasses for riflemen, by E. S. Bogert, jr 11</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggestions on taking finger prints, by John D. Hall 17</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Meat poisoning in the navy, by L. W. Curtis 23</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Runner's cramp, a peculiar occupation neurosis, by L. M. Schmidt 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal prophylaxis, by W. J. Zalesky 28</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical conditions in the Fiji Islands, by K. A. Bachman 30</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices<span> </span>39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Construction of an improvised incubator, by F. G. Abeken and R.
Cuthbertson 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A gall-bladder dressing, by H. L. Call 40</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes<span> </span>43</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a typhoid carrier, by C. S. Butler 43</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of two cases of the variola form of syphilis, by F. M. Furlong
44</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on cases treated by vaccines, by M. H. Simons 46</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. California, by E. G. Parker 48</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of gunshot injury of the kneejoint, by Raymond Spear 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An operation for ectropion, by Raymond Spear 50</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of amoebiasis. by A. E. Peck 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of acute perforative gangrenous appendicitis, by J. B.
Dennis and A. C. Stanley 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case of Vincent's angina, by L. C. Whiteside 56</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of opthalmia gonorrhea, by R. R. Richardson 57</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 59</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal prophylaxis 59</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health records for the naval personnel 59</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene exhibitions 61</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few notes on malingering, by F. M. Furlong 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by
the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 66</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —A new method for the clinical estimation of total nitrogen
in urine, feces or other organic materials; a clinical modification of the
Folin-Schaffer method for the estimation of uric acid in the urine 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reviews: A simple method of estimating the amount of sugar in diabetic
urine; a modification of the Esbach method for estimation of albumin in the
urine: a new albuminometer; a new, simple method</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of sugar estimation in the urine by the glucosometer; on the
application of the deviation of complement test in the detection of albuminous
substances in the urine; the clinical determination of amido acids in the
urine, O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 74</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy —Uber das Aconitin der japaniechen
Aconitknollen; the influence of certain drugs upon the toxicity of acetanilide and
antipyrine; the effect of work on the creatine content of muscle; the
pharmacological assay of the heart tonics; the estimation and quantitative
significance of hydrochloric acid in the gastric contents; the action of
digestive ferments upon each other, P. J. Waldner and C. Schaffer<span> </span>76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —Antityphoid vaccines with attenuated live cultures;
outbreak of food poisoning after a Christmas dinner; on the use of certain new
chemical tests in the diagnosis of general paralysis and tabes; the occurrence
of acetonuria following ether anesthesia; the treatment of gonocoecus
infections by vaccines; concerning the mechanism of the aero-reaction of syphilis;
investigation of blood for tubercle bacilli; on subcutaneous and ophthalmal
tuberculin reaction in lepers;</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the diagnosis of syphilis by some laboratory methods; cancer in man and
animals; relation of the spiroclneta <span> </span>pallida to general paralysis; influenzal
meningitis; htemolysis in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasms; the Wasserman
reaction in leprosy, 0. J. Mink and F. M. Shook <span> </span>79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology — The development of the miracidium of paragonimus under
various physical conditions; studies on protozoan parasites in sea fishes; two
interesting bilharzial conditions; hookworms and the death rate; filariasis of
the spermatic cord; the reaction of the white blood cells to the presence of
tenia in the intestine of man, R. C. Holcomb and P. E. Garrison 85</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine — The relapsing fever of Panama; studies upon
leprosy; antiplague measures in California; histoplasmosis; blackwater fever, C.
S. Butler 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —The processes for the disinfection of dwellings
with formaldehyde and potassium permanganate, the amounts of gaseous
formaldehyde given out in each and their practical significance; comparative
investigations on the practical values of certain methods of disinfection with
formaldehyde w ithout the employment of any apparatuses; fly-borne enteric
fever—the source of infection; tuberculosis in Japan; the destruction of
mosquitoes by the French in West Africa by the "trous-pieges; " the
cruiser Alger in the Far East, H.G. Beyer and F. L. Pleadwell 95</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —The use of silver wire in opening the kidney; fractures of the
radial shaft, rotation deformity (occurrence and diagnosis), and aluminum
plates; an ovarian abscess containing a lumbricoid worm; <span> </span>surgery of the stomach, C. F. Stokes and K.
Spear 106</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine— The obliteration of the craving for narcotics, the arylarsenate
treatment of syphilis—its probable future effects in the services; a new
treatment of locomotor ataxia; " traitement a vide" of enteric fever;
on the relation between alcoholism and tuberculosis; the treatment of amoebic
dysentery, T. W. Kichards 110</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the American Public Health Association, by F. L. Pleadwell..
117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the Sixteenth International Congress of Medicine, Budapest, August-September,
1909, by J. C. Wise 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the camp of instruction, Antietam, Md., 1909, by M. S.
Elliott. 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The commissary department in naval hospitals, by P. A. Lovering 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The presence of the lepra bacillus in the circulating blood, by G. B.
Crow. 143</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preliminary report of the finding of hookworm in American Samoa, by P.
S. Rossiter 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prevention of venereal diseases in the navy, by Raymond Spear 146</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rational treatment of arteriosclerosis, by C. H. T. Lowndes 150</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of syphilis at Hot Springs, Ark., by W. S. Hoen 154</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 159</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A portable sanitary scuttle-butt, by E. G. Parker 159</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggestions for diet kitchen equipment, by Stephen Wierzbieki 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on colonic anesthesia, by W. S. Pugh, jr 163</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 167</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes from the United States Naval Hospital, Mare Island,
Cal., by U. R. Webb 167</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the U. S. S. Tacoma, by W. S. Pugh, jr 171</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Osteomyelitis following fracture, by B. F. Jenness 180</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of appendicostomy, by Raymond Spear 182</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of three cases from the U. S. S. Relief, by A. W. Dunbar 184</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Landry's paralysis, by H. L. Kelley and J. A. Randall 185</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. Colorado, by J. T. Kennedy 187</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of mild heat exhaustion on the U. S. S. Charleston, by Oliver
Diehl 189</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bolo wound involving the brain, by C. F. Ely 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of goundou with coexisting leontiasis, by I. S. K. Reeves 191</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Severe rupial eruption appearing as one of the first symptoms and the only
eruption in a case of secondary syphilis, by R. R. Richardson 192</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations for suppurative ear disease, by R. W. McDowell 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes of two surgical cases, by H. C. Curl 194</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on cases of fever at Pichilinque Bay, Mexico, by J. L. Neilson 194</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of neurosis hysteroides, by E. C. White 195</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varix of both superficial epigastric veins, by R. R. Richardson 196</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment , 197</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports of surgical operations 197</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The early diagnosis of syphilis and its importance from a service stand
point, by O. J. Mink 197</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few timely comments on clothing, by H. G. Beyer 200</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The importance of eliminating the cocaine habitue from the personnel of
the U. S. Navy and Marine Corps, by W. D. Owens 204</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Injuries from football at the Naval Academy, by C. E. Riggs 205</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Muscular spasms in men exposed to high temperatures, by M. E. Higgins.
207</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on sanitation at Port Royal, S. C, by R. E. Riggs 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports on venereal prophylaxis, by W. S. Pugh, jr., W. A. Angwin, N.
T. McLean, J. M. Edgar, J. S. Taylor, and F. G. Abeken 211</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Are dead typhoid cultures of value for use on board ship in Widal'a
reaction, by C. S. Butler 222</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory — The Noguchi test for syphilis; a concentration method for
tubercle bacilli; a simple method of preparing sugar broth media; a simple
method of preparing Bang's solution. Reviews: The diagnosis of syphilis by some
laboratory methods, by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown. 225 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Der jetzige stand der physiologischen
digitalisprfifung, ihr wert fiir die praxis und fur die forschung; the
administration of drugs with regard to absorption and elimination; relative
physiological activity of some commercial solutions of epinephrin; influence of
hydrogen peroxide on hydrochloric acid secretion; the value of alimentary
levulosuria in the diagnosis of hepatic cirrhosis; oxaluria and treatment of
calcium oxalate deposit from the urine; E. R. Noves and P. J. Waldner<span> </span>230</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology — Bacillus of acne; some observations on the
study of intestinal bacteria; the presence of tubercle bacilli in the
circulating blood in clinical and experimental tuberculosis; the viability of
the tubercle bacillus; the pathology of pellagra; pellagra; the Wasserman
reaction in pellagra; Zur theorie der Wassermanischer reaktion; the
pathological relationships of gastric ulcer and gastric carcinoma; O. J. Mink
and F. M. Shook 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology — A study of the development of Sehittosomum japonicum;
relation between the Schistosoma japonicum and the endemic "Kabure,"
report of the study on the invading route of the Schistoimma japonicum into the
human body; acute trichiniasis without initial eosinophilia; reports of the
twenty-first expedition of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine at
Jamaica; malaria; a ease of amoebic enteritis with uncinaria, trichocephalus
and trichomonads, showing results of treatment after four years; the
development of trypanosoma gambiense in glossina palpalis; Paragonomiasis or
parasitic hemoptysis, report of an imported case in California; Kala-Azar in
Madras, especially with regard to its connection with the dog and with the bug
(Conorrhinua); medical survey of the town of Taytay; P. E. Garrison 242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine —Typhus fever; intoxication by fish in China; note on
plague infection in a wood rat; the significance of sleeping sickness for our
colonies; weitere untersuchungen iiber das Pappataci fieber; C. S. Butler 248</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation— Untersuchungen fiber den vorgangder
selbstreinigung, ausgefuhrt am wasser des Giesner Volksbades; fiber den prozess
der selbstreinignng der naturlichen wasser nach ihrer kfinstlichen infizierung
durch bakterien; la ventilation pendant le combat; report of Bureau of Health
for the Philippine Islands, third quarter, 1909; a contribution to our knowledge
of the spread of typhoid through bacillus carriers; what may be done to improve
the hygiene of the city dweller; oral prophylaxis; fievre typhoide et eau
distilh'e a bord du " Bouvet;" a general German fencing tournament,
held on the 3d and 4th December at Dresden; report of the International Opium
Commission, Shanghai, China; H. G. Beyer and F. L. Pleadwell 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery— Resection of the colon for cancer and tuberculosis; serum
treatment of purulent processes; thoracic surgery; the technique of amputations
with especial reference to osteplastic methods; the routine examination of the
oesophagus; the treatment of acute otitic meningitis; a method of splinting
skin grafts; vaccine treatment of pyorrhea alveolaris; R. Spear and H. W. Smith
261</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine — Normal auscultatory differences between the sides of
the chest; two signs of diagnostic value, one in chololithiasis, the other in
incipient pulmonary tuberculosis; the diaphragm test for binocular vision; T.
W. Richards 273</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports on the care of wounded, Bluefields, Nicaragua, by W. S. Pugh,
jr., L. H. Wheeler, and D. G. Sutton 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on physical training at the United States Naval Academy, by W.
N. McDonell 287</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The illumination of study rooms, being a report submitted to the
superintendent of the Naval Academy, on the present system of lighting the
midshipmen's quarters in Bancroft Hall, with recommendations for its
improvement, by A. L. Parsons and II. W. Smith 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The surgical aspects of filariasis, by C. F. Stokes 318</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal prophylaxis on the Asiatic Station, by Oliver Diehl 325</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dried blood serum, a substitute for fresh blood serum in the rapid
preparation of Loeffler's medium, by E. W. Brown 337</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U.S. Naval Medical School laboratories 339</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The need for a pathological collection at the United States Naval
Medical School, by C. S. Butler 339</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Helminthological technique, by P. E. Garrison 345</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Demonstration of treponema pallidum, by F. M. Shook 355</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preliminary report on a proposed method for the volumetric estimation
of mercury, by J. R. Herbig 356</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 357</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An "unlearnable " vision test card for use in the naval
service, by E. J. Grow 357</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A suggested bunk tray, by G. F. Freeman 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of two cases of cerebro-spinal fever, by J. B. Kaufman 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute ear diseases following swimming, by L. M. Schmidt 368</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Direct transfusion of blood in a case of shock and hemorrhage, by R. B.
Williams 372</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of liver abscess demonstrating the value of a differential count
in diagnosis, by E. R. Stitt 376</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Five cases of cholera at naval station, Cavite, P. I., by H. L. Kelley
377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Hagner operation, report of five cases, by L. W. Johnson 378</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes from Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va., by E. O. J. Eytinge
380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of epiphysis of os calcis by muscular contraction, by Raymond
Spear 383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture of the base of the skull, by Raymond Spear 383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of heavy hymenolepis nana infection, with a note as to
treatment, by E. R. Stitt and D. G. Allen 384</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 12 cases of beriberi, by J. A. Randall 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.
E. Riggs 386</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pericarditis associated with impetigo herpetiformis (?) followed by
grave systematic disturbance and interesting pathological lesions, by H. L.
Kelley 387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Blastomycotic lesions in a case of syphilis, by E. R. Stitt and S. L.
Higgins. 388</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Results of venereal prophylaxis not likely to be apparent in general
statistics of 1909 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid vaccination 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">International military medical statistics 393</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varicocele and the public- services 394</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Importance of ophthalmoscopy at recruiting stations, by J. A. Murphy
395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 399</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Rapid chemical filtration compared to slow sand
filtration; the question of the so-called physiological albuminuria; a
contribution to Hang's method for estimation of sugar; the estimation of
ammonia and acidity in the urine and their clinical application; thymol an a
source of error in Heller's test for urinary protein; physiological effects of
high temperature and humidity; direct identification of acetone in urine; the
pancreas reaction of Cammidge; rapid detection of boric acid in butter and
milk. E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 399</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology — Changes in the pancreas in diabetes; the
Cammidge reaction; acute pancreatitis and urinary findings; the specific treatment
of carcinoma; concentration method for tubercle bacilli; ueber die nach Ziehl
nicht darstellbare form des tuberkelbazillus; nachweis bedeutung der
tuberkelbazillen in stroemendem pthisikerblut; ueber die granulare form des
tuberculosevirus im lungenauswurf ; the cultivation of the leprosy bacillus;
ueber den nachweis von indol in den bakterischeu kulturen mit der Ehrlichschen
methode; the relation of the pseudo-diphtheria and the diphtheria bacillus; the
influence of age and temperature upon the potency of anti-diphtheritic serum and
antitoxin globulin solution; the value of opsonic determinations in the
discovery of typhoid carriers; the distribution of bacteria in bottled milk and
certain controlling factors; are acid-fast bacteria other</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">than the tubercle bacillus commonly met in clinical laboratory work; acid-fast
organisms in waters; the treatment of infection of the urinary tract with
bicterial vaccines; the B. fecalia alkaligines pathogenic for</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">man; treatment of typhoid carriers; a preliminary inquiry into the prevalence
of paratyphoid fever in London, with remarks on blood culture in 48 cases of
enteric fever, O. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 403</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology —Guinea worm in domesticated animals, with a note of its
discovery in a leopard; the effect of mosquito larvae upon drinking water; the
existence of living creatures in the stomach as a cause of chronic dyspepsia; a
study of the anatomy of Watsonius (n. g.), watsoni of man and of 19 allied
species of mammalian trematode worms of the superfamily paramphistomoidea, P.
E. Garrison 415</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine- Yaws as a cause of chronic ulceration; on the nature
and origin of Calabar swellings; two cases of balantidium infection with autopsy,
C. S. Butler 418</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation — Die handedesinfektion bei typhus-
bazillentragern; vorkommen und bedeutung der streptokokken in der milch; the
control of scarlet fever; a note on squirrel fleas as plague carriers; the communications
of diarrhea from the sick, to the healthy; summer diarrhea and enteric fever;
rapport d'inspection generale de l'escadre du nord; H. G. Beyer and F. L.
Pleadwell 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery — Terminal arterial anesthesia; varicocele, an analysis of 403
cases; the method of respiration by intratracheal insufflation, its scientific principle
and its practical availability in medicine and surgery; avoidance of apparatus
complicating operation in thoracic surgery; experimental intrathoracic surgery
by the Meltzer and Auer method of intratracheal insufflation; the value of
continuous intratracheal insufflation of air (Meltzer) in thoracic surgery; the
treatment of diffuse progressive free peritonitis; ueber carbenzyn; carbenzym
bei tuberkulosen affektionen; ueber die dosierung der stauungshyperamie; the
after-results of the operative treatment of hemorrhoids; some experiments on
the relative susceptibility of different teeth to dental caries, R. Spear and
H. W. Smith. 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine — Review of current progress in medicine; the adequacy
of the present-day treatment of syphilitic diseases of the nervous system; Syphilis
and parasyphilis of the nervous system; la reazione di Wassermann nelle
malattie cutanee; treatment of syphilis by intramuscular injection of metallic
mercury; on the treatment of tetanus by the intraspinal injection of a solution
of magnesium sulphate, with cases; hospital infection of tuberculosis; current
conceptions of hysteria; an acute infectious disease of unknown origin; A. W.
Dunbar and T. W. Richards 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters<span> </span>457</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on U. S. Pharmacopceial Convention, 1910, by P. J. Waldner<span> </span>457</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 459</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Insanity in the navy, by Heber Butts 469</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the presence and prevalence of Xecator americanus in Samoa, by
P. S. Rossiter 476</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Problems of sanitation in landing and expeditionary service in tropical
and subtropical regions, translation by P. J. Waldner 479</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories 499</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Helminthological technique, by P. E. Garrison 499</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 513</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improvised incubator for ships, by L. W. McGuire 513</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An efficient rat-killing device for use on board ship, by F. M. Munson
514</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 515</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of atypic typhoid, with sudden death, by E. R. Stitt 515</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of excision of the clavicle, by Raymond Spear 518</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendicular abscess; rupture into peritoneal cavity; operation and
recovery, by A. D. McLean 517</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case of suppurative appendicitis, by C. W. Smith 519</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Meningitis of primary origin (pneumococcus), by E. R. Stitt 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of metastatic pneumonia complicating tonsillitis, by W. A.
Angwin. 521</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of acute yellow atrophy of liver, by E. R. Stitt and
D. A. Gregory 522</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case clinically resembling rhinopharyngitis mutilans, by E. R. Stitt
524</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">External urethrotomy without a guide, by E. G. Parker 524</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on the possible existence of both Agchylostoma duodenale and
Necator americarms at Guam, by E. R. Stitt 525</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 527</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New order for appointment of medical officers in the navy 527</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New naval health record 527</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria prophylaxis 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Peculiar advantages of local anaesthesia in ordinary hernia operations
in the naval service, by H. C. Curl 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 533</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — An experimental and clinical study of the
functional activity of the kidneys by means of phenolsulphonephthalein; the
biological standardization of drugs; the detection of methyl alcohol,
especially in the presence of ethyl alcohol; a simple method for the rapid and
accurate determination of the alcoholic content of fluids; a method for
determining the alkalinity of the blood; contributions to clinical methods for
urinary analysis; a method for the estimation of nitrogen in the urine; a method
for the direct test for acetone in the urine; a study of Nylander's reaction;
the so-called Cammidge test; the occurrence of and a clinical test for soluble
protein in the feces; a test of pancreatic function, E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
533</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology — Anaphylaxis and its relation to clinical
medicine; on the preparation of a simple culture medium; the cultivation of the
tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum by means of antiformin; the hospital
laboratory with special reference to diagnosis in surgical cases; the
cerebro-spinal fluid, O. J. Mink and F. M. Shook 545</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology — Helminthic infection and its relation to
eosinophilia: the ant as a destroyer of flies; amebic dysentery in New York;
the Gastrodiscus hominis in the Philippines; note on the presence of Bilharzia
haematobia in Egyptian mummies of the twentieth dynasty (1250-1000 B. C). P- E-
Garrison 551</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine— Transmission of pest without rate and without fleas;
the etiology of beriberi; beriberi-Forschungen in den Niederlandisch
ostindischen Kolonien, besonders in Bezug aul" Prophylaxis und Heilung;
the work of the board for the study of tropical diseases in the Philippines, C.
S. Butler 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation — Explosions-gase und ihre Wirkung auf den Menchen;
Eine von Bazillentragern hervorgerufene Typhus-epidemie in der X V. Division
von Japan; the sputum of typhoid fever patients as a possible source of
infection; Ueber die Beurteilung des Colibakterienbefundes in Trinkwasser nebst
Bemerkungen iiber den Xachweis und das Vorkommen der Colibazillen; quantitative
investigations on the absorption of benzol from the air by animal and man:
studies on the absorption of chlorinated hydrocarbons from the air by animals
and man; on the absorption of hydrochloric acid vapors by animals during
prolonged experiments; hygiene in the French navy, H. G. Beyer and F. L.
Pleadwell</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery— On the experimental surgery of the thoracic aorta and the
heart; clinical experiences with intratracheal insufflation (Meltzer) with remarks
upon value of the method for thoracic surgery; the surgical management of
urethral stricture and its complications; Hunterian lecture on the surgery of
the lymphatic system: a tourniquet for the control of hemorrhage from the scalp
during osteoplastic resection of the skull; a further contribution on the
sterilization of the skin of operative areas; note on the neuropathology
cytology of anemia, infections, Grave's disease, and surgical shock; the
treatment of post-operative adhesions; an improved method of preparing catgut
ligatures; observations on the condition of the mouth in 1,000 consecutive
cases of chronic disease, R. Spear and E. Thompson 567</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine — The clinical aspects of arteriosclerosis;
trichinosis, a clinical study of fifty-two sporadic cases; some further
investigations and observations upon the pathology of rheumatic fever; etiology
of chronic arthritis; Grave's disease, A. VV. Dunbar and T. W. Richards.. 578</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Prospectus of United States Naval Medical School, Washington, D. C 585</p>
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
Read/Download from the Internet Archive
Pale straw yellow in color, brilliant, very attractive nose with floral and tropical fruit flavors, nice medium body with balance of acidity and an attractive minerality, coupled with a long, crisp and refreshing finish.
"Mosel (German: [ˈmoːzl̩]) is one of 13 German wine regions (Weinbaugebiete) for quality wines (Qualitätswein, formerly QbA and Prädikatswein), and takes its name from the Mosel River (French: Moselle; Luxembourgish: Musel). Before 1 August 2007 the region was called Mosel-Saar-Ruwer, but changed to a name that was considered more consumer-friendly. The wine region is Germany's third largest in terms of production but some consider it the leading region in terms of international prestige.
The region covers the valleys of the rivers Mosel, Saar, and Ruwer from near the mouth of the Mosel at Koblenz and upstream to the vicinity of Trier in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The area is known for the steep slopes of the region's vineyards overlooking the river. At 65° degrees incline, the steepest recorded vineyard in the world is the Calmont vineyard located on the Mosel and belonging to the village of Bremm, and therefore referred to as Bremmer Calmont. The Mosel is mainly famous for its wines made from the Riesling grape, but Elbling and Müller-Thurgau also contribute to the production, among others.
In the past two decades red wine production, especially from the Spätburgunder (Pinot noir), has increased in the Mosel and throughout the German vignoble and has become of increasing interest to the international wine community. Because of the northerly location of the Mosel, the Riesling wines are often light, tending to lower alcohol, crisp and high in acidity, and often exhibit "flowery" rather than or in addition to "fruity" aromas. Its most common vineyard soil is derived in the main from various kinds of slate deposits, which tend to give the wines a transparent, mineralic aspect, that often exhibit great depth of flavor. In the current era of climate change much work has been done to improve and gain acceptance for completely dry ("Trocken") Rieslings in this region, so that most of the more famous makers have found acceptance for such wines, particularly in Europe." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
View from the bridge over the Mosel.
"Reil is a local community in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate. It belongs to the Traben-Trarbach community.
Reil was the second capital of the Kröver Empire, a Carolingian crown estate that existed until the French Revolution.
Reil is located on the Moselle and is heavily influenced by viticulture and tourism. Reil also includes the district of Heißer Stein and the residential areas Forsthaus Reiler Hals, Hammermühle and Margaretenhof. From the left, the Burgerbach and the Pfahlbach flow into the Moselle.
Reil was mentioned in writing for the first time in a document from King Henry II from 1008. The document is dated May 18, 1008. It documents an exchange agreement in which Archbishop Willigis of Mainz hands over a farm in Reil (then Rigula) to the Church of Saint Stephen in Mainz in exchange for another farm in Büchenbach (then Buochinbah). During the Middle Ages, there was an important pilgrimage site on the opposite side of the Moselle, called Reilkirch, whose Romanesque tower and early Gothic nave were completely demolished in the 19th century.
Since Reil was also called Rile or Ryle in the Middle Ages, it is often claimed that the first builder of Cologne Cathedral, Gerhard von Rile, came from the town. However, a noble family from which Master Gerhard could have come was first mentioned in documents in 1285. Its last representative, David von Reil, died impoverished in 1610.
From 1794 Reil was under French rule, and in 1815 the town was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1946 the place has been part of the then newly formed state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Mosel (German: [ˈmoːzl̩]) is one of 13 German wine regions (Weinbaugebiete) for quality wines (Qualitätswein, formerly QbA and Prädikatswein), and takes its name from the Mosel River (French: Moselle; Luxembourgish: Musel). Before 1 August 2007 the region was called Mosel-Saar-Ruwer, but changed to a name that was considered more consumer-friendly. The wine region is Germany's third largest in terms of production but some consider it the leading region in terms of international prestige.
The region covers the valleys of the rivers Mosel, Saar, and Ruwer from near the mouth of the Mosel at Koblenz and upstream to the vicinity of Trier in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The area is known for the steep slopes of the region's vineyards overlooking the river. At 65° degrees incline, the steepest recorded vineyard in the world is the Calmont vineyard located on the Mosel and belonging to the village of Bremm, and therefore referred to as Bremmer Calmont. The Mosel is mainly famous for its wines made from the Riesling grape, but Elbling and Müller-Thurgau also contribute to the production, among others.
In the past two decades red wine production, especially from the Spätburgunder (Pinot noir), has increased in the Mosel and throughout the German vignoble and has become of increasing interest to the international wine community. Because of the northerly location of the Mosel, the Riesling wines are often light, tending to lower alcohol, crisp and high in acidity, and often exhibit "flowery" rather than or in addition to "fruity" aromas. Its most common vineyard soil is derived in the main from various kinds of slate deposits, which tend to give the wines a transparent, mineralic aspect, that often exhibit great depth of flavor. In the current era of climate change much work has been done to improve and gain acceptance for completely dry ("Trocken") Rieslings in this region, so that most of the more famous makers have found acceptance for such wines, particularly in Europe." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
It's mid-winter here in New Zealand and we are almost at our shortest day of the year. Not the best weather for being outside taking photos, so I've no new images to post here.
Thought that over the next few days I would repost my most viewed photos here on flickr.
This one being top with 144,000 views.
................................................................................................................................
I must have my porriage every morning, summer and winter.
Good for you, plus keeps the tummy satisfied all morning.
Swirls of pure Canadian maple syrup all over the top...oh! so yummy!
Join me on facebook at: www.facebook.com/sirwiseowl/
Twenty reasons why porridge is the ultimate health food........
(I'm not sure why reason # 1 is at the top of this list. #20 comes first with me at my age! Alas, a cup of tea is more appealing when I first wake up in the morning. Then I'm wide awake so bound out of bed to prepare and enjoy my porridge)
1. IMPROVES SEX LIFE
Porridge oats can boost libido by helping to re-balance testosterone and oestrogen in the body. Testosterone drives sexual desire in both sexes. Men with low testosterone levels go off sex.
2. GOOD FOR HANGOVERS
Oats neutralise acidity levels in the body and help absorb toxins. Since a hangover is the result of the "poisonous" effects of alcohol, a bowl of porridge might help relieve the symptoms.
Porridge also contains one of the highest levels of soluble fibre of any cereal. Soluble fibre is essential for healthy digestion. Since alcohol depletes sugar levels, the slow-releasing carbohydrates in porridge help redress this.
3. HELPS QUIT SMOKING
Compounds in oats can help calm the nervous system and reduce the craving for nicotine.
4. HEALS THE SKIN
Bathing in oat-based solutions can help problem skin. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory compounds in porridge oats can help conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Fill a sock or stocking with porridge oats and place in water for 20 minutes while bathing.
5. FIGHTS INFECTION
Of all the cereals, porridge has the best proportion of protein needed for growth and repair in the body and to help boost the immune system.
6. FIGHTS HEART DISEASE
Many studies have shown that eating fibre-rich food such as porridge reduces the risk of heart disease. But scientists in the U.S. found that porridge contains avenanthramides - chemicals that stop blood cells sticking to artery walls, preventing the fatty deposits that cause heart disease.
7. REDUCES DIABETES RISK SLOWLY
Digested foods such as porridge might cut the risk of developing non-insulin dependent diabetes by absorbing sugar from the gut and cutting the need for large quantities of insulin to be released.
8. HELPS CONCENTRATION
The slow releasing complex carbohydrates in oats sustain energy levels, allowing full concentration to be maintained. Complex carbohydrates also stabilise and raise blood sugar levels.
9. BEATS DEPRESSION
Porridge is high in Vitamin B6, which promotes the brain chemical serotonin. High levels of serotonin are associated with feelings of well-being and also aid relaxation and restful sleep. Levels of serotonin dip when sunlight is limited - i.e. during winter - and can lead to the depressive condition Seasonal Affective Disorder.
10. BOOTS ENERGY
Porridge oats are high in complex carbohydrates and soluble fibre, which means they release energy slowly. A bowl of porridge should provide all the energy you need until lunchtime.
11. CUTS CHILDHOOD OBESITY
A study of 10,000 children by researchers at New York's Columbia University found that among those who regularly ate whole-oat products, the proportion of overweight children almost halved.
Researchers at Oxford Brookes University also found that those eating foods with a low glycaemic index (GI), such as porridge, were less likely to binge on sugary snacks. Foods with a low GI rating release glucose into the body more slowly and evenly, leaving you feeling fuller for longer.
12. LOWERS CHOLESTEROL
Porridge is rich in soluble fibre, which has been shown to lower blood cholesterol. High cholesterol occurs when fat builds up and constricts the arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart. Eating oats can improve blood flow and bind to cholesterol in the gut, aiding its removal from the body. Scientists think the cholesterol-lowering effects of oats are due to the oat soluble fibre beta-glucan.
13. PREVENTS CONSTIPATION
High-fibre foods such as porridge increase the movement of food through the digestive tract.
This increased bowel action provides a good environment for beneficial bacteria in the gut to ferment while decreasing levels of destructive bacteria.
14. FIGHTS OSTEOPOROSIS
Porridge oats are blended with milk, making an excellent source of calcium which is essential for bone health. Lack of calcium can lead to osteoporosis, which involves a loss of bone density and can make bones fragile.
15. CAN HELP DIETING
Porridge oats are 100 per cent natural, with no added sugar, salt or additives, and are naturally low in calories. An average bowl of porridge made with water contains 171 calories.
16. GOOD FOR PREGNANT WOMEN
Porridge is a source of folic acid. Studies have shown that taking folic acid from before conception until the 12th week of pregnancy can reduce the chances of having a baby with spina bifida. Pregnant women need 400mcg of folic acid a day.
17. FIGHTS CANCER
Oats are rich in the antioxidant vitamin E, which protects the body from the damaging free radicals that can cause cancer. A diet high in soluble fibre foods such as porridge oats might also help reduce the chances of developing bowel, colon and breast cancer.
18. CONTAINS ESSENTIAL MINERALS
Porridge is a good source of manganese, which is essential in allowing the body to produce energy as well as helping to build bones and connective tissue. It also contains zinc, which is needed for normal growth, sexual development and reproduction, and a healthy immune system.
19. REDUCES BLOOD PRESSURE
A daily serving of oats can improve blood pressure control and reduce the need for anti-hypertensive medication, according to U.S. researchers - 73 per cent of those fed a wholegrain oat-based cereal (containing 3g of soluble fibre) stopped or reduced their blood pressure medication by half.
20. COULD HELP LONG LIFE
Britain's longest living man, David Henderson, from Montrose, Scotland, who died in 1998 at 109, attributed his age and good health to a daily bowl of porridge. This could be because the lipids present in oats contain a good balance of essential fatty acids which have been linked to longevity and general good health.
Research by: Angela Epstein
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
There aren't many fish in Jones Lake due to the acidity levels. The lake is a Carolina Bay. It has no inflow or outflow streams. The pier is at Jones Lake State Park in Bladen County, North Carolina. The park was founded in 1939 as a recreational park for African-Americans during the segregation era in North Carolina. The park was desegregated in the 1960s. It is on North Carolina Highway 242 just outside of Elizabethtown in Bladen County.
Ten portraits of strong women created by Alice Pasquini make up the exclusively female concept that CHEAP conceived for the 2019 opera season of the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. Each opera is represented by the female protagonist, with their classic characteristics bringing into focus their emotions and ties to the central narrative. Scrolling through we find the madness of Azucena at the center of the plot of “Il trovatore“, a vampy Salome, the provocative Rosina from “The Barber of Seville“, the sweet ingenuity of Gilda in “Rigoletto“, the passionate Violetta of “La traviata“, the cold acidity of Turandot, the gothic Mrs. Lovett of “Sweeney Todd“, an ironic and light Isabella for “An Italian in Algiers“, a determined Leonore from “Fidelio” and an unbelievable protagonist for “I pagliacci – Cavalleria Rusticana.” The Roman artist has used vibrant colors that recall the walls the artist paints around the world. The challenge for CHEAP, developed together with Studio Grafico Diversa-mente was the find the meeting between the contemporary language of street art and the classical world of opera in a way that brought value to both worlds.
Sono dieci ritratti di donne realizzati dalla street artist Alice Pasquini a comporre il concept esclusivamente femminile che CHEAP ha pensato per la stagione 2019 del Teatro Comunale Bologna e che da questa settimana potete ammirare nelle bacheche di Via dell'Indipendenza.
Ogni Opera in cartellone viene rappresentata mettendo in risalto le figure femminili al centro del racconto, ponendo in risalto le caratteristiche di ogni personaggio con un focus preciso sui loro sentimenti e sul rapporto che le legano alle rispettive storie soggettive, colte quasi come se fossero allo specchio. Scorrendo il cartellone troviamo la follia di Azucena al centro della trama de “Il trovatore”, una vampiresca Salome, la provocante Rosina da “Il barbiere di Siviglia”, la dolce ingenuità di Gilda nel “Rigoletto”, l'appassionata Violetta de “La traviata”, l'algidità fredda di Turandot, la gotica Mrs. Lovett dello “Sweeney Todd”, un'ironica e leggera Isabella per “L'italiana in Algeri”, una determinata Leonore per il “Fidelio” e un'incredula protagonista per “I pagliacci – Cavalleria Rusticana”. Ritratti in cui l'artista romana utilizza colori molto forti e pop, che solitamente campeggiano nei lavori sui muri di tutto il mondo e che l'hanno resa una delle street artist più amate e conosciute del panorama internazionale. I dieci ritratti vengono arricchiti da sei illustrazioni legate alla stagione Danza 2019, con quattro soggetti legati al mondo del balletto e due ritratti di protagonisti, tra cui spicca il ritratto di Svetlana Zakharova, prima étoile del Teatro Bol'šoj. La sfida di questo lavoro curato da CHEAP e sviluppato con lo Studio Grafico Diversa-mente è stato quello di trovare un punto di incontro tra il linguaggio contemporaneo dell'arte urbana e l'immaginario più tradizionale del mondo dell'Opera, legandolo in una trama comune che valorizzasse entrambi i mondi.
Ph. Michele Lapini
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
Read/Download from the Internet Archive
Bought this piece of well marbled pork chop in Greensmith the other day. I pan fried it in butter sage and glazed it with a splash of balsamic vinegar. The acidity of the vinegar compliments the sweetness of the pork and the fragrant butter sage. Here's how I did it:
1. score the skin
2. heat the pan under high heat
3. season the pork with salt
4. wash sage and chop garlic into slices
5. add garlic into the pan
6. when garlic is sizzling, add the pork (skin side down, standing up)
7. when the skin is golden, put pork chop on its side in the pan
8. turn over when pork is golden on one side
9. add butter and sage
10. spoon excess butter over the pork chop (keeps the chop moist)
11. when the pork chop is almost cooked, add splash of balsamic vinegar
12. add sugar if needed
13. pepper and salt for final seasoning
14. take the pork chop out of the pan and let it rest for 5 minutes
15. garnish with left over sage butter and garlic
16. serve!
My friend Kelvin couldn't resist the temptation of Polapremium's big discount on the "Polaroid Pogo Moleskine Special Edition" and despite the not so good reviews all over the net, I said "count me in" knowing that I will need a real small photo printer for my travel journals. We both regretted on the day we received the package.
The price is amazingly attractive. A PoGo alone costs US$80 to $150, but Polapremium is selling this special set at US$72, you get a free Moleskine too. I love both brands and the packaging is great. The size of it is a little bigger than an iPhone and about double the thickness of an iPhone. The first thing I did was to charge it up but to my surprise the power socket on PoGo is kind of shaky probably because of it not being soldered to the circuit board strong enough by design. The power button on the machine is hard to press and located right beside the USB cable which is very inconvenient. After more than 6 hours of charging, the printer printed 6 photos and the battery indicator became red and refused to print another one. Yeah I know, I was warned about battery life but this is not portable at all.
Print quality.... totally unacceptable. It looks like a result of laser print out (you can actually see the contours of color layers especially in dark areas), but resolution of an inkjet (I know, I'm not able to describe it properly but this is how I feel). You can also see faint white vertical lines every 3mm on the print, not a good sight as a photo. The paper gives you an impression of cheap labels instead of a photo print with glue on the back. I cannot find any information about the acidity of the paper and glue.
I know these are pretty crude comments, considering the amazing zero ink technology by Zink behind this. I think it has great potential, just that both the paper and the machine are not mature enough to give end user a good photo print coz it is natural for us to compare print quality with a lab or a typical photo printer despite high admiration of its technology behind. I love the size, bluetooth printing and pictbridge support. I hate the battery and print quality. For serious photo journaling people, I cannot recommend PoGo.
More on Scription blog: moleskine.vox.com/library/post/pogo-no-go.html
The Postcard
A postally unused Comic Series postcard that was published in the mid-1960's by Bamforth & Co. Ltd. of Holmfirth, Yorkshire. The artwork was by Taylor, and the card was printed in England.
Castor Oil
Castor oil is nothing to do with squeaky wheels on the legs of furniture (casters), although it can be used as a lubricant.
It is a vegetable oil pressed from castor beans. Castor oil is a colourless to very pale yellow liquid with a distinct taste and odour.
Castor oil and its derivatives are used in the manufacturing of soaps, lubricants, hydraulic and brake fluids, paints, dyes, coatings, inks, cold resistant plastics, waxes and polishes, nylon, pharmaceuticals and perfumes.
Annually 270,000–360,000 tonnes of castor oil are produced for a variety of uses.
Composition of Castor Oil
Castor oil is a good source of ricinoleic acid, which makes it a valuable addition to feedstocks, commanding a higher price than other seed oils. As an example, in July 2007, Indian castor oil sold for about US$0.90 per kilogram, whereas U.S. soybean, sunflower and canola oils sold for US$0.30 per kilogram.
Uses of Castor Oil
(a) Castor Oil in Food and Preservatives
In the food industry, food-grade castor oil is used in food additives, flavourings, sugar candy, and chocolate. It is also used in food packaging, and as a mould inhibitor.
In India, Pakistan and Nepal, food grains are preserved by the application of castor oil. It stops rice, wheat, and pulses from rotting. For example, the legume pigeon pea is commonly available coated in castor oil for extended storage.
(b) Castor Oil in Traditional Medicine
The use of castor oil as a laxative is first referred to in the circa 1550 BC Ebers Papyrus, although it is known to have been in use for this purpose several centuries before then.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has categorized castor oil as:
"Generally recognized as safe and
effective for over-the-counter use
as a laxative with its major site of
action the small intestine, where it
is digested into ricinoleic acid".
Although used in traditional medicine to induce labour in pregnant women, there is insufficient evidence that castor oil is effective in dilating the cervix or inducing labour.
Castor oil, or a castor oil derivative is an excipient added to prescription drugs; it acts as a vehicle or medium for an active ingredient. Medications in which castor oil features include:
- Miconazole, an antifungal agent
- Paclitaxel, a mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy
- Sandimmune, an immunosuppressant drug widely used in connection with organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system
- Nelfinavir mesylate, an HIV protease inhibitor
- Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive drug
- Xenaderm ointment, a topical treatment for skin ulcers
- Aci-Jel (composed of ricinoleic acid from castor oil, with acetic acid and oxyquinoline), used to maintain the acidity of the vagina
- Optive Plus and Refresh Ultra, artificial tears to treat dry eye both contain castor oil
- Vishnevsky liniment also contains castor oil.
(c) Alternative Medicinal Uses of Castor Oil
In naturopathy, castor oil is promoted as a treatment for several human health conditions, including cysts. However, according to the American Cancer Society:
"Available scientific evidence does
not support claims that castor oil on
the skin cures cancer or any other
disease."
(d) Castor Oil in Skin and Hair Care
Castor oil is used in cosmetic products including creams and moisturisers. Small amounts of castor oil are frequently used in soap to increase lathering in the finished bar. It has also been used to enhance hair conditioners and anti-dandruff products.
(e) The Use of Castor Oil in Coatings
Castor oil is used in the polyurethane industry, where it is widely used as a rigid polyol and in coatings. One particular use is in polyurethane concrete where a castor-oil emulsion is used with cement to make a construction aggregate. This is applied fairly thickly as a slurry which is self-levels to build a resilient floor.
It is not a drying oil, meaning that it has a low reactivity with air compared to oils such as linseed oil and tung oil.
(f) Castor Oil as a Precursor to Industrial Chemicals
Castor oil can be broken down into other chemical compounds that have numerous applications.
Transesterification followed by steam cracking gives undecylenic acid, a precursor to specialized polymer nylon 11, and heptanal, a component in fragrances.
Breakdown of castor oil gives 2-octanol, both a fragrance component and a specialized solvent.
Hydrogenation of castor oil produces a waxy lubricant.
Castor oil can be epoxidized to make the triglycidyl ether of castor oil which is useful in epoxy technology. This is available commercially as Heloxy.
The production of lithium grease consumes a significant amount of castor oil. Hydrogenation and saponification of castor oil yields a high performance lubricant grease.
Since it has a relatively high dielectric constant, highly refined and dried castor oil is sometimes used as a dielectric fluid within high performance high voltage capacitors.
(g) Castor Oil as a Lubricant
Vegetable oils are generally unattractive alternatives to petroleum-derived lubricants because of their poor oxidative stability. Castor oil has better low-temperature viscosity properties and high-temperature lubrication than most vegetable oils, making it useful as a lubricant in jet, diesel, and racing engines.
The lubricant company Castrol took its name from castor oil.
However, castor oil tends to form gums in a short time, and therefore its usefulness is limited to engines that are regularly rebuilt, such as racing engines.
Castor oil is also used as a lubricant for bicycle pumps because it does not degrade natural rubber seals.
(h) Early Aviation and Aeromodelling
World War I aviation engines used castor oil as a primary lubricant, mixed with the fuel.
Castor oil was the preferred lubricant for rotary engines, such as the Gnome engine after that engine's widespread adoption for aviation in Europe in 1909.
It was used almost universally in rotary engined Allied aircraft in World War I. Germany had to make do with inferior ersatz oil for its rotary engines, which resulted in poor reliability.
Methanol-fuelled two-cycle engines used for aeromodelling, since their adoption by model airplane hobbyists in the 1940's, have used varying percentages of castor oil as a lubricant. It is highly resistant to degradation when the engine has its fuel-air mixture leaned for maximum engine speed.
Gummy residues can still be a problem for aeromodelling powerplants lubricated with castor oil, however, usually requiring eventual replacement of ball bearings when the residue accumulates within the engine's bearing races.
One British manufacturer of sleeve valved four-cycle model engines has stated the "varnish" created by using castor oil in small percentages can improve the pneumatic seal of the sleeve valve, improving the engine's performance over time.
(i) The Use of Castor Oil in Turkey Red Oil
Turkey red oil, also called sulphonated castor oil, is made by adding sulphuric acid to vegetable oils, most notably castor oil. It was the first synthetic detergent after ordinary soap.
(j) Castor Oil in Biodiesel
Castor oil, like less expensive vegetable oils, can be used as feedstock in the production of biodiesel. The resulting fuel is superior for cold winters, because of its exceptionally low cloud point and pour point.
Initiatives to grow more castor for energy production, in preference to other oil crops, are motivated by social considerations. Tropical subsistence farmers would gain a cash crop.
(k) Castor Oil as an Instrument for Punishment and Torture
Some parents used to punish children with a dose of castor oil. Physicians recommended against the practice because they did not want medicines associated with punishment.
A heavy dose of castor oil could be used as a humiliating punishment for adults. Colonial officials used it in the British Raj (India) to deal with recalcitrant servants. Belgian military officials prescribed heavy doses of castor oil in the Belgian Congo as a punishment for being too sick to work.
The most famous use of castor oil as punishment came in Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini. It was a favourite tool used by the Blackshirts to intimidate and humiliate their opponents. Political dissidents were force-fed large quantities of castor oil by Fascist squads.
Victims of this treatment sometimes died, as the dehydrating effects of the oil-induced diarrhoea often complicated the recovery from the nightstick beating they also received along with the castor oil.
However, even those victims who survived had to bear the humiliation of the laxative effects resulting from excessive consumption of the oil. It is believed that the Nazi SA used this torture method against German Jews shortly after the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
It is said that Mussolini's power was backed by "The bludgeon and castor oil".
In lesser quantities, castor oil was also used as an instrument of intimidation, for example, to discourage civilians or soldiers who would call in sick.
Today, the Italian terms manganello and olio di ricino still carry strong political connotations. The words are used to satirise patronising politicians, or the authors of disliked legislation. The terms Usare l'olio di ricino, ("to use castor oil") and usare il manganello ("to use the bludgeon") mean "to coerce or abuse".
The Safety of Olive Oil
The castor seed contains ricin, a toxic lectin. Heating during the oil extraction process denatures and deactivates the lectin. However, harvesting castor beans may not be without risk.
The International Castor Oil Association FAQ document states that castor beans contain an allergenic compound called CB1A. This chemical is described as being virtually non-toxic, but has the capacity to sensitize people with hypersensitivity. The allergen may be neutralized by treatment with a variety of alkaline agents. The allergen is not present in the castor oil itself.
These health issues, in addition to concerns about the toxic by-product (ricin) from castor oil production, have encouraged the quest for alternative sources for hydroxy fatty acids. Alternatively, some researchers are trying to genetically modify the castor plant to prevent the synthesis of ricin.
Since castor oil is sometimes used to induce labor in full-term pregnancies (scientific evidence of its effectiveness is lacking, however), consuming castor oil to treat constipation is not considered safe in pregnancies that are not at full term yet, as it may cause contractions of the womb.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk
14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria
Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
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Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
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Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint) and electronic drawing.
A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[1] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.
In addition to its more artistic forms, drawing is frequently used in commercial illustration, animation, architecture, engineering and technical drawing. A quick, freehand drawing, usually not intended as a finished work, is sometimes called a sketch. An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman or a draughtsman.[2]
Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.
Madame Palmyre with Her Dog, 1897. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
Galileo Galilei. Phases of the Moon. 1616.
Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.
There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling, free hand and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).
A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.
In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.
History[edit]
Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.
Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]
The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.
Drawing Outside the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[20] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.
Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[21] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.
Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.
Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.
The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.
Technique[edit]
Raphael, study for what became the Alba Madonna, with other sketches
Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[22]
Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.
The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[23] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[24]
Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.
Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.
Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.
Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[25]
Tone[edit]
Line drawing in sanguine by Leonardo da Vinci
Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.
Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.
Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.
Form and proportion[edit]
Pencil portrait by Ingres
Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.
When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive volumes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic volumes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive volumes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[26]
A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.
Perspective[edit]
Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.
Two-point perspective drawing
When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[27] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.
Artistry[edit]
Chiaroscuro study drawing by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
The composition of the image is an important element in producing an interesting work of artistic merit. The artist plans element placement in the art to communicate ideas and feelings with the viewer. The composition can determine the focus of the art, and result in a harmonious whole that is aesthetically appealing and stimulating.
The illumination of the subject is also a key element in creating an artistic piece, and the interplay of light and shadow is a valuable method in the artist's toolbox. The placement of the light sources can make a considerable difference in the type of message that is being presented. Multiple light sources can wash out any wrinkles in a person's face, for instance, and give a more youthful appearance. In contrast, a single light source, such as harsh daylight, can serve to highlight any texture or interesting features.
When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the negative space, and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed.
Drawing process in the Academic Study of a Male Torso by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1801, National Museum, Warsaw)
A study is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study.
Process[edit]
Individuals display differences in their ability to produce visually accurate drawings.[28] A visually accurate drawing is described as being "recognized as a particular object at a particular time and in a particular space, rendered with little addition of visual detail that can not be seen in the object represented or with little deletion of visual detail”.[29]
Investigative studies have aimed to explain the reasons why some individuals draw better than others. One study posited four key abilities in the drawing process: perception of objects being drawn, ability to make good representational decisions, motor skills required for mark-making and the drawer's own perception of their drawing.[29] Following this hypothesis, several studies have sought to conclude which of these processes are most significant in affecting the accuracy of drawings.
Motor function Motor function is an important physical component in the 'Production Phase' of the drawing process.[30] It has been suggested that motor function plays a role in drawing ability, though its effects are not significant.[29]
Perception It has been suggested that an individual's ability to perceive an object they are drawing is the most important stage in the drawing process.[29] This suggestion is supported by the discovery of a robust relationship between perception and drawing ability.[31]
This evidence acted as the basis of Betty Edwards' how-to drawing book, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain.[32] Edwards aimed to teach her readers how to draw, based on the development of the reader's perceptual abilities.
Furthermore, the influential artist and art critic John Ruskin emphasised the importance of perception in the drawing process in his book The Elements of Drawing.[33] He stated that "For I am nearly convinced, that once we see keenly enough, there is very little difficult in drawing what we see".
Visual memory has also been shown to influence one's ability to create visually accurate drawings. Short-term memory plays an important part in drawing as one’s gaze shifts between the object they are drawing and the drawing itself.[34]
Indian summer in an oasis of silence: Lake of the Gileppe. Swimming is however forbidden. Not because a giant crocodile haunts the lake (yes, i adore the B-movie Lake Placid), but because the water is so acid that no fish or bird will live in it. All the acidity of the fagne is concentrated in the water.
Looking north.
"Neef is a local community in the Cochem-Zell district in Rhineland-Palatinate. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Zell (Mosel).
The wine town is located directly on the right bank of the Moselle between Cochem in the north and Zell in the south.
Traces of settlement in the Hochkessel go back to the Middle Stone Age, around 4000 BC. As early as 698, Neef is mentioned in a deed of donation from St. Irmina at the Echternach monastery is listed as vien-nense. The place was first definitely mentioned in a document as navis in 875, when King Ludwig the German ordered lost goods to be returned to the monastery of St. Arnulf near Metz (Regesta Imperii I, No. 1515, also in Goerz, MRhReg I, No. 698). A local chronicle reports that King Charles the Bald ordered its return again in 886. The castle in Neef was first mentioned in 1248. Heinrich von Heinsberg exchanges castles and property in Neef, Kastellaun and Kirchberg with his brother Simon von Sponheim. This means that Neef belongs to the Vordere Grafschaft Sponheim. In 1299 Eberhard von Sponheim-Kreuznach founded a new branch named after Neef. In 1330, Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian granted the court and goods in Neef to Gerhard von Sponheim (BHStAM, Sponheimer Urk. No. 775). In the middle of the 15th century, Neef Castle passed to the Lords of Metzenhausen as a Trier fiefdom. The Trier Archbishop Johann III. von Metzenhausen is born in the castle. In 1552 the castle in Neef was attacked by the troops of Albert of Brandenburg and was badly destroyed. For a long time, the local authority was shared by the Echternach Monastery, the St. Arnulf Monastery, Stuben Monastery, Electorate and noble landlords.
From 1794 Neef was under French rule, and the Stuben monastery has been in ruins since the invasion of the French revolutionary troops. In 1815 the place was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna. Since 1946 it has been part of the then newly formed state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Mosel (German: [ˈmoːzl̩]) is one of 13 German wine regions (Weinbaugebiete) for quality wines (Qualitätswein, formerly QbA and Prädikatswein), and takes its name from the Mosel River (French: Moselle; Luxembourgish: Musel). Before 1 August 2007 the region was called Mosel-Saar-Ruwer, but changed to a name that was considered more consumer-friendly. The wine region is Germany's third largest in terms of production but some consider it the leading region in terms of international prestige.
The region covers the valleys of the rivers Mosel, Saar, and Ruwer from near the mouth of the Mosel at Koblenz and upstream to the vicinity of Trier in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The area is known for the steep slopes of the region's vineyards overlooking the river. At 65° degrees incline, the steepest recorded vineyard in the world is the Calmont vineyard located on the Mosel and belonging to the village of Bremm, and therefore referred to as Bremmer Calmont. The Mosel is mainly famous for its wines made from the Riesling grape, but Elbling and Müller-Thurgau also contribute to the production, among others.
In the past two decades red wine production, especially from the Spätburgunder (Pinot noir), has increased in the Mosel and throughout the German vignoble and has become of increasing interest to the international wine community. Because of the northerly location of the Mosel, the Riesling wines are often light, tending to lower alcohol, crisp and high in acidity, and often exhibit "flowery" rather than or in addition to "fruity" aromas. Its most common vineyard soil is derived in the main from various kinds of slate deposits, which tend to give the wines a transparent, mineralic aspect, that often exhibit great depth of flavor. In the current era of climate change much work has been done to improve and gain acceptance for completely dry ("Trocken") Rieslings in this region, so that most of the more famous makers have found acceptance for such wines, particularly in Europe." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
The bus ride from Shenzhen to Enping was long, like watching a freight train chug by, except it doesn't. We had to have been on that bus for seven hours, sometimes napping, and at times, staring out our windows, looking at a world standing still. Traffic was not only a nightmare, but also a mystery, for as many instances in which we could plainly see another egregiously bad vehicular accident, that which has become commonplace, ubiquitous in Chinese travel culture, there were other inexplicable stops in movement, when all of a sudden, as though finishing a swift countdown, our speed dropped so precipitously as to let out a collective lurch, if not in body, then definitely in mind. Calvin, thankfully, in his perspicacity, in his wide-angled, unique view of things, saw beyond the myriad vehicles which lay unmoving as if rocks on a dry riverbed; view the periphery, he bade us, and when we looked to the edges of the road, indeed we witnessed the most peculiar instigator of traffic congestion in the world - men en masse pissing on the side of the road! Men taking leaks creates a domino effect; that one sees another enjoying the relief of an unburdened, easy bladder, so seductive a yoke, that the only retort to the entreaty of this blissful state is to join in with abandon, and impunity. And so soon as the last few shakes are made, back into the cars do these men go, and a few hasty minutes later, traffic flows again!
Mike wanted to stop at a village, so we exchanged an increasingly crowded highway for a narrow, cement road, on which we ventured into the dense verdure. Having reached an impasse in the road soon thereafter, and not knowing how to advance further, to actually enter the village proper, we saw two lovely young ladies saddling a moped, motoring towards us. They then suddenly broke, and turned off our path and onto a dirt one which squeezed through two homes as though a mouse through its diminutive hole - that was our key. We greeted them as the girls turned their heads, offering us inquisitive, yet gentle looks. They would be our guides into town.
Blue showed me around her neighborhood. Together we walked along bumpy corridors and peered through open windows, beyond flitting cobwebs, to lay eyes on rooms where nowadays only impenetrable shadows repose. She and I examined the perfunctory red banners which framed each door in the village, and subsequently hit it off when I began inquiring into the nature of those two swarthy demons who hung menacingly before the closed doors, their gazes insidiously wild, drunk with rage, perhaps. Indeed later, in the quietude of a sunset raining down on us, while standing by ourselves in front of the village hall, I finally shared my faith with her, and in return she declared the lack of her own - her cousin and older sister, however, do know Jesus, she said, which verily warmed my heart, if not hers.
We left the village with much rapidity, but not before I blessed and encouraged Blue's cousin, in whose arms a smiling babe lay, and received joyfully a delectable departing gift: mysterious, "Blue Cookies" (the official Chinese name is 艾糍), whose mottled, homely complexion would disgust if not for the sweetness (an amalgam of sugar, peanuts and herbs) buried inside, a treasure which would be discovered again and again on our tour.
The food around Enping epitomizes, I believe, Guangdong cuisine: inexpensive and egregiously non-spicy. For what they lack in price and incendiary acidity, however, these dishes more than compensate with copious amounts of oil, salt and sugar, mixed together for a tantalizing effect on the taste buds. Our group was fortunate enough to have frequented several Guangdong-style dai pai dongs whose victuals both nourished our bodies and replenished our wallets - it's amazing to consider how $250RMB can feed 15 ravenous, cantankerous-when-hungry Christian bikers. In fact, the feasting grew exponentially more enjoyable as journey progressed, as our two primary orderers began to refine their culinary acuity, accurately predicting what would invigorate and excite our collective palate; it helped, too, that our utensils were pretty clean for Chinese standards!
Our first evening, we secured accommodations in a building that was not so much a hotel, or even a motel, as a grey, dry concrete edifice in which hardwood beds were arrayed neatly in each room; the spartan conditions dismayed some, including myself, at first. However, thankfulness trumped peevishness, and the realization that, in the middle of nowhere, we had mosquito nets to ward off the inexorable squad of mozzies, and one bathroom with boiling water for a very, very scalding shower was more than enough to placate everyone, especially after a hard day of riding. Besides, austerity succors the soul. We even managed to sleep pretty soundly without mattresses. In my somnolent state, I only remember shifting desperately maybe six, or seven times. It was a good night, and a bargain at only 15RMB per person!
On the second day our group dared to test itself on an unknown avenue. Consequently, we were spared the sonorous alarms of gigantic, indomitable trucks and instead subjected ourselves to the vicissitudes of off-road biking, whose soundtrack, undoubtedly for the day, was provided by an orchestra of buzzing cicadas, accompanied, at times, by the rumbling tympani of motorbikes. Oh, the countryside was lush, beautiful verdure all around - a feast for the romantic soul. Yet, for one of my companions, the environment was anything but endearing, for her adeptness at handling the desultory trail, she surely felt, was more chaotic than controlled. She persevered, nonetheless, pushing through her disconsolation to conquer the race marked out for her; such tenacity that only the Father could supply; and that left me thoroughly impressed.
At lunchtime, the evangelization effort began in earnest. It started innocently enough, as I asked a group of girls about the secondary school down the dusty road from our restaurant. Then, on cue, the Spirit, whose pacing can only be described as frenetic, whose rhythm is beyond my comprehension, overwhelmed and took over. Leanne and I brought those three girls to Christ; while Tim was assiduously preaching by our side to a band of boys who had gathered to look on; and behind us, ah Cheung had cajoled five boys to form a circle, hand in hand, for prayer. Many people came to know Jesus that hour. There was undoubtedly some serious fire falling down on us!
We made a pit stop at the Tam clan village. It was another bucolic community, replete with idling boys, young and old, and those two duplicitous demons standing watch from steady doors, which, it appeared, held together together the ramshackle walls beside them. An electricity meter evinced the reality of life in the village, of a living community that flows flittingly in and out of the houses as though cats leaping over canals; because I for one couldn't see how hundreds of people somehow resided inside those homes when I couldn't spot a single one during my brief tour of the grounds. In the open, by our bikes, there were conspicuous signs of life, however. I was standing in the sun, letting its warm rays melt on my skin, when a young man, not even twenty, approached and asked me about our intents and purposes on what was once such a dull afternoon. His curiosity got the better of me, and together we broached a conversation in faith. Simon joined us, and although he whom I named Henry, told us in his obstinacy that he depends on himself alone, I feel as though a small seed of faith was still planted within him. May it bloom at the appointed time when he most needs it.
At last, inside the unlit store where we shared our gleaming hopes and fantastic dreams, Simon and I noticed, to our surprise and delight, two blackboards on which the shopkeeper had written the alphabet, for English as well as for Putonghua (Pinyin). Besides the letters, numbers too had been painstakingly etched into the board, each meticulous stroke perfectly formed. So they ironically were learning that which continues to elude their more economically mobile brethren in Hong Kong, despite their most humble upbringing. I encouraged Henry to pursue this knowledge, since, as the cliche most rightly states, English - and Putonghua, these days - opens up a world of opportunity.
China, it seems to me, is one interminable housing start being carried on the shoulders of giants. Behemoths, really, an armada of green and blue dump trucks, on whose backs are the physical manifestation of the hopes and dreams of billions - timber; stone; and coal - were an inescapable part of our three-day trek. They blew passed us, literally, horns afire; and if you stared into the eyes of the drivers high above on those mechanized elephants, you would see the glee with which they pounded both the road and the eardrums of those unwitting peons foolish enough to be nearby. China - and China Mobile, whose stores we uncovered even in the most remote suburb, might I add! - still has much growth left, and the transportation and infrastructure industries, I'm sure, shall assiduously work to keep it that way. My recommendation: keep investing in China.
Visiting the hot springs had been on our agenda since the inception of the trip. We eventually had our chance the second evening, when we raced down a wending hill to our hotel - a real hotel. Our excitement reverberated in the air, crackling with laughter and shouting. Choosing to swim first and foremost, we left dinner to wait and hurried across the street. The resort was packed with other like-minded people, dressed in swimming costumes that should have left more to the imagination; the temperature of the pool water varied, from tepid in one enclosure to skin-searing in another; and for one marvelous hour, we swam and frolicked like little children again, delighting in some wet fun, a suitable reward for one more arduous day spent on the dusty, dry land.
We capped the end of a successful day with a bang. The girls, oddly enough, were furtive pyromaniacs in our midst, longing in secret to raid the fireworks shop at the base of the hotel. So after our meal, they raced into the cool evening air and we could only endeavor to follow them in their explosive folly. Inside the store, all sorts of bombastic devices were on display, from the unwieldy, block of (Chicago) bull to the sleek spears adorning the wall whose warheads, no doubt, could just so easily take out a few eyes as mercilessly rip the pitch black from the wall of night sky. The ladies suffered to leave no type of firework untouched by the flame, quickly purchasing an arsenal of rainbow-inducing rockets and slim sparklers to make any pyrotechnic maven proud. Outside we went. At length, the bombs burst in the air, and laughter abound so much as we watched the brilliance of Chinese engineering on display. With the girls' scintillating stock depleted, we finally collected ourselves, and headed upstairs for one more day of wonderment.
There was one last village to visit before we reached our final destination of Enping city. As we sped into the shanty community, we knew something was amiss because unlike our other entrances into villages, during which residents would emerge in droves to glimpse us, it seemed as though these villagers preferred the comfort of their own veiled homes to the company of a few, ebullient strangers. It was an ominous setting in which we found ourselves, one characterized by inhabitants rather mistrustful than gregarious, and affable. Nonetheless, we dispersed to share kindness and mercy. To that end, I approached a young lady, a mere 25-years old, who had her three-month old boy on her shoulder and her three-year old son - who was without pants, might I add, preferring to wave them in the air like a terrible towel - by her side. We spoke briefly about her hopes and dreams, which, she says, rest in the well-being of her sons; and then Leanne and I blessed her. That was the end of our village experience in China.
To be around people who sharpen you as iron sharpens iron, that verily is a joy. The villagers were simple, warm and welcoming; my teammates were jocular, presumptuous and faithful; and I, in the midst of this confluence, this mosaic of personalities, philosophies, hopes and dreams, could only seek to love, especially in one of my more pensive moments. The trip tested my patience and tolerance, my ability to accept others for who they are - each a flawed creature like myself. Ultimately, so much as we seek the men of peace everywhere we go, we individually must become men of peace too. A true disciple of Jesus runs that race, and appreciates His grace, which shall always be enough in this life.
The bus ride from Shenzhen to Enping was long, like watching a freight train chug by, except it doesn't. We had to have been on that bus for seven hours, sometimes napping, and at times, staring out our windows, looking at a world standing still. Traffic was not only a nightmare, but also a mystery, for as many instances in which we could plainly see another egregiously bad vehicular accident, that which has become commonplace, ubiquitous in Chinese travel culture, there were other inexplicable stops in movement, when all of a sudden, as though finishing a swift countdown, our speed dropped so precipitously as to let out a collective lurch, if not in body, then definitely in mind. Calvin, thankfully, in his perspicacity, in his wide-angled, unique view of things, saw beyond the myriad vehicles which lay unmoving as if rocks on a dry riverbed; view the periphery, he bade us, and when we looked to the edges of the road, indeed we witnessed the most peculiar instigator of traffic congestion in the world - men en masse pissing on the side of the road! Men taking leaks creates a domino effect; that one sees another enjoying the relief of an unburdened, easy bladder, so seductive a yoke, that the only retort to the entreaty of this blissful state is to join in with abandon, and impunity. And so soon as the last few shakes are made, back into the cars do these men go, and a few hasty minutes later, traffic flows again!
Mike wanted to stop at a village, so we exchanged an increasingly crowded highway for a narrow, cement road, on which we ventured into the dense verdure. Having reached an impasse in the road soon thereafter, and not knowing how to advance further, to actually enter the village proper, we saw two lovely young ladies saddling a moped, motoring towards us. They then suddenly broke, and turned off our path and onto a dirt one which squeezed through two homes as though a mouse through its diminutive hole - that was our key. We greeted them as the girls turned their heads, offering us inquisitive, yet gentle looks. They would be our guides into town.
Blue showed me around her neighborhood. Together we walked along bumpy corridors and peered through open windows, beyond flitting cobwebs, to lay eyes on rooms where nowadays only impenetrable shadows repose. She and I examined the perfunctory red banners which framed each door in the village, and subsequently hit it off when I began inquiring into the nature of those two swarthy demons who hung menacingly before the closed doors, their gazes insidiously wild, drunk with rage, perhaps. Indeed later, in the quietude of a sunset raining down on us, while standing by ourselves in front of the village hall, I finally shared my faith with her, and in return she declared the lack of her own - her cousin and older sister, however, do know Jesus, she said, which verily warmed my heart, if not hers.
We left the village with much rapidity, but not before I blessed and encouraged Blue's cousin, in whose arms a smiling babe lay, and received joyfully a delectable departing gift: mysterious, "Blue Cookies" (the official Chinese name is 艾糍), whose mottled, homely complexion would disgust if not for the sweetness (an amalgam of sugar, peanuts and herbs) buried inside, a treasure which would be discovered again and again on our tour.
The food around Enping epitomizes, I believe, Guangdong cuisine: inexpensive and egregiously non-spicy. For what they lack in price and incendiary acidity, however, these dishes more than compensate with copious amounts of oil, salt and sugar, mixed together for a tantalizing effect on the taste buds. Our group was fortunate enough to have frequented several Guangdong-style dai pai dongs whose victuals both nourished our bodies and replenished our wallets - it's amazing to consider how $250RMB can feed 15 ravenous, cantankerous-when-hungry Christian bikers. In fact, the feasting grew exponentially more enjoyable as journey progressed, as our two primary orderers began to refine their culinary acuity, accurately predicting what would invigorate and excite our collective palate; it helped, too, that our utensils were pretty clean for Chinese standards!
Our first evening, we secured accommodations in a building that was not so much a hotel, or even a motel, as a grey, dry concrete edifice in which hardwood beds were arrayed neatly in each room; the spartan conditions dismayed some, including myself, at first. However, thankfulness trumped peevishness, and the realization that, in the middle of nowhere, we had mosquito nets to ward off the inexorable squad of mozzies, and one bathroom with boiling water for a very, very scalding shower was more than enough to placate everyone, especially after a hard day of riding. Besides, austerity succors the soul. We even managed to sleep pretty soundly without mattresses. In my somnolent state, I only remember shifting desperately maybe six, or seven times. It was a good night, and a bargain at only 15RMB per person!
On the second day our group dared to test itself on an unknown avenue. Consequently, we were spared the sonorous alarms of gigantic, indomitable trucks and instead subjected ourselves to the vicissitudes of off-road biking, whose soundtrack, undoubtedly for the day, was provided by an orchestra of buzzing cicadas, accompanied, at times, by the rumbling tympani of motorbikes. Oh, the countryside was lush, beautiful verdure all around - a feast for the romantic soul. Yet, for one of my companions, the environment was anything but endearing, for her adeptness at handling the desultory trail, she surely felt, was more chaotic than controlled. She persevered, nonetheless, pushing through her disconsolation to conquer the race marked out for her; such tenacity that only the Father could supply; and that left me thoroughly impressed.
At lunchtime, the evangelization effort began in earnest. It started innocently enough, as I asked a group of girls about the secondary school down the dusty road from our restaurant. Then, on cue, the Spirit, whose pacing can only be described as frenetic, whose rhythm is beyond my comprehension, overwhelmed and took over. Leanne and I brought those three girls to Christ; while Tim was assiduously preaching by our side to a band of boys who had gathered to look on; and behind us, ah Cheung had cajoled five boys to form a circle, hand in hand, for prayer. Many people came to know Jesus that hour. There was undoubtedly some serious fire falling down on us!
We made a pit stop at the Tam clan village. It was another bucolic community, replete with idling boys, young and old, and those two duplicitous demons standing watch from steady doors, which, it appeared, held together together the ramshackle walls beside them. An electricity meter evinced the reality of life in the village, of a living community that flows flittingly in and out of the houses as though cats leaping over canals; because I for one couldn't see how hundreds of people somehow resided inside those homes when I couldn't spot a single one during my brief tour of the grounds. In the open, by our bikes, there were conspicuous signs of life, however. I was standing in the sun, letting its warm rays melt on my skin, when a young man, not even twenty, approached and asked me about our intents and purposes on what was once such a dull afternoon. His curiosity got the better of me, and together we broached a conversation in faith. Simon joined us, and although he whom I named Henry, told us in his obstinacy that he depends on himself alone, I feel as though a small seed of faith was still planted within him. May it bloom at the appointed time when he most needs it.
At last, inside the unlit store where we shared our gleaming hopes and fantastic dreams, Simon and I noticed, to our surprise and delight, two blackboards on which the shopkeeper had written the alphabet, for English as well as for Putonghua (Pinyin). Besides the letters, numbers too had been painstakingly etched into the board, each meticulous stroke perfectly formed. So they ironically were learning that which continues to elude their more economically mobile brethren in Hong Kong, despite their most humble upbringing. I encouraged Henry to pursue this knowledge, since, as the cliche most rightly states, English - and Putonghua, these days - opens up a world of opportunity.
China, it seems to me, is one interminable housing start being carried on the shoulders of giants. Behemoths, really, an armada of green and blue dump trucks, on whose backs are the physical manifestation of the hopes and dreams of billions - timber; stone; and coal - were an inescapable part of our three-day trek. They blew passed us, literally, horns afire; and if you stared into the eyes of the drivers high above on those mechanized elephants, you would see the glee with which they pounded both the road and the eardrums of those unwitting peons foolish enough to be nearby. China - and China Mobile, whose stores we uncovered even in the most remote suburb, might I add! - still has much growth left, and the transportation and infrastructure industries, I'm sure, shall assiduously work to keep it that way. My recommendation: keep investing in China.
Visiting the hot springs had been on our agenda since the inception of the trip. We eventually had our chance the second evening, when we raced down a wending hill to our hotel - a real hotel. Our excitement reverberated in the air, crackling with laughter and shouting. Choosing to swim first and foremost, we left dinner to wait and hurried across the street. The resort was packed with other like-minded people, dressed in swimming costumes that should have left more to the imagination; the temperature of the pool water varied, from tepid in one enclosure to skin-searing in another; and for one marvelous hour, we swam and frolicked like little children again, delighting in some wet fun, a suitable reward for one more arduous day spent on the dusty, dry land.
We capped the end of a successful day with a bang. The girls, oddly enough, were furtive pyromaniacs in our midst, longing in secret to raid the fireworks shop at the base of the hotel. So after our meal, they raced into the cool evening air and we could only endeavor to follow them in their explosive folly. Inside the store, all sorts of bombastic devices were on display, from the unwieldy, block of (Chicago) bull to the sleek spears adorning the wall whose warheads, no doubt, could just so easily take out a few eyes as mercilessly rip the pitch black from the wall of night sky. The ladies suffered to leave no type of firework untouched by the flame, quickly purchasing an arsenal of rainbow-inducing rockets and slim sparklers to make any pyrotechnic maven proud. Outside we went. At length, the bombs burst in the air, and laughter abound so much as we watched the brilliance of Chinese engineering on display. With the girls' scintillating stock depleted, we finally collected ourselves, and headed upstairs for one more day of wonderment.
There was one last village to visit before we reached our final destination of Enping city. As we sped into the shanty community, we knew something was amiss because unlike our other entrances into villages, during which residents would emerge in droves to glimpse us, it seemed as though these villagers preferred the comfort of their own veiled homes to the company of a few, ebullient strangers. It was an ominous setting in which we found ourselves, one characterized by inhabitants rather mistrustful than gregarious, and affable. Nonetheless, we dispersed to share kindness and mercy. To that end, I approached a young lady, a mere 25-years old, who had her three-month old boy on her shoulder and her three-year old son - who was without pants, might I add, preferring to wave them in the air like a terrible towel - by her side. We spoke briefly about her hopes and dreams, which, she says, rest in the well-being of her sons; and then Leanne and I blessed her. That was the end of our village experience in China.
To be around people who sharpen you as iron sharpens iron, that verily is a joy. The villagers were simple, warm and welcoming; my teammates were jocular, presumptuous and faithful; and I, in the midst of this confluence, this mosaic of personalities, philosophies, hopes and dreams, could only seek to love, especially in one of my more pensive moments. The trip tested my patience and tolerance, my ability to accept others for who they are - each a flawed creature like myself. Ultimately, so much as we seek the men of peace everywhere we go, we individually must become men of peace too. A true disciple of Jesus runs that race, and appreciates His grace, which shall always be enough in this life.
The bus ride from Shenzhen to Enping was long, like watching a freight train chug by, except it doesn't. We had to have been on that bus for seven hours, sometimes napping, and at times, staring out our windows, looking at a world standing still. Traffic was not only a nightmare, but also a mystery, for as many instances in which we could plainly see another egregiously bad vehicular accident, that which has become commonplace, ubiquitous in Chinese travel culture, there were other inexplicable stops in movement, when all of a sudden, as though finishing a swift countdown, our speed dropped so precipitously as to let out a collective lurch, if not in body, then definitely in mind. Calvin, thankfully, in his perspicacity, in his wide-angled, unique view of things, saw beyond the myriad vehicles which lay unmoving as if rocks on a dry riverbed; view the periphery, he bade us, and when we looked to the edges of the road, indeed we witnessed the most peculiar instigator of traffic congestion in the world - men en masse pissing on the side of the road! Men taking leaks creates a domino effect; that one sees another enjoying the relief of an unburdened, easy bladder, so seductive a yoke, that the only retort to the entreaty of this blissful state is to join in with abandon, and impunity. And so soon as the last few shakes are made, back into the cars do these men go, and a few hasty minutes later, traffic flows again!
Mike wanted to stop at a village, so we exchanged an increasingly crowded highway for a narrow, cement road, on which we ventured into the dense verdure. Having reached an impasse in the road soon thereafter, and not knowing how to advance further, to actually enter the village proper, we saw two lovely young ladies saddling a moped, motoring towards us. They then suddenly broke, and turned off our path and onto a dirt one which squeezed through two homes as though a mouse through its diminutive hole - that was our key. We greeted them as the girls turned their heads, offering us inquisitive, yet gentle looks. They would be our guides into town.
Blue showed me around her neighborhood. Together we walked along bumpy corridors and peered through open windows, beyond flitting cobwebs, to lay eyes on rooms where nowadays only impenetrable shadows repose. She and I examined the perfunctory red banners which framed each door in the village, and subsequently hit it off when I began inquiring into the nature of those two swarthy demons who hung menacingly before the closed doors, their gazes insidiously wild, drunk with rage, perhaps. Indeed later, in the quietude of a sunset raining down on us, while standing by ourselves in front of the village hall, I finally shared my faith with her, and in return she declared the lack of her own - her cousin and older sister, however, do know Jesus, she said, which verily warmed my heart, if not hers.
We left the village with much rapidity, but not before I blessed and encouraged Blue's cousin, in whose arms a smiling babe lay, and received joyfully a delectable departing gift: mysterious, "Blue Cookies" (the official Chinese name is 艾糍), whose mottled, homely complexion would disgust if not for the sweetness (an amalgam of sugar, peanuts and herbs) buried inside, a treasure which would be discovered again and again on our tour.
The food around Enping epitomizes, I believe, Guangdong cuisine: inexpensive and egregiously non-spicy. For what they lack in price and incendiary acidity, however, these dishes more than compensate with copious amounts of oil, salt and sugar, mixed together for a tantalizing effect on the taste buds. Our group was fortunate enough to have frequented several Guangdong-style dai pai dongs whose victuals both nourished our bodies and replenished our wallets - it's amazing to consider how $250RMB can feed 15 ravenous, cantankerous-when-hungry Christian bikers. In fact, the feasting grew exponentially more enjoyable as journey progressed, as our two primary orderers began to refine their culinary acuity, accurately predicting what would invigorate and excite our collective palate; it helped, too, that our utensils were pretty clean for Chinese standards!
Our first evening, we secured accommodations in a building that was not so much a hotel, or even a motel, as a grey, dry concrete edifice in which hardwood beds were arrayed neatly in each room; the spartan conditions dismayed some, including myself, at first. However, thankfulness trumped peevishness, and the realization that, in the middle of nowhere, we had mosquito nets to ward off the inexorable squad of mozzies, and one bathroom with boiling water for a very, very scalding shower was more than enough to placate everyone, especially after a hard day of riding. Besides, austerity succors the soul. We even managed to sleep pretty soundly without mattresses. In my somnolent state, I only remember shifting desperately maybe six, or seven times. It was a good night, and a bargain at only 15RMB per person!
On the second day our group dared to test itself on an unknown avenue. Consequently, we were spared the sonorous alarms of gigantic, indomitable trucks and instead subjected ourselves to the vicissitudes of off-road biking, whose soundtrack, undoubtedly for the day, was provided by an orchestra of buzzing cicadas, accompanied, at times, by the rumbling tympani of motorbikes. Oh, the countryside was lush, beautiful verdure all around - a feast for the romantic soul. Yet, for one of my companions, the environment was anything but endearing, for her adeptness at handling the desultory trail, she surely felt, was more chaotic than controlled. She persevered, nonetheless, pushing through her disconsolation to conquer the race marked out for her; such tenacity that only the Father could supply; and that left me thoroughly impressed.
At lunchtime, the evangelization effort began in earnest. It started innocently enough, as I asked a group of girls about the secondary school down the dusty road from our restaurant. Then, on cue, the Spirit, whose pacing can only be described as frenetic, whose rhythm is beyond my comprehension, overwhelmed and took over. Leanne and I brought those three girls to Christ; while Tim was assiduously preaching by our side to a band of boys who had gathered to look on; and behind us, ah Cheung had cajoled five boys to form a circle, hand in hand, for prayer. Many people came to know Jesus that hour. There was undoubtedly some serious fire falling down on us!
We made a pit stop at the Tam clan village. It was another bucolic community, replete with idling boys, young and old, and those two duplicitous demons standing watch from steady doors, which, it appeared, held together together the ramshackle walls beside them. An electricity meter evinced the reality of life in the village, of a living community that flows flittingly in and out of the houses as though cats leaping over canals; because I for one couldn't see how hundreds of people somehow resided inside those homes when I couldn't spot a single one during my brief tour of the grounds. In the open, by our bikes, there were conspicuous signs of life, however. I was standing in the sun, letting its warm rays melt on my skin, when a young man, not even twenty, approached and asked me about our intents and purposes on what was once such a dull afternoon. His curiosity got the better of me, and together we broached a conversation in faith. Simon joined us, and although he whom I named Henry, told us in his obstinacy that he depends on himself alone, I feel as though a small seed of faith was still planted within him. May it bloom at the appointed time when he most needs it.
At last, inside the unlit store where we shared our gleaming hopes and fantastic dreams, Simon and I noticed, to our surprise and delight, two blackboards on which the shopkeeper had written the alphabet, for English as well as for Putonghua (Pinyin). Besides the letters, numbers too had been painstakingly etched into the board, each meticulous stroke perfectly formed. So they ironically were learning that which continues to elude their more economically mobile brethren in Hong Kong, despite their most humble upbringing. I encouraged Henry to pursue this knowledge, since, as the cliche most rightly states, English - and Putonghua, these days - opens up a world of opportunity.
China, it seems to me, is one interminable housing start being carried on the shoulders of giants. Behemoths, really, an armada of green and blue dump trucks, on whose backs are the physical manifestation of the hopes and dreams of billions - timber; stone; and coal - were an inescapable part of our three-day trek. They blew passed us, literally, horns afire; and if you stared into the eyes of the drivers high above on those mechanized elephants, you would see the glee with which they pounded both the road and the eardrums of those unwitting peons foolish enough to be nearby. China - and China Mobile, whose stores we uncovered even in the most remote suburb, might I add! - still has much growth left, and the transportation and infrastructure industries, I'm sure, shall assiduously work to keep it that way. My recommendation: keep investing in China.
Visiting the hot springs had been on our agenda since the inception of the trip. We eventually had our chance the second evening, when we raced down a wending hill to our hotel - a real hotel. Our excitement reverberated in the air, crackling with laughter and shouting. Choosing to swim first and foremost, we left dinner to wait and hurried across the street. The resort was packed with other like-minded people, dressed in swimming costumes that should have left more to the imagination; the temperature of the pool water varied, from tepid in one enclosure to skin-searing in another; and for one marvelous hour, we swam and frolicked like little children again, delighting in some wet fun, a suitable reward for one more arduous day spent on the dusty, dry land.
We capped the end of a successful day with a bang. The girls, oddly enough, were furtive pyromaniacs in our midst, longing in secret to raid the fireworks shop at the base of the hotel. So after our meal, they raced into the cool evening air and we could only endeavor to follow them in their explosive folly. Inside the store, all sorts of bombastic devices were on display, from the unwieldy, block of (Chicago) bull to the sleek spears adorning the wall whose warheads, no doubt, could just so easily take out a few eyes as mercilessly rip the pitch black from the wall of night sky. The ladies suffered to leave no type of firework untouched by the flame, quickly purchasing an arsenal of rainbow-inducing rockets and slim sparklers to make any pyrotechnic maven proud. Outside we went. At length, the bombs burst in the air, and laughter abound so much as we watched the brilliance of Chinese engineering on display. With the girls' scintillating stock depleted, we finally collected ourselves, and headed upstairs for one more day of wonderment.
There was one last village to visit before we reached our final destination of Enping city. As we sped into the shanty community, we knew something was amiss because unlike our other entrances into villages, during which residents would emerge in droves to glimpse us, it seemed as though these villagers preferred the comfort of their own veiled homes to the company of a few, ebullient strangers. It was an ominous setting in which we found ourselves, one characterized by inhabitants rather mistrustful than gregarious, and affable. Nonetheless, we dispersed to share kindness and mercy. To that end, I approached a young lady, a mere 25-years old, who had her three-month old boy on her shoulder and her three-year old son - who was without pants, might I add, preferring to wave them in the air like a terrible towel - by her side. We spoke briefly about her hopes and dreams, which, she says, rest in the well-being of her sons; and then Leanne and I blessed her. That was the end of our village experience in China.
To be around people who sharpen you as iron sharpens iron, that verily is a joy. The villagers were simple, warm and welcoming; my teammates were jocular, presumptuous and faithful; and I, in the midst of this confluence, this mosaic of personalities, philosophies, hopes and dreams, could only seek to love, especially in one of my more pensive moments. The trip tested my patience and tolerance, my ability to accept others for who they are - each a flawed creature like myself. Ultimately, so much as we seek the men of peace everywhere we go, we individually must become men of peace too. A true disciple of Jesus runs that race, and appreciates His grace, which shall always be enough in this life.
The bus ride from Shenzhen to Enping was long, like watching a freight train chug by, except it doesn't. We had to have been on that bus for seven hours, sometimes napping, and at times, staring out our windows, looking at a world standing still. Traffic was not only a nightmare, but also a mystery, for as many instances in which we could plainly see another egregiously bad vehicular accident, that which has become commonplace, ubiquitous in Chinese travel culture, there were other inexplicable stops in movement, when all of a sudden, as though finishing a swift countdown, our speed dropped so precipitously as to let out a collective lurch, if not in body, then definitely in mind. Calvin, thankfully, in his perspicacity, in his wide-angled, unique view of things, saw beyond the myriad vehicles which lay unmoving as if rocks on a dry riverbed; view the periphery, he bade us, and when we looked to the edges of the road, indeed we witnessed the most peculiar instigator of traffic congestion in the world - men en masse pissing on the side of the road! Men taking leaks creates a domino effect; that one sees another enjoying the relief of an unburdened, easy bladder, so seductive a yoke, that the only retort to the entreaty of this blissful state is to join in with abandon, and impunity. And so soon as the last few shakes are made, back into the cars do these men go, and a few hasty minutes later, traffic flows again!
Mike wanted to stop at a village, so we exchanged an increasingly crowded highway for a narrow, cement road, on which we ventured into the dense verdure. Having reached an impasse in the road soon thereafter, and not knowing how to advance further, to actually enter the village proper, we saw two lovely young ladies saddling a moped, motoring towards us. They then suddenly broke, and turned off our path and onto a dirt one which squeezed through two homes as though a mouse through its diminutive hole - that was our key. We greeted them as the girls turned their heads, offering us inquisitive, yet gentle looks. They would be our guides into town.
Blue showed me around her neighborhood. Together we walked along bumpy corridors and peered through open windows, beyond flitting cobwebs, to lay eyes on rooms where nowadays only impenetrable shadows repose. She and I examined the perfunctory red banners which framed each door in the village, and subsequently hit it off when I began inquiring into the nature of those two swarthy demons who hung menacingly before the closed doors, their gazes insidiously wild, drunk with rage, perhaps. Indeed later, in the quietude of a sunset raining down on us, while standing by ourselves in front of the village hall, I finally shared my faith with her, and in return she declared the lack of her own - her cousin and older sister, however, do know Jesus, she said, which verily warmed my heart, if not hers.
We left the village with much rapidity, but not before I blessed and encouraged Blue's cousin, in whose arms a smiling babe lay, and received joyfully a delectable departing gift: mysterious, "Blue Cookies" (the official Chinese name is 艾糍), whose mottled, homely complexion would disgust if not for the sweetness (an amalgam of sugar, peanuts and herbs) buried inside, a treasure which would be discovered again and again on our tour.
The food around Enping epitomizes, I believe, Guangdong cuisine: inexpensive and egregiously non-spicy. For what they lack in price and incendiary acidity, however, these dishes more than compensate with copious amounts of oil, salt and sugar, mixed together for a tantalizing effect on the taste buds. Our group was fortunate enough to have frequented several Guangdong-style dai pai dongs whose victuals both nourished our bodies and replenished our wallets - it's amazing to consider how $250RMB can feed 15 ravenous, cantankerous-when-hungry Christian bikers. In fact, the feasting grew exponentially more enjoyable as journey progressed, as our two primary orderers began to refine their culinary acuity, accurately predicting what would invigorate and excite our collective palate; it helped, too, that our utensils were pretty clean for Chinese standards!
Our first evening, we secured accommodations in a building that was not so much a hotel, or even a motel, as a grey, dry concrete edifice in which hardwood beds were arrayed neatly in each room; the spartan conditions dismayed some, including myself, at first. However, thankfulness trumped peevishness, and the realization that, in the middle of nowhere, we had mosquito nets to ward off the inexorable squad of mozzies, and one bathroom with boiling water for a very, very scalding shower was more than enough to placate everyone, especially after a hard day of riding. Besides, austerity succors the soul. We even managed to sleep pretty soundly without mattresses. In my somnolent state, I only remember shifting desperately maybe six, or seven times. It was a good night, and a bargain at only 15RMB per person!
On the second day our group dared to test itself on an unknown avenue. Consequently, we were spared the sonorous alarms of gigantic, indomitable trucks and instead subjected ourselves to the vicissitudes of off-road biking, whose soundtrack, undoubtedly for the day, was provided by an orchestra of buzzing cicadas, accompanied, at times, by the rumbling tympani of motorbikes. Oh, the countryside was lush, beautiful verdure all around - a feast for the romantic soul. Yet, for one of my companions, the environment was anything but endearing, for her adeptness at handling the desultory trail, she surely felt, was more chaotic than controlled. She persevered, nonetheless, pushing through her disconsolation to conquer the race marked out for her; such tenacity that only the Father could supply; and that left me thoroughly impressed.
At lunchtime, the evangelization effort began in earnest. It started innocently enough, as I asked a group of girls about the secondary school down the dusty road from our restaurant. Then, on cue, the Spirit, whose pacing can only be described as frenetic, whose rhythm is beyond my comprehension, overwhelmed and took over. Leanne and I brought those three girls to Christ; while Tim was assiduously preaching by our side to a band of boys who had gathered to look on; and behind us, ah Cheung had cajoled five boys to form a circle, hand in hand, for prayer. Many people came to know Jesus that hour. There was undoubtedly some serious fire falling down on us!
We made a pit stop at the Tam clan village. It was another bucolic community, replete with idling boys, young and old, and those two duplicitous demons standing watch from steady doors, which, it appeared, held together together the ramshackle walls beside them. An electricity meter evinced the reality of life in the village, of a living community that flows flittingly in and out of the houses as though cats leaping over canals; because I for one couldn't see how hundreds of people somehow resided inside those homes when I couldn't spot a single one during my brief tour of the grounds. In the open, by our bikes, there were conspicuous signs of life, however. I was standing in the sun, letting its warm rays melt on my skin, when a young man, not even twenty, approached and asked me about our intents and purposes on what was once such a dull afternoon. His curiosity got the better of me, and together we broached a conversation in faith. Simon joined us, and although he whom I named Henry, told us in his obstinacy that he depends on himself alone, I feel as though a small seed of faith was still planted within him. May it bloom at the appointed time when he most needs it.
At last, inside the unlit store where we shared our gleaming hopes and fantastic dreams, Simon and I noticed, to our surprise and delight, two blackboards on which the shopkeeper had written the alphabet, for English as well as for Putonghua (Pinyin). Besides the letters, numbers too had been painstakingly etched into the board, each meticulous stroke perfectly formed. So they ironically were learning that which continues to elude their more economically mobile brethren in Hong Kong, despite their most humble upbringing. I encouraged Henry to pursue this knowledge, since, as the cliche most rightly states, English - and Putonghua, these days - opens up a world of opportunity.
China, it seems to me, is one interminable housing start being carried on the shoulders of giants. Behemoths, really, an armada of green and blue dump trucks, on whose backs are the physical manifestation of the hopes and dreams of billions - timber; stone; and coal - were an inescapable part of our three-day trek. They blew passed us, literally, horns afire; and if you stared into the eyes of the drivers high above on those mechanized elephants, you would see the glee with which they pounded both the road and the eardrums of those unwitting peons foolish enough to be nearby. China - and China Mobile, whose stores we uncovered even in the most remote suburb, might I add! - still has much growth left, and the transportation and infrastructure industries, I'm sure, shall assiduously work to keep it that way. My recommendation: keep investing in China.
Visiting the hot springs had been on our agenda since the inception of the trip. We eventually had our chance the second evening, when we raced down a wending hill to our hotel - a real hotel. Our excitement reverberated in the air, crackling with laughter and shouting. Choosing to swim first and foremost, we left dinner to wait and hurried across the street. The resort was packed with other like-minded people, dressed in swimming costumes that should have left more to the imagination; the temperature of the pool water varied, from tepid in one enclosure to skin-searing in another; and for one marvelous hour, we swam and frolicked like little children again, delighting in some wet fun, a suitable reward for one more arduous day spent on the dusty, dry land.
We capped the end of a successful day with a bang. The girls, oddly enough, were furtive pyromaniacs in our midst, longing in secret to raid the fireworks shop at the base of the hotel. So after our meal, they raced into the cool evening air and we could only endeavor to follow them in their explosive folly. Inside the store, all sorts of bombastic devices were on display, from the unwieldy, block of (Chicago) bull to the sleek spears adorning the wall whose warheads, no doubt, could just so easily take out a few eyes as mercilessly rip the pitch black from the wall of night sky. The ladies suffered to leave no type of firework untouched by the flame, quickly purchasing an arsenal of rainbow-inducing rockets and slim sparklers to make any pyrotechnic maven proud. Outside we went. At length, the bombs burst in the air, and laughter abound so much as we watched the brilliance of Chinese engineering on display. With the girls' scintillating stock depleted, we finally collected ourselves, and headed upstairs for one more day of wonderment.
There was one last village to visit before we reached our final destination of Enping city. As we sped into the shanty community, we knew something was amiss because unlike our other entrances into villages, during which residents would emerge in droves to glimpse us, it seemed as though these villagers preferred the comfort of their own veiled homes to the company of a few, ebullient strangers. It was an ominous setting in which we found ourselves, one characterized by inhabitants rather mistrustful than gregarious, and affable. Nonetheless, we dispersed to share kindness and mercy. To that end, I approached a young lady, a mere 25-years old, who had her three-month old boy on her shoulder and her three-year old son - who was without pants, might I add, preferring to wave them in the air like a terrible towel - by her side. We spoke briefly about her hopes and dreams, which, she says, rest in the well-being of her sons; and then Leanne and I blessed her. That was the end of our village experience in China.
To be around people who sharpen you as iron sharpens iron, that verily is a joy. The villagers were simple, warm and welcoming; my teammates were jocular, presumptuous and faithful; and I, in the midst of this confluence, this mosaic of personalities, philosophies, hopes and dreams, could only seek to love, especially in one of my more pensive moments. The trip tested my patience and tolerance, my ability to accept others for who they are - each a flawed creature like myself. Ultimately, so much as we seek the men of peace everywhere we go, we individually must become men of peace too. A true disciple of Jesus runs that race, and appreciates His grace, which shall always be enough in this life.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
From
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Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.
(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Mariahilferstraße
Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.
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Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum
Mariahilferstraße, 1908
Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"
published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description
History
Pottery and wine
The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.
The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village
Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".
1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.
1529 The first Turkish siege
Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.
1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.
1663 The new Post Road
With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.
1683 The second Turkish siege
The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.
1686 Palais Esterhazy
On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."
17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb
With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.
The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.
Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.
1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables
Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.
The church and monastery of Maria Hülff
Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783
1730 Mariahilferkirche
1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.
1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund
Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.
1805 - 1809 French occupation
The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.
19th century Industrialization
Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.
1826
The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).
1848 years of the revolution
The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of today's belt.
1858 The Ring Road
The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.
1862 Official naming
The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".
The turn of the century: development to commercial street
After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.
1863 Herzmansky opened
On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.
1869 The Pferdetramway
The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.
Opened in 1879 Gerngroß
Mariahilferstraße about 1905
Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August
Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.
1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection
The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.
1911 The House Stafa
On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.
1945 bombing of Vienna
On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.