What's with the toy car that has zero snow on it? Who's been shoveling snow off the driveway/walkways recently?

 

Someone clearly lives in the this one and it's the reason this series of pictures is titled like it is.

 

Cabin Fever/The Shining much? CREEPY!!!!

 

Yaschica T4 Super Weatherproof + Kodak Tri-X 400

I hate jogging in the dark and in the snow. But I love this little weatherproof film camera.

 

Lately I've been "woodshedding"—trying to push out of my comfort-zone shooting habits. So for this one, I broke these personal "rules":

 

1. Never frame the subject in the center.

2. Never use flash if there's enough available light.

3. Use shallow DoF when possible.

4. Get close to the subject.

 

I'm finding it surprisingly hard to change these unconscious reflexes!

An abandoned school on the plains of north eastern Colorado. This one room school house is typical of rural schools built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Students from miles around would have attended. There would have been one teacher who most likely would have taught students ranging from kindergarten to middle school. These schools were also used for other community events, and a comment on another post about this school in another FB group mentioned that Sunday School classes were sometimes held here. This demonstrates that practical, multi-purpose use of these buildings for the local community.

 

While I have not been able to track down any records of when it was built or when it closed, the closest information I have come across is from a school districts list for Weld County that lists Rockaway as having been organized in 1873. Whether this particular school building was built then, I do not know.

 

Architecture wise, the exterior walls are made of a rough, stucco-like material. In one photo you can see where the outer stucco layer has fallen away. This reveals a layer of what appears to be fieldstone or rounded river rocks laid together with mortar. This suggests a composite wall construction, where a rough stone foundation or core was built and then covered with a smoother, protective earth-based stucco or plaster. This technique was a practical way to use readily available local materials (stones from fields or creek beds) while creating a durable and weatherproof facade. The combination of stone and earth construction is highly indicative of resourceful frontier building practices.. The roof is a hipped design, meaning all sides slope downwards to the walls. According to a comment on a post about this school in another Facebook group, there would have been a potbelly stove inside the building that was used to keep the building warm in the winter. The large windows around the sides of the building would have been essential for letting in light for classes to be held.

 

Today the building stands as a silent reminder to Colorado's history, a peak into the lives of people who once lived on Colorado's plains. Now it is dwarfed by large windmills, whose blades swoosh through the air, a juxtaposition of the past with the present. The dilapidated schoolhouse representing the past, a time of small, decentralized communities that were spread across the landscape, while the wind farm represents the present and future, with large-scale renewable energy infrastructure occupying the same vast, open landscape. This contrast highlights the transformation of the American West from an agricultural frontier to a hub of modern energy production.

 

... the weatherproof cover for the garden table needed shooting!

Some excess weatherproofing on a slab of concrete . Another location in the photo challenge.

 

If you like my work click the "Follow" button on Flickr.

 

Other places to see my work rumimume.blogspot.ca/, Google+ google+, twitter

Vädret har ännu inte hindrat mig från att fota. Jag, ombord båten Hättan i Stockholm Foto: Dennis Törnkvist

(Gurli syns i bakgrunden)

Well yesterday afternoon it started as steady persistent rain and it hasn't stopped yet - so a full 24 hours of rain here in Hemyock (so far):

 

Met Office weather warning: Severe heavy rain to drench UK Today.

 

The warning covers much of Devon and Somerset, from Dartmouth right up to Lynton.

Regions and local authorities under warning as Devon, Somerset and Torbay.

This is a 'yellow' warning, with the Met Office rating the likelihood of impact 'very likely'.

 

Here there is some localised flooding and the cloud base has got lower and lower during the day, it will soon be fog.

 

Maybe its time to test how weatherproof my newest lens is.

 

Stay safe, get vaccinated when you can.

(The ends in sight but its not over yet).

 

All of the "UK Lockdown (3) " portraits can be seen together at:

flic.kr/s/aHsmUCWwaE.

 

What do you do when it starts raining and the wind is blowing the rain onto your filter as you're trying to get some 1 second exposures on the surf? Swap out the lens to a telephoto and shoot the ridiculous light on the cliffs. Rainbows, gulls, black skies! This is why you need a weatherproof camera. And insurance.

A large fishing boat in the Icelandic port town of Hofn. Shortly after I got this shot, the rainclouds in this photo rolled over the town and I got completely soaked. Unfortunately, my 5D's weatherproofing isn't as good as it probably was when the camera was new, and some of the rain got into my shutter button, causing it to take photos any time the camera was turned on until the water dried up. The issue luckily sorted itself out, but I learned a valuable lesson about shooting in the rain.

Canon 5DII : Canon EF 35-135mm f/4.0-5.6 USM

 

With a weatherproof aluminum and stainless steel body, this little camera represents a pinnacle in Olympus design.

Oops, left my Olympus E-1 out in the snow again...I hate when I do that.

 

If you think this is bad....

 

The Olympus E-5 in a mountain stream....

 

The Olympus E-5 in a sandstorm...

 

The Olympus E-3 left out all night in a snow & rain storm....

 

The Olympus E-1 takes a shower...

 

And the famous video of the Olympus E-5 in Iceland...

 

This photo placed 1st in the West Suburban Chicago Flickerers Monthly contest for December 2010

Theme: camera porn

The Fürstenzug (Procession of Princes) in Dresden, Germany, is a large mural of a mounted procession of the rulers of Saxony. It was originally painted between 1871 and 1876 to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the Wettin Dynasty, Saxony's ruling family. In order to make the work weatherproof, it was replaced with approximately 23,000 Meissen porcelain tiles between 1904 and 1907. With a length of 102 metres (335 ft), it is known as the largest porcelain artwork in the world. The mural displays the ancestral portraits of the 35 margraves, electors, dukes and kings of the House of Wettin between 1127 and 1904.

Procession of Princes - Dresden at night

 

The Fürstenzug (English: Procession of Princes) in Dresden, Germany, is a large mural of a mounted procession of the rulers of Saxony. It was originally painted between 1871 and 1876 to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the Wettin Dynasty, Saxony's ruling family. In order to make the work weatherproof, it was replaced with approximately 23,000 Meissen porcelain tiles between 1904 and 1907. With a length of 102 metres (335 ft), it is known as the largest porcelain artwork in the world. The mural displays the ancestral portraits of the 35 margraves, electors, dukes and kings of the House of Wettin between 1127 and 1904.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenzug

 

Der Fürstenzug in Dresden ist ein überlebensgroßes Bild eines Reiterzuges, aufgetragen auf rund 23.000 Fliesen aus Meißner Porzellan. Das 102 Meter lange, als größtes Porzellanbild der Welt geltende Kunstwerk stellt die Ahnengalerie der zwischen 1127 und 1904 in Sachsen herrschenden 35 Markgrafen, Herzöge, Kurfürsten und Könige aus dem Geschlecht des Fürstenhauses Wettin dar.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenzug

  

Lonely tree

Borgund Stave Church (Norwegian: Borgund stavkyrkje) is a former parish church of the Church of Norway in Lærdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It was built around the year 1200 as the village church of Borgund, and belonged to Lærdal parish (part of the Sogn prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin) until 1868, when its religious functions were transferred to a "new" Borgund Church, which was built nearby. The old church was restored, conserved and turned into a museum. It is funded and run by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments, and is classified as a triple-nave stave church of the Sogn-type. Its grounds contain Norway's sole surviving stave-built free-standing bell tower.

 

Borgund Stave Church was built sometime between 1180 and 1250 AD with later additions and restorations. Its walls are formed by vertical wooden boards, or staves, hence the name "stave church." The four corner posts are connected to one another by ground sills, resting on a stone foundation. The intervening staves rise from the ground sills; each is tongued and grooved, to interlock with its neighbours and form a sturdy wall. The exterior timber surfaces are darkened by protective layers of tar, distilled from pine.

 

Borgund is built on a basilica plan, with reduced side aisles, and an added chancel and apse. It has a raised central nave demarcated on four sides by an arcade. An ambulatory runs around this platform and into the chancel and apse, both added in the 14th century. An additional ambulatory, in the form of a porch, runs around the exterior of the building, sheltered under the overhanging shingled roof. The floor plan of this church resembles that of a central plan, double-shelled Greek cross with an apse attached to one end in place of the fourth arm. The entries to the church are in the three shorter arms of the cross.

 

Structurally, the building has been described as a "cube within a cube", each independent of the other. The inner "cube" is formed by continuous columns that rise from ground level to support the roof. The top of the arcade is formed by arched buttresses, knee jointed to the columns. Above the arcade, the columns are linked by cross-shaped, diagonal trusses, commonly dubbed "Saint Andrew's crosses"; these carry arched supports that offer the visual equivalent of a "second storey". While not a functional gallery, this is reminiscent of contemporary second story galleries of large stone churches elsewhere in Europe. Smaller beams running between these upper supporting columns help clamp everything firmly together. The weight of the roof is thus supported by buttresses and columns, preventing downward and outward movement of the stave walls.

 

The roof beams are supported by steeply angled scissor trusses that form an "X" shape with a narrow top span and a broader bottom span, tied by a bottom truss to prevent collapse. Additional support is given by a truss that cuts across the "X", below the crossing point but above the bottom truss. The roof is steeply pitched, boarded horizontally and clad with shingles. The original outer roof would have been weatherproofed with boards laid lengthwise, rather than shingles. In later years wooden shingles became more common. Scissor beam roof construction is typical of most stave churches.

 

Borgund has tiered, overhanging roofs, topped at their intersection by a shingle-roofed tower or steeple. On each of its four gables is a stylised "dragon" head, swooping from the carved roof ridge crests, Hohler remarks their similarity to the carved dragon heads found on the prows of Norse ships. Similar gable heads appear on small bronze church-shaped reliquaries common in Norway and Europe in this period. Borgund's current dragon heads are possible 18th century replacements; similar, original dragon heads remain on older structures, such as Lom Stave Church and nearby Urnes Stave Church. Borgund is one of the only stave churches to have preserved its crested ridge caps. They are carved with openwork vine and entangled plant designs.

 

The four outer dragon heads are perhaps the most distinctive of all non-Christian symbols adorning Borgund Stave Church. Their function is uncertain, and disputed; if pagan, they are recruited to the Christian cause in the battle between Good and Evil. They may have been intended to keep away evil spirits thought to threaten the church building; to ward off evil, rather than represent it,

 

On the lower side panel of the steeple are four carved circular cutouts. The carvings are weather-beaten, tarred and difficult to decipher, and there is disagreement about what they symbolize. Some[who?] believe they represent the four evangelists, symbolised by an eagle, an ox, a lion and a man. Hauglid describes the carvings as "dragons that extend their heads over to the neighboring field's dragon and bite into it", and points out their similarity to carvings at Høre Stave Church.

 

The church's west portal (the nave's main entrance), is surrounded by a larger carving of dragons biting each other in the neck and tail. At the bottom of the half-columns that flank the front entrance, two dragon heads spew vine stalks that wind upwards and are braided into the dragons above. The carving shares similarities with the west portal of Ål Stave Church, which also has kites[clarification needed] in a band braiding pattern, and follows the usual composition[clarification needed] in the Sogn-Valdres portals, a larger group of portals with very clear similarities. Bugge writes that Christian authority may have come to terms with such pagan and "wild scenes" in the church building because the rift could be interpreted as a struggle between good and evil; in Christian medieval art, the dragon was often used as a symbol of the devil himself but Bugge believes that the carvings were protective, like the dragon heads on the church roof.

 

The church interior is dark, as not much daylight enters the building. Some of the few sources of natural light are narrow circular windows along the roof, examples of daylighting. It was supposed that the narrow apertures would prevent the entry of evil spirits. Three entrances are heavily adorned with foliage and snakes, and are only wide enough for one person to enter, supposedly preventing the entry of evil spirits alongside the churchgoers. The portals were originally painted green, red, black, and white.

 

Most of the internal fittings have been removed. There is little in the building, apart from the row of benches that are installed along the wall inside the church in the ambulatory outside of the arcade and raised platform, a soapstone font, an altar (with 17th-century altarpiece), a 16th-century lectern, and a 16th-century cupboard for storing altar vessels. After the Reformation, when the church was converted for Protestant worship, pews, a pulpit and other standard church furnishings were included, however these have been removed since the building has come under the protection of the Fortidsminneforeningen (The Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments).

 

The interior structure of the church is characterized by the twelve free-standing columns that support the nave's elevated central space. On the long side of the church there is a double interval between the second and third pillars, but with a half pillar resting on the lower bracing beam (the pier) which runs in between. The double interval provides free access from the south portal to the church's central compartment, which would otherwise have been obstructed by the middle bar. The tops of the poles are finished with grotesque, carved human and animal masks. The tie-bars are secured with braces in the form of St. Andrew's crosses with a sun - shaped center and carved leaf shapes along the arms. The crosses reappear in less ornate form as braces along the church walls. On the north and south sides of the nave, a total of eight windows let in small amounts of light, and at the top of the nave's west gable is a window of more recent date - probably from pre-Reformation times. On the south wall of the nave, the inauguration crosses are still on the inside of the wall. The interior choir walls and west portal have engraved figures and runes, some of which date to the Middle Ages. One, among the commonest of runic graffiti, reads "Ave Maria". An inscription by Þórir (Thor), written "in the evening at St. Olav's Mass" blames the pagan Norns for his problems; perhaps a residue of ancient beliefs, as these female beings were thought to rule the personal destinies of all in Norse mythology and the Poetic Edda.

 

The medieval interior of the stave church is almost untouched, save for its restorations and repairs, though the medieval crucifix was removed after the Reformation. The original wooden floor and the benches that run along the walls of the nave are largely intact, together with a medieval stone altar and a box-shaped baptismal font in soapstone. The pulpit is from the period 1550–1570 and the altarpiece dates from 1654, while the frame around the tablet is dated to 1620. The painting on the altarpiece shows the crucifixion in the centre, flanked by the Virgin Mary on the left and John the Baptist on the right. In the tympanum field, a white dove hovers on a blue background. Below the painting is an inscription with golden letters on a black background. A sacrament from the period 1550–1570 in the same style as the pulpit is also preserved. A restoration of the building was carried out in the early 1870s, led by the architect Christian Christie, who removed benches, a second-floor gallery with seating, a ceiling over the chancel, and various windows including two large windows on the north and south sides. As the goal was to return the church to pre-Reformation condition, all post-Reformation interior paintwork was also removed.

 

Images from the 1990s show deer antlers hung on the lower, east-facing pillars. A local story claims that this is all that remains of a whole stuffed reindeer, shot when it tried to enter during a Mass. A travelogue from 1668 claims that a reindeer was shot during a sermon "when it marched like a wizard in front of the other animal carcasses"

 

To the south of the church is a free-standing stave-work bell tower that covers remnants of the mediaeval foundry used to cast the church bell. It was probably built in the mid-13th century. It is Norway's only remaining free-standing stave-work bell tower.It was given a new door around the year 1700 but this was removed and not replaced at some time between the 1920s and 1940s, leaving the foundry pit was exposed. To preserve the interior, new walls were built as cladding on the outside of the stave walls in the 1990s. One of the medieval bells is on display in the new Borgund church.

 

Management

In 1868 the building was abandoned as a church but was turned into a museum; this saved it from the commonplace demolition of stave churches in that period. A new Borgund Church was built in 1868 a short distance south of the old church. The old church has not been formally used for religious purposes since that year. Borgund Stave Church was bought by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments in 1877. The first guidebook in English for the stave church was published in 1898. From 2001, the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage has funded a program to research, restore, conserve and maintain stave churches.

 

Legacy

The church served as an example for the reconstruction of the Fantoft Stave Church in Fana, Bergen, in 1883 and for its rebuilding in 1997. The Gustav Adolf Stave Church in Hahnenklee, Germany, built in 1908, is modeled on the Borgund church. Four replicas exist in the United States, one at Chapel in the Hills, Rapid City, South Dakota, another in Lyme, Connecticut, the third on Washington Island, Wisconsin, and the fourth in Minot, North Dakota at the Scandinavian Heritage Park.

 

Borgund is a former municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It was located in the southeastern part of the traditional district of Sogn. The 635-square-kilometre (245 sq mi) municipality existed from 1864 until its dissolution in 1964. It encompassed an area in the eastern part of the present-day Lærdal Municipality. The administrative center of Borgund was the village of Steinklepp, just northeast of the village of Borgund. Steinklepp was the site of a store, a bank, and a school. The historical Filefjell Kongevegen road passes through the Borgund area.

 

Location

The former municipality of Borgund was situated near the southeastern end of the Sognefjorden, along the Lærdalselvi river. The lower parts of the municipality were farms such as Sjurhaugen and Nedrehegg. They were at an elevation of about 270 m (890 ft) above sea level. Høgeloft, on the border with the neighboring municipality of Hemsedal, is a mountain in the Filefjell range and it was the highest point in Borgund at 1,920 m (6,300 ft) above sea level. The lakes Eldrevatnet, Juklevatnet, and Øljusjøen were also located near the border with Hemsedal.

 

History

Borgund was established as a municipality in 1864 when it was separated from the municipality of Lærdal. Initially it had a population of 963. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Borgund (population: 492) was merged with the Muggeteigen area (population: 11) of the neighboring Årdal Municipality and all of Lærdal Municipality (population: 1,755) were all merged to form a new, larger municipality of Lærdal

 

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of ​​385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .

 

Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .

 

Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.

 

In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.

 

The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .

 

Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).

 

Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .

For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.

 

Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.

 

The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.

 

The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .

 

Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.

 

More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.

 

Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .

 

In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.

 

Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .

 

Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .

 

Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.

 

Stone Age (before 1700 BC)

When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.

 

Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.

 

The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.

 

In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .

It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.

 

Finnmark

In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.

 

According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.

 

From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.

 

According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.

 

Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)

Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:

 

Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)

Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)

For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.

 

Finnmark

In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.

 

Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)

 

The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century

 

Simultaneous production of Vikings

Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages ​​developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:

 

Early Iron Age

Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)

Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)

Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.

Younger Iron Age

Merovingian period (500–800)

 

The Viking Age (793–1066)

Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .

 

Sources of prehistoric times

Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.

 

Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.

 

Settlement in prehistoric times

Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.

 

It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.

 

Norwegian expansion northwards

From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.

 

North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.

 

From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.

 

On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.

 

The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".

 

State formation

The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.

 

According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.

 

Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .

 

With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.

 

Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)

The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .

 

During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.

 

The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.

 

In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .

 

Emergence of cities

The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.

 

It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.

 

The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wide commons (perpendicular to the shoreline) and ran parallel to the shoreline, similarly in Nidaros and Oslo. The roads were small streets of up to 3 cubits (1.4 metres) and linked to the individual property. From the Middle Ages, the Norwegian cities were usually surrounded by wooden fences. The urban development largely consisted of low wooden houses which stood in contrast to the relatively numerous and dominant churches and monasteries built in stone.

 

The City Act and supplementary provisions often determined where in the city different goods could be traded, in Bergen, for example, cattle and sheep could only be traded on the Square, and fish only on the Square or directly from the boats at the quayside. In Nidaros, the blacksmiths were required to stay away from the densely populated areas due to the risk of fire, while the tanners had to stay away from the settlements due to the strong smell. The City Act also attempted to regulate the influx of people into the city (among other things to prevent begging in the streets) and had provisions on fire protection. In Oslo, from the 13th century or earlier, it was common to have apartment buildings consisting of single buildings on a couple of floors around a courtyard with access from the street through a gate room. Oslo's medieval apartment buildings were home to one to four households. In the urban farms, livestock could be kept, including pigs and cows, while pastures and fields were found in the city's rooftops . In the apartment buildings there could be several outbuildings such as warehouses, barns and stables. Archaeological excavations show that much of the buildings in medieval Oslo, Trondheim and Tønsberg resembled the oblong farms that have been preserved at Bryggen in Bergen . The land boundaries in Oslo appear to have persisted for many hundreds of years, in Bergen right from the Middle Ages to modern times.

 

High Middle Ages (1184–1319)

After civil wars in the 12th century, the country had a relative heyday in the 13th century. Iceland and Greenland came under the royal authority in 1262 , and the Norwegian Empire reached its greatest extent under Håkon IV Håkonsson . The last king of Haraldsätten, Håkon V Magnusson , died sonless in 1319 . Until the 17th century, Norway stretched all the way down to the mouth of Göta älv , which was then Norway's border with Sweden and Denmark.

 

Just before the Black Death around 1350, there were between 65,000 and 85,000 farms in the country, and there had been a strong growth in the number of farms from 1050, especially in Eastern Norway. In the High Middle Ages, the church or ecclesiastical institutions controlled 40% of the land in Norway, while the aristocracy owned around 20% and the king owned 7%. The church and monasteries received land through gifts from the king and nobles, or through inheritance and gifts from ordinary farmers.

 

Settlement and demography in the Middle Ages

Before the Black Death, there were more and more farms in Norway due to farm division and clearing. The settlement spread to more marginal agricultural areas higher inland and further north. Eastern Norway had the largest areas to take off and had the most population growth towards the High Middle Ages. Along the coast north of Stad, settlement probably increased in line with the extent of fishing. The Icelandic Rimbegla tells around the year 1200 that the border between Finnmark (the land of the Sami) and resident Norwegians in the interior was at Malangen , while the border all the way out on the coast was at Kvaløya . From the end of the High Middle Ages, there were more Norwegians along the coast of Finnmark and Nord-Troms. In the inner forest and mountain tracts along the current border between Norway and Sweden, the Sami exploited the resources all the way down to Hedmark.

 

There are no censuses or other records of population and settlement in the Middle Ages. At the time of the Reformation, the population was below 200,000 and only in 1650 was the population at the same level as before the Black Death. When Christianity was introduced after the year 1000, the population was around 200,000. After the Black Death, many farms and settlements were abandoned and deserted, in the most marginal agricultural areas up to 80% of the farms were abandoned. Places such as Skien, Veøy and Borgund (Ålesund) went out of use as trading towns. By the year 1300, the population was somewhere between 300,000 and 560,000 depending on the calculation method. Common methods start from detailed information about farms in each village and compare this with the situation in 1660 when there are good headcounts. From 1300 to 1660, there was a change in the economic base so that the coastal villages received a larger share of the population. The inland areas of Eastern Norway had a relatively larger population in the High Middle Ages than after the Reformation. Kåre Lunden concludes that the population in the year 1300 was close to 500,000, of which 15,000 lived in cities. Lunden believes that the population in 1660 was still slightly lower than the peak before the Black Death and points out that farm settlement in 1660 did not reach the same extent as in the High Middle Ages. In 1660, the population in Troms and Finnmark was 6,000 and 3,000 respectively (2% of the total population), in 1300 these areas had an even smaller share of the country's population and in Finnmark there were hardly any Norwegian-speaking inhabitants. In the High Middle Ages, the climate was more favorable for grain cultivation in the north. Based on the number of farms, the population increased 162% from 1000 to 1300, in Northern and Western Europe as a whole the growth was 200% in the same period.

 

Late Middle Ages (1319–1537)

Due to repeated plague epidemics, the population was roughly halved and the least productive of the country's farms were laid waste. It took several hundred years before the population again reached the level before 1349 . However, those who survived the epidemics gained more financial resources by sharing. Tax revenues for the state almost collapsed, and a large part of the noble families died out or sank into peasant status due to the fall in national debt . The Hanseatic League took over trade and shipping and dominated fish exports. The Archbishop of Nidaros was the country's most powerful man economically and politically, as the royal dynasty married into the Swedish in 1319 and died out in 1387 . Eventually, Copenhagen became the political center of the kingdom and Bergen the commercial center, while Trondheim remained the religious center.

 

From Reformation to Autocracy (1537–1660)

In 1537 , the Reformation was carried out in Norway. With that, almost half of the country's property was confiscated by the royal power at the stroke of a pen. The large seizure increased the king's income and was able, among other things, to expand his military power and consolidated his power in the kingdom. From roughly the time of the Reformation and in the following centuries, the state increased its power and importance in people's lives. Until around 1620, the state administration was fairly simple and unspecialised: in Copenhagen, the central administration mainly consisted of a chancellery and an interest chamber ; and sheriffs ruled the civil (including bailiffs and sheriffs) and the military in their district, the sheriffs collected taxes and oversaw business. The accounts were not clear and without summaries. The clergy, which had great power as a separate organization, was appointed by the state church after the Reformation, administered from Copenhagen. In this period, Norway was ruled by (mainly) Danish noble sheriffs, who acted as intermediaries between the peasants and the Oldenborg king in the field of justice, tax and customs collection.

 

From 1620, the state apparatus went through major changes where specialization of functions was a main issue. The sheriff's tasks were divided between several, more specialized officials - the sheriffs retained the formal authority over these, who in practice were under the national administration in Copenhagen. Among other things, a separate military officer corps was established, a separate customs office was established and separate treasurers for taxes and fees were appointed. The Overbergamtet, the central governing body for overseeing mining operations in Norway, was established in 1654 with an office in Christiania and this agency was to oversee the mining chiefs in the Nordenfjeld and Sønnenfjeld areas (the mines at Kongsberg and Røros were established in the previous decades). The formal transition from county government to official government with fixed-paid county officials took place after 1660, but the real changes had taken place from around 1620. The increased specialization and transition to official government meant that experts, not amateurs, were in charge of each area, and this civil service meant, according to Sverre Steen that the dictatorship was not a personal dictatorship.

 

From 1570 until 1721, the Oldenborg dynasty was in repeated wars with the Vasa dynasty in Sweden. The financing of these wars led to a severe increase in taxation which caused great distress.

 

Politically-geographically, the Oldenborg kings had to cede to Sweden the Norwegian provinces of Jemtland , Herjedalen , Idre and Särna , as well as Båhuslen . As part of the financing of the wars, the state apparatus was expanded. Royal power began to assert itself to a greater extent in the administration of justice. Until this period, cases of violence and defamation had been treated as civil cases between citizens. The level of punishment was greatly increased. During this period, at least 307 people were also executed for witchcraft in Norway. Culturally, the country was marked by the fact that the written language became Danish because of the Bible translation and the University of Copenhagen's educational monopoly.

 

From the 16th century, business became more marked by production for sale and not just own consumption. In the past, it was particularly the fisheries that had produced such a large surplus of goods that it was sold to markets far away, the dried fish trade via Bergen is known from around the year 1100. In the 16th century, the yield from the fisheries multiplied, especially due to the introduction of herring in Western Norway and in Trøndelag and because new tools made fishing for herring and skre more efficient. Line fishing and cod nets that were introduced in the 17th century were controversial because the small fishermen believed it favored citizens in the cities.

 

Forestry and the timber trade became an important business, particularly because of the boom saw which made it possible to saw all kinds of tables and planks for sale abroad. The demand for timber increased at the same time in Europe, Norway had plenty of forests and in the 17th century timber became the country's most important export product. There were hundreds of sawmills in the country and the largest had the feel of factories . In 1680, the king regulated the timber trade by allowing exports only from privileged sawmills and in a certain quantity.

 

From the 1520s, some silver was mined in Telemark. When the peasants chased the German miners whereupon the king executed five peasants and demanded compensation from the other rebellious peasants. The background for the harsh treatment was that the king wanted to assert his authority over the extraction of precious metals. The search for metals led to the silver works at Kongsberg after 1624, copper in the mountain villages between Trøndelag and Eastern Norway, and iron, among other things, in Agder and lower Telemark. The financial gain of the quarries at that time is unclear because there are no reliable accounts. Kongsberg ma

Triumph Herald 1200 (1961-68) Engine 1147cc S4 OHV Production 201,142

 

Registration Number KOT 663 F (Hampshire)

 

TRIUMPH SET

 

www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157623847263736...

 

The Herald was designed by Giovanni Michelotti and engineered by chief engineer Harry Webster.and originally launched at the Royal Albert Hall in 1959. Powered by a 948cc S4 OHV engine of the earlier Standard Pennant.

 

The range was updated in 1961 following an influx of funds after Standard-Triumphs take over by British Leyland. The model was relaunched in 1961 as the Triumph Herald 1200, powered by an 1147cc S4 OHV engine The new model featured white rubber bumpers, a wooden laminate dashboard and improved seating. Quality control was also tightened up. Twin carburettors were no longer fitted to any of the range as standard although they remained an option, the standard being a single down-draught Solex carburettor. Claimed maximum power of the Herald 1200 was 39 bhp against the 34.5bhp of the older model. Disc brakes also became an option from 1962. Sales of the Saloon increased, The convertible was popular as a 4-seater with decent weatherproofing and the estate made a practical alternative to the Morris Minor Traveller. The coupé was dropped from the range in late 1964 as it was by then in direct competition with the Triumph Spitfire.

 

Diolch am 73,754,765 o olygfeydd anhygoel, mae pob un yn cael ei werthfawrogi'n fawr.

 

Thanks for 73,754,765 amazing views, every one is greatly appreciated.

 

Shot 06.05.2019 at Gawsworth Hall, Classic Car Show Ref 141-483

      

2013 Morgan 3-Wheeler

 

A World War I Sopwith Camel fighter plane, a motorcycle or a mini sports car? Well, I guess the exhilarating experience of driving the Morgan 3-wheeler encompasses a bit of all three machines.

 

Go on, slip on your WW I leather flying jacket and pull down your flight goggles.

 

Climbing into the driver's seat is a gymnastic maneuver not without peril. If the car has just been running, take care not to burn your calf on the hot exhaust pipes that run along the sides of the body. If you successfully avoid these hazards, the gear lever awaits to ambush your pant leg. Persist -- it's worth it. Once snugly planted in the supple leather seat, buckle up the harness straps over your shoulders and look for the starter button lurking behind a little hinged safety latch which Morgan calls, the "bomb release" cover. With the parking brake set, the clutch pressed in and the gear selector in the neutral position, make a “pre-flight” check of the Spartan array of instrument panel gauges. Ready to crank? Firmly press the starter button........

 

The 2.0-liter 'X-Wedge' V-twin from Wisconsin bike-engine maker S&S shudders to life with a typical chugga-chug-chugga idle of a big twin. Rated at 80 horsepower at the rear wheel (around 90 at the flywheel) the S & S V-twin may not seem to be much of a threat. Sure, 80 hp isn't normally the stuff of eye-watering performance, but your eyes do water, in part because of the wind buffeting your face, but also because a speed of 60 mph feels like 80, or 100. It can only be imagine what its 115 mph estimated top speed feels like. Bare in mind the whole car weighs less than 1200 pounds. Morgan claims a 0-60 mph time of under six seconds. What makes this so exhilarating is, you drive on a generous plateau of torque, relishing its instant, eager, tuneful response to the slightest movement of the throttle pedal.

 

The little Morgan 3 Wheeler’s torque peaks at 3250 rpm, and it's not that short of violent at full song, so output is smoothed by rubber cushions before being passed to a five-speed gearbox cribbed from a Mazda MX-5 Miata, via a belt to a bevel drive to the rear wheel. No need for a differential when there's just one rear wheel. Under that beetle-backed sheetmetal, the rear wheel is suspended on a bike-type swing arm, and wears an automotive 175/55, 16-inch tire. Nakedly on view to the world, the front suspension is a double wishbone setup fitted with 19-inch tires only 3.5 inches wide.

 

The frame is tubular steel, and what little bodywork it carries is aluminum sheet. The instruments sit in beautiful aircraft-style modular weatherproof housings. Switches and the column stalk are milled aluminum.

 

The history is convoluted but charming. Starting a decade ago, Pete Larsen, of Liberty Motors in Seattle, Washington (that’s in the U.S.A. btw) almost single-handedly developed a machine inspired by the vintage Morgan 3-wheelers. Word got back to Charles Morgan, grandson of founder HFS Morgan. He loved the thing, and took the design back home to England for extensive development. Liberty is now one of the U.S. distributors. But why revive the Morgan 3 Wheeler at all? As a practical everyday car, it's basically useless. You might think that since it's a skeletal lightweight, it would be best classified as the kind of car writers tend to call a "track-day weapon." Not so. Four-wheelers would run rings around you through any corner.

 

Instead, where this car weaves its profoundly magical spell is in turning an ordinary road drive -- at sane road speeds -- into something involving, memorable, and exhilarating. A happy time indeed for you, and those who see you.

  

Base price ........................ $45,000 (MT est)

Vehicle layout .............. Front-engine, RWD, 2-pass, 0-door, roadster

Engine ...................... 2.0L/80-hp/103 lb-ft DOHC 4-valve V-twin (mfr est)

Transmission ................... 5-speed manual (Mazda MX-5)

Curb weight ................. 1200 lbs (MT est)

Wheelbase ................................. 94.0 in

Length x width x height ......... 127.0 x 55.9 x 39.4 in

0-62 mph ............... 6.0 seconds (mfr est)

EPA city/hwy fuel econ .................. N/A

CO2 emissions ................................. N/A

  

Para-phrased from Two Cylinders, No Doors, and Absolutely Irresistible

By Paul Horrell | August 14, 2012

Source: www.motortrend.com/roadtests/convertibles/1208_2013_morga...

  

* I sure hope you enjoy this as much as I enjoyed “fantasizing” about cruising along, snapping through the short-throw, sure-footed gears along a picturesque English country road at the helm of this little dynamite 3-wheeler ................... (wow, that’s a mouth full but this little beast is reported to be a hand full to drive.)

2 torqued toruses: Sculptures by RICHARD SERRA.

 

Made of weatherproof steel each: 168 x 332 x 420 inches overall (426.7 x 843.3 x 1066.8 cm)

 

An exhibition in Gagosian Gallery Britannia Street London 2008

This is a candid shot of one of the gallery's guests.

 

A big thank you to Gagosian Gallery to be so open minded about photograpy in the gallery!

 

more about it...

 

July 28, 2009 Explore #67

 

To fully enjoy my photos your screen has to be calibrated!

Very inportant for this photo!

around 5mm long so a full set of extension tubes for this guy. i barely noticed him but just caught him outta the corner of my eye. strong red colours on his back but lime greens from the front. had heaps of smudges over my lens today, it was raining pretty hard. i hope the sigma's weatherproof ! lol

Having been very lucky over the past few months, i've been able to put together the sort of film camera bag i never thought i'd be able to.

 

Today it was finished off with an excellent Outfit Case in the form of a classic Billingham L2 in weatherproof canvas, tan leather and brass.

 

I chose this one because it perfect fits my 3 camera setup, while still offering space for a 4th camera, film and, of course, my wallet.

 

Inside we have the following

 

Leica M6TTL + Voigtlander 50mm Nokton f1.1

Leica CL + Voigtlander 15mm Super Wide Heliar f4.5 + 15mm viewfinder

Leica M2 + Leica 35mm Summaron f3.5 (waiting to be repaired and recovered, so not taken out atm)

Lomo LCA (Lomo Compact Automatic) 32mm f2.8

Film box + 6x 35mm rolls

Aaaaand my wallet

 

The films are:

Kodak Ultramax 400 Colour

Kodak Ektar 100 Colour

Kodak Elite Chrome Extra Colour 100 Color Slide

Lomography Redscale XR 50-200

Fuji Neopan Acros 100 Black and White

Kodak Tri-X 400 Black and White

 

Needless to say, i'm thoroughly chuffed with this setup and while i won't always fill the outfit case with everything shown here, i almost certainly always go out with at least 2 bodies and some cash.

 

Borgund Stave Church (Norwegian: Borgund stavkyrkje) is a former parish church initially of the Catholic Church and later the Church of Norway in Lærdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It was built around the year 1200 as the village church of Borgund, and belonged to Lærdal parish (part of the Sogn prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin) until 1868, when its religious functions were transferred to a "new" Borgund Church, which was built nearby. The old church was restored, conserved and turned into a museum. It is funded and run by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments, and is classified as a triple-nave stave church of the Sogn-type. Its grounds contain Norway's sole surviving stave-built free-standing bell tower.

 

Borgund Stave Church was built sometime between 1180 and 1250 AD with later additions and restorations. Its walls are formed by vertical wooden boards, or staves, hence the name "stave church." The four corner posts are connected to one another by ground sills, resting on a stone foundation. The intervening staves rise from the ground sills; each is tongued and grooved, to interlock with its neighbours and form a sturdy wall. The exterior timber surfaces are darkened by protective layers of tar, distilled from pine.

 

Borgund Stave Church is built on a basilica plan, with reduced side aisles, and an added chancel and apse. It has a raised central nave demarcated on four sides by an arcade. An ambulatory runs around this platform and into the chancel and apse, both added in the 14th century. An additional ambulatory, in the form of a porch, runs around the exterior of the building, sheltered under the overhanging shingled roof. The floor plan of this church resembles that of a central plan, double-shelled Greek cross with an apse attached to one end in place of the fourth arm. The entries to the church are in the three shorter arms of the cross.

 

Structurally, the building has been described as a "cube within a cube", each independent of the other. The inner "cube" is formed by continuous columns that rise from ground level to support the roof. The top of the arcade is formed by arched buttresses, knee jointed to the columns. Above the arcade, the columns are linked by cross-shaped, diagonal trusses, commonly dubbed "Saint Andrew's crosses"; these carry arched supports that offer the visual equivalent of a "second storey". While not a functional gallery, this is reminiscent of contemporary second story galleries of large stone churches elsewhere in Europe. Smaller beams running between these upper supporting columns help clamp everything firmly together. The weight of the roof is thus supported by buttresses and columns, preventing downward and outward movement of the stave walls.

 

The roof beams are supported by steeply angled scissor trusses that form an "X" shape with a narrow top span and a broader bottom span, tied by a bottom truss to prevent collapse. Additional support is given by a truss that cuts across the "X", below the crossing point but above the bottom truss. The roof is steeply pitched, boarded horizontally and clad with shingles. The original outer roof would have been weatherproofed with boards laid lengthwise, rather than shingles. In later years wooden shingles became more common.[8] Scissor beam roof construction is typical of most stave churches.

Opdracht was ‘nachtfotografie’.

 

Amsterdam is een mooie stad om bij donkerte te fotograferen. Maar dan moet je wel de gelegenheid hebben en in deze tijd van het jaar is het kort donker: van ongeveer 11 tot 4. En dan slaap ik meestal.

Maar goed. Op de enige avond dat ik gelegenheid had toch wat gemaakt. Die avond regende het stevig: oorspronkelijke ideeën om iets met een lange sluitertijd te doen kon ik overboord gooien. En ik had geen zin om de weersbestendigheid van mijn camera uit te proberen. Maar ik kreeg ook een ander idee. En dat is wat je ziet.

 

Op de foto een stokroos, in sommige buurten is deze oorspronkelijk Chinese bloem verwilderd. Een lantaarn heb ik als bron van tegenlicht gebruikt. Links zie je verticale strepen, dat is de regen.

 

Om een niet al te lange sluitertijd te krijgen heb ik de ISO behoorlijk hoog gezet: 6400. Dit is zes stops hoger dan de standaard 100 en vertaalt zich in ruis, deze ruis is zichtbaar.

 

Op twee punten heb ik de foto behandeld: een stukje erafgesneden maar de verhouding is hetzelfde gebleven en de belichting met 1/6 stop verhoogd. De ruis heb ik laten zitten, verwijderen zou ook de strepen van de regen sterk hebben verminderd.

 

– – –

Challenge was ‘night photography’.

 

Amsterdam is a beautiful city to photograph when it is dark. But one has to have the opportunity and in this time of the year it is dark for a shor while: from about 11 to 4. And these are times I am usually at sleep.

But well. On the only night I had the opportunity I did make something. That night it rained much: the original ideas to do something with a long exposure I had to throw overboard. And I did not like the idea to test the weatherproofness of my camera. But I came up with another idea. And that is what you see.

 

On the photo a common hollyhock, in some neighbourhoods this original Chinese flower is growing wild. I used a street lantern as a source of backlight. On the left you see vertical stripes: that is the rain.

 

To get a decent exposure time I put the ISO quite high: 6400. This is six stops higher than the standard 100 and this translates into digital noise and it is visible.

 

I processed the photo on two points: I cropped off a part although the ratio is still te same. And I heightened the light with 1/6 stop. I let the digital noise on the photo, diminishing it would also diminish the rain too much.

 

- - -

nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokroos

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcea_rosea

 

- - -

Dank voor het bekijken, commentaren, favorieten en kritiek

Geen verder gebruik zonder mijn uitdrukkelijke toestemming

Thanks for watching, comments, favourites and critique

No further use without my explicit consent

Here's Pierce Martin, ripping it up on the Boulder Res on Halloween last week. Was it cold? Meh, not as bad as it could be. The wind however, was some scary stuff. I'd go from being about to sink into the water from lack of wind, to a terrifying punch of a gust that took me out of the water and across the lake in about the blink of a frozen eye. Twas a blast though! I always dig surfing in late fall, with the leaves turning and whatnot.

 

Also, I was very happy to have my new 5Diii with its weatherproofing, because I definitely got full douses of cold water many a time while taking these. Still working though!

 

More Places to find me: Zach Dischner Photography | 500px

Blog: 2manventure

 

Winter Jasmine to you and me , taken at the top of the garden where for the second year we have a bright yellow spread around the arch that supports all sorts but not roses of it's namesake ! The Jasmine was put in many moons ago and put out a few blooms each year and then just did not do anything for many years until a couple of years back it has started up again but now with a vengeance !!

A popular and reliable shrub, introduced from China in 1844, and widely grown as a wall shrub. It can be allowed to scramble freely over a low wall or up a bank, or trained up a vertical framework. Unlike many other jasmines, winter jasmine does not twine, so will need tying-in if grown vertically. The stems are bright green and give an evergreen impression, even in winter when the tiny bright yellow blooms appear, weatherproof in all but the coldest snaps. Regular pruning keeps bushes under control and prevents bare patches from appearing. The Royal Horticultural Society has given it the Award of Garden Merit (AGM).

This working fishermen's shed lies just above high water in the harbour bay between the village and castle. Fairly obviously, it's half of a recycled fishing boat, upturned and weatherproofed with tarpaulin and tar. The larger ones on the beach are retired herring drifters, known as 'herring busses'.

 

Whilst refurbishing Lindisfarne Castle in 1901, Sir Edwin Lutyens installed three such sheds near the site, but he was adopting a well-established East Coast practice and these storage sheds above the harbour are still in daily use, surrounded by lobster pots and buoys.

 

The whinstone hill of Beblowe Crag, Holy Island's highest point, is in the background. It was first fortified in 1549, to garrison the island and protect this small harbour. However, stone walls and proper gun platforms (using material from Lindisfarne Priory, suppressed in 1536), the basis of the current building, were only constructed between 1570 and 1572.

 

With the unification of the Scottish and English thrones, the small castle rather lost relevance, later becoming a coastguard lookout and 'picturesque ruin'; it was in the latter state that publisher Edward Hudson discovered and purchased the castle in 1901, having it remodeled in the Arts and Crafts style by Lutyens.

Congratulations Cbus Property and its commercial office tower at 1 Bligh Street on being named as one of the Most Influential Tall Buildings of the Last 50 Years! This recognition is a part of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat's 50th anniversary celebrations.

 

Safetyline Jalousie louvres were installed below the atrium roof to provide natural ventilation – the louvres automatically open or close according to the temperature outside the building. Safetyline Jalousie’s robust design and weatherproof seals made the product the ideal choice for this cutting-edge project.

 

Learn more about SafetyLine Jalousie Louvre Window.

*Yes, sir, yes sir, four bags full!* New Kickstarter at pkdsn.com/trey ! Last year I worked with the great Peak Design to launch the Everyday Messenger on Kickstarter. Raising nearly $5M, it was Kickstarter’s most funded bag ever, and garnered prestigious design awards from National Geographic, Men’s Journal, Popular Photography, IDEA, Carryology and Resource Magazine. What’s next? Using the iconic Everyday Messenger (EDM) as a foundation, we have spent the last year developing the Everyday bag line: a collection of bags offering unrivaled adaptability, access, expansion, and organization. We proudly introduce our 4 new bags: The Everyday Backpack (in 2 sizes), The Everyday Tote, and The Everyday Sling. (and yes, the bigger backpack easily fits a big DSLR and those three Holy Trinity of those three giant lenses… you know the ones I mean!) Like the EDM, our new bags also feature weatherproof construction of premium, lightweight materials, all-custom hardware, elegantly clean aesthetics, and a lifetime guarantee. All bags feature dedicated carry for laptop/tablet devices and tripods, and have discreet built-in luggage straps. These bags are Ideal for carrying, protecting, and accessing camera gear, but let's make one thing abundantly clear: these are way more than just camera bags. They're Everyday bags—crafted by a team of designers, engineers, and photographers to meet the needs of everyone in the modern world. Adventurers, travelers, commuters, cyclists, parents, and everyone in-between, we made these bags for all of you. See it now at pkdsn.com/trey via Trey Ratcliff on FB at ift.tt/1v05hWZ Snapchat: treyratcliff ift.tt/1qx3iMJ Instagram: treyratcliff ift.tt/1c7s6Uy

A Fujicolor impression of the American Niagara Falls taken with my weatherproof Olympus Stylus Epic on Fuji Superia 400 film.

 

In The Belly of a Bear - Calgary artists Caitlind r.c. Brown, Wayne Garrett and Lane Shordee were the masterminds behind the dome with an interior lined in thick, warm fur. The sphere’s dark look comes from slightly torching the surface layer of its wooden exterior, which also weatherproofs it. The installation was one of the most popular with visitors, perhaps put in mind of Leonard DiCaprio's Revenant character, who sleeps inside a horse’s belly for warmth.

This original FO rack loco dating from 1948, but to older design, was very much required by me. BUT would awful conditions! At least it proved the D200 is really weatherproof.

A Class802 heads down the Dawlish coast on a day full of extreme weather changes. Visibility through the heavy rain was such that Langstone Rock in the background could not be seen. Half-an-hour later it was clear and sunny, just in time for the Midland Pullman to appear.

 

Proof, if any was needed, of how well weatherproofed Olympus OMD Pro cameras and lenses are!

I decided to see how weatherproof my Oly EM-5 is...It got very wet and it still work ; ))

The weather hasn't been great and on our way home from Scotland we stopped over at Ullswater to see if I could catch some light. Thing is, I ended up in the middle of the downpour and apparently, the 6D is not quite as 'weatherproof' as advertised. Seriously... My camera *stopped working* for 3 hours. I had to dry it off under the car heater, and thankfully it's fine now... I mean, I have insurance, so would be fine, but good grief.

 

The 6D is currently in a bowl of rice, just in case there is any residual damp, and I'm removing my heart from my mouth.

Legend among legends, the 205 GTI 1.6 is unanimously acclaimed in 1984 by journalists and enthusiasts. However, as the years go by, the competition changes. The Renault 5 GT Turbo now boasts 120 hp and Volkswagen releases a 16-valve version of its Golf 2. Peugeot then has no choice but to launch a more muscular version of its sacré numéro. The light alloy rims are increased to 15 inches and hide a specific braking system, revised running gear to transfer the power to the magnificent MXV tires in 185/55 - 15 specific to this version. Thanks to this set, the car offers even better performances and a really sporty character, allowing it to compete with the most powerful and prestigious GT of the moment.

The 205 GTI presented here is a 1.9 model put on the road for the first time on July 15th 1988. Graphite grey in color, it is equipped as the only option of the desirable panoramic sunroof. Sold new in Caen, it remains in the hands of the same owner until 2016, who rarely uses it. Still in absolutely new original condition, this exceptional 205 GTI is unique on the market today, offering a low mileage of approximately 42,000 kilometers. Not a single part has been modified or repainted during its life. Parked in a dark and weatherproof location, the overall appearance is new but not restored. The booklet is present with invoices tracing the quiet life of this GTI. The test drive will confirm the unique condition of the car. No noise or vibration disturbed our drive on the small roads of Normandy. The engine takes its rpm well and has great torque. It’s rare to find a beautiful 205 GTI 1.9 that never suffered from the ravages of time. This true second hand is an opportunity not to be missed!

 

l'Aventure Peugeot Citroën DS, la Vente Officielle

Aguttes

Estimated : € 26.000 - 35.000

Sold for € 48.300

 

Citroen Heritage

93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois

France

September 2021

2014, Bodensee - Rhein

100x100 cm, Holzrahmen und Holzstange mit Fahne.

Auf dem Weg zu einer besonderen Aufstellung im Freien

 

100x100 cm, wooden frame and wooden pole with flag.

Towards an outdoor to a special installation.

 

In addition to the 1 square meter object of iron for permanent outdoor installation and the different wooden boxes filled with modeled locations of the memory I have made ​​transportable 1qm objects from weatherproof painted wooden beams,

raise awareness at selected sites in the world.

 

I started but intends in rural, monitored space are short-term ups in town and country,

and experimental stays for visitors in this limited piece of land.

There's even a collection I have in mind, because this 1qm floating object, as already tested in Schluchsee (black forest).

 

Neben dem 1qm-Objekt aus Eisen für dauerhafte Aufstellung im Freien und den unterschiedlich gefüllten Holzkästen mit modellierten Stellen der Erinnerung habe ich transportable 1qm-Objekte aus wetterfest bemalten Holzbalken hergestellt,

um ausgewählte Stellen der Welt ins Bewusstsein rücken.

 

Angefangen habe ich in ländlichem, überwachten Raum, aber beabsichtigt sind kurzzeitige Aufstellungen in Stadt und Land,

auch für experimentelle Aufenthalte für Besucher in diesem begrenzten Stückchen Erde.

Sogar eine Wassersammlung habe ich im Sinn, denn dieses 1qm-Objekt schwimmt, wie im Schluchsee bereits ausprobiert.

Triumph Herald 1200 (1961-68) Engine 1147cc S4 OHV Production 201,142

 

Registration Number SAX 720 G (Registered in 1969, sir Fynwy - Monmouthshire)

TRIUMPH SET

 

www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157623847263736...

 

The Herald was designed by Giovanni Michelotti and engineered by chief engineer Harry Webster.and originally launched at the Royal Albert Hall in 1959. Powered by a 948cc S4 OHV engine of the earlier Standard Pennant.

 

The range was updated in 1961 following an influx of funds after Standard-Triumphs take over by British Leyland. The model was relaunched in 1961 as the Triumph Herald 1200, powered by an 1147cc S4 OHV engine The new model featured white rubber bumpers, a wooden laminate dashboard and improved seating. Quality control was also tightened up. Twin carburettors were no longer fitted to any of the range as standard although they remained an option, the standard being a single down-draught Solex carburettor. Claimed maximum power of the Herald 1200 was 39 bhp against the 34.5bhp of the older model. Disc brakes also became an option from 1962. Sales of the Saloon increased, The convertible was popular as a 4-seater with decent weatherproofing and the estate made a practical alternative to the Morris Minor Traveller. The coupé was dropped from the range in late 1964 as it was by then in direct competition with the Triumph Spitfire.

 

Diolch am 77,535,268 o olygfeydd anhygoel, mae pob un yn cael ei werthfawrogi'n fawr.

 

Thanks for 77,535,268 amazing views, every one is greatly appreciated.

 

Shot 15.09.2019 at Hanbury Car Show, Droitwich, Worcestershire 143-1047

   

Mont Orgueil (French for 'Mount Pride') is a castle in Jersey that overlooks the harbour of Gorey; a port on the east coast of the Island. It is known as Gorey Castle by English-speakers, and the "Old Castle" (lé Vièr Châté) by Jèrriais-speakers. The castle was first referred to as 'Mont Orgeuil' in an ordnance survey made in 1462, when the castle was under French occupation in the late Middle Ages.: 38  The castle was the seat of royal authority on Jersey throughout the medieval period and served as the main fortress on the Island until the construction of Elizabeth Castle in 1594. It is classified as a Grade I listed building.

 

Prehistory

1970s excavations found that the site had been fortified during the Iron Age, with an earth rampart at the top of the granite rock, that the castle is built on. Other materials were also found at the site, such as arrowheads and pottery, which date from the Neolithic period (4000–2500 BC). This suggests that there was human activity at the site before the erection of the earthwork rampart. These promontory forts are found all across the north of Jersey, as they utilised the natural defensiveness of high cliffs to offer a refuge from raiders.

 

Middle Ages

Jersey became part of the Duchy of Normandy in 933 when it was granted to the Normans by the French king. The islands were then joined to the Crown of England after Philip II's rapid conquest of Normandy from King John in 1202–1204. The castle was constructed after this conquest, being first mentioned in 1212.

 

The castle was the primary defence of Jersey for over 400 years and withstood a number of French assaults on the castle, the most notable of which was in July 1373 when the Constable of France, Bertrand du Guesclin, attacked the castle with 2,000 men. Despite breaching the outer walls, the French could not breach the inner walls of Mont Orgueil, as these rested upon a solid mass of granite rock.

 

The castle was finally taken by a French force in May 1461, in a plot hatched by Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI of England, and her cousin of Pierre de Brézé, the Seneschal of Normandy. This was to secure French military support for the House of Lancaster during the Wars of the Roses. A sally-port was left open for the French and the English garrison had been plied with alcohol. This suggests the culprit of this betrayal was the Warden of the Isles, Sir John Nanfan, who was a strong supporter of Margaret of Anjou. Despite De Brézé's rapid fall into disgrace and imprisonment later that year with the ascension of Louis XI, the French maintained control of Jersey until it was retaken by a combined English-Jerseyman force led by the Yorkist admiral, Richard Harliston in early 1468. It was during this brief period of French rule that the Castle became known as 'Mont Orgueil Castle' rather than its previous anglicised name of 'Gorey Castle'.

 

The heritage site has been managed by the Jersey Heritage Trust since 1994. In the early 21st century, the Trust planned to build a Tudor hall within the castle's keep. Around the same time, a £3 million grant was given to fund restoration work. In 2004, a commemorative Jersey pound note was put into circulation depicting Mont Orgueil. The castle is depicted on the 2010 issue Jersey 50-pound note. On 2 April 2006, after a long building programme, the castle was reopened to the public by the Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey. Restoration work has opened up previously inaccessible areas of the castle to the public. Newly built additions in modern style have enclosed sections of the castle and made them weatherproof, parts of the structure have been reinterpreted, and artistic interventions in the grounds and structure of the castle have provided attractions for visitors.

In The Belly of a Bear - Calgary artists Caitlind r.c. Brown, Wayne Garrett and Lane Shordee were the masterminds behind the dome with an interior lined in thick, warm fur. The sphere’s dark look comes from slightly torching the surface layer of its wooden exterior, which also weatherproofs it. The installation was one of the most popular with visitors, perhaps put in mind of Leonard DiCaprio's Revenant character, who sleeps inside a horse’s belly for warmth.

Chinon Splash AF weatherproof dust and sand resistant, fully automatic 35 mm compact autofocus camera. ( Not for under water use ) water-resistant only, Chinon lens: 35 mm F3.9, 3 elements in 3 groups focusing range: 1 .3 meters (4.26 ft) to infinity ( Also sold as Revue AW600 camera ) Made by Chinon Co. Japan c1988

Following on from my last shots in August, i've been able to add to the sort of film camera bag i never thought i'd be able to put together in the first place.

 

Contained with an excellent Outfit Case in the form of a classic Billingham L2 in weatherproof canvas, tan leather and brass.

 

I chose this one because it perfect fits my 3 camera setup, while still offering space for a 4th camera (or 2 extra lenses as shown here), film and, of course, my wallet.

 

Inside we have the following

 

Leica M6TTL 0.85 + Voigtlander 50mm Nokton f1.1 + 15mm viewfinder + Leica Grip (for the extra weight)

Leica CL + Voigtlander 35mm f1.4 Nokton Classic

Leica M2 + Leica 35mm Summaron f3.5 (Newly repaired, serviced and recovered in brown leather)

Voigtlander 15mm f4.5 Super Wider Heliar

Voigtlander 90mm f3.5 APO Lanthar

Film box + 6x 35mm rolls

6 Stop ND for 50mm

3 Stop ND for 35mm

Emergency replacement battery for M6 TTL

Monogramed Aspinal Wallet

 

Both M6 TLL and M2 have leather wrist-straps as i'm not a fan of neck straps and like to hold my cameras discreetly to my side until i see a shot.

 

The films are:

 

Kodak Ektar 100 Colour

Fuji Superia 200

Lomography Colour 800

Lomography Redscale XR 50-200

Fuji Neopan Acros 100 Black and White

Kodak Tri-X 400 Black and White

 

Needless to say, i'm thoroughly chuffed with this setup and while i won't always fill the outfit case with everything shown here, i almost certainly always go out with at least 2 bodies and some cash.

 

A normal replacement for the 3rd Leica body is the highly compact Sony NEX3 and Metabones adapter (which these photos were taken on)

 

A normal setup might consist of the M6 + 50mm and ND filter loaded with TriX, M2 + 35mm at f8/f11 for zone-focused street/landscape/travel shots and CL + 15mm and finder for zone-focused super wide shots often with 800 color film.

 

The entire kit weighs 4Kg and will soon be joined by a VC 21mm and finder which may spend much of it's time on the CL along with the 15mm.

 

analoguerobot.tumblr.com

 

I don't know why I took this, but the camera lived up to its reputation!

View the Full Field Report here.

 

SealLine Blocker Dry Sack 20L with Vango Latitude 200 Sleeping Bag

FORCE 10 Aero 3 Compact Mat

Team Rubicon Deployment Cap

Bush Dump Bag – tissues, Mora Knife and antibac gel

Side pocket of pack: blister tape, ibuprofen and Stinger energy bites

Paracord bundle

Paracord bracelet

Gregory Stout 45 Pack with Petzl Carabiner and HiGear walking stick

Prometheus Design Werx Stash Pouch (plus Ru Marker) containing a power bank and cable, a few medical bits, vaseline, ClimbOn!

Stash Pouch (plus Ru Marker) containing a few bandages, Trauma shears, Israeli Bandage/tourniquet and a few other FIRST aid bits

LumiAID PackLite Max

Other side pocket of pack: engraved silver dog tags with key dates my wife had made for me, old knackered AA FOURSEVENS Quark torch, Petzl Headlamp, Zippo Lighter (1941 Replica)

Glowstick

2 x Klean Kanteens

iPhone 6

Seiko watch with PDW Expedition Watch Band Compass

Spyderco Urban Lightweight

Weatherproof map (thanks Tony D!)

Camelbak 2.0L

Pack Towl – Large

Snow Peak titanium bowl and mug

Titanium Spork

Jetboil Zip

SealLine Blocker Dry Sack 10L with all our rations

Platypus 1.0 container

Mechanix Insulated Gloves

Merino Hat

Triple Aught Design Stealth LT with Team Rubicon Ops Patch –Wordsworth

 

View the Full Field Report and Loadout here.

PLEASE, no multi invitations in your comments. DO NOT FEEL YOU HAVE TO COMMENT.Thanks.

 

A group was taken to the island by the boat "Pick Pocket", seen here, It was about a 30 minutes ride to get there. The building behind it is the gas house, it is in need of a complete rebuild.

 

HERITAGE CHARACTER STATEMENT

 

The gas house, a shingled building of simple design and pleasing proportions, is nestled close to the water's edge on a prominent platform made of large dry-laid granite blocks. Its massing is of interest, with small gabled enclosures projecting from two facades. The utilitarian placement of windows and doors is in keeping with the functional character of the site and should not be altered. The wood-shingled roof is in keeping with the materials of the site. The sidewall shingles are extremely weathered and will require replacement in kind. Careful attention should be paid to ensuring that the openings are weatherproof and that roof intersections are properly flashed to keep water out of the structure. The brick chimney with simple corbelling at the upper courses merits masonry conservation expertise.