Label reads:" Newcastle Club 1999 BELGENNY SHIRAZ Hunter Reds are lendary. The shiraz grape in particular has been dominant in establishing the Hunter's enviable reputation Mid-ruby in colour the 1999 Belgenny Shiraz is a classic possessing a powerfully concentrated fruit nose of plums and roses with a hint of tar In the mouth delightful plummy fruit flavours are enhanced by soft nutty oak characters, well-balanced acidity and tannin Careful cellaring 4-5 years Dining suggestion: Serve with game pie, full flavoured beef, pasta dishes as well as aged hard cheese Belgenny Vineyard Debeyers Road Pokolbin NSW 2320 Approx. 7.7 Standard Drinks Preservatives (220) added 13%Alc/Vol 750ml"

 

Please contact us if you are the subject of the image, or know the subject of the image, and have cultural or other reservations about the image being displayed on this website and would like to discuss this with us.

 

This item can be used for study and personal research purposes. If you wish to reproduce this item for any other purpose you must obtain permission by contacting Cultural Collections.

wearandcheer.com/home-remedies-for-acidity-that-really-work/

Undergo from acidity or acid reflux and are tired of having antacids? Well, there are natural ways you can get rid of the problem. Thought to be due to augmented pita or the lack of digestive blaze, Ayurveda stipulates a number of remedies for the circumstances. Not only are these cures sans any ...

by Uzma Jafar on Wear and Cheer - Fashion, Lifestyle, Cooking and Celebrities - Visit Now wearandcheer.com/home-remedies-for-acidity-that-really-work/

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Bumpass Hell, that is. One of the more popular hikes in Lassen NP is the hike into a vent cone of the volcano. It's called Bumpass Hell because one of the early explorers in the area( last name Bumpass, said "Bumpis" rather than the way that seems obvious) fell partially through the thin crust and nearly cooked one of his legs in the not-quite boiling water underneath. I imagine the acidity of the water didn't help either.

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Buy Akseer Ulcer by Ajmal for ulcer problems and hyperacidity. Reduces acidity problems. Order now ! Get Discount Offers on Herbal Products..

 

This Italian blend olive oil has a very low acidity and slight floral tones. It's absolutely delicious on pasta and marinated vegetables. Pair it with a Chianti or Brunello wine.

 

Available at Extra Virgin, An Olive Ovation in Clayton, MO or online at www.extravirginoo.com

Intended to accompany meat dishes, says the label. The acidity of the first mouthful should help to cut the grease. Very palatable.

Gasoshel Tablet

An Effective Solution for Indigestion

 

• Quick relief from indigestion, gas and acidity

• Corrects indigestion and associated symptoms

 

Indication:

• Dyspepsia

• Flatulance

• Indigestion

• Acidity

 

Dose:

2 tablets thrice a day,

or as directed by the physician

 

Active Ingredients:

Unakiya Sodiai Chloradum (Sanchal)

Coriandum Sativam (Dhania)

Cuminum Cyminum (Jirah)

Termi+ Embli+ Ter. Ballrica (Trifala)

Apium Leptophyllum (Ajmod)

Anethum Graveolens (Suwa)

Piper Longum (Piper)

Cascuta reflaxa (Amalbed)

Ferula Assafoetida (Hing)

 

Presentation:

30 tablets

 

Relives Gas. Relieves Acidity

 

www.shelter.co.in

Chemical engineer Jordan Young has found his happy place on a research vessel in the Gulf of Mexico. He’s looking for changes in ocean acidity following the Deepwater Horizon spill. As the oil biologically degrades, some of it oxidizes to carbon dioxide and may increase acidification. The Earth’s oceans have maintained a relatively stable pH level for millions of years. Scientists suspect that the 2010 oil spill may have made the Gulf more acidic, but they need more data to determine that. That’s where Jordan comes into the picture.

 

Photo Caption: Jordan Young takes water samples in his new position at the University of California at Davis’ Bodega Marine Laboratory.

 

Photo courtesy of Jordan Young

 

Read More: gulfresearchinitiative.org/grad-student-young-studies-gul...

Native to South America from Brazil west to Peru and south to southern Argentina (Chubut Province) Discovered 1767.

 

They are thorny, woody vines growing anywhere from 1 to 12 meters tall, scrambling over other plants with their spiky thorns. The thorns are tipped with a black, waxy substance. They are evergreen where rainfall occurs all year, or deciduous if there is a dry season

 

The actual flower of the plant is small and generally white, but each cluster of three flowers is surrounded by three or six bracts with the bright colours associated with the plant, including pink, magenta, purple, red, orange, white, or yellow. Bougainvillea glabra is sometimes referred to as "paper flower" because the bracts are thin and papery. The fruit is a narrow five-lobed achene.

 

Currently, there are over 300 varieties of bougainvillea around the world now. The sap of the Bougainvillea can cause skin rashes similar to Toxicodendron species.

  

Properties

- Leaves considered to have antiinflammatory activity.

- Considered anti-diabetic, antibacterial.

- Pinitol considered antidiabetic.

 

Traditional practitioners in Mandsaur use the leaves for a variety of disorders, for diarrhea, and to reduce stomach acidity.

- Used for cough and sore throat.

- For blood vessels and leucorrhea: a decoction of dried flowers, 10 g in 4 glasses of water.

- For hepatitis, a decoction of dried stems, 10 g in 4 glasses of water.

- In Panama, an infusion of the flowers of B. glabra used as treatment for low blood pressure.

- Nupe people of Niger use a crude extract of leaves for diabetes.

  

A fresh harvest of Fluxus 2017 has arrived. This year’s recipe is a mixed-fermentation saison-style ale brewed with rhubarb. The combination of Brettanomyces and Saison yeast results in complex fruit aromas reminiscent of apricot, mango, and pineapple, while rhubarb helps the beer finish with a hint of dry acidity.

A constant state of acidity can lead to heart disease, a stroke, cancer, skin disorders, auto-immune conditions, allergies and the list goes on.

The solution to this problem is an alkaline diet, which will help balance the pH level of the fluids in the body, including blood and urine.

Here are the top 10 alkaline foods you should eat to improve your health.

 

goo.gl/suPzZI

 

"A youthfully crisp wine with pale peach color and tart mineral aromas. Flavors of apricot and citrus end in a perfect balance of acidity and sweetness. A well balanced wine with a clean finish. Our most awarded wine and a "Best of Show" winner."

 

Pretty darn classy for something made from rhubarb!

 

(Click on image to see just a small portion of the many, many rhubarb beds at the Forestedge Winery.)

Moët & Chandon Brut Impérial Rosé

 

Champagne Grape Blend:

33% Chardonnay, 33% Pinot Noir,

33% Pinot Meunier

 

Moet Imperial Rose - Pink Champagne

Simply wonderful! Fresh floral aromas are at the fore in this rosé. Moet & Chandon’s rose champagne is pale pink colour with medium bubbles and vigorous activity.

 

This champagne’s fresh and clean aromas of ripe red fruits and spicy notes are slightly smoky and yeasty, bringing up images of toasted bread, red and black fruit, predominating with black cherry.

 

In the mouth, the wine is rich, smoky and medium-weight. It yields very pleasant flavours of cherry, lemon tart and toasted brioche, intertwined with strawberries, red currants, nectarines and a hint of cinnamon.

 

This champagne has nice crisp authoritative character and good firm backbone with enough racy acidity to give it a crisp, medium-length finish.

 

MOET & CHANDON Rosé Imperial

 

Colore rosa aragosta, ha perlage molto sottile e persistente. Profumi fini di frutti di bosco, crosta di pane e fiori. Il gusto secco, sapido e di buon corpo.

 

The genius of Tuscan and Umbrian cooking is in its simplicity. Fancy sauces aren't needed to hide the food because Tuscans use pure, strong flavors and the freshest of ingredients. The great dishes are in fact very basic: homemade ribbons of egg pasta in hare sauce, game or free-range domestic animal meats grilled over wood coals, and beans simmered in earthenware pots.

 

The most prominent cooking additives are wine and olive oil. Tuscan and Umbrian oil is some of the finest in the world -- especially oil produced around Lucca, close to the hill village of Castagneto Carducci, and around the Umbrian Vale of Spoleto -- and comes in several gradients depending on the level of acidity. The more the olives are bruised before being pressed, the higher the acidity will be, which is why most olive picking is still done by delicate hands and not brutish machines. We don't know why they bother classifying some oils as vergine, fino vergine, or soprafino vergine, because no self-respecting Italian would use anything but extra vergine (extra virgin), some of which is rated DOC and DOCG, just like wine . Olives are harvested and pressed in October, and the oil is best fresh.

   

A favourite dish of the pinoys!

 

Many pinoy's even declares this dish as the Philippines national dish.

 

Ingridients:

Pork belly (cut into cubes)

Garlic cloves (smashed)

Onions diced

Dry bayleaves

Salt

Whole peppercorns

Water

Vinegar

Soysauce

Sugar (just a little to balance out the saltiness and acidity of the dish)

Potatoes cubed (optional)

 

The iced espresso ritual. I am currently loving the combo of Ritual's Ccochapampa Peru beans with palm sugar. I can't believe I haven't explored palm sugar's delights till now. The mellow molasses flavor of the palm sugar is a perfect match to this espresso's acidity. Mmmmm.... sublime.

 

ILSA espresso pot found thrifting. Ritual Roasters organic, fair-trade espresso. // blogged

VISUAL ANALYSIS: straw yellow with green reflections

OLFACTORY ANALYSIS: litchi, grapefruit, cedar note, vanilla, melon marmalade, soap, jasmine and wormwood note

GUSTATIVE ANALYSIS: alcoholic note and good softness; nice salivation and light touch of minerality (the crisping sensation in the dorsal part of the tongue); the final is litchi flavoured and the gustative aromatic persistence is about 7/8 seconds

WINE-FOOD COMBINATION: burrata (typical Italian cheese)

•The acidity (salivation) of the wine is cutting through the fatness of the cheese

•The sapidity (mineral salts) of the wine is counterbalancing by the sweet tendency of the cheese

•The structure of the wine is pairing the structure of the cheese

•The gustative-aromatic persistence of the wine is matching the gustative-olfactory persistence of the cheese

 

This Nicaraguan Jinotega coffee is sourced from farms located more than 4,500 feet above sea level. Coffee cultivated at these altitudes matures slowly and grows to be harder and denser than beans grown at lower elevations, creating the strictly hard bean (SHB) with inherent consistency and rich taste attributes. The coffee is prepared for export using a standard called European Preparation (EP), meaning the coffee is hand sorted until there are no more than 8 defects per 300 grams of green coffee.

 

Tasting Notes:

A tasty and clean classic Nicaraguan coffee. Good body and lower acidity, very nice and fairly strong semi-sweet malty tones coming out of this cup from the medium roasts and beyond. At the medium roasts it will still retain a hint of buzzy acidity, not super citric but will leave a dryness to the tongue, a bit floral in its aromatics but not in the cup. Just before to touching 2nd crack gets rid of almost all signs of any acidity and adds some complimenting smokiness to the cup profile. A very smooth cup from a medium roast to just before 2nd crack. Into 2nd crack will get some edgy strength that dark roast fans will like.

 

Roasting Notes:

Good from a medium roast to as dark as you want to go. Light roasts just do not develop those lovely malty tones enough. Not being an overly sweet cup, we think a quicker roasts helps retain a bit more crispness and balance to the cup qualities.

Agnes Innes puts the final touch to bottled fruit in the caravan, the 'Golden Eagle', somewhere on tour in Scotland in the years before 1954. The Inneses thought this was a pleasant job for a rainy day.

 

There is vast array of fruit for one small caravan: rhubarb, raspberries, strawberries, gooseberries, oranges, brambles and Victoria plums. Some of these, like gooseberries or brambles, grow in the wild, and can often be picked in large enough quantities to make jam or preserves, but oranges do not.

 

Bacteria can cause mould, which damages food. Most bacteria need food, water, air and the right level of acidity to live. Fruit and vegetables can be kept good for longer by storing them in sugar, salt or vinegar which lessen the chances for bacteria as they change the acidity or water content of the fruit.

 

All images sourced via the Scottish Life Archive.

  

Sports Nutrition – What Quantity of Protein Do You Require?

 

I have just been recently looking at the chapter on sports nutrition in Patrick Holford’s Optimum Nutrition Bible and also the Sports Nutrition part in his book 500 Health and Nutrition Questions Answered. The actual recommended amount of protein consumption a day is actually: 15 Per cent of the calorie consumption should come from proteins.

 

Even if a weight lifter is exercising exceptionally hard, the highest level of muscle they are going to have the capacity to gain within a year is actually 9lb (4kg). Muscle is actually 22 per-cent protein, if you get twenty two per-cent of 9lb (4kg) and divide it by three hundred and sixty five days, the level of protein you need each day is actually 0.5oz (2.4g), which is the equivalent of a few almonds. It is actually not possible to gain any more muscle than that, although you may actually eat a large amount of protein.

 

Even though we all need protein for perfect overall health, and protein is definitely important to build muscle, if you happen to eat very massive amounts of protein you will be far more likely to cause medical problems. Protein is tough work for the system to process and deal with, and results in oxidants that damage your health. High animal protein consumption even makes our bodies acid. Our bodies neutralises the acidity automatically by removing calcium phosphate out of your bones, making use of the phosphate to make the body much more alkaline, then excreting the calcium in the pee, sometimes ultimately causing weak bones.

 

And so, rather than concentrating on consuming a large amount of protein, concentrate more on having an adequate amount of these:

 

Complex Carbohydrates for example corn, beans, wholewheat bread, pasta, buckwheat, millet, brown rice, rye, oats, quinoa, lentils.

 

Fruit and veg – consume loads of fruit and lots of uncooked or perhaps lightly cooked vegetables.

 

Vitamin supplements – have a decent, high strength multivitamin supplement, plus even more vitamin C (2,000 mg each day).

 

Minerals – have a high-quality multi-mineral supplement, and also consume uncooked nuts and seeds.

 

Healthy Fat – have a high-quality omega three supplement (fish oil or flaxseed oil), and also consume seeds, nuts and oily seafood.

 

It’s worthwhile mentioning that should you consume seeds, nuts and oily seafood for minerals and healthy oils, you will also be getting necessary protein. You are going to also have some protein through the complex carbs, especially the quinoa, lentils and also legumes. The point I am making is: if you consume food which addresses every one of the previously mentioned nutritional factors, you will definitely get sufficient protein anyway, which means you don’t need to go crazy and consume a large amount of extra protein. Besides you will be consuming lots of alkaline-forming food like the vegetables and fruit, and lots of vitamins and minerals to help keep everything running properly, including anti-oxidants to balanced out the effects associated with digesting proteins.

 

The post Sports Nutrition – What Quantity of Protein Do You Require? appeared first on What's UP! Trendy.

 

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Preparing for our 9th Brew Day with the Grainfather - an Extra Irish Stout for Christmas. Water treatment. Assembling the gear and installing the new Connect Controller. Weighing our the grains and hops. Good to go...

The photo was taken on October 21, 2020, at 5:49 p.m. in the front yard of my house located in Algonquin, Illinois. It can be depicted as the Acer rubrum, which is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as red maple. There are approximately 128 species, and this one is the most common and widespread deciduous tree of eastern and central North America. It can grow up to 27 to 38 meters. It can be located in swamps or on poor soils as it has adapted to a wide range of environments. The leaves can turn a deep red in fall but can also be orange or yellow. The soil acidity can determine the color of the foliage, female flowers are more likely to produce orange coloration while males produce red. The red maple can be depicted using light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. These reactions are formed from carbon dioxide to sugar because they do not directly involve sunlight. Instead, to produce sugar, carbon atoms must be bound together in a high energy state. This allows for the storage of excess energy that can be later accessed, this is known as fixing carbon. Then an enzyme can catalyze the attachment of the carbon atom to PGA molecules, which are the basis for the standard sugars used by cells to store energy like glucose. Thus, red maple is an example of C3 photosynthesis.

Upper meadow

Wednesday, March 31, 2016, Hertfordshire, UK - Brew Day number 6 with the Grainfather. Flying solo today, and using my new 46 litre Domowybrowarek Conical Fermenter for the first time. Also decide to do a mash kit this time round - the "Extra Irish Stout" from the Homebrew Company. I spent the morning preparing the tap water, applying 0.75 ml/l of Brupaks Carbonate Reducing Solution and 0.2 ml/l of Lactic Acid. Before treatment, the pH of the water was 7.6 and afterwards it had come down to a more respectable 5.8. The acids in the dark grains brought the pH down even further and, after the mash, it was 5.4. After sparging, pre-boil pH was 5.3 and, after the boil, it was 5.2. Spot on :-) Original gravity was measured as 1.064...close to the target of 1.061. Managing the large fermenter was not easy, and I don't think I'll try it again without more helping hands in the brewery.

 

It was a long day. much of the day was spent getting my act together for the water treatment. I started the mash at 16h40. Sparging started at 18h05. The boil at 19h02. I had beer in the fermenter and yeast pitched at 21h00. With a break for supper and watching the final episode of "Mythbusters" with my son, I only finished the clean-up at midnight. But it was all worth it - this morning I have fermentation, and look forward to bottling in two weeks' time :-) I will be calling this dark, strong Irish Stout "Black Zoomer."

 

Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint), and electronic drawing.

 

An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman, or draughtsman.[1]

 

A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[2] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.

Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.

Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.

 

There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).

 

A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.

 

In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.

Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.

 

Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]

 

The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.

 

Drawing Outside of the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.[16]

 

Notable draftsmen[edit]

Since the 14th century, each century has produced artists who have created great drawings.

 

Notable draftsmen of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries include Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Notable draftsmen of the 17th century include Claude, Nicolas Poussin, Rembrandt, Guercino, and Peter Paul Rubens.

Notable draftsmen of the 18th century include Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, and Antoine Watteau.

Notable draftsmen of the 19th century include Paul Cézanne, Aubrey Beardsley, Jacques-Louis David, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Edgar Degas, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, Jean Ingres, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Honoré Daumier, and Vincent van Gogh.

Notable draftsmen of the 20th century include Käthe Kollwitz, Max Beckmann, Jean Dubuffet, George Grosz, Egon Schiele, Arshile Gorky, Paul Klee, Oscar Kokoschka, Alphonse Mucha, M. C. Escher, André Masson, Jules Pascin, and Pablo Picasso.

The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[18] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.

 

Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[19] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.

 

Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.

 

Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.

 

The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.

Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[20]

 

Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.

 

The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[21] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[22]

 

Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.

 

Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.

 

Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.

 

Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[23]

Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.

 

Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.

 

Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.

 

Form and proportion[edit]Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.

 

When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive shapes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic shapes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive shapes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[24]

 

A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.

 

Perspective[edit]

Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[25] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.

 

Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.

 

...for Donna & Irene !!!

The most fruits are to be harvest at these 3 little pots,which were standing in the garden in lean soil.The fruit smells very sweet with a spicy acidity.

In fact these plants I want to do to the compost,because I don´t need they. But I could not do so.

So they were growing small in lean soil in the garden with many fruits and I don´t know why,then the plant growing in compost soil was very big but with late fruits.

 

Now I know,Physalis needs lean soil to become many fruits. The roots were growing through the little whole in the pot and made a real great root ball.To save these plants indoors,I have cut the root balls,but it doesn´t matter.Only they need is regularly water.

The fruits are still very tasty.

 

These Winter flowers with a bonus bug are early Spring blooms in Texas, the Narcissus Tazettas,

also known as Paperwhites or white lilies, these late winter and early spring bulb flowers stand out.

Texas gardeners typically start planting their winter bulb flowers near the beginning of October.

Some like to wait near the end of October so that their bluebonnets grow in around the same time frame. Older generations are more familiar with paperwhites, as they grew up with them and other flowers they were fond of back in the day. Paperwhites are also given as flowers to those who are in hospitals because the fragrance is very uplifting. Not all narcissus tazetta have such a potent fragrance. You may come across some that do not have a scent at all. The potency of the fragrance comes from the acidity

of the soil. Do be careful in getting to high of an acidic soil as this can harm them, too. You parents or grandparents could probably tell you where they first saw this fragrant flower when they were younger.

Danger:

Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested

Handling plant may cause skin irritation or allergic reaction

     

Price US $19.99

 

This Pinot Noir opens with lovely, vibrant aromas of cherry pie and sassafras, supported by subtle earth tones and hints of rose petal and vanilla. Vibrant pomegranate and cranberry join in on the palate, with notes of black licorice, espresso bean, sweet pipe tobacco and cherry cola. With elegant structure, the juicy mid-palate leads to a lingering Finish of sweet spice."

 

Pinot Noir develops beautifully in the cool vineyards of the Sonoma Coast. Extending from the Mendocino/Sonoma border down along the coast and through the Russian River Valley, then south to Los Carneros, these vineyards are unified by a common feature: lingering ocean fog and brisk winds that moderate temperatures throughout the growing season and slow the ripening process. The results at harvest are small Pinot Noir berries with firm acidity and highly concentrated varietal aromas and flavors that center on juicy cherry and spice.

 

A perennial favorite, this Pinot Noir offers aromas of lush cherry and red plum, with subtle hints of black tea and cola. On the palate, flavors are ripe and elegant, centering on red cherry and spice with a touch of earthiness and dark chocolate. A rich, juicy mid-palate and vivid acidity lead to plush tannins on the finish. The result is a fabulous, appealing food wine – enjoy.

PINOT NOIR PAIRINGS

Pan Seared Duck Breast with Wild Rice, Glazed Onions and Spiced Roasted Plums

 

Roasted and Pickled Beets

 

Pork Loin Phyllo

 

Sweet Potato Ravioli

 

Mini Falafel

 

Halibut with Buckwheat Noddles

  

via

This Homemade Cheesy Chili Mac Skillet has two secret ingredients that make this the BEST cheesy chili mac skillet you are ever going to eat! I promise!

 

Have I ever told you how many chili contests I have been a food judge for? Probably not, because I honestly have lost count. I have eaten SO MANY CHILI’S in the name of Edmonton food goodwill that I can barely make chili at home anymore.

 

Well, not quite, but you get my drift. The bonus to eating all that chili is that I got to look at the recipe’s for allllll those amazing chef’s chili’s – and you want to know what I have learned?

 

The winning chili almost always has ketchup in it.

 

That’s the first secret ingredient to making the best cheesy chili mac skillet.

 

Ketchup.

 

I kid you not my friends, the best chefs in Edmonton would use ketchup in their winning chili’s time and time again. It’s the sweetness that cuts through the acidity of the tomatoes that does the trick, something that I will mention on every tomato recipe on this website.

 

The trick to a superb tomato based dish is a bit of sugar to cut the acidity. It can come in the form of ketchup or sugar, take your pick. I prefer to use ketchup and reap all the flavour benefits but I’ll also throw in a teaspoon or so of brown sugar when I don’t have ketchup handy.

 

If you see a tomato based dish like my homemade cheesy chili mac skillet and it doesn’t have sugar or ketchup, add some. Just a bit, a teaspoon or two of sugar will do – and usually a ¼ cup of ketchup will amp up the flavour if ketchup works in the dish.

 

Your cooking world will be all the more amazing for it.

 

Secret ingredient #2 for my homemade cheesy chili mac skillet?

 

Velveeta cheese, of course.

 

You would be surprised how little Velveeta is needed to make the best chili mac. Not only that, we used one cup of Velveeta, cubed, and we didn’t need cheese on top.

 

You can of course, top this with cheese, but I was amazed at how adding just that one cup of Velveeta made it just cheesy enough. I garnished it with parsley, skipped the shredded cheese and it was perfect for our palates. The Velveeta cheese does this wonderful job of melting seamlessly into the chili mac skillet, thickening it up sooooo perfectly. You will also save a ton of calories if you leave the cheese off, if that’s your wish.

 

Let me tell you, this cheesy chili mac skillet is on the permanent dinner rotation list – the kids loved it!

 

Happy cooking!

 

Love,

 

Karlynn

 

Print

 

Homemade Cheesy Chili Mac Skillet

 

Author: Karlynn Johnston

 

Prep Time: 10

 

Cook Time: 15

 

Total Time: 25 minutes

 

Yield: 8 servings

 

Category: dinner recipes

 

Print Recipe

 

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Description

 

This homemade Cheesy Chili Mac Skillet is one of my family’s new favourite meals! The addition of my two secret ingredients ( Veleeta & ketchup) makes ALL the difference!

 

Ingredients

 

1 lb lean ground beef

 

1 cup of white onion, diced

 

1 tbsp diced garlic

 

1 ( 540 ml) can of petite diced tomatoes – if you can find the chili flavoured ones, they are the best

 

1 (15 oz) can of kidney beans, rinsed and drained

 

½ cup ketchup

 

4 cups of beef broth

 

1 tbsp chili powder ( or to taste)

 

1 tsp paprika

 

1 tsp oregano

 

2 tsp cumin

 

1 tsp salt

 

3 cups of dry elbow macaroni (one 454 gram box)

 

1 cup of Velveeta cheese, cubed

 

1-2 cups of shredded old cheddar cheese ( optional)

 

green onions and parsley to top

 

Instructions

 

In a large lidded skillet OR large lidded pot, fry the ground beef and onion until the beef is no longer pink and the onions are soft and translucent.

 

Drain the fat then sautee the garlic for two minutes.

 

Stir in the tomatoes, beans, ketchup, broth and spices. You can also use 2 tbsp of my homemade chili mix instead.

 

Once those are incorporated, stir in the dry macaroni. Cover with a lid and simmer on low for 10 minutes, stirring every once in a while to make sure the macaroni doesn’t stick.

 

Once the noodles are al dente and the liquid has mostly evaporated, remove from the heat and stir in the Velveeta. Cover again for 5 minutes to let the cheese melt.

 

Stir the now melted cheese throughout the pasta and serve topped with cheese, green onions or parsley.

 

Notes

 

My Homemade Chili Mix is perfect in this recipe! Just use 2 tbsp of it instead of all the spices!

 

68920.8 g2010.6 mg22.8 g78.6 g42.5 g103.2 mg

 

Did you make this recipe?

 

Tag @thekitchenmagpie on Instagram and hashtag it #thekitchenmagpie

 

Other Great Recipes to Try! Pin these to your Dinner Ideas Board!

 

Campfire Cheater Chili Mac Skillet

 

The Best Easy Homemade Meatballs Recipe

 

The post Homemade Cheesy Chili Mac Skillet appeared first on The Kitchen Magpie.

 

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Rampgill mine is a disused lead mine at Nenthead, Alston Moor, Cumbria, England UK Grid Reference: NY78184351

 

It was one of the most extensive and productive mines in Nenthead. It can be accessed via the portal of the horse level close to the Heritage Centre car park.

 

The mine was completely closed for many decades due to collapses in the horse level, but in 2006 some work was done and it became possible to access the Bounder End Cross Vein (also known as the Boundary Cross Vein).

In 2013 the Canadian mining company Minco (www.mincoplc.com) sunk boreholes to discover the extent of zinc deposits beneath Nenthead. Test drilling could go on for several years, but the company believes that the village may be sited on huge deposits. The zinc is 150 metres below the surface, which is too deep to reach by old mining techniques.

 

The workings of the original lead mine were mainly in the so-called Great Limestone, which was laid down in the Namurian and is generally 10 to 20 metres thick. The lead sulphide mineral galena PbS was mined as an ore of lead, and the sulphides pyrite FeS2 and sphalerite ZnS were also present. Many carbonates occur there, including ankerite Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2, barytocalcite BaCa(CO3)2, calcite CaCO3, siderite FeCO3, smithsonite ZnCO3 and witherite BaCO3, as well as the non-carbonate minerals fluorite CaF2 and baryte BaSO4.

 

These minerals can react together to alter from one species to another, depending on the prevailing local environment, such as temperature, pressure and acidity. This is demonstrated by the prevalence of pseudomorphs and epimorphs in specimens from this mine. Epimorphs of quartz SiO2 after fluorite CaF2 are characteristic. These occur when quartz crystals grow on the surface of fluorite crystals, then the fluorite dissolves, leaving a cubic cast in the quartz. The cast could in theory be that of any isometric mineral but in 2005 a cube of fluorite was found re-growing in the corner of a cast. This crystal was in perfect alignment with the cast, indicating that both came from the same source, and the original mineral forming the cast was, indeed, fluorite.

 

Baryte, BaSO4, is an extremely stable mineral. Under surface and near surface conditions it is far less soluble in aqueous solutions than are the barium carbonate minerals witherite BaCO3, barytocalcite BaCa(CO3)2 and alstonite BaCa(CO3)2, so baryte replaces the more soluble minerals. This is demonstrated by the numerous pseudomorphs and partial pseudomorphs of baryte after these carbonates. The sharp pointed crystals of baryte that occur, particularly where witherite is also present, are secondary in nature, forming from witherite. The change from witherite to baryte, however, can also go the other way, with barium carbonates, particularly witherite, replacing baryte. Replacement of baryte by both barytocalcite and witherite has occurred on a significant scale at Rampgill mine.

 

Initially cavities formed in the rocks, and some of these were then lined with quartz and sphalerite crystals followed by fluorite. Galena also formed at this time, and later on the barium and carbonate minerals formed. Baryte was the first barium mineral to form, as a primary mineral in slabs up to 10 cm across of irregularly layered crystalline material. Secondary baryte occurred later, typically as encrustations of minute diamond-shaped crystals on earlier minerals. Both barytocalcite and witherite have been found crystallised directly on fluorite and galena, showing that fluorite and galena preceded them in the sequence of deposition. In several fluorite specimens with a coating of barytocalcite, the barytocalcite alters to baryte, which in its turn alters to witherite.

 

Minerals at Rampgill

Sphalerite with selenite and ankerite from the Rampgill Mine, specimen size 3.8 cm

Ankerite Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2: Ankerite occurs as brownish rhombohedral crystals on quartz.

Aragonite CaCO3: There is a photo of aragonite on Mindat, but it does not feature in the list of minerals from Rampgill.

Baryte BaSO4: Baryte occurs both as a primary and as a secondary mineral, and as pseudomorphs and epimorphs after witherite, barytocalcite and alstonite.

Barytocalcite BaCa(CO3)2: Barytocalcite occurs as masses of buff coloured granular crystalline material, with crusts of small euhedral to anhedral crystals in cavities.

Calcite CaCO3: Calcite is present as masses and granular crusts as well as skeletal frameworks epimorphous after baryte. Crusts of minute scalenohedral crystals often associated with minute baryte crystals are common on other minerals, and the outside of much of the witherite and some barytocalcite shows signs of corrosion and an encrustation of calcite crystals.

Chalcopyrite CuFeS2: Chalcopyrite is present as small irregular crystals occurring in all of the barium minerals found here.

Fluorite CaF2: Fluorite is apparent both as pale yellow cubes, sometimes covered with minute dark siderite crystals and as epimorphs of quartz after fluorite. Fluorite from Rampgill fluoresces purple under long wave UV light.

Galena PbS: Galena occurs as dull grey cubes with sphalerite and fluorite.

Gypsum variety Selenite CaSO4·2H2: Selenite occurs as white clusters associated with sphalerite and ankerite.

Hydrozincite Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6: Hydrozincite occurs with sphalerite.

Pyrite FeS2

Quartz SiO2: Epimorphs of quartz after fluorite are common, often with regrowths of fluorite, siderite and sphalerite.

Siderite FeCO3

Smithsonite ZnCO3

Sphalerite ZnS: Sphalerite occurs as black crystals with quartz and ankerite.

Native sulfur S

Witherite BaCO3: Witherite is an abundant barium mineral at Rampgill. Mostly massive and colourless to brown. Barrel-shaped masses up to 15 cm across of radiating witherite, often with a rudimentary hexagonal cross-section, have been found in cavities in the rock.

Witherite from Rampgill fluoresces white and calcite fluoresces red under SW ultraviolet light. Both phosphoresce.

 

Nenthead in the county of Cumbria is one of England's highest villages, at around 1,437 feet (438 m). It was not built until the middle of the 18th century and was one of the earliest purpose-built industrial villages in Britain.

 

Nenthead was a major centre for lead and silver mining in the North Pennines of Britain. The first smelt mill was built at Nenthead in 1737 by George Liddle, and this was subsequently expanded by the London Lead Company. By 1882 the smelt mill was capable of smelting 8,000 bings, i.e., 64,000 long hundredweight (3,300 t), of ore per annum.

 

Nenthead village in 1861 had 2,000 people, mostly Methodist and employed by the Quaker-owned London Lead Company in the Nenthead Mines - some of the most productive in the country. The Quakers built housing, a school, a reading room, public baths and a wash-house for the miners and their families.

 

Nenthead has accessible mines remaining, horse whims and a 260 feet (79 m) engine shaft in Rampghill. The mines closed in 1961 and there is a heritage centre displaying their history.

 

The economy of the village relies on tourism. A long distance cycle route, the C2C, passes through Nenthead. The Grade 2 listed Wesleyan Methodist chapel has not been used since 2002 but benefitted from a Heritage Lottery Grant of £134,500. The post office and community shop occupies the building which was once a reading room for the miners.

 

Nenthead is around 4.4 miles (7.1 km) east of Alston, 44.3 miles (71.3 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne, 34.4 miles (55.4 km) south east of Carlisle, 24 miles (38.6 km) east of Penrith, and 20.5 miles (33.0 km) west of Hexham.

 

County Council subsidies have maintained limited bus services to Alston and beyond. However, in 2014 cuts to these subsidies were being discussed, threatening the existence of bus services for the village.

 

Nenthead is in the parliamentary constituency of Penrith and The Border. Neil Hudson (Conservative) was elected as Member of Parliament at the 2019 General Election, replacing Rory Stewart.

 

For Local Government purposes it is in the Alston Moor Ward of Eden District Council and the Alston and East Fellside Division of Cumbria County Council. Nenthead does not have its own parish council, instead it is part of Alston Moor Parish Council.

 

Before Brexit, its residents were covered by the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency.

 

In 2013 the Canadian mining company Minco sank 1,640 feet (500 m) deep boreholes in an effort to discover the extent of zinc deposits beneath Nenthead. Although test drilling could go on for several years, the company believes that the village may be sited on huge deposits of the chemical element. The zinc is 490 feet (149 m) below the surface and was previously too deep to reach by old mining techniques.

 

With a northernly latitude of 55° N and altitude of 1,434 feet (437 m) Amsl, Nenthead has one of the coldest and snowiest climates in England, yielding a borderline subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) and cool oceanic climate (Cfb). The average annual temperature in Nenthead is 6.5 °C; 1,095 mm of precipitation falls annually, chiefly in winter as heavy snowfall, and in autumn.

 

Cumbria is a ceremonial county in North West England. It borders the Scottish council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and Scottish Borders to the north, Northumberland and County Durham to the east, North Yorkshire to the south-east, Lancashire to the south, and the Irish Sea to the west. Its largest settlement is the city of Carlisle.

 

The county is predominantly rural, with an area of 6,769 km2 (2,614 sq mi) and a population of 500,012; this makes it the third largest ceremonial county in England by area but the eighth-smallest by population. After Carlisle (74,281), the largest settlements are Barrow-in-Furness (56,745), Kendal (29,593), and Whitehaven (23,986). For local government purposes the county comprises two unitary authority areas, Westmorland and Furness and Cumberland. Cumbria was created in 1974 from the historic counties of Cumberland and Westmorland, the Furness area of Lancashire, and a small part of Yorkshire.

 

Cumbria is well-known for its natural beauty and much of its landscape is protected; the county contains the Lake District National Park and Solway Coast AONB, and parts of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, Arnside and Silverdale AONB, and North Pennines AONB. Together these protect the county's mountains, lakes, and coastline, including Scafell Pike, at 3,209 feet (978 m) England's highest mountain, and Windermere, its largest lake by volume.

 

The county contains several Neolithic monuments, such as Mayburgh Henge. The region was on the border of Roman Britain, and Hadrian's Wall runs through the north of the county. In the Early Middle Ages parts of the region successively belonged to Rheged, Northumbria, and Strathclyde, and there was also a Viking presence. It became the border between England and Scotland, and was unsettled until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. During the Industrial Revolution mining took place on the Cumberland coalfield and Barrow-in-Furness became a shipbuilding centre, but the county was not heavily industrialised and the Lake District became valued for its sublime and picturesque qualities, notably by the Lake Poets.

Crocodiles (subfamily Crocodylinae) or true crocodiles are large aquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia. Crocodylinae, all of whose members are considered true crocodiles, is classified as a biological subfamily. A broader sense of the term crocodile, Crocodylidae that includes Tomistoma, is not used in this article. The term crocodile here applies only to the species within the subfamily of Crocodylinae. The term is sometimes used even more loosely to include all extant members of the order Crocodilia, which includes Tomistoma, the alligators and caimans (family Alligatoridae), the gharials (family Gavialidae), and all other living and fossil Crocodylomorpha.

 

Although they appear to be similar to the untrained eye, crocodiles, alligators and the gharial belong to separate biological families. The gharial having a narrow snout is easier to distinguish, while morphological differences are more difficult to spot in crocodiles and alligators. The most obvious external differences are visible in the head with crocodiles having narrower and longer heads, with a more V-shaped than a U-shaped snout compared to alligators and caimans. Another obvious trait is the upper and lower jaws of the crocodiles are the same width, and teeth in the lower jaw fall along the edge or outside the upper jaw when the mouth is closed; therefore all teeth are visible unlike an alligator; which possesses small depressions in the upper jaw where the lower teeth fit into. Also when the crocodile's mouth is closed, the large fourth tooth in the lower jaw fits into a constriction in the upper jaw. For hard-to-distinguish specimens, the protruding tooth is the most reliable feature to define the family that the species belongs to. Crocodiles have more webbing on the toes of the hind feet and can better tolerate saltwater due to specialized salt glands for filtering out salt, which are present but non-functioning in alligators. Another trait that separates crocodiles from other crocodilians is their much higher levels of aggression.

 

Crocodile size, morphology, behavior and ecology somewhat differs between species. However, they have many similarities in these areas as well. All crocodiles are semiaquatic and tend to congregate in freshwater habitats such as rivers, lakes, wetlands and sometimes in brackish water and saltwater. They are carnivorous animals, feeding mostly on vertebrates such as fish, reptiles, birds and mammals, and sometimes on invertebrates such as molluscs and crustaceans, depending on species and age. All crocodiles are tropical species that unlike alligators, are very sensitive to cold. They first separated from other crocodilians during the Eocene epoch, about 55 million years ago. Many species are at the risk of extinction, some being classified as critically endangered.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word "crocodile" comes from the Ancient Greek κροκόδιλος (crocodilos), "lizard," used in the phrase ho krokódilos tou potamoú, "the lizard of the (Nile) river". There are several variant Greek forms of the word attested, including the later form κροκόδειλος (crocodeilos) found cited in many English reference works. In the Koine Greek of Roman times, crocodilos and crocodeilos would have been pronounced identically, and either or both may be the source of the Latinized form crocodīlus used by the ancient Romans. Crocodilos or crocodeilos is a compound of krokè ("pebbles"), and drilos/dreilos ("worm"), although drilos is only attested as a colloquial term for "penis". It is ascribed to Herodotus, and supposedly describes the basking habits of the Egyptian crocodile.

 

The form crocodrillus is attested in Medieval Latin. It is not clear whether this is a medieval corruption or derives from alternate Greco-Latin forms (late Greek corcodrillos and corcodrillion are attested). A (further) corrupted form cocodrille is found in Old French and was borrowed into Middle English as cocodril(le). The Modern English form crocodile was adapted directly from the Classical Latin crocodīlus in the 16th century, replacing the earlier form. The use of -y- in the scientific name Crocodylus (and forms derived from it) is a corruption introduced by Laurenti (1768).

 

CHARACTERISTICS

A crocodile’s physical traits allow it to be a successful predator. Its external morphology is a sign of its aquatic and predatory lifestyle. Its streamlined body enables it to swim swiftly, it also tucks its feet to the side while swimming, which makes it faster by decreasing water resistance. They have webbed feet which, though not used to propel the animal through the water, allow them to make fast turns and sudden moves in the water or initiate swimming. Webbed feet are an advantage in shallower water, where the animal sometimes moves around by walking. Crocodiles have a palatal flap, a rigid tissue at the back of the mouth that blocks the entry of water. The palate has a special path from the nostril to the glottis that bypasses the mouth. The nostrils are closed during submergence.

 

Like other archosaurs, crocodilians are diapsid, although their post-temporal fenestrae are reduced. The walls of the braincase are bony, but lack supratemporal and postfrontal bones. Their tongues are not free, but held in place by a membrane that limits movement; as a result, crocodiles are unable to stick out their tongues. Crocodiles have smooth skin on their bellies and sides, while their dorsal surfaces are armoured with large osteoderms. The armoured skin has scales and is thick and rugged, providing some protection. They are still able to absorb heat through this armour, as a network of small capillaries allows blood through the scales to absorb heat. Crocodilian scales have pores believed to be sensory in function, analogous to the lateral line in fishes. They are particularly seen on their upper and lower jaws. Another possibility is that they are secretory, as they produce an oily substance which appears to flush mud off.

 

SIZE

Size greatly varies between species, from the dwarf crocodile to the saltwater crocodile. Species of Osteolaemus grow to an adult size of just 1.5 to 1.9 m, whereas the saltwater crocodile can grow to sizes over 7 m and weigh 1,000 kg. Several other large species can reach over 5.2 m long and weigh over 900 kg. Crocodilians show pronounced sexual dimorphism, with males growing much larger and more rapidly than females. Despite their large adult sizes, crocodiles start their lives at around 20 cm long. The largest species of crocodile is the saltwater crocodile, found in eastern India, northern Australia, throughout South-east Asia, and in the surrounding waters.

 

The largest crocodile ever held in captivity is an estuarine–Siamese hybrid named Yai (Thai: ใหญ่, meaning big) (born 10 June 1972) at the Samutprakarn Crocodile Farm and Zoo, Thailand. This animal measures 6 m in length and weighs 1,114.27 kg.

 

The longest crocodile captured alive is Lolong, which was measured at 6.17 m and weighed at 1,075 kg by a National Geographic team in Agusan del Sur Province, Philippines.

 

TEETH

Crocodiles are polyphyodonts; they are able to replace each of their 80 teeth up to 50 times in their 35 to 75-year lifespan. Next to each full grown tooth, there is a small replacement tooth and a odontogenic stem cell in the dental lamina in standby that can be activated if required.

 

BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

Crocodilians are more closely related to birds and dinosaurs than to most animals classified as reptiles, the three families being included in the group Archosauria ('ruling reptiles'). Despite their prehistoric look, crocodiles are among the more biologically complex reptiles. Unlike other reptiles, a crocodile has a cerebral cortex and a four-chambered heart. Crocodilians also have the functional equivalent of a diaphragm by incorporating muscles used for aquatic locomotion into respiration. Salt glands are present in the tongues of crocodiles and they have a pore opening on the surface of the tongue, which is a trait that separates them from alligators. Salt glands are dysfunctional in Alligatoridae. Their function appears to be similar to that of salt glands in marine turtles. Crocodiles do not have sweat glands and release heat through their mouths. They often sleep with their mouths open and may pant like a dog. Four species of freshwater crocodile climb trees to bask in areas lacking a shoreline.

 

SENSES

Crocodiles have acute senses, an evolutionary advantage that makes them successful predators. The eyes, ears and nostrils are located on top of the head, allowing the crocodile to lie low in the water, almost totally submerged and hidden from prey.

 

VISION

Crocodiles have very good night vision, and are mostly nocturnal hunters. They use the disadvantage of most prey animals' poor nocturnal vision to their advantage. The light receptors in crocodilians’ eyes include cones and numerous rods, so it is assumed all crocodilians can see colors. Crocodiles have vertical-slit shaped pupils, similar to domestic cats. One explanation for the evolution of slit pupils is that they exclude light more effectively than a circular pupil, helping to protect the eyes during daylight. On the rear wall of the eye is a tapetum lucidum, which reflects incoming light back onto the retina, thus utilizing the small amount of light available at night to best advantage. In addition to the protection of the upper and lower eyelids, crocodiles have a nictitating membrane that can be drawn over the eye from the inner corner while the lids are open. The eyeball surface is thus protected under the water while a certain degree of vision is still possible.

 

OLFACTION

Crocodilian sense of smell is also very well developed, aiding them to detect prey or animal carcasses that are either on land or in water, from far away. It is possible that crocodiles use olfaction in the egg prior to hatching.

 

Chemoreception in crocodiles is especially interesting because they hunt in both terrestrial and aquatic surroundings. Crocodiles have only one olfactory chamber and the vomeronasal organ is absent in the adults indicating all olfactory perception is limited to the olfactory system. Behavioral and olfactometer experiments indicate that crocodiles detect both air-borne and water-soluble chemicals and use their olfactory system for hunting. When above water, crocodiles enhance their ability to detect volatile odorants by gular pumping, a rhythmic movement of the floor of the pharynx. Unlike turtles, crocodiles close their nostrils when submerged, so olfaction underwater is unlikely. Underwater food detection is presumably gustatory and tactile.

 

HEARING

Crocodiles can hear well; their tympanic membranes are concealed by flat flaps that may be raised or lowered by muscles.

 

TOUCH

Caudal: The upper and lower jaws are covered with sensory pits, visible as small, black speckles on the skin, the crocodilian version of the lateral line organs seen in fish and many amphibians, though arising from a completely different origin. These pigmented nodules encase bundles of nerve fibers innervated beneath by branches of the trigeminal nerve. They respond to the slightest disturbance in surface water, detecting vibrations and small pressure changes as small as a single drop. This makes it possible for crocodiles to detect prey, danger and intruders, even in total darkness. These sense organs are known as Domed Pressure Receptors (DPRs).

 

Post-Caudal: While alligators and caimans have DPRs only on their jaws, crocodiles have similar organs on almost every scale on their bodies. The function of the DPRs on the jaws is clear; to catch prey, but it is still not clear what is the function of the organs on the rest of the body. The receptors flatten when exposed to increased osmotic pressure, such as that experienced when swimming in sea water hyper-osmotic to the body fluids. When contact between the integument and the surrounding sea water solution is blocked, crocodiles are found to lose their ability to discriminate salinities. It has been proposed that the flattening of the sensory organ in hyper-osmotic sea water is sensed by the animal as “touch”, but interpreted as chemical information about its surroundings. This might be why in alligators they are absent on the rest of the body.

 

HUNTING AND DIET

Crocodiles are ambush predators, waiting for fish or land animals to come close, then rushing out to attack. Crocodiles mostly eat fish, amphibians, crustaceans, molluscs, birds, reptiles, and mammals, and they occasionally cannibalize smaller crocodiles. What a crocodile eats varies greatly with species, size and age. From the mostly fish-eating species, like the slender-snouted and freshwater crocodiles, to the larger species like the Nile crocodile and the saltwater crocodile that prey on large mammals, such as buffalo, deer and wild boar, diet shows great diversity. Diet is also greatly affected by the size and age of the individual within the same species. All young crocodiles hunt mostly invertebrates and small fish, gradually moving on to larger prey. As cold-blooded predators, they have a very slow metabolism, so they can survive long periods without food. Despite their appearance of being slow, crocodiles have a very fast strike and are top predators in their environment, and various species have been observed attacking and killing other predators such as sharks and big cats. As opportunistic predators, crocodiles would also prey upon young and dying elephants and hippos when given the chance. Crocodiles are also known to be aggressive scavengers who feed upon carrion and steal from other predators. Evidence suggests that crocodiles also feed upon fruits, based on the discovery of seeds in stools and stomachs from many subjects as well as accounts of them feeding.

 

Crocodiles have the most acidic stomach of any vertebrate. They can easily digest bones, hooves and horns. The BBC TV reported that a Nile crocodile that has lurked a long time underwater to catch prey builds up a large oxygen debt. When it has caught and eaten that prey, it closes its right aortic arch and uses its left aortic arch to flush blood loaded with carbon dioxide from its muscles directly to its stomach; the resulting excess acidity in its blood supply makes it much easier for the stomach lining to secrete more stomach acid to quickly dissolve bulks of swallowed prey flesh and bone. Many large crocodilians swallow stones (called gastroliths or stomach stones), which may act as ballast to balance their bodies or assist in crushing food, similar to grit ingested by birds. Herodotus claimed that Nile crocodiles had a symbiotic relationship with certain birds, such as the Egyptian plover, which enter the crocodile's mouth and pick leeches feeding on the crocodile's blood; with no evidence of this interaction actually occurring in any crocodile species, it is most likely mythical or allegorical fiction.

 

BITE

Since they feed by grabbing and holding onto their prey, they have evolved sharp teeth for piercing and holding onto flesh, and powerful muscles to close the jaws and hold them shut. The teeth are not well-suited to tearing flesh off of large prey items as is the dentition and claws of many mammalian carnivores, the hooked bills and talons of raptorial birds, or the serrated teeth of sharks. However, this is an advantage rather than a disadvantage to the crocodile since the properties of the teeth allow it to hold onto prey with the least possibility of the prey animal to escape. Otherwise combined with the exceptionally high bite force, the flesh would easily cut through; thus creating an escape opportunity for the prey item. The jaws can bite down with immense force, by far the strongest bite of any animal. The force of a large crocodile's bite is more than 22,000 N, which was measured in a 5.5 m Nile crocodile, on the field, compared to just 1,490 N for a Rottweiler, 3,000 N for a great white shark, 3,600 N for a hyena, or 9,800 N for an American alligator. A 5.2 m long saltwater crocodile has been confirmed as having the strongest bite force ever recorded for an animal in a laboratory setting. It was able to apply a bite force value of 16,000 N), and thus surpassed the previous record of 9,450 N made by a 3.9 m long American alligator. Taking the measurements of several 5.2 m crocodiles as reference, the bite forces of 6-m individuals were estimated at 34,000 N. The study, led by Dr. Gregory M. Erickson, also shed light to the larger, extinct species of crocodilians. Since crocodile anatomy has changed only slightly for the last 80 million years, current data on modern crocodilians can be used to estimate the bite force of extinct species. An 11 to 12 metres long Deinosuchus would apply a force of 103,000 N, twice that of the latest, higher bite force estimations of Tyrannosaurus. The extraordinary bite of crocodilians is a result of their anatomy. The space for the jaw muscle in the skull is very large, which is easily visible from the outside as a bulge at each side. The nature of the muscle is so stiff, it is almost as hard as bone to touch, as if it were the continuum of the skull. Another trait is that most of the muscle in a crocodile's jaw is arranged for clamping down. Despite the strong muscles to close the jaw, crocodiles have extremely small and weak muscles to open the jaw. Crocodiles can thus be subdued for study or transport by taping their jaws or holding their jaws shut with large rubber bands cut from automobile inner tubes.

 

LOCOMOTION

Crocodiles are very fast over short distances, even out of water. The land speed record for a crocodile is 17 km/h measured in a galloping Australian freshwater crocodile. Maximum speed varies from species to species. Certain species can indeed gallop, including Cuban crocodiles, New Guinea crocodiles, African dwarf crocodiles, and even small Nile crocodiles. The fastest means by which most species can move is a kind of "belly run", where the body moves in a snake-like fashion, limbs splayed out to either side paddling away frantically while the tail whips to and fro. Crocodiles can reach speeds of 10–11 km/h when they "belly run", and often faster if slipping down muddy riverbanks. Another form of locomotion is the "high walk", where the body is raised clear of the ground. Crocodiles may possess a form of homing instinct. In northern Australia, three rogue saltwater crocodiles were relocated 400 km by helicopter, but had returned to their original locations within three weeks, based on data obtained from tracking devices attached to the reptiles.

 

Longevity

 

Measuring crocodile age is unreliable, although several techniques are used to derive a reasonable guess. The most common method is to measure lamellar growth rings in bones and teeth—each ring corresponds to a change in growth rate which typically occurs once a year between dry and wet seasons. Bearing these inaccuracies in mind, it can be safely said that all crocodile species have an average lifespan of at least 30–40 years, and in the case of larger species an average of 60–70 years. The oldest crocodiles appear to be the largest species. C. porosus is estimated to live around 70 years on average, with limited evidence of some individuals exceeding 100 years.

 

In captivity, some individuals are claimed to have lived for over a century. A male crocodile lived to an estimated age of 110–115 years in a Russian zoo in Yekaterinburg. Named Kolya, he joined the zoo around 1913 to 1915, fully grown, after touring in an animal show, and lived until 1995.[63] A male freshwater crocodile lived to an estimated age of 120–140 years at the Australia Zoo.[64] Known affectionately as “Mr. Freshie”, he was rescued around 1970 by Bob Irwin and Steve Irwin, after being shot twice by hunters and losing an eye as a result, and lived until 2010.[64] Crocworld Conservation Centre, in Scottburgh, South Africa, claims to have a male Nile crocodile that was born in 1900 (age 115–116). Named Henry, the crocodile is said to have lived in Botswana along the Okavango River, according to centre director Martin Rodrigues.

 

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND VOCALIZATION

Crocodiles are the most social of reptiles. Even though they do not form social groups, many species congregate in certain section of a rivers, tolerating each other at times of feeding and basking. Most species are not highly territorial, with the exception of the saltwater crocodile, which is a highly territorial and aggressive species. A mature male will not tolerate any other males at any time of the year. Most of the species, however, are more flexible. There is a certain form of hierarchy in crocodiles, where the largest and heaviest males are at the top, having access to the best basking site, females and priority during a group feeding of a big kill or carcass. A good example of the hierarchy in crocodiles would be the case of the Nile crocodile. This species clearly displays all of these behaviors. Studies in this area are not thorough, and many species are yet to be studied in greater detail.[67] Mugger crocodiles are also known to show toleration in group feedings and tend to congregate in certain areas. However, males of all species are aggressive towards each other during mating season, to gain access to females.

 

Crocodiles are also the most vocal of all reptiles, producing a wide variety of sounds during various situations and conditions, depending on species, age, size and sex. Depending on the context, some species can communicate over 20 different messages through vocalizations alone. Some of these vocalizations are made during social communication, especially during territorial displays towards the same sex and courtship with the opposite sex; the common concern being reproduction. Therefore most conspecific vocalization is made during the breeding season, with the exception being year-round territorial behavior in some species and quarrels during feeding. Crocodiles also produce different distress calls and in aggressive displays to their own kind and other animals; notably other predators during interspecific predatory confrontations over carcasses and terrestrial kills.

 

Specific vocalisations include -

 

Chirp: When about to hatch, the young make a “peeping” noise, which encourages the female to excavate the nest. The female then gathers the hatchlings in her mouth and transports them to the water, where they remain in a group for several months, protected by the female

 

Distress call: A high-pitched call mostly used by younger animals that alerts other crocodiles to imminent danger or an animal being attacked.

 

Threat call: A hissing sound that has also been described as a coughing noise.

 

Hatching call: Emitted by females when breeding to alert other crocodiles that she has laid eggs in her nest.

 

Bellowing: Male crocodiles are especially vociferous. Bellowing choruses occur most often in the spring when breeding groups congregate, but can occur at any time of year. To bellow, males noticeably inflate as they raise the tail and head out of water, slowly waving the tail back and forth. They then puff out the throat and with a closed mouth, begin to vibrate air. Just before bellowing, males project an infrasonic signal at about 10 Hz through the water which vibrates the ground and nearby objects. These low-frequency vibrations travel great distances through both air and water to advertise the male's presence and are so powerful they result in the water appearing to 'dance’

 

REPRODUCTION

Crocodiles reproduce by laying eggs, which are either laid in hole or mound nests, depending on species. A hole nest is usually excavated in sand and a mound nest is usually constructed out of vegetation. Nesting period ranges from a few weeks up to six months. Courtship takes place in a series of behavioral interactions that include a variety of snout rubbing and submissive display that can take a long time. Mating always takes place in water, where the pair can be observed mating several times. Females can build or dig several trial nests which appear incomplete and abandoned later. Egg laying usually takes place at night and about 30–40 minutes.[71] Females are highly protective of their nests and young. The egg are hard shelled but translucent at the time of egg-laying. Depending on the species crocodile, a number of 7-95 eggs are laid. Crocodile embryos do not have sex chromosomes, and unlike humans, sex is not determined genetically. Sex is determined by temperature, where at 30 °C or less most hatchlings are females and at 31 °C, offspring are of both sexes. A temperature of 32 to 33 °C gives mostly males whereas above 33 °C in some species continues to give males but in other species resulting in females, which are sometimes called as high-temperature females. Temperature also affects growth and survival rate of the young, which may explain the sexual dimorphism in crocodiles. The average incubation period is around 80 days, and also is dependent on temperature and species that usually ranges from 65 to 95 days. The eggshell structure is very conservative through evolution but there are enough changes to tell different species apart by their eggshell microstructure.

 

At the time of hatching, the young start calling within the eggs. They have an egg-tooth at the tip of their snouts, which is developed from the skin, helps them pierce out of the shell. Hearing the calls, the female usually excavates the nest and sometimes takes the unhatched eggs in her mouth, slowly rolling the eggs to help the process. The young is usually carried to the water in the mouth. She would then introduce her hatchlings to the water and even feed them herself. The mother would then take care of her young for over a year before the next mating season. In the absence of the mother crocodile, the father would substitute itself to take care of the young. However even with a sophisticated parental nurturing, young crocs have a very high mortality rate due to their vulnerability to predation. A group of hatchlings is called a pod or crèche and may be protected for months.

Intelligence.

 

Contrary to popular belief, there have been evidences that prove crocodiles are smart animals. They are one of a few predators that can observe behavior, such as patterns when animals come to the river to drink at the same time each day. In one study by Vladimir Dinets of the University of Tennessee, he observed that crocodiles use twigs as bait for birds looking for raw materials in nesting.[81] The sticks are placed on their snouts and submerge themselves, and when the birds swooped in to get them, the crocodiles would then catch them. Crocodiles only do this in spring nesting seasons of the birds, when there is high demand for sticks to be used for building nests. Vladimir also discovered other similar observations from various scientists, some dating back to the 19th century. Aside from using sticks, crocodiles are also capable of cooperative hunting. Large numbers of crocs would swim in circles in order to trap fish and take turns snatching them. In hunting larger prey, crocodiles would swarm in with one holding the prey down as the others rip it apart.

 

RELATIONSHIP WITH HUMANS

DANGER TO HUMANS

The larger species of crocodiles are very dangerous to humans, mainly because of their ability to strike before the person can react. The saltwater crocodile and Nile crocodile are the most dangerous, killing hundreds of people each year in parts of Southeast Asia and Africa. The mugger crocodile, American crocodile, American alligator and black caiman are also dangerous to humans.

 

WIKIPEDIA

My GF ate the whole dish saying that Mie Jakarta's version of Rendang is far better than most Malaysian places. I would have to agree; The balance of spices, acidity, heat, and richness of the Stew was dead on!! I will order this next time, but oh!! What is the guy next to me ordering?? It's some type of Fried Chicken doused with Chili sauce..... That's it! I am coming back here for Dinner ;-D

Hay was dumped in these ponds to encourage reed growth. The reeds were intended to lower the acidity of the ponds. Upstream from the ponds is a mine with acidic runoff from tailings piles. The hay and reeds are a remediation measure. The largest mine upstream from here is Thompson Creek molybdenum mine, still in operation in 2012 (the world's #4 moly producer) - however, miners have been active in these valleys for over a century and the source could be an abandoned mine. Scanned print.

Hydrangea paniculata 'ZINFIN DOLL' 9/2021 Panicle- (Wood, 2016) Panicle Hydrangea, Mature size: 7’, Pink, USDA Hardiness Zone 3-8, Michigan Bloom Month 7c, In Garden Bed J2,08 for 4.3 YEARS (Bluestone). Planted in 2017.

 

Hydrangea paniculata Zinfin Doll® 'SMNHPRZEP' (PP26956, 2016) was developed by Timothy Wood, MI. Selected from an open-pollination of seed parent Hydrangea paniculata 'Little Lamb'. Dense bi-colored blooms emerge white then transition to hot pink to red. Upward-facing blooms on strong stems. Soil acidity does not affect bloom color. A Proven Winners® selection. Good growth in 2 years time. Great fall colors.

 

2020 note: About 3 feet tall and wide after 3 years in the ground. Needs to be bottom trimmed to be more vase shaped (my preference). Soil in this garden is on the clay side. Seed parent is Little Lamb, which I had but did not survive. Like most of my panicle hydranges, it starts out white and turn pink or red or both. I will probably keep this at a 3-4 foot height.

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Additional photos of this plant from 2018, 19, 20, 21:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

1. Juji Asahi Junmai Daiginjo Genshu

Brewery: Asahi Shuzo

Prefecture: Shimane

City: Izumo, right by the JR station

Grade: junmai daiginjo, genshu (undiluted sake)

ALC: 18-19%

Nihonshudo: +5.0

Acidity: 1.9

Amino Acid:

Rice: Kairyo Omachi (Shimane)

Seimai Buai: 60%

 

URL: www.jujiasahi.co.jp/jujiasahi/index.html

(Japanese)

 

Group comments: sweet, strong, dewy, good balance, smoky, multi scope of flavor, mushroom, no nose, sweet, dry

 

When this sake was served, this was sort of a mystery sake-no one knew what this was since this was not on the menu. Restaurant arranged to have Juji Asahi

 

for the event by our special request, but they did not tell us what it was.

Te-chan guessed this one was aged, I said "NO!". Well, I can think of all kinds of excuses - I was a designated driver when we visited the kura, I know they

 

age their sake, but this one did not have much of that aged feel to it, brah, brah, brah.

He won. This bottle is aged for one year from 18BY, and I called the kura to verify. When we visited this brewery, they said Kairyo Omachi is really popular

 

and they sold out 17BY. So, if you see this bottle anywhere, grab it!

 

2. Rihaku Tokubetsu Junmai Yamata no Orochi en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orochi

Brewery: Rihaku Shuzo

Prefecture: Shimane

City: Matsue, walking distance from the castle

Grade: tokubetsu junmai

ALC: 15.5%

Nihonshudo: +6

Acidity: 1.6

Amino Acid: 1.0

Rice: Gohyakumangoku

Seimai Buai: 60%

 

URL: www.rihaku.co.jp/

(Japanese, for some reason, their site is viewable only using IE, no navigation with Firefox)

 

Group comments: easy to drink, stubtle, no mouth feel

My notes from January: with kan, it brings out nice sweetness, goes really well with food with umami, soft and long lasting finish, rain in June(don't know

 

what I was talking about). I like their Junmai Ginjo Omachi.

 

Taken along the boardwalk of Webb's Mill Bog.

 

In Part 2 of this series, we examined two of this remarkable site's carnivorous-plant species. Both have developed their own very different ways of trapping and digesting small animals that provide nutrients otherwise unavailable due to the bog soil's high acidity.

 

And here's a third. The very strange-looking plant at stage center is Drosera filiformis, the Threadleaf Sundew. Its foliage is festooned with hairs each tipped with a very sticky, mucilage-secreting gland. This gives the plant an unearthly aspect, and in the right lighting it seems to sparkle with a thousand tiny diamonds.

 

But to flying insects and other creatures this is a deadly beauty. Attracted to the glands, they often become mired in their organic glue. Then they're digested by secreted enzymes and absorbed by the leaf tissue.

 

To see the other photos and descriptions of this strangely beautiful ecosystem, visit my Portrait of a Peatland album.

Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint), and electronic drawing.

 

An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman, or draughtsman.[1]

 

A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[2] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.

Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.

Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.

 

There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).

 

A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.

 

In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.

Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.

 

Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]

 

The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.

 

Drawing Outside of the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.[16]

 

Notable draftsmen[edit]

Since the 14th century, each century has produced artists who have created great drawings.

 

Notable draftsmen of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries include Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Notable draftsmen of the 17th century include Claude, Nicolas Poussin, Rembrandt, Guercino, and Peter Paul Rubens.

Notable draftsmen of the 18th century include Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, and Antoine Watteau.

Notable draftsmen of the 19th century include Paul Cézanne, Aubrey Beardsley, Jacques-Louis David, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Edgar Degas, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, Jean Ingres, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Honoré Daumier, and Vincent van Gogh.

Notable draftsmen of the 20th century include Käthe Kollwitz, Max Beckmann, Jean Dubuffet, George Grosz, Egon Schiele, Arshile Gorky, Paul Klee, Oscar Kokoschka, Alphonse Mucha, M. C. Escher, André Masson, Jules Pascin, and Pablo Picasso.

The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[18] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.

 

Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[19] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.

 

Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.

 

Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.

 

The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.

Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[20]

 

Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.

 

The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[21] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[22]

 

Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.

 

Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.

 

Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.

 

Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[23]

Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.

 

Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.

 

Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.

 

Form and proportion[edit]Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.

 

When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive shapes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic shapes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive shapes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[24]

 

A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.

 

Perspective[edit]

Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[25] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.

 

Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.

 

(further information and pictures you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Mariahilferstraße

Mariahilferstraße, 6th, 7th, 14th and 15th, since 1897 (in the 6th and 7th district originally Kremser Sraße, then Bavarian highway, Laimgrubner main road, Mariahilfer main street, Fünfhauserstraße, Schönbrunnerstraße and Penzinger Poststraße, then Schönbrunner Straße), in memory of the old suburb name; Mariahilf was an independent municipality from 1660 to 1850, since then with Gumpendorf, Magdalenengrund, Windmühle and Laimgrube 6th District.

From

aeiou - the cultural information system of the bm: bwk

14,000 key words and 2000 pictures from history, geography, politics and business in Austria

www.aeiou.at

Mariahilferstraße, 1908 - Wien Museum

Mariahilferstraße, 1908

Picture taken from "August Stauda - A documentarian of old Vienna"

published by Christian Brandstätter - to Book Description

History

Pottery and wine

The first ones who demonstrably populated the area of ​​today's Mariahilferstraße (after the mammoth) were the Illyrians. They took advantage of the rich clay deposits for making simple vessels. The Celts planted on the sunny hills the first grape vines and understood the wine-making process very well. When the Romans occupied at the beginning of our Era Vienna for several centuries, they left behind many traces. The wine culture of the Celts they refined. On the hill of today's Mariahilferstraße run a Roman ridge trail, whose origins lay in the camp of Vindobona. After the rule of the Romans, the migration of peoples temporarily led many cultures here until after the expulsion of the Avars Bavarian colonists came from the West.

The peasant Middle Ages - From the vineyard to the village

Thanks to the loamy soil formed the winery, which has been pushed back only until the development of the suburbs, until the mid-17th Century the livelihood of the rural population. "Im Schöff" but also "Schöpf - scoop" and "Schiff - ship" (from "draw of") the area at the time was called. The erroneous use of a ship in the seal of the district is reminiscent of the old name, which was then replaced by the picture of grace "Mariahilf". The Weinberg (vineyard) law imposed at that time that the ground rent in the form of mash on the spot had to be paid. This was referred to as a "draw".

1495 the Mariahilfer wine was added to the wine disciplinary regulations for Herrenweine (racy, hearty, fruity, pithy wine with pleasant acidity) because of its special quality and achieved high prices.

1529 The first Turkish siege

Mariahilferstraße, already than an important route to the West, was repeatedly the scene of historical encounters. When the Turks besieged Vienna for the first time, was at the lower end of today Mariahilferstrasse, just outside the city walls of Vienna, a small settlement of houses and cottages, gardens and fields. Even the St. Theobald Monastery was there. This so-called "gap" was burned at the approach of the Turks, for them not to offer hiding places at the siege. Despite a prohibition, the area was rebuilt after departure of the Turks.

1558, a provision was adopted so that the glacis, a broad, unobstructed strip between the city wall and the outer settlements, should be left free. The Glacis existed until the demolition of the city walls in 1858. Here the ring road was later built.

1663 The new Post Road

With the new purpose of the Mariahilferstrasse as post road the first three roadside inn houses were built. At the same time the travel increased, since the carriages were finally more comfortable and the roads safer. Two well-known expressions date from this period. The "tip" and "kickbacks". In the old travel handbooks of that time we encounter them as guards beside the route, the travel and baggage tariff. The tip should the driver at the rest stop pay for the drink, while the bribe was calculated in proportion to the axle grease. Who was in a hurry, just paid a higher lubricant (Schmiergeld) or tip to motivate the coachman.

1683 The second Turkish siege

The second Turkish siege brought Mariahilferstraße the same fate. Meanwhile, a considerable settlement was formed, a real suburb, which, however, still had a lot of fields and brick pits. Again, the suburb along the Mariahilferstraße was razed to the ground, the population sought refuge behind the walls or in the Vienna Woods. The reconstruction progressed slowly since there was a lack of funds and manpower. Only at the beginning of the 18th Century took place a targeted reconstruction.

1686 Palais Esterhazy

On several "Brandstetten", by the second Turkish siege destroyed houses, the Hungarian aristocratic family Esterhazy had built herself a simple palace, which also had a passage on the Mariahilferstrasse. 1764 bought the innkeeper Paul Winkelmayr from Spittelberg the building, demolished it and built two new buildings that have been named in accordance with the Esterhazy "to the Hungarian crown."

17th Century to 19th Century. Fom the village to suburb

With the development of the settlements on the Mariahilferstraße from village to suburbs, changed not only the appearance but also the population. More and more agricultural land fell victim to the development, craftsmen and tradesmen settled there. There was an incredible variety of professions and trades, most of which were organized into guilds or crafts. Those cared for vocational training, quality and price of the goods, and in cases of unemployment, sickness and death.

The farms were replaced by churches and palaces, houses and shops. Mariahilf changed into a major industrial district, Mariahilferstrasse was an important trading center. Countless street traders sold the goods, which they carried either with them, or put in a street stall on display. The dealers made themselves noticeable by a significant Kaufruf (purchase call). So there was the ink man who went about with his bottles, the Wasserbauer (hydraulic engineering) who sold Danube water on his horse-drawn vehicle as industrial water, or the lavender woman. This lovely Viennese figures disappeared with the emergence of fixed premises and the improvement of urban transport.

Private carriages, horse-drawn carriages and buggies populated the streets, who used this route also for trips. At Mariahilferplatz Linientor (gate) was the main stand of the cheapest and most popular means of transport, the Zeiselwagen, which the Wiener used for their excursions into nature, which gradually became fashionable. In the 19th Century then yet arrived the Stellwagen (carriage) and bus traffic which had to accomplish the connection between Vienna and the suburbs. As a Viennese joke has it, suggests the Stellwagen that it has been so called because it did not come from the spot.

1719 - 1723 Royal and Imperial Court Stables

Emperor Charles VI. gave the order for the construction of the stables to Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. 1772 the building was extended by two houses on the Mariahilferstrasse. The size of the stables still shows, as it serves as the Museum Quarter - its former importance. The Mariahilferstraße since the building of Schönbrunn Palace by the Imperial court very strongly was frequented. Today in the historic buildings the Museum Quarter is housed.

The church and monastery of Maria Hülff

Coloured engraving by J. Ziegler, 1783

1730 Mariahilferkirche

1711 began the renovation works at the Mariahilferkirche, giving the church building today's appearance and importance as a baroque monument. The plans stem from Franziskus Jänkl, the foreman of Lukas von Hildebrandt. Originally stood on the site of the Mariahilferkirche in the medieval vineyard "In Schoeff" a cemetery with wooden chapel built by the Barnabites. Already in those days, the miraculous image Mariahilf was located therein. During the Ottoman siege the chapel was destroyed, the miraculous image could be saved behind the protective walls. After the provisional reconstruction the miraculous image in a triumphal procession was returned, accompanied by 30,000 Viennese.

1790 - 1836 Ferdinand Raimund

Although in the district Mariahilf many artists and historical figures of Vienna lived , it is noticeable that as a residence they rather shunned the Mariahilferstraße, because as early as in the 18th Century there was a very lively and loud bustle on the street. The most famous person who was born on the Mariahilferstrasse is the folk actor and dramatist Ferdinand Raimund. He came in the house No. 45, "To the Golden deer (Zum Goldenen Hirschen)", which still exists today, as son of a turner into the world. As confectioners apprentice, he also had to visit the theaters, where he was a so-called "Numero", who sold his wares to the visitors. This encounter with the theater was fateful. He took flight from his training masters and joined a traveling troupe as an actor. After his return to Vienna, he soon became the most popular comedian. In his plays all those figures appeared then bustling the streets of Vienna. His most famous role was that of the "ash man" in "Farmer as Millionaire", a genuine Viennese guy who brings the wood ash in Butte from the houses, and from the proceeds leading a modest existence.

1805 - 1809 French occupation

The two-time occupation of Vienna by the French hit the suburbs hard. But the buildings were not destroyed fortunately.

19th century Industrialization

Here, where a higher concentration of artisans had developed as in other districts, you could feel the competition of the factories particularly hard. A craftsman after another became factory worker, women and child labor was part of the day-to-day business. With the sharp rise of the population grew apartment misery and flourished bed lodgers and roomers business.

1826

The Mariahilferstraße is paved up to the present belt (Gürtel).

1848 years of the revolution

The Mariahilferstraße this year was in turmoil. At the outbreak of the revolution, the hatred of the people was directed against the Verzehrungssteuerämter (some kind of tax authority) at the lines that have been blamed for the rise of food prices, and against the machines in the factories that had made the small craftsmen out of work or dependent workers. In October, students, workers and citizens tore up paving stones and barricaded themselves in the Mariahilfer Linientor (the so-called Linienwall was the tax frontier) in the area of ​​today's belt.

1858 The Ring Road

The city walls fell and on the glacis arose the ring-road, the now 6th District more closely linking to the city center.

1862 Official naming

The Mariahilferstraße received its to the present day valid name, after it previously was bearing the following unofficial names: "Bavarian country road", "Mariahilfer Grund Straße", "Penzinger Street", "Laimgrube main street" and "Schönbrunner Linienstraße".

The turn of the century: development to commercial street

After the revolution of 1848, the industry displaced the dominant small business rapidly. At the same time the Mariahilferstraße developed into the first major shopping street of Vienna. The rising supply had to be passed on to the customer, and so more and more new shops sprang up. Around the turn of the century broke out a real building boom. The low suburban houses with Baroque and Biedermeier facade gave way to multi-storey houses with flashy and ostentatious facades in that historic style mixture, which was so characteristic of the late Ringstrasse period. From the former historic buildings almost nothing remained. The business portals were bigger and more pompous, the first department stores in the modern style were Gerngross and Herzmansky. Especially the clothing industry took root here.

1863 Herzmansky opened

On 3 March opened August Herzmansky a small general store in the Church Lane (Kirchengasse) 4. 1897 the great establishment in the pin alley (Stiftgasse) was opened, the largest textile company of the monarchy. August Herzmansky died a year before the opening, two nephews take over the business. In 1928, Mariahilferstraße 28 is additionally acquired. 1938, the then owner Max Delfiner had to flee, the company Rhonberg and Hämmerle took over the house. The building in Mariahilferstrasse 30 additionally was purchased. In the last days of the war in 1945 it fell victim to the flames, however. 1948, the company was returned to Max Delfiner, whose son sold in 1957 to the German Hertie group, a new building in Mariahilferstrasse 26 - 30 constructing. Other ownership changes followed.

1869 The Pferdetramway

The Pferdetramway made it first trip through the Mariahilferstraße to Neubaugasse.

Opened in 1879 Gerngroß

Mariahilferstraße about 1905

Alfred Gerngross, a merchant from Bavaria and co-worker August

Herzmanskys, founded on Mariahilferstrasse 48/corner Church alley (Kirchengasse) an own fabric store. He became the fiercest competitor of his former boss.

1901 The k.k. Imperial Furniture Collection

The k.k. Hofmobilien and material depot is established in Mariahilferstrasse 88. The collection quickly grew because each new ruler got new furniture. Today, it serves as a museum. Among other things, there is the office of Emperor Franz Joseph, the equipment of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico from Miramare Castle, the splendid table of Charles VI. and the furniture from the Oriental Cabinet of Crown Prince Rudolf.

1911 The House Stafa

On 18 August 1911, on the birthday of Emperor Franz Joseph, corner Mariahilferstraße/imperial road (Kaiserstraße) the "central palace" was opened. The construction by its architecture created a sensation. Nine large double figure-relief panels of Anton Hanak decorated it. In this building the "1st Vienna Commercial sample collective department store (Warenmuster-Kollektivkaufhaus)", a eight-storey circular building was located, which was to serve primarily the craft. The greatest adversity in the construction were underground springs. Two dug wells had to be built to pump out the water. 970 liters per minute, however, must be pumped out until today.

1945 bombing of Vienna

On 21 February 1945 bombs fell on the Mariahilferstrasse, many buildings were badly damaged. On 10th April Wiener looted the store Herzmansky. Ella Fasser, the owner of the café "Goethe" in Mariahilferstrasse, preserved the Monastery barracks (Stiftskaserne) from destruction, with the help other resistance fighters cutting the fire-conducting cords that had laid the retreating German troops. Meanwhile, she invited the officers to the cafe, and befuddled them with plenty of alcohol.

www.wien-vienna.at/blickpunkte.php?ID=582

Polic. This organic wine from #Slovenia has a dark red cherry color. On the palate, there are strong currant, wild berry and plum flavors. Rich tannins although a harmonious taste and pronounced acidity.

 

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Hike to Kings Creek Fall.

Every week I took water samples and measured the Ph of the water. Gradually the acidity decreased. The hay and reeds are intended to remediate the acidic environment. Acids are derived from mine tailings upstream. Scanned print.

Hydrangea paniculata 'ZINFIN DOLL' 5/2021 Panicle- (Wood, 2016) Panicle Hydrangea, Mature size: 7’, Pink, USDA Hardiness Zone 3-8, Michigan Bloom Month 7c, In Garden Bed J2,08 for 3.9 YEARS (Bluestone). Planted in 2017.

 

Hydrangea paniculata Zinfin Doll® 'SMNHPRZEP' (PP26956, 2016) was developed by Timothy Wood, MI. Selected from an open-pollination of seed parent Hydrangea paniculata 'Little Lamb'. Dense bi-colored blooms emerge white then transition to hot pink to red. Upward-facing blooms on strong stems. Soil acidity does not affect bloom color. A Proven Winners® selection. Good growth in 2 years time. Great fall colors.

 

2020 note: About 3 feet tall and wide after 3 years in the ground. Needs to be bottom trimmed to be more vase shaped (my preference). Soil in this garden is on the clay side. Seed parent is Little Lamb, which I had but did not survive. Like most of my panicle hydranges, it starts out white and turn pink or red or both. I will probably keep this at a 3-4 foot height.

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Additional photos of this plant from 2018, 19, 20, 21:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

Hydrangea paniculata 'ZINFIN DOLL' WW39 Panicle J2- (Wood, 2016) Panicle Hydrangea, Mature plant size: 7ft., Pink, USDA Hardiness Zone 3-8, Michigan Bloom Month 7c, In Garden Bed J2 for 5.3 YEARS (Bluestone). Planted in 2017.

 

Hydrangea paniculata Zinfin Doll® 'SMNHPRZEP' (PP26956, 2016) was developed by Timothy Wood, MI. Selected from an open-pollination of seed parent Hydrangea paniculata 'Little Lamb'. Dense bi-colored blooms emerge white then transition to hot pink to red. Upward-facing blooms on strong stems. Soil acidity does not affect bloom color. A Proven Winners® selection. Good growth in 2 years time. Great fall colors.

 

2020 note: About 3 feet tall and wide after 3 years in the ground. Needs to be bottom trimmed to be more vase shaped (my preference). Soil in this garden is on the clay side. Seed parent is Little Lamb, which I had but did not survive. Like most of my panicle hydranges, it starts out white and turn pink or red or both. I will probably keep this at a 3-4 foot height.

 

Photo by F.D.Richards, SE Michigan. Link to additional photos of this plant from 2018, 19, 20, 21, 22:

 

www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=50697352%40N00&sort=da...

 

#Michigan, #49236, #usdaZone6, , #PanicleHydrangea, #ConeShaped, #PeeGee, #Shrub, #PP26956, #ZINFINDOLL, #Hydrangea, #Panicle, #WW39

Weingut Fred Loimer Lenz Riesling, Kamptal, Austria

 

An off-dry Riesling, fruity with acidity, and a slight chalkiness to go with our slightly acidic tomato course.

 

Via the lovely Valerie Cao

2002 Domaine Ponsot Morey St. Denis 1er Cru Cuvée des Alouettes 法国酒厂彭寿

France, Burgundy, Côte de Nuits, Morey St. Denis

www.domaine-ponsot.com/

 

14.0%. 100% Pinot Noir from Monts Luisants and not Clos de la Roche young vines. Candied red raspberry fruit and licorice. A promising medium-bodied with a core of proud acidity, concealing its underlying rich fruit. Balanced, with a short breadth aftertaste. Drink from 2009 to 2015.

 

星期六2008年十月25日. 法国酒庄彭寿摩利圣丹尼一级葡萄园 Cuvée des Alouettes. 法国, 勃艮第, 路易山坡, 摩利圣丹尼地区. 14.0% 酒精度. 100% 黑比诺. 酒体中等, 浓郁的酸味和富有果味. 口味均衡, 回味不错. 從2009年至2015年. 酒:13/20分.

Monday, April 18, 2016, Hertfordshire, UK - Brew Day number 7 with the Grainfather. For this brew I decided to use the following formula to calculate mash water: (Grain Bill in kg x 2.5) + 3.5 litres. This gave me more water to work with than in all previous brews where we used the formula (Grain Bill in kg x 2.2) + 3.5 litres. The alkalines in the pale grains pushed the pH up a bit. After the mash, it was 5.6 (at 20.2°C) while the refractometer read 18.5 Brix (gravity = 1.0763). I was not happy with the mash as I think the grains were too finely ground. As a consequence I don't think water was filtering through the grain bed fast enough, and the Grainfather recirculator was pumpiing a lot of foam and not enough water. Terribly frustrating with such a small grain bill :-/ Sparging was also painfully slow! After sparging, pre-boil pH was unchanged at 5.6 (at 20.2°C) and the Brix reading was 11.0 (gravity = 1.0442). At the start of the boil I had 25.5 litres of wort to work with. By the end of the boil, the volume was down to 23.5 litres.

 

We're callng this brew "The Forbidden" as I added grapefruit zest (and a little juice) at flameout. Grapefruit has been referred to as the forbidden fruit. I've also used "EPA" instead of "IPA" as I used Egyptian grapfruit, hence "Egyptian Pale Ale." After the boil, and before the addition of the grapefruit, the pH was 5.4 (at 20.2°C). After the addition of the zest and juice, it went down to pH 5.2 (at 20.2°C). Spot on :-) Original gravity was measured as 1.054 (at 19.5°C in an Hydrometer). With all the hops bags in this brew, I fell like I lost more wort to absorption than I have with previous brews. I also felt that the grapefruit zest needed longer contact with the wort. Furthermore, there seemed to be a hell of a lot of sediment in the conical fermenter - possibly because the grains were too finely ground. Otherwise, brew day went pretty much to plan :-) Another long day, flying solo in the ThunderMalt brew house.

 

2016-04-19: By this morning, heathy fermentation had kicked in, and the brew was happily bubbling away :-) Note to self - see p.14 of the Grainfather instruction manual re. "Small Grain Bills Below 4.5kg". For grain bills below 4.5 kg, you will need to add additional mash water:

 

1. Fill the boiler with the same amount of initial mash water based on the standard calculation: (Grain weight in kg x 2.7) + 3.5 = volume of mash water in L to add to the boiler.

2. Add the grain and mix it in.

3. Fit the top perforated plate and overflow pipework. Depending on how small your grain bill is, the top perforated plate may not go down all the way to rest on top of the grain. This is fine, push it down as far as it will go.

4. Fill the unit with additional water until the water level is just above the perforated plate. You must record how much water you add. And then you are ready to begin the mash.

5. Use the standard sparge water calculation with the total mash water (original calculated amount + additional water added). Use the formula: (28 - (mash water volume in L + additional water in L)) + (grain bill in kg x 0.8) = sparge water volume in L.

Winemaker's Notes

 

Fruity cherry and plum aromas, with vanilla, cinnamon and spice notes. Shows sublime, soft tannins on the palate, with fresh acidity. Finish is long and persistent, with ripe fruit flavors and a touch of sweet spiciness.

 

This very versatile wine is perfect with various foods, including pasta with rich meat- or mushroom-based sauces, grilled or roasted red meats, game and mature cheeses.

 

Blend: 70% Corvina, 25% Rondinella, 5% Molinara.

Critical Acclaim

 

The Wine Advocate - "The 2011 Campofiorin is an IGT Rosso del Veronese executed in a Ripasso style that sees a double fermentation on Amarone skins. Campofiorin is a wine that is dear to my heart because it has long been one of my top drinking choices while sitting by the fireplace on a cold winter's night. It offers Ripasso intensity with brooding dark fruit nuances followed by a dense, chewy build. "

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Een perfekte wijn (MK)