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Please join us for a roundtable discussion on China-South Korea cooperation agenda on North Korea policy. This event is co-hosted by the Global Peace Foundation (GPF) and is on the record and open to the public.
Featured Remarks by:
Special Envoy Sydney Seiler
Special Envoy for the Six-Party Talks, U.S. Department of State
Moderated by:
Dr. Victor Cha
Senior Adviser and Korea Chair, CSIS
Professor and Director of Asian Studies Program, Georgetown University
Panel Discussants:
Mr. Christopher Johnson
Senior Adviser and Freeman Chair in China Studies, CSIS
Dr. Quansheng Zhao
Professor of International Relations and Chair, Asian Studies Program Research Council, American University
edited-Not part of my personal collection
un-edited-Not part of my personal collection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The North American A-5 Vigilante is an American carrier-based supersonic bomber designed and built by North American Aviation for the United States Navy. It set several world records including long distance speed and altitude records. Its service in the nuclear strike role to replace the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior was very short; however, as the RA-5C, it saw extensive service during the Vietnam War in the tactical strike reconnaissance role. Prior to the unification of the Navy designation sequence with the Air Force sequence in 1962, it was designated the A3J Vigilante.
Design and development
In 1953, North American Aviation began a private study for a carrier-based, long-range, all-weather strike bomber, capable of delivering nuclear weapons at supersonic speeds. This proposal, the North American General Purpose Attack Weapon (NAGPAW) concept, was accepted by the United States Navy, with some revisions, in 1955. A contract was awarded on 29 August 1956. Its first flight occurred two years later on 31 August 1958 in Columbus, Ohio.
At the time of its introduction, the Vigilante was one of the largest and by far the most complex aircraft to operate from a United States Navy aircraft carrier. It had a high-mounted swept wing with a boundary-layer control system (blown flaps) to improve low-speed lift. There were no ailerons. Roll control was provided by spoilers in conjunction with differential deflection of the all-moving tail surfaces. The use of aluminum-lithium alloy for wing skins and titanium for critical structures was also unusual. The A-5 had two widely spaced General Electric J79 turbojet engines (the same as used on the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter), fed by intake ramps and a single large all-moving vertical stabilizer. Preliminary design studies had employed twin vertical fin/rudders. The wings, vertical stabilizer and the nose radome folded for carrier stowage. The Vigilante had a crew of two seated in tandem, a pilot and a bombardier-navigator (BN) (reconnaissance/attack navigator (RAN) on later reconnaissance versions) seated on individual North American HS-1A ejection seats.
Despite being designated by the US Navy as a "heavy", the A-5 was surprisingly agile; without the drag of bombs or missiles, even escorting fighters found that the clean airframe and powerful engines made the Vigilante very fast at high and low altitudes. However, its high approach speed and high angle of attack in the landing configuration made returning to the aircraft carrier a challenge for inexperienced or unwary pilots.
The Vigilante had advanced and complex electronics when it first entered service. It had one of the first "fly-by-wire" systems on an operational aircraft (with mechanical/hydraulic backup) and a computerized AN/ASB-12 nav/attack system incorporating a head-up display ("Pilot's Projected Display Indicator" (PPDI), one of the first), multi-mode radar, radar-equipped inertial navigation system (REINS, based on technologies developed for North American's Navaho missile), closed-circuit television camera under the nose, and an early digital computer known as "Versatile Digital Analyzer" (VERDAN) to run it all.
Given its original design as a carrier-based, supersonic, nuclear heavy attack aircraft, the Vigilante's main armament was carried in a novel "linear bomb bay" between the engines in the rear fuselage, which provided for positive separation of the bomb from the aircraft at supersonic speeds. The single nuclear weapon, commonly the Mk 28 bomb, was attached to two disposable fuel tanks in the cylindrical bay in an assembly known as the "stores train". A set of extendable fins was attached to the aft end of the most rearward fuel tank. These fuel tanks were to be emptied during the flight to the target and then jettisoned with the bomb by an explosive drogue gun. The stores train was propelled rearward at about 50 feet per second (30 knots) relative to the aircraft. It thereafter followed a typical ballistic path.
In practice, the system was not reliable and no live weapons were ever carried in the linear bomb bay. In the RA-5C configuration, the bay was used solely for fuel. On three occasions, the shock of the catapult launch caused the fuel cans to eject onto the deck; this resulted in one aircraft loss.
The Vigilante originally had two wing pylons, intended primarily for drop tanks. The second Vigilante variant, the A3J-2 (A-5B), incorporated internal tanks for an additional 460 gallons of fuel (which added a pronounced dorsal "hump") along with two additional wing hardpoints, for a total of four. In practice the hardpoints were rarely used. Other improvements included blown flaps on the leading edge of the wing and sturdier landing gear.
The reconnaissance version of the Vigilante, the RA-5C, had slightly greater wing area and added a long canoe-shaped fairing under the fuselage for a multi-sensor reconnaissance pack. This added an APD-7 side-looking airborne radar (SLAR), AAS-21 infrared line scanner, and camera packs, as well as improved ECM. An AN/ALQ-61 electronic intelligence system could also be carried. The RA-5C retained the AN/ASB-12 bombing system, and could, in theory, carry weapons, although it never did in service. Later-build RA-5Cs had more powerful J79-10 engines with afterburning thrust of 17,900 lbf (80 kN). The reconnaissance Vigilante weighed almost five tons more than the strike version with almost the same thrust and an only modestly enlarged wing. These changes cost it acceleration and climb rate, though it remained fast in level flight.
The Royal Australian Air Force considered the RA-5C Vigilante as a replacement for its English Electric Canberra. The McDonnell F-4C/RF-4C, Dassault Mirage IVA, and the similar BAC TSR-2 was also considered. However, the TFX (later the F-111C Aardvark) was accepted.
At the Unification Observatory, Goseong County, Gangwon Province, which is South Korea's northernmost point.
Several religious symbols were erected next to the observatory, facing north, to pray for the wellbeing of visitors' long-lost family members in the north, and to wish for a peaceful unification of Korea.
There is also some propaganda value as well, demonstrating South Korea's religious freedoms as opposed to North Korea's state control of religion and crackdown on Christianity.
This Maitreya leads the Buddhist installation. He is flanked by a seated Guanyin.
Benedict Oramah, President, African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank), Cairo at the World Economic Forum on Africa 2017 in Durban, South Africa. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Jakob Polacsek
The bottom two tickets were purchased by passengers of the JFK Express, a limited stop train from Manhattan to JFK Airport in Queens. "The Train to the Plane". This was a premium extra fare train. While in a multi day/month format, these were single use tickets.
It operated between 1978 and 1990. Passengers paid extra, premium fares to ride JFK Express trains.
"For most of its history, the JFK Express operated along the IND Sixth Avenue Line; IND Fulton Street Line; and IND Rockaway Line between its northern terminal at 57th Street–Sixth Avenue in Manhattan and its southern terminal at Howard Beach–JFK Airport in Queens. At Howard Beach, passengers had to transfer to shuttle buses to reach the airport itself.
During the JFK Express's last six months of operation, it was extended northward along the IND 63rd Street Line to 21st Street–Queensbridge, also in Queens. The service primarily used R46 subway cars.
The premium fare for the JFK Express was collected by train conductors on board, who punched the tickets that passengers had to purchase prior to boarding.
In addition to the conductors, there were transit police officers aboard to provide protection for travelers.
The initial fare was $3.50, and the fare for the shuttle bus itself was $1.00. On January 1, 1979, airline and airport employees were provided a discounted book of twenty tickets, selling for $25.
On July 3, 1981 the fare was raised to $4 from $5.
When the service was discontinued in 1990, the fare was $6.75."
The top two tickets are not NYCTA related, but were also used for a transportation service at JFK Airport.
The Unification Tower in Paju overlooks the Han River estuary and North Hwanghae Province, North Korea. It is one of a series of unification towers build along the North and South Korean border. This one is not located on DMZ territory, and is the most accessible to Seoul.
It houses a children's museum, activity center, restaurant, and observation decks.
(further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
John's Church (Hanau)
Southern Facade .
The John's Church (today also Old John's Church) was established in 1658 as the Church of the Lutheran community in Hanau.
North side
Historical context
It owes its existence to the biconfessionality of the German Reformation, particularly in the county of Hanau-Münzenberg. The county was reformed since the reign of Count Philipp Ludwig II of Hanau-Münzenberg. When the Counts of Hanau-Münzenberg became extinct in 1642, their heritage fell to the Lutheran Count Frederick Casimir of Hanau-Lichtenberg.
The city of residence of the county of Hanau-Münzenberg, Hanau, consisted at that time of two legally independent cities: Old and New Hanau. The latter was at the turn of the 16th to 17th Century inhabited by reformed religious refugees from France and the Spanish Netherlands. Their ruling class consisted of wealthy citizens, merchants and tradesmen who took within the county a dominant economic position, which faced a weak position of the new count at taking office. Some lords of the county of Hanau-Münzenberg tried the from the far away Hanau-Lichtenberg arrived to deny his heritage. In addition, the county was due to the Thirty Year's War heavily in debt and on the credit of the citizens. The citizens presented for the accession conditions, and Frederick Casimir had no choice but to grant the demands to ever being able to accede to his heritage. This included especially the guarantee of the future free exercise of religion of the Reformed. The Lutheran religious service for the Count and his court should be limited to the castle chapel.
Johann Georg II, presentation of a Krönungsdiarium (coronation diarie) from 1658 - name giver of the in the same year initiated John's Church
Model of the church before destruction
Construction
On 4 June 1658 the foundation stone for the Lutheran Church of John in the presence of the elector and name giver Johann Georg II of Saxony was placed. This had come from the coronation of Emperor Leopold I from the neighboring Frankfurt am Main across. This was preceded by appeals in the Lutheran abroad, as the reformed subjects, of course, refused to support such a project and the Count himself was constantly in financial trouble. The inauguration took place on 17th Januar 1664. Then the organ was built in by Abraham Fischer from Marktbreit.
The foundation stone to the tower was on 8 August 1679 laid, the works on 10th July in 1691 completed.
The building
The church was built in the old town of Hanau in relative proximity to the castle. It includes in its west wall the medieval city walls of the old one. Stylistically, it is noticeable that it is - in the middle of Baroque - serving of gothic style elements, for example, as lancet windows and a Gothicising - but north-facing - choir. The latter is due to the cutting of the available land. The main entrance was so in the south and is crowned by the on the narrow side centrally arranged 47 meters high tower. The backward-looking style choice could be due to the fact that the adjacent Reformed Mary's Church a gothic embossed building from the Middle Ages is, which architecturally should be couterbalanced or it should architecturally historicity of the Lutheran confession in Hanau be faked, that did not exist.
The interior of the church looked quite different from what the external form of architecture seemed to appear: At least after renovation and expansion in 1727 was the Interior - pulpit and altar - facing west, perhaps because such a "horizontal format" in terms of visibility from the galleries was cheaper to design.
The building further on contained the burial place for the Lutheran branch of the House of Hanau and was - even after 1736 of the Hessian heirs - to the 19th Century used but destroyed in the Second World War.
During the Second World War, the church was badly damaged. The community built as a replacement the New John's Church on other location. The remaining perimeter walls of John's Church on three sides were used in creating a community center for the neighboring community of Mary's Church. The church interior was divided horizontally by a false ceiling. Even after a renovation in the seventies of the last century this concept and this utilization have been preserved, so that in the interior not much of the historic building can be seen anymore.
In November 2012, the church with a simplified but closely based on the historical model steel structure got back its top.
Name
Originally the church was called "Lutheran Church". It was only after the beginning of the 19th Century as it came in the Hanauer Union to a unification of the Reformed and the Lutheran Church in Hanau and the previous name "Lutheran Church" was inoperable, it was given the name "John Church". It was named after the Elector Johann Georg II of Saxony, who was present as its foundation stone was laid.
The Reeperbahn is a street in Hamburg's St. Pauli district, one of the two centres of Hamburg's nightlife and also the city's red-light district. In German it is also sometimes described as die sündigste Meile (the most sinful mile).
Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany and the eighth largest city in the European Union. It is also the thirteenth largest German state. Its population is over 1.7 million people, and the Hamburg Metropolitan Region (including parts of the neighbouring Federal States of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) has more than 5 million inhabitants. The city is situated on the river Elbe.
The official name reflects its history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, as a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state, and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign state.
Hamburg is the second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and 6th-largest in the European Union with a population of over 1.9 million. The Hamburg Metropolitan Region has a population of over 5.1 million and is the eighth-largest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union.
At the southern tip of the Jutland Peninsula, Hamburg stands on the branching River Elbe at the head of a 110 km (68 mi) estuary to the North Sea, on the mouth of the Alster and Bille. Hamburg is one of Germany's three city-states alongside Berlin and Bremen, and is surrounded by Schleswig-Holstein to the north and Lower Saxony to the south. The Port of Hamburg is Germany's largest and Europe's third-largest, after Rotterdam and Antwerp. The local dialect is a variant of Low Saxon.
The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League and a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire. Before the 1871 unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign city state, and before 1919 formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary Grand Burghers or Hanseaten. Beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, North Sea flood of 1962 and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids, the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe.
Major regional broadcaster NDR, the printing and publishing firm Gruner + Jahr and the newspapers Der Spiegel and Die Zeit are based in the city. Hamburg is the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, Blohm + Voss, Aurubis, Beiersdorf, Lufthansa and Unilever. Hamburg is also a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions, including the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Laboratory DESY. The city enjoys a very high quality of living, being ranked 19th in the 2019 Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
Hamburg hosts specialists in world economics and international law, including consular and diplomatic missions such as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German chancellors Helmut Schmidt and Angela Merkel were both born in Hamburg. The former Mayor of Hamburg, Olaf Scholz, has been the current German chancellor since December 2021.
Hamburg is a major international and domestic tourist destination. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015.Hamburg's rivers and canals are crossed by around 2,500 bridges, making it the city with the highest number of bridges in Europe, and with 5 of the world's 29 tallest churches standing in Hamburg, it is also the city with the highest number of churches surpassing 100 metres (330 ft) worldwide. Aside from its rich architectural heritage, the city is also home to notable cultural venues such as the Elbphilharmonie and Laeiszhalle concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including the Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's Reeperbahn is among the best-known European red light districts.
The Unification Tower in Paju overlooks the Han River estuary and North Hwanghae Province, North Korea. It is one of a series of unification towers build along the North and South Korean border. This one is not located on DMZ territory, and is the most accessible to Seoul.
It houses a children's museum, activity center, restaurant, and observation decks.
Tom Peddle (left) and Ray Cunningham (right with camera) in the unification monument in Pyongyang North Korea.
Mt. Ohdu Tongil Unification Observatory
Looking at North Korea across the river
1992
Like the beginning of a joke
A Mormon missionary, a Buddhist monk and a Catholic nun all look across the river at North Korea...
First trip. Everyone has their photo taken on this highway for some reason. Now I think the Pyongyang-Nampo Youth highway is more interesting.
Bộ trưởng Bộ Giao thông Vận tải Dương Bạch Liên thăm công trường cầu Bà Rén tuyến đường sắt Thống Nhất, 1975. Ảnh: Đường sắt Việt Nam
Benedict Oramah, President, African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank), Cairo at the World Economic Forum on Africa 2017 in Durban, South Africa. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Jakob Polacsek
Transitional Friedrichstraße: Ten years after re-unification in 1999.
The double deck buses seen here on route 147 are now long gone.
Tram route 50 to Französisch Buchholz has now been cut back to Prenzlauer Berg and re-routed to Wedding. The other route that served this stop, tram route 1 has now evolved into Metrotram M2 and has been re-routed to Alexanderplatz. The view from the other direction in 2009.
Exxon (the resulting unification of branding) still has a large presence in Texas. There is exactly one ExxonMobil-brand (Exxon) station off I-35 south of Ardmore in Oklahoma... that's all we get!
The Monument of Unification in Plovdiv was created in 1985 in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Unification of Eastern Rumelia and the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885. Its sculptor is Velichko Minekov. This event is one of the most important in the historical development of Bulgaria.
After the Russo-Turkish war for liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule, the Berlin Peace Treaty of 1878 divided Bulgaria into two independent parts (states).
Every year on September 6th the historical event of the Unification is noted as an official holiday.
You can change one fraction into another by one of three methods:
breaking large hydrocarbons into smaller pieces (cracking)
combining smaller pieces to make larger ones (unification)
rearranging various pieces to make desired hydrocarbons (alteration)
Cracking
Cracking takes large hydrocarbons and breaks them into smaller ones.
There are several types of cracking:
Thermal - you heat large hydrocarbons at high temperatures (sometimes high pressures as well) until they break apart.
steam - high temperature steam (1500 degrees Fahrenheit / 816 degrees Celsius) is used to break ethane, butane and naptha into ethylene and benzene, which are used to manufacture chemicals.
visbreaking - residual from the distillation tower is heated (900 degrees Fahrenheit / 482 degrees Celsius), cooled with gas oil and rapidly burned (flashed) in a distillation tower. This process reduces the viscosity of heavy weight oils and produces tar.
coking - residual from the distillation tower is heated to temperatures above 900 degrees Fahrenheit / 482 degrees Celsius until it cracks into heavy oil, gasoline and naphtha. When the process is done, a heavy, almost pure carbon residue is left (coke); the coke is cleaned from the cokers and sold.
Catalytic - uses a catalyst to speed up the cracking reaction. Catalysts include zeolite, aluminum hydrosilicate, bauxite and silica-alumina.
fluid catalytic cracking - a hot, fluid catalyst (1000 degrees Fahrenheit / 538 degrees Celsius) cracks heavy gas oil into diesel oils and gasoline.
hydrocracking - similar to fluid catalytic cracking, but uses a different catalyst, lower temperatures, higher pressure, and hydrogen gas. It takes heavy oil and cracks it into gasoline and kerosene (jet fuel).
After various hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller hydrocarbons, the products go through another fractional distillation column to separate them.
Unification
Sometimes, you need to combine smaller hydrocarbons to make larger ones -- this process is called unification. The major unification process is called catalytic reforming and uses a catalyst (platinum, platinum-rhenium mix) to combine low weight naphtha into aromatics, which are used in making chemicals and in blending gasoline. A significant by-product of this reaction is hydrogen gas, which is then either used for hydrocracking or sold.
Alteration
Sometimes, the structures of molecules in one fraction are rearranged to produce another. Commonly, this is done using a process called alkylation. In alkylation, low molecular weight compounds, such as propylene and butylene, are mixed in the presence of a catalyst such as hydrofluoric acid or sulfuric acid (a by-product from removing impurities from many oil products). The products of alkylation are high octane hydrocarbons, which are used in gasoline blends to reduce knocking. Now that we have seen how various fractions are changed, we will discuss the how the fractions are treated and blended to make commercial products.
Committee for a Workers' International (CWI) Summer school 2017
Juan Ignacio Ramos, Izquierda Revolucionaria.
Photo: Natalia Medina
BCWF Wrestling - Wrestle World IV - Legion Von Creed Vs Andy namite, Joey D
Legion Von Creed (c) def. (Pin) Andy namite, Joey D (c)
Type of match : Table Match
Title Unification
For : BWS championship (No Change)
BCWF european championship (New Champ)
( BCWF Wrestle World IV a Grivegnee, Liege, le vendredi 9 novembre ! )
Kanini Mutooni, Director, Investment, USAID East Africa Trade and Investment Hub, Kenya at the World Economic Forum on Africa 2017 in Durban, South Africa. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Jakob Polacsek
one of my entries for Design By Humans 10K contest. Click on the link to vote! www.designbyhumans.com/vote/detail/76720?page=1
PAJU CITY, Republic of Korea - Maj. Gen. Jean-Jacques Joss, the Swiss delegate, and Col. Carlson, the Swedish delegate to the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), meet BG Kwon Tae-hwan, the ROK 1st Engineering Brigade commander and his troops. The NNSC observed the soldiers participating in a bridge-recovery exercise near the Unification Grand Bridge during Key Resolve 2009. Courtesy Photo
Cosmetic articles were very important in Egyptian households. Scenes showing elaborate vases and spoons for ointments and perfumes were depicted in tomb paintings and actual artifacts have been found in tombs and elsewhere. Of all the magnificent alabaster vases found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, this unguent container is the most impressive. The composition depicts different symbols that represent the unification of the country and serve to protect its fertility: the vase with the bound lilies and papyrus plants, the uraei, or cobras, with the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt, and the two pot-bellied figures of the Nile god. The falcons cut in openwork at the base protect the king's name. www.egyptmemory.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisp...
'Square 1992' named after the Treaty of Maastricht signed in 1992 in which (amongst other matters) European leaders decided upon further unification of the European Union and the introduction of the common currency (Euro) in 2002.
Poznań ([ˈpɔznaɲ] ( listen); German: Posen, known also by other historical names) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, in Greater Poland region. It is best known for its renaissance old town, destroyed during World War II and then rebuilt, and Ostrów Tumski cathedral. After the second partition of Poland Poznań was administrated by Prussia, and then, with the unification of Germany after the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the province of Posen became part of the German Empire. Furthermore, the city of Posen was officially named an imperial residence city, leading to the construction of the Imperial Castle, the Imperial District, the Opera House, new city walls, railway station and many other sites which make a big part of its landmarks to this day. Today, Poznań is an important cultural and business centre and one of Poland's most populous regions with many regional customs such as Jarmark Świętojański, traditional Saint Martin's croissants and a local dialect.
Poznań is among the oldest cities in Poland and was one of the most important centers in the early Polish state in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The first center city was Ostrów Tumski, the natural island on the Warta river-very similar to the Île de la Cité in Paris. The first rulers were buried in Poznań's cathedral on the island. It also served as the capital for a short time in the 13th century, hence the official name: The capital city of Poznan.
Poznań is one of the biggest cities in Poland. The city population is about 550,000, while the continuous conurbation with Poznan County and several other communities (Oborniki, Skoki, Szamotuły and Śrem)[1][2] is inhabited by almost 1.1 million people. The Larger Poznań Metropolitan Area (PMA) is inhabited by 1.3-1.4 million people and extends to such satellite towns as Nowy Tomyśl, Gniezno and Wrzesnia,[3][4][5][6] making it the fourth largest metropolitan area in Poland. It is the historical capital of the Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) region and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship. Poznań is today one of the largest Polish centers of trade, industry, sports, education, technology, tourism and culture. It is particularly important academic center, with about 130,000 students and the third biggest Polish university - Adam Mickiewicz University. It is also the residence of the oldest Polish diocese, now being one of the most populous archdioceses in the country.
In 2012, the Poznań's Art and Business Center "Stary Browar" won a competition organized by National Geographic Traveller and was given the first prize as one of the seven "New Polish Wonders". Poznań has been rated highly, often coming first for Poland, as a city with a very high quality of life. The city has also won many times a prize awarded by "Superbrands" for a very high quality brand of city of Poznań. Poznań was classified in 2012 as high sufficiency city by Globalization and World Cities Research Network.
The official patron saints of Poznań are Saint Peter and Paul of Tarsus, the patrons of the cathedral. As a patron of the city is regarded as well the patron of the main street Święty Marcin - Martin of Tours.
The name Poznań probably comes from a personal name, Poznan, (from the Polish participle poznan(y) – "one who is known/recognized"), and would mean "Poznan's town". It is also possible that the name comes directly from the verb poznać, which means "to get to know" or "to recognize," so it may simply mean "known town".
The earliest surviving references to the city are found in the chronicles of Thietmar of Merseburg, written between 1012 and 1018: episcopus Posnaniensis ("bishop of Poznań", in an entry for 970) and ab urbe Posnani ("from the city of Poznań", for 1005). The city's name appears in documents in the Latin nominative case as Posnania in 1236 and Poznania in 1247. The phrase in Poznan appears in 1146 and 1244.
The city's full official name is Stołeczne Miasto Poznań ("The Capital City of Poznań"), in reference to its role as a centre of political power in the early Polish state. Poznań is known as Posen in German, and was officially called Haupt- und Residenzstadt Posen ("Capital and Residence City of Poznań") between 20 August 1910 and 28 November 1918. The Latin names of the city are Posnania and Civitas Posnaniensis. Its Yiddish name is פּױזן, or Poyzn.
The Russian version of the name, Познань (Poznan'), is of feminine gender, in contrast to the Polish name, which is masculine.
Poznań covers an area of 261.3 km2 (100.9 sq mi), and has coordinates in the range 52°17'34''–52°30'27''N, 16°44'08''–17°04'28''E. Its highest point, with an altitude of 157 m (515 ft), is the summit of Góra Moraska (Morasko Hill) within the Morasko meteorite nature reserve in the north of the city. The lowest altitude is 60 m (197 ft), in the Warta valley.
Donna Schuller and Jun Sook Moon share a thought before the breakout session on Women Leadership and the Unification of the Korean Peninsula. Both addressed the unique and critical role of women in reunification, particularly in meeting humanitarian needs and fostering cultural integration.
When the future historians write on the political, social, economic and strategic environment, which existed in the second half of the 20 the century and the first decade of the 21st century, they will certainly highlight 2009 as a momentous year, perhaps they may term it as marking the ‘unification of the country.’ When one speaks of unification one wonders whether the terminology is appropriate in describing the culmination of the events, which unfolded during the last 30 years. Perhaps, during the past 30 years the political landscape of the country was gloomed and darkened by a spectre of the dastardliest of terrorism, which the land had never experienced before.
A born murderer from Velvettiturai held the political and civil society to ransom, in the name of liberation to a segment of the population, who themselves did not comprehend, what kind of liberation, that this traitor of the people was trying to achieve. There was mortal fear breathed down their throats, into their very systems. Gradually this fear was spread among a whole nation, through murder, mayhem, looting, utilizing the brainwashed vulnerable sections of his group. Though the demands by these terror groups were unjust, undemocratic and nationally deplorable, some were granted, by successive governments in the name of peace; due to intransigent nature of the demands, especially, on ‘separation’ some of the Tamil groups gave up terror as they found these were non-achievable, and joined the main stream of politics and social life.
The successive governments used varied methods to bring this maniac too to his senses, but his psycho pathetic mind was made of extreme rigid-stuff that he did not waver. His demand for a part of this precious land, in the name of a peculiar state, was never realized except for the establishment of some illegal institutions. He could not realize his ultimate aim due to the united action against him, by the rest of the Nation, including his own people. Therefore, there was no separate state in northern Sri Lanka. As the term ‘unification’ connotes bringing together of disjointed parts, its use to describe the culmination of a defeat process, indirectly promotes a villain to a status of a ‘hero’.
The Tamil-Sri Lankans were the worst affected, by his acts. Some three years ago there appeared an article written by me, under the heading “Tamil Independent Voices will drown...” (on Saturday 26th August 2006) in the “Daily News” and also in “The Island” on 30 August 2006, I underlined the destruction that this maniac brought about to the Tamil Civilization in Sri Lanka. He did not have the intellectual capacities to realize that with the ‘mirage of that peculiar state’ deep in his conscience he was sending youth to a killer machine, under the name suicide-bombers and martyrs. Those intellectuals who opposed or advised him to mend his ways were murdered by him, the list is long starting from Mayor Alfred Duraiappa in 1975, to Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar, and further (all these names are well recorded): the ‘child-proscription’ to his army, erased from mother earth a generation of Tamil youth, thousands were deprived of higher education. The Tamil Sri Lankans whose pride was their intellectual propensities were flattened to dust. At least two generations of youth were annihilated. Economy was ruined in the north and the east; social structures of a mainly Hindu society was completely mowed-down by this ‘Surya-Devan’.
Sacrifices
Ultimately, when he knew that he could not face the Sri Lankan forces any more, and imminent death was at this bunker step, he used the unwilling civilians as a human-shield to protect him, and face an ignominious death. It is this utter cowardly act of his which resulted thousands of poor Tamil-Sri Lankans to languish in IDP camps. He was never a hero as some interested persons want him to be projected as, but a well and true coward and a megalomaniac. It is unfair, therefore, to attribute to him any so-called political achievements, which diminishes the sacrifices made by Ranavirus, for the last three and a half decades.
The historic achievement of the Commander-in-Chief, heroic heads of the Army, Navy, Air Force and the Police and the Ranavirus, in crushing the most deplored terror outfit of the world, should be kept on a higher pedestal, and revered as it is of supreme value to Sri Lanka, and the whole world, when certain regions of the globe are engulfed in a terrorist menace. Nationally, their supreme sacrifices reaffirmed that ‘Sri Lanka is a free, sovereign, independent and democratic, socialist, republic’ (Sri Lanka Constitution) under one flag and one National Anthem. Internationally they also taught the other nations, infested with terrorism the ‘modus operandi’ of destroying and crushing it in whatever form it raises its ugly head. Undoubtedly, a place will be carved, for Sri Lanka when future history will be written, both National and Global. President Mahinda Rajapaksa described this role of our beloved young Ranavirus in his moving address to the Nation from the precincts of Parliament on 19th May thus:-
“The world had not seen military sciences able to face a combination of land mines, claymore mines, small suicide vessels, light aircraft that can evade radar, and suicide killer jackets.
Through 30 years the security forces of Sri Lanka were compelled to find ways and means to face up to all this. By the end of its successful march the Security Forces of Sri Lanka had become the most disciplined and capable military in the world.
Our security forces were able to defeat the most ruthless terrorists in the world due to their strict discipline, commitment and creative use of military strategy.” May I invite the Defence Secretary, and other Service Chiefs to write a thesis on the “modus operandi” of this meticulously planned strategies of warfare for posterity.
Buddhist principles
The 26-year delay in bringing this outfit to its knees have been analyzed in varied ways, focused from different angles, by experts of different fields. A historical and a philosophical explanation could be the fact, that Sri Lanka is a land whose most ancient ways of life was based on Buddhistic principles, mainly Metta, (Loving-Kindness) Muditha, (rejoicing in others’ joy. Karuna (Compassion) and Upekkha (Equanimity) that they looked at the enemy with the large heartedness taught in Buddhism. Later other religions which taught similar values in our land made people further tolerant and accommodative, even if the opposing views were not quite acceptable. These value-systems first originated in Buddhism. There are many stories in Buddha’s life; one popular episode is how he tamed people who could not be put into correct path, like Angulimala who later became an Arahant.
Final solution
The Buddhist Kings of yore gave sufficient time for wrong-doers to correct themselves, under Buddhist principles of “Dasa Raja Dhamma” which was done during history and even in the present turn of events. President Rajapaksa stated in his address that he believes that Buddhist principles based on Metta could bring in solutions to our future problems.
Historically, what befell, on Sena and Guttika, in 237B.C. by getting killed, after 23 years of negotiation and their misrule, and the much-written rule of Chola King General Elara 145 B.C. are examples of tolerance by Sinhalas to foreign invaders for some time, which turned to their armed defeat at a later stage. The driving away the Cholas by Vijayabahu 1, in 1070 A.D. is another instance of capability shown of armed might. When ‘patience was misunderstood to be weakness’. However, these were no parallels to the holding of people to ransom by terrorism. In the present period of history, which is purely domestic in nature and worse still when it is intra-country, a clear case of biting the hand that feeds’.
In any event, even in the present period, the manner in which the ‘majority of the people’ who love the country, (to borrow a phrase from President Mahinda Rajapaksa’s address of 19 May), acted in the face of terror was magnanimous. President Mahinda Rajapaksa himself, declared this time that his patience should not be construed as weakness. When it was intolerable and when other equations became compatible of eliminating terror. the patriot forces led by President Mahinda Rajapaksa struck and struck hard, it should be the solution when everything failed to answer.
Our political leaderships, the Maha Sangha and other clergy too, tried to tame this megalomaniac with these Buddhist values, and of other faiths; and even when the armies were zeroing on him or his cohorts they were requested to hold on, and withdraw. One of the Presidents in fact, called him lovingly, the youth who is misled. All these overtures met with violent responses unprecedented in world history. That President of Sri Lanka who showed Metta, in fact, was assassinated; the Sangha who tried to take him to the correct path were butchered in Aranthalawa.
The members of Police in the front, who were requested by the leaders not to use force on the cohorts, were brutally massacred; and Muslims with clergy, who were praying in Mosques were butchered. Buddhist places of utmost reverence were attacked, little realizing that they were Blessed Sacred precincts tied up with the historicity of this land, which gave shelter to this murderer and fed him along with his followers. The Sacred Tooth Relic and the Sri Maha Bodhi were his targets; these sacrilegious acts are all well documented and perhaps, nothing but the Panchanantharya Kamma (Five Adverse Kammas which result in this birth itself) which the Buddhists believe in ultimately fell on him.
Spiritual protection
There were of course, geo-political reasons which prompted the basic thinking of Sri Lankan leaders in addition to their philosophical religious upbringing; it has been found that the basic thought process of Sri Lankans have been influenced by the Great Teachings of the Buddha. Only when such spirituality did not answer the worldly methods were applied to its very extreme.
This view could be substantiated by looking at our early history; when foreign invasions took place our Kings at first tried to talk peace and settle problems amicably, but when they did not work the answer was given which was bitter. The instances of our wars with the colonialists bear ample testimony to this thesis, during the period since 15th century to the 20th century when we gained independence.
This land of Sri Lanka was Thrice-Blessed by that Great Savant the Buddha, with His visits. Sri Lanka had always been saved and protected in the face of greater upheavals and the land had been in tact; Buddhism has survived to direct the lives of inhabitants. The unworthy methods of the insane had never succeeded in the rule of this pure revered land even in history. It was in the month of Vesak, the period during which the Exalted One attain Enlightenment that Sri Lanka was liberated from this menace, which proves that there is an unseen hand protecting the land and its peoples. (I believe in this and had stated so in some pervious essays of mine). I prefer to refrain from mentioning even the name of the terror-satan who was killed by the Ranaviru children of Mother-Lanka, on 18 May, 2009. It was the sad end that he may not have wished for, but that is how history repeated itself, in Lanka. With his movement into the hell, if there is one, for his deeds, we should look ahead for reconciliation, reconstruction, remoulding the futures of youngsters, and remodelling of our political structures.
Born leaders
In Lanka in times of such deep cleavages in the political and social spectrum, there had emerged leaders, who could take-up challenges and steer clear the destines of our nation. President Mahinda Rajapaksa in the 21st century could be called a leader who emerged from Ruhuna to shoulder this huge responsibility of crushing and defeating an inhuman terror outfit that had won global disrepute. Out destiny had it that, his own brother Gotabhaya (historic names all) had to shoulder the defence part of the operation. Air Chief Marshal Donald Perera, Chief of Defence Staff General; Sarath Fonseka, the Army Commander; Admiral Wasantha Karannagoda, the Navy Commander and Air Chief Marshal Roshan Gunatilaka, the Air Force Commander; Jayantha Wickremaratne, Inspector General of Police; Rear Admiral Sarath Weerasekara, Director General, Civil Security Department and the front-line commanders on the ground were the Dasa Maha Yodayo (Ten Giants), or more, born to resurrect our land, from this curse.Although, I do not venture to draw direct parallels with ancient history for, valid, obvious reasons and also for, this terrorist in question does not match any of those worthy opponents, the present leaders of the Security Forces are comparable to those of our ancient warriors. (I do not wish to write names lest I miss any). They are indeed Giants in the true sense of the word.
The Ranaviru children hail from our warrior families who descended here, with Sri Maha Bodhi and even earlier when Vijaya settled in Sri Lanka; they carried the brunt of the operation. In fact their parents and spouses should feel happy that they will enter the annals of history for their sacrifices and bravery.
Thus starting from the Commander-in-Chief to the valiant solider was born in our midst with a purpose to free the land from an unfathomable terrorist scourge, which they did with devotion, commitment and loyalty. We the common laymen owe a huge debt of gratitude to them and we, the Buddhists should invoke the Blessings of the Triple gem.
The followers of other faiths should invoke the merits according to their great religions. In our land now live brothers and sisters of other faiths, with differing ethnicities and we respectfully recognise their contributions to he life of Sri Lanka. We all salute the brave ‘Ranavirus’ - starting from the Commander-in-Chief to the valiant soldier. We drop a tear to the departed, a word of solace to the injured and a bow to those fought till the last.
Way ahead
Now is the time for introspection. I stated ‘Four ‘R’s at the beginning of this essay. They are not the same as R2Ps, promulgated by some thinkers, academics, NGO wallahs or foreign affairs experts, as I do not belong to any. They are simply as follows, reconciliation, reconstruction, rehabilitation, remodelling and restructuring of the political, social, economic and cultural fabric of our Motherland. Let me explain what I have in mind.
President Rajapaksa in fact, stated in his address to the Nation on 19th May that there will be a home-grown solution to the problems of our Motherland.
Apart from the devolution of responsibilities to meet the other urgent requirements there are plans under way. I am aware that already there are such rehabilitation and development plans for the Eastern Province, under the Senior Advisor and MP Basil Rajapaksa. Therefore, what is written here could be stating the obvious. Still let me briefly outline them.
Reconciliation
There are obviously deep scars created in the social fabric due to thirty-year conflict engineered by a lunatic. The Tamil community, especially, need some respite. They were the most affected among others. Their psychological conditions need deep understanding by other communities. They have lost their loved ones; possessions; lands and property; jobs; and they have nothing to go back in most cases. The rifts between communities are also wide. We should bring them together with varied initiatives. Already, these programmes are under way but at different levels of society there should be a dialogue. For example various strata of the society, farmers, craftsmen, professionals, academics, lawyers, journalists etc should commence a dialogue and form associations, meet at regular intervals, learn each others’ language and discuss matters of mutual importance. It will build camaraderie. The leadership for these should compose of persons of the same profession from the South and the affected areas. These programmes could be from the Government, private and corporate sectors. The Chamber of Construction Industry, I am aware, has already initiated a programme to bring together construction industrialists from the South Sri Lanka with those of the North.
I believe there are other similar organisations getting together professionally, and helping the affected with whatever support they could give. Perhaps, the committees that has been formed will consult the varied sectors to form integrated units. All I have in mind cannot be written here lest I lengthen this essay.
A South African model of reconciliation programme may not suit our set-up, as communities never had animosities. Still there may be things we could learn from them. Learning of Tamil and Sinhala by both communities is a must in this exercise.
Reconstruction
The Ministry in-charge and the officers are already in this job and perhaps, the private sector could be drawn in further to accelerate the process of development. (I do not propose to write further in this area as development is continuing.)
Rehabilitation
This is a stupendous task and the Government is on it with experienced hands. With lakhs of persons in refugee camps, the plans are under way according to reports to resettle them in their own lands.
It is the right thing to do as soon as possible. A word of caution here; it is this aspect which catches the eye of international groups who are all out to tarnish the image of a successful programme. I am personally aware of this segment having got exposed to working in the international orbit and also with grassroots people in the Wanni. We feel sufficiently, satisfied as ordinary laymen that our colleagues work assiduously with youngsters in this area.
Remodelling and restructuring of our systems
This relates to the devolution process of our administration. In fact the crux of the problem was in this segment. There are several ministries and organisations responsible both at a higher political level and at an administrative level, for making fresh initiatives for devolution of powers. It is once again an aspect prone to criticism, domestically, and internationally. Hence, the sooner we offer the maximum possible powers to the grassroots for their own administration in whatever name or form we could halt the rise of disaffection and disappointment from vulnerable groups.
(The writer is an Advisor-International Affairs, Chamber of Construction Industry, Sri Lanka and is a retired Ambassador.)
The Sunday observer (12/07/2009)
IBF and IBO Heavyweight Champion Wladimir Klitschko, right, talks to his trainer Emanuel Steward during a boxing news conference in New York, Tuesday, Dec. 4, 2007. Klitschko will meet WBO Heavyweight Champion Sultan Ibragimov in a unification bout at Madison Square Garden in New York on Saturday, February 23. (AP Photo/Henny Ray Abrams)
The unification monument in Plovdiv, dedicated at the 100-year anniversary of the 1885 unification of Bulgaria, late in the period of communist rule.
Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits, over 19.1 million residents in the urban area, and over 21.5 million residents in its metropolitan area. The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi), and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi). Moscow is among the world's largest cities, being the most populous city entirely in Europe, the largest urban and metropolitan area in Europe, and the largest city by land area on the European continent.
First documented in 1147, Moscow became the capital of the Grand Principality of Moscow, which led the unification of the Russian lands in the 15th century and became the center of a unified state. Following the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in 1547, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. During the reign of Peter the Great, the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of Saint Petersburg in 1712, leading to a decline in Moscow's importance throughout the imperial period. Following the Russian Revolution and the establishment of the Russian SFSR, the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918. The city later became the political center of the Soviet Union and experienced significant population growth throughout the Soviet period. In the aftermath of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Moscow remained the capital city of the newly reconstituted Russian Federation and has experienced continued growth.
The northernmost and coldest megacity in the world, Moscow is governed as a federal city, where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe. Moscow has one of the world's largest urban economies. Moscow has the second-highest number of billionaires of any city (tied with Hong Kong). The Moscow International Business Center is one of the largest financial centers in the world and features the majority of Europe's tallest skyscrapers. Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics and one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
The city contains several UNESCO World Heritage Sites and is known for its display of Russian architecture, particularly in areas such as Red Square and buildings such as Saint Basil's Cathedral and the Moscow Kremlin, the latter of which is the seat of power of the Government of Russia. Moscow is home to Russian companies in different industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes four international airports, ten railway terminals, a tram system, a monorail system, and the Moscow Metro, which is the busiest metro system in Europe and one of the largest rapid transit systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world.[
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken in Ulaan Baatar, Ulan Bator by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Deputy Prime Minister and Coordinating Minister for Economic and Social Policies of Singapore at the World Economic Forum on Africa 2017 in Durban, South Africa. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Jakob Polacsek
Please join us for this signature event that will explore the concept of Korean unification and the challenges and opportunities faced by the United States and Republic of Korea in contending with the complex political and security environment on the peninsula. This will be Unification Minister Ryoo's first public address in the United States. Mr. Daniel Russel, Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs will provide an update on U.S.-Korea relations. This event is by invitation only and all remarks are on-the-record.
With Addresses by
The Honorable Ryoo, Kihl-Jae
Minister of Unification, Republic of Korea
The Honorable Richard L. Armitage
President, Armitage International and Former Deputy Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State
and
Daniel R. Russel
Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, U.S. Department of State
Moderated by
Dr. Victor D. Cha
Senior Adviser and Korea Chair, CSIS
Professor, Director of Asian Studies, Georgetown University
Wednesday, December 10, 2014
9:30AM-11:30AM
First Floor Conference Room, CSIS
Programs
KOREA CHAIR
Topics
REGIONAL ANALYSIS
Regions
KOREA
German Army Colonel Dirk Brodersen, of the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps, serves German beer to guests and distinguished visitors during the German Bivouac celebration at Imjin Barracks. The Bivouac is in celebration of Unification Day and is being celebrated by the whole of the ARRC. Celebrations such as this give the ARRC community a chance to look back and reflect on the histories and achievements of the troop-contributing nations.