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Visiting Naumburg Cathedral (Naumburger Dom), UNESCO World Heritage site since 2018 (ref. 1470).
Reglindis (*~969 +>1016) Margavine von Meissen
Daughter of the first Polish King, Boleslaw I. Chrobry, and his wife Emnilda
The city hall in Quedlinburg was constructed around 1310. It was remodeled in 1615-16; the Renaissance façade was constructed in this period. Today, it is overgrown by Ivy. It also features flower boxed in the windows; herbs used to be planted in them to improve the air quality in the building. A new wing in the back of the city hall, not visible from the Markt, was added in 1898-1901.
Castillo de Wartburg. Wartburg. Wartburg Castle
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de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartburg
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartburg
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Eisenach, Thüringen
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es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenach
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenach
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenach
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Waterfall alongside Levada da Serra, island of Madeira, Portugal.
Hiking tour Levada da Serra / Pináculo / Bica da Cana.
This region of Madeira is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Laurisilva of Madeira.
Madeira is a Portuguese island in the Atlantic ocean, approximately 1000 km (620 mi) southwest of Lisbon and 700 km (435 mi) west of the Moroccan coast. Situated in a hot spot area, Madeira is of volcanic origin, formed during several eruptive phases, the last of which ended around 6500 years ago. Madeira is a very mountainous island. With an extent of only 57 km (35 mi) from west to east and 22 km (14 mi) from north to south, and with the highest mountain having an elevation of 1862 m (6109 ft), the terrain of the island is mostly very rocky and steep, except for the high plateau Paul da Serra.
Madeira is also known as the "island of flowers", although most of the popular "typical" Madeiran flowers (like the bird of paradise flower, the hydrangea, the agapanthus and others) are neither endemic nor native. Some of the genuine Madeiran plants are the "Pride of Madeira" (Echium candicans), Canary Islands Juniper (Juniperus cedrus) and the laurel forests of Madeira (the latter one being listed as UNESCO World Heritage).
Madeira is permeated by artificially built water channels called levadas, which distribute the water from the wetter northern half of the island to the agricultural regions of the south. The levadas, mostly built by prisoners or slaves, were cut into the side of the mountains, partly running through tunnels, and enabled for example the cultivation of sugar cane which was the source of the Madeiran wealth during the 15th to 17th century.
Today most of the levadas are still in use, not only for irrigation but also for hydroelectricity. Running across the whole island, they provide a wide network of walking paths, making even extremely remote regions of the island accessible to pedestrians, which is one of the reasons for Madeira's popularity as a hiking paradise.
Madeira hiking holiday July 2013.
The historic town center of Prague (Czech Republic) became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992 (ref. 0616)
Album Timbres / Sammelalbum
Chocolats Peter / Cailler's / Kohler / Nestlé's
> Nestlé / Fête des Vignerons 1905 Vevey
(Lausanne / Schweiz; Bilder von 1923-1929)
ex ephemera-collection MTP
Breathtaking guided tour onto the top of Cologne Cathedral (UNESCO World Heritage site since 1996)
Atemberaubende Führung auf den Kölner Dom (UNESCO Welterbestätte seit 1996)
Street in the little town of San Quirico d’Orcia in the Val d’Orcia (In English: "Valley oft he Orcia") with parts of Monte Amiata in the background, Province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy
Some background information:
San Quirico d'Orcia is a municipality of about 2,500 inhabitants in the Province of Siena in the Italian region of Tuscany, located about 80 kilometres (50 miles) southeast of Florence and about 35 kilometres (22 miles) southeast of Siena inside the Val d‘Orcia landscape. It is named in honor of Saint Quiricus. Located on the Via Francigena, San Quirico d'Orcia borders the municipalities of Castiglione d'Orcia, Montalcino and Pienza.
The settlement was already inhabited by the Etruscans, who were a powerful and wealthy civilization of ancient Italy between 800 and 500 BC. In the 8th century, San Quirico was first mentioned in a document. In the 13th century, it entered under control of Siena. Until the 15th century its town walls were extended and enhanced by the Sienese governers. But after the defeat of the Republic of Siena in 1559, the Florentine family Medici took control of the whole area. In 1677, San Quirico was enfeoffed cardinal Flavia Chigi by Grand Duke Cosimo III de' Medici and after the cardinal’s death, the town was governed by members of the cardinal’s own noble family Zondadari Chigi.
Monte Amiata (in English: "Mount Amiata") is the largest of the lava domes in the Amiata lava dome complex located in the southern Tuscany region of Italy. The volcanic mountain is standing at 1,738 metres (5,702 feet) above sea level. Its trachytic lava flow, 5 km (3.1 miles) long and 4 km (2.5 miles) wide, extends to the east. Radiometric dates indicate that the Amiata complex had a major eruptive episode about 300,000 years ago.
For the last time Monte Amiata erupted about 180,000 years ago. During the Holocene no eruptive activity has occurred, but thermal activity including cinnabar mineralization continues at a geothermal field near the town of Bagnore, at the southwestern end of the dome complex. Geysers and hot springs in this area are used for geothermal energy generation and there’s even a geothermal power plant in the town of Piancastagnaio.
The main economical resources of the Amiata region are chestnuts, timber and increasingly also tourism (with ski resorts including the peak area). The lower areas are characterized by olive trees and vines. Other vegetation include beech and fir. In ancient times cinnabar was extracted there.
The Val d'Orcia, or Valdorcia, is a region of Tuscany, central Italy, which extends from the hills south of Siena to Monte Amiata. Its endless gentle, cultivated rolling hills, which are covered with grain or sunflowers in the summer and vineyards, olive groves, cypresses, beech or chestnut trees all year round alternate with medieval habitations, rural villas and castles boasting impervious towers – all of which is diffused in a tranquilly-isolated nature. This is the scenario that is laid out before the eyes of the visitor to Val d’Orcia.
In 2004, the Val d'Orcia was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. According to UNESCO the valley is an exceptional exemplar of the way in which a natural setting was redesigned during the Renaissance (in the 14th and 15th centuries), reflecting the ideals of good governance in the Italian city-state. Additionally, these splendid localities were celebrated by the painters of the Sienese School, which flourished between the 13th and 15th centuries.
The Val d‘Orcia is often described as the perfect combination of nature and culture, but it is also an ecosystem which bears witness oft he rural population that has cultivated and farmed the ground since the Middle Ages. However, also five-million years of geological history have left their mark on this territory that, today, is abundant in plant and animal species. Even the deposits of lava from volcanoes no longer active – such as Mounts Radicofani and Amiata – have contributed to the delineations and details of the area; the lava, hardened, gave form to those dark stones known as trachytes.
The valley is not only traversed by the river Orcia, but also by the rivers Asso, Formone, Vellora and Vivo. Furthermore the historic road Via Francigena and the Roman road Via Cassia pass through valley that covers and area of altogether 61,188 hectare (151,200 acres). Occasionally the landscape is broken by gullies and picturesque towns and villages such as Montalcino, San Quirico, Pienza, Castiglione and Radicofani. In the northwest the Val d’Orcia borders the Crete Senesi landscape while in the northeast it is flanked by the Val di Chiania.
Until 1250, the Val d’Orcia was under the rule of the noble family Aldobrandeschi, but subsequently noble families of the nearby town of Siena took control of the valley. They were attracted by the continuous transit of men and commerce along the fundamental pathways Via Francigena and Via Cassia. The most notable of these families was the family Piccolomini, which also provided several popes, among them the famous Pius II. It was him who commissioned to transform the little village of Corsignano into the town of Pienza and hence into a place which he thought is the "ideal town". However, after the mid-1500s, Val d’Orcia became a valuable part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and thereby of the Florentine orbit – solely for its agricultural aspect. Thus, it was the family Medici that improved the valley’s infrastructure in the years that followed.
Within the Val d'Orcia is a strip of land following the Orcia river that is used as a wine-growing area between the DOCG zones of Brunello di Montalcino and Vino Nobile di Montepulciano. Here the Sangiovese and Trebbiano-based wines are produced under the Orcia Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) status. The DOC red wine is composed of at least 60 percent Sangiovese with other local varieties, such as Abrusco, permitted to fill in the remainder of the blend. The dry white wine and Vin Santo style DOC wines are composed of at least 50 percent Trebbiano with other local varieties filling out the rest of the blend. All grapes destined for DOC wine production are limited to a maximum harvest yield of 10 tonnes/hectare with the finished wines required to have a minimum alcohol level of at least 12 percent.
But the region is also very rich in other high quality local products such as the "Pecorino" cheese of Pienza (a typical cheese made with sheep's milk), the genuine olive oil, saffron, mushrooms, (including truffles), sweet chestnuts, honey and a lot of other specialties.
Shop sign of a traditional Russian bakery in Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Some background information:
Russian bakeries are not what you would expect from European bakeries, in particular German ones. Usually you don’t get a wide selection of bread and buns there, but they often offer a great choice of tarts, tartlets, sweet or spicy puff pastry pies and even light meals like soups or salads at a reasonable price. You can either take your pastries away or eat them inside together with a cup of coffee or tea.
Typical Russian pastries are pirozhki (buns from yeast dough, filled with mashed potatoes, eggs and onions, mince, mushrooms or even ground liver), vatrushki (rings of dough with a quark filling in the middle) or pyshki (Russian doughnuts, which are very popular in Saint Petersburg). I can highly recommend Napoleon Cake too. It is a sweet tart made of several layers of puff pastry, alternating with layers of pastry cream (custard). The top of the cake is often glazed with icing and decorated with cocoa or chocolate. But better be modest, when you eat it: It’s a calorie bomb.
Saint Petersburg (in Russian: Санкт-Петербу́рг) is Russia's second-largest city after Moscow, with currently 5.3 million inhabitants, part of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration with a population of 6.2 million (2015). An important Russian port on the Baltic Sea, it has a status of a federal city. Saint Petersburg is also the fourth-largest city in Europe, only excelled by Istanbul, London and Moscow. Other famous European cities like Paris, Berlin, Rome and Madrid are smaller. Furthermore, Saint Petersburg is the world’s northernmost megapolis and called "The Venice of the North", due to its many channels that traverse the city.
Situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on 27th May 1703. On 1st September 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, on 26 January 1924 to Leningrad, and on 7 September 1991 back to Saint Petersburg. Between 1713 and 1728 and again between 1732 and 1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of Imperial Russia. In 1918, the central government bodies moved to Moscow, which is located about 625 kilometres (388 miles) to the south-east.
Saint Petersburg is also the cultural capital of Russia. "The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments" constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Saint Petersburg is home to the Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. Many foreign consulates, international corporations, banks and businesses have offices in Saint Petersburg. The multinational Gazprom company has its headquarters in the newly erected Lakhta Center.
Saint Petersburg’s history traces back not before 1611, when Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress at the mouth of the Neva River. The small town of Nyen grew up around it. At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great, who was very interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport by the Baltic Sea, free of ice even in the winters, in order to trade with the rest of Europe. On 12th May 1703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress by laying down the Peter and Paul Fortress on Hare Island, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city.
The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia and Swedish prisoners of war in the extremely swampy marshes of the mouth of the Neva River. Tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg.
The high nobility of Russia was forced to move from Moscow to Saint Petersburg by telling the peers that they would lose their titles and properties otherwise. Therefore they had no other choice but to move and built new palaces in the new capital city. However, Peter the Great’s endeavours to modernize Russia had met with opposition from the Russian nobility. In 1725, he died of natural causes, after having survived several attempts on his life.
From 1736 to 1737 the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the city center, it was moved to the Admiralty borough, situated on the east bank between the Neva and Fontanka. It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the Admiralty building and are now one street known as Nevsky Prospekt. Baroque architecture became dominant in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the Elizabethan Baroque, represented most notably by Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli with such buildings as the Winter Palace. In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by neoclassical architecture.
Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city can be higher than the Winter Palace and prohibited spacing between buildings. During the reign of Catherine the Great, the banks of the Neva were lined with granite embankments between 1762 and 1790. However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva was allowed to open. Before that, only pontoon bridges were allowed.
The Revolution of 1905 began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces. On September 1, 1914, after the outbreak of World War I, the Imperial government renamed the city Petrograd, meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words "Sankt" and "Burg". In March 1917, during the February Revolution, Nicholas II abdicated both for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of Romanov dynastic rule.
On 7th November, 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, stormed the Winter Palace in an event known thereafter as the October Revolution, which led to the end of the post-Tsarist provisional government, the transfer of all political power to the Soviets, and the rise of the Communist Party. After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions", referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th-century.
In September and October 1917, German troops invaded the West Estonian archipelago and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. As a consequence, the Soviets transferred the government to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the ensuing Civil War, in 1919 general Yudenich advancing from Estonia repeated the attempt to capture the city, but Leon Trotsky mobilized the army and forced him to retreat.
On 26th January 1924, five days after Lenin's death, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad. Later some streets and other toponyms were renamed accordingly. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums, including the cruiser Aurora – a symbol of the October Revolution and the oldest ship in the Russian Navy.
During World War II, German forces besieged Leningrad following the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years, from 8th September 1941 to 27th January 1944. The Siege of Leningrad proved one of the longest, most destructive, and most lethal sieges of a major city in modern history. It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the Road of Life across Lake Ladoga, which could not make it through until the lake literally froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated. On 1st May 1945, Joseph Stalin named Leningrad, together with Stalingrad, Sevastopol, and Odessa, a hero city of the war.
Today, the city is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history and culture. It has 221 museums, 2,000 libraries, more than 80 theaters, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas and around 80 other cultural establishments. Every year the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones. In 2017, the city was visited by 7.2 million tourists and it is expected that in the years ahead the number of tourists will still be on the rise.
La cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta è il duomo di Siena. Costruita in stile Romanico-Gotico italiano, è una delle più significative chiese realizzate in questo stile in Italia.
Nel luogo dove sorge la cattedrale, sarebbe sorto il castrum romano. Ancora nel Medioevo il toponimo era Piano Sancte Mariae e in questo luogo, tra l'attuale costruzione e la piazza che la circonda su due lati, sono stati effettuati degli scavi che hanno suffragato l'ipotesi di uno sviluppo dell'area in periodo longobardo e franco.
Si parla[senza fonte] di un accastellamento con quattro torri, di cui una sarebbe diventata la torre campanaria attuale. Questo edificio sarebbe stato fino al 913 la residenza del vescovo ed avrebbe contenuto una chiesa rivolta verso est, cioè verso l'attuale battistero. Nel XII secolo questa chiesa fu inglobata nella costruzione romanica che andava diventando la cattedrale, con la facciata rivolta a sud, cioè verso l'attuale "Facciatone", la facciata incompiuta del "duomo nuovo".
Finestra gotica sul fianco del duomoÈ tradizione, suffragata anche da deduzioni storiche[senza fonte], che il Duomo sia stato consacrato il 18 novembre 1179. Ci sono però opinioni contrastanti e notizie storiche che smentiscono questa datazione.[senza fonte] Infatti, solo nel XIII secolo (1229) il Duomo sarebbe stato trasformato in basilica, con la facciata rivolta ad ovest, verso l'ospedale di Santa Maria della Scala. I lavori vennero terminati solo alla fine del secolo successivo.
La cupola fu completata nel 1263 e il Rosso padellaio vi appose la "mela". La sua altezza è di 48 metri, inclusa la croce. L'attuale sistemazione dell'apice della cupola stessa è del 1667.
L'"Operaio del Duomo" che sovrintendeva all'amministrazione dei lavori era sempre scelto tra i canonici ma, dal 1258 agli inizi del Trecento, fu scelto tra i monaci dell'abbazia cistercense di San Galgano. Questi si erano segnalati come abili amministratori, tanto che lo stesso Comune di Siena gli aveva affidato gli uffici di Gabella e di Biccherna (gli uffici "entrate" e "uscite" della Repubblica di Siena).
Furono i monaci a chiamare Nicola Pisano e suo figlio Giovanni per i lavori. Giovanni lavorò alla facciata in quel periodo, utilizzando nella parte inferiore i rivestimenti marmorei (provenienti dalle vicine cave di Vallerano, comune di Murlo) che vediamo ancora oggi. Nicola creò il pulpito, terminato nel 1268.
La figura (forse derivata da Cimabue) del Cristo in croce, con le gambe avvitate, i piedi sovrapposti e trapassati da un unico chiodo e le braccia "ad ipsilon" è diventata un classico dell'iconografia. Sembra anche essere stata copiata da parte degli artisti che realizzarono gli affreschi scoperti di recente nella cripta sottostante il Duomo.
Nel 1313 viene terminato il campanile, alto circa 77 metri. Nel 1316 l'edificio venne ampliato sotto la direzione di Camaino di Crescentino, padre dello scultore Tino di Camaino.
Con Siena al massimo del suo splendore, dovette sembrare che il duomo fosse comunque troppo piccolo per la città. Si pensò quindi di ampliarlo in modo tale che l'attuale navata centrale diventasse solo il transetto e la facciata tornasse ad essere orientata a sud, in posizione molto più avanzata rispetto all'antico edificio. Il progetto fu affidato a Lando di Pietro (o "Lando di Piero") dopo la delibera del Consiglio Generale della Campana del 23 agosto 1339. I lavori passarono in seguito sotto la supervisione dello scultore ed architetto Giovanni di Agostino.
A causa della peste del 1348 e di alcuni crolli strutturali, nel giugno del 1357 si decise di interrompere i lavori, lasciando nell'attuale piazza Iacopo della Quercia i segni del fallimento: basamenti per le colonne e incastonamenti di queste nell'edificio dell'attuale Museo dell'Opera Metropolitana del Duomo, oltre alla facciata incompiuta (il "facciatone") dal quale è possibile oggi godere di un notevole panorama sulla città.
Dopo qualche anno, si affidarono di nuovo i lavori al capomastro Domenico di Agostino, fratello di Giovanni, morto nel 1366. Nel 1376, la costruzione della parte superiore della facciata venne affidata a Giovanni di Cecco (detto "Giovannino della Pietra"). Nel 1382 vennero alzate le volte della navata centrale e quest'anno può essere considerato quello di completamento del Duomo.
Nel 1870 un incendio distrusse la cupola estera in legno e parte della copertura lignea della navata che vennero ripristinate.
A Catedral de Siena ou Duomo di Siena, é a catedral medieval de Siena, na Itália.
A Catedral em si foi originalmente projetada e construída entre 1215 e 1263 no local de uma estrutura antiga. Tem a forma de uma cruz Latina, um cúpula e uma torre de sinos. A lanterna, no topo da cúpula, foi adicionada por Gian Lorenzo Bernini. O exterior e o interior são feitos de mármore preto e branco, as cores simbólicas de Siena, derivadas dos lendários cavalos dos fundadores da cidade, Senius e Aschius.
A fachada da Catedral foi construída em dois estágios. A parte inferior foi iniciada em 1284 e construída em estilo da Toscana, por Giovanni Pisano. A exuberante fachada representa profetas, filósofos e apóstolos. Em 1288, a janela em forma de rosa, um vitral redondo colocado em um limite quadrado foi instalado na área do coro, a partir de desenhos de Duccio. O trabalho na parte superior da fachada foram iniciados em 1376 por Giovanni di Cecco, a partir de um projeto inspirado na Catedral de Orvieto. A porta central de bronze é recente e data de 1958. Foi criada por Enrico Manfrini.
No canto esquerdo da fachada há uma inscrição do século XIV, marcando o túmulo de Giovanni Pisano. Ao lado está uma coluna com a loba amamentando Rômulo e Remo, símbolos de Siena. Conta a lenda que Senius e Aschius, filhos de Remo, fundaram Siena.
The Cathedral of Siena (Italian: Duomo di Siena), dedicated from its earliest days as a Roman Catholic Marian church and now to Santa Maria Assunta (Most Holy Mary of Assumption), is a medieval church in Siena, central Italy.
The cathedral itself was originally designed and completed between 1215 and 1263 on the site of an earlier structure. It has the form of a Latin cross with a slightly projecting transept, a dome and a bell tower. The dome rises from an octagonal base with supporting columns. The lantern atop the dome was added by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. The nave is separated from the two aisles by semicircular arches. The exterior and interior are constructed of white and greenish-black marble in alternating stripes, with addition of red marble on the façade. Black and white are the symbolic colors of Siena, etiologically linked to black and white horses of the legendary city's founders, Senius and Aschius.
The origins of the first structure are obscure and shrouded in legend. There was a 9th century church with bishop's palace at the present location. In December 1058 a synod was held in this church resulting in the election of pope Nicholas II and the deposition of the antipope Benedict X.
In 1196 the cathedral masons’ guild, the Opera di Santa Maria, was put in charge of the construction of a new cathedral. By 1215 there were already daily masses said in the new church. There are records from 1226 onwards of the transport of black and white marble, probably for the construction of the façade and the bell tower. The vaults and the transept were constructed in 1259-1260. In 1259 Manuello di Ranieri and his son Parri carved some wooden choir stalls, which were replaced about 100 years later and have now disappeared. In 1264, Rosso Padellaio was paid for the copper sphere on top of the dome.
A second massive addition was planned in 1339. It would have more than doubled the size of the structure by means of an entirely new nave and two aisles ranged perpendicular to the existing nave and centred on the high altar. The construction was begun under the direction of Giovanni di Agostino, better known as a sculptor. Construction was halted by the Black Death in 1348. Basic errors in the construction were already evident by then, however, and the work was never resumed. The outer walls, remains of this extension, can now be seen to the south of the Duomo. The floor of the uncompleted nave now serves as a parking lot and museum, and, though unfinished, the remains are testament to Sienese power, ambition, and artistic achievement.
Underneath the choir of the Duomo, a narthex containing important late-13th century frescoes (probably about 1280) was found and excavated in 1999-2003. The frescoes depict scenes from the Old Testament and the life of Christ. This was part of the entrance of an earlier church. But when the baptistry was built, this under-church was filled with rubble. The narthex is now open to the public.
The façade of this cathedral was built in two stages. The lower part in polychrome marble was begun around 1284. It is built in Tuscan Gothic style by Giovanni Pisano, replete with gargoyles. Giovanni Pisano worked on the lower levels until 1296, when he suddenly left Siena. At that time, between 1270 and 1285, the nave of the church had been raised and a higher façade became necessary. Work at the façade continued for another fifteen years and was then stopped. Meanwhile in 1288, the rose window, a large circular stained-glass window, was installed in the choir, based on designs by Duccio di Buoninsegna.
The three portals, surmounted by lunettes and Gothic pediments, were designed by Giovanni Pisano. The columns between the portals are richly decorated with acanthus scrolls, allegorical figures and biblical scenes.
Work on the upper part of the façade only resumed in 1376 under the direction of Giovanni di Cecco, working on a new elaborate design, inspired by the Orvieto Cathedral. It was to be erected much higher than foreseen, because the nave had, once again, been raised. The division of the upper part does not match the division of the lower part. The pinnacles of the upper part do not continue over the columns flanking the central portal. The weight of the elegant side towers was reduced by adding windows.
The statues of the lavish façade were sculpted by Giovanni Pisano and assistants. They represent prophets, philosophers and apostles. The half-length statues of the patriarchs in the niches around the rose window are the work of other sculptors. Almost all the sculptures on view are copies. The originals are kept in the "Crypt of the Statues" in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo.
The bronze central door is recent and dates from 1958. It was made by Enrico Manfrini. The scenes on the door represent the Glorification of the Virgin. The three large mosaics on the gables of the façade were made in Venice in 1878. The large central mosaic, the Coronation of the Virgin, is the work of Luigi Mussini. The smaller mosaics on each side, Nativity of Jesus and Presentation of Mary in the Temple, were made by Alessandro Franchi.
On the left corner pier of the façade, a 14th century inscription can be found, marking the grave of Giovanni Pisano. Next to the façade stands a column with the she-wolf breast-feeding Romulus and Remus, symbol of Siena (and also of the contrade Lupa). According to legend, Senius and Aschius, sons of Remus, founded Siena. They had stolen the statue of the she-wolf from the Temple of Apollo in Rome.
An Italian policewoman from behind (most likely belonging to the Florence police department) at Via Calimala in the city centre of Florence, Tuscany, Italy
Some background information:
According to the General Data Protection Regulation of the EU, being effective since May 2018, photographers in the EU are no longer allowed to publish a picture of a person’s face without her or his permission, as long as the person is the chief subject of the picture. This new regulation makes street photography a rather tricky matter for EU citizens. So if you publish a street photo with passers-by, who stumble into the picture by pure chance, everything’s still ok, I guess. But if it’s really the person, who gets photographed, the photographer needs her or his permission in written form to be on the safe side. Well, as the regulation is still new, there are no experience values available yet.
However, personally I don’t want to be sued by some dodgy internet lawyer and forced to pay a high financial penalty. That’s why I show this policewoman only from behind. On the other hand, this perspective displays all her police equipment better (please note the handgun, most likely a Beretta 92, in the holster on her right side), but it doesn’t change my opinion, that this regulation is a very stupid and unworldly one, at least with regard to the subject of photography.
Italian police is separated into two forces: the Polizia di Stato and the Carabinieri. Both of them have full powers of investigation, public safety duties, road patrols and more. The Polizia di Stato (State Police) is the civil national police of Italy. Along with patrolling, investigative and law enforcement duties, it patrols the Autostrada (Italy's Express Highway network), and oversees the security of railways, bridges and waterways. The Carabinieri is the common name for the Arma dei Carabinieri, a Gendarmerie-like military corps with police duties. They also serve as the military police for the Italian armed forces. Having both military police duties and civil police duties, the Arma is usually called on duty as riot police during big events and demonstrations.
Municipal officers work on minor crimes on a local basis, from traffic offences to small-time drug dealing and illegal camping. Each town or city has its own police department but they have limited jurisdiction and duties. Local officers can check driving licences, enforce municipal laws and ordinances and carry out investigations for robbeies and minor offences, but they cannot form a "riot squad" or interfere with homicide or general investigations by the Police or Carabinieri.
Each Polizia Locale is under the authority of the respective local mayor, but the officers' mandate is valid only during their working hours and within the area their force covers, whereas Carabinieri and Polizia di Stato are always formally "on duty", wherever they are and regardless of whether they are at work. The total number of active police officers in all of the Italian agencies is about 325,000, the highest number in the European Union both overall and per capita. For example this number is twice the number of agents in the similarly sized United Kingdom.
With about 400,000 residents in its city centre and more than 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area, Florence is the capital and also the most populous city of the Italian region of Tuscany. The town lies in a basin formed by several hills. The Arno river, three other minor rivers and some streams flow through its metropolitan area. During the Middle Ages the city was a centre of European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era. It is also considered the birthplace of the Renaissance, and has been called "the Athens of the Middle Ages". A turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful Medici family and numerous religious and republican revolutions. From 1865 to 1871 Florence was the capital of the recently established Kingdom of Italy.
The Florentine dialect forms the base of Standard Italian and it became the language of culture throughout Italy due to the prestige of the masterpieces by Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Giovanni Boccaccio, Niccolò Machiavelli and Francesco Guicciardini, who were all born in the city. Florence attracts millions of tourists each year, and its historic centre was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, the town has been ranked by Forbes as one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Furthermore, Florence is also an important city in Italian fashion, being ranked in the top 15 fashion capitals of the world.
Today, Florence is mainly known as the "cradle of the Renaissance" for its culture, art and many Renaissance monuments, churches, and other buildings. 600 years after its completion, the dome, built by Filippo Brunelleschi, is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world. Florence also contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the world's most important works of art are held, such as the Uffizi Gallery and the Palazzo Pitti. Hence, tourism is, by far, the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city. The value tourism to the city totalled some 62.5 billion € in 2015 and the number of visitors still increases to the present day.
Wallenstein Palace on the Lesser Quarter side, Prague, Czech Republic
Some background information:
Wallenstein Palace derives its name from Albrecht von Wallenstein, the famous Catholic general of the Thirty Years’ War. Albrecht von Wallenstein, Duke of Mecklenburg (1583 to 1634), who made his fortune as the Commander-in-Chief of the imperial forces, built this palace in the years between 1623 and 1630. But he lived in the palace for only a year before his death. His widow sold the building to his nephew and it remained in the Wallenstein family until 1945. By the way this former stately home is also known as Waldstein Palace because Wallenstein’s complete original name was Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von Waldstein.
After the Second World War, the palace became Czechoslovak state property and was renovated to house government offices. Today the Senate of the Czech Republic is based in the main palace buildings. Its most valuable parts in historical and artistic terms are the Main Hall, the Knights' Hall, the Antechamber, the Audience Hall and the Mythological and Astronomical Corridors.
It’s striking that the palace has a rather Italian appearance. It arises from the fact that Wallenstein was very impressed by Italian architecture after he had visited Italy. Therefore he engaged mainly Italian architects and artisans to build his palace. Amongst them were Andrea Spezza, Luigi Baccio del Bianco and Giovanni de Galliano Pieroni.
To make space for the building, Wallenstein razed 26 houses, six gardens, and two brickworks at the site. Wallenstein Palace was also built to rival Prague Castle. Four courtyards were created by the palace layout. Its complex includes not only period gardens, but also the Avenue of Sculptures, stables and a large Riding School. The monumental conception of the loggia with three arcades on doubled columns recalls the Baroque style. The Italian style park includes an aviary, a grotto, and a fountain by Adrian de Vries.
In the right upper corner of this shot you can also see St. Vitus Cathedral as well as a small part of Prague Castle.
Hang Sung Sot Höhle
Halong Bay - Vietnam
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All images are exclusive property and may not be copied, downloaded, reproduced, transmitted, manipulated or used in any way without expressed, written permission of the photographer.
Inmitten des Naturparks Schlern – Rosengarten, zwischen dem Nigerpass und St. Zyprian bei Tiers, finden Sie die Plafötsch-Alm. Die Hütte liegt auf 1570 m Meereshöhe, inmitten von Almwiesen und Wäldern direkt unterhalb des beeindruckenden Bergpanoramas des Rosengartens und der Vajolettürme.
Schloss Sanssouci
Park Sanssouci, Potsdam, Germany
'On January 13, 1745, Frederick the Great ordered the construction of a "Lust-Haus zu Potsdam". For this purpose, he had drawn quite concrete design sketches, which he handed over to Knobelsdorff for execution. They envisaged a one-storey, ground-level building on the vineyard terraces on the southern slope of the Bornstedter Höhen in the northwest of Potsdam. Knobelsdorff objected to the concept, he wanted to raise the building with a basement, have a basement and move it forward to the edge of the terraces – otherwise, seen from the foot of the vineyard, it would appear to have sunk into the ground. Frederick insisted on his ideas. Nor could he be swayed by the reference to the increased likelihood of gout and colds; later he experienced exactly these inconveniences and endured them without complaint.'
part of a unesco world heritage site,
IMG_6651
For the monks, the forge was the only means to earn some money. Meat was very rare in the monks' diet and thus fish were bred in the pond next to the forge.
In the background stand the cloister on the left and on the right the quarters which were heated in winter when temperaturs dropped below -20°C.
The Abbey of Fontenay is a former Cistercian abbey located near the villiage Marmagne in the Arrondissement Montbard (Département of Côte-d'Or). It was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118 and built in the Romanesque style. It is one of the oldest and most complete Cistercian abbeys in Europe and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.
Album Timbres / Sammelalbum
Chocolats Peter / Cailler's / Kohler / Nestlé's
> Nestlé / Fête des Vignerons 1905 Vevey
(Lausanne / Schweiz; Bilder von 1923-1929)
ex ephemera-collection MTP
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck
____________________________________________________
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The Roman Baths and Bath Abbey, Bath, Somerset
Some background information:
The Roman Baths complex is a site of historical interest in the English city of Bath. The baths themselves are below the modern street level. There are four main features: the Sacred Spring, the Roman Temple, the Roman Bath House and the Museum holding finds from Roman Bath. The buildings above street level date from the 19th century. The Roman Baths are a major tourist attraction and, together with the Grand Pump Room, receive more than one million visitors a year.
The first shrine at the site of the hot springs was built by Celts and dedicated to the goddess Sulis, whom the Romans identified with Minerva. Geoffrey of Monmouth describes in his largely fictional Historia Regum Britanniae how in 836 BC the spring was discovered by the British king Bladud who built the first baths. Early in the 18th century Geoffrey's obscure legend was given great prominence as a royal endorsement of the waters' qualities, with the embellishment that the spring had cured Bladud and his herd of pigs of leprosy through wallowing in the warm mud.
The name Sulis continued to be used after the Roman invasion, leading to the town's Roman name of Aquae Sulis. The temple was constructed between 60 and 70 AD and the bathing complex was gradually built up over the next 300 years. During the Roman occupation of Britain and possibly on the instructions of Emperor Claudius, engineers drove oak piles into the mud to provide a stable foundation and surrounded the spring with an irregular stone chamber lined with lead. In the 2nd century it was enclosed within a barrel-vaulted building, which included the caldarium (hot bath), tepidarium (warm bath), and frigidarium (cold bath). After the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the first decade of the 5th century, these fell into disrepair and were eventually lost due to silting up and flooding. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle suggests the original Roman Baths were destroyed in the 6th century.
The baths have been modified on several occasions, for example in the 12th century when John of Tours built a curative bath over the King's Spring reservoir and in the 16th century when the city corporation built the new Queen's Bath to the south of the spring. The spring is now housed in 18th century buildings, designed by architects John Wood, the Elder and John Wood, the Younger, father and son. Visitors drank the waters in the Grand Pump Room, a neo-classical salon which remains in use, both for taking the waters and for social functions. Victorian expansion of the baths complex followed the neo-classical tradition established by the Woods. In 1810 the Hot Springs seemingly failed and William Smith opened up the Hot Bath Spring to the bottom, where he found that the spring had not failed but flowed into a new channel. Smith restored the water to its original course and the Baths filled in less time than formerly.
The visitor entrance is via an 1897 concert hall by J M Brydon. It is an eastward continuation of the Grand Pump Room with a glass-domed centre and single-storey radiused corner. The Grand Pump Room was begun in 1789 by Thomas Baldwin. He resigned in 1791 and John Palmer continued the scheme until its completion in 1799. The elevation on to Abbey Church Yard has a centre piece of four engaged Corinthian columns with entablatures and pediment. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building. The north colonnade was also designed by Thomas Baldwin. The south colonnade is similar but had an upper floor added in the late 19th century.
With its roughly 84,000 residents Bath is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in South West England. It is situated 97 miles (156 km) west of London and 13 miles (21 km) south-east of Bristol.
In 1987 the City of Bath was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, largely because of its complete Georgian architecture. It has a variety of theatres, museums, and other cultural and sporting venues, which have helped to make it a major centre for tourism, with over one million staying visitors and 3.8 million day visitors to the city each year. Bath has two universities and several schools and colleges. There is a large service sector, growing communication technologies and creative industries, providing employment for the population of Bath and its surrounding area.
The alley leading to the entrance portal of the Château de Chenonceau, Chenonceaux, Loire Valley, France
Some background information:
On our first visit of the Château de Chenonceau (when this picture was taken) we explored the château and its gardens, but we did not get to the southern bank of the River Cher, from where you can take much better pictures. However, we made up for that two years later, when I took those two photos:
www.flickr.com/photos/pkitt/51964784827/in/album-72157719...
www.flickr.com/photos/pkitt/51966342745/in/album-72157719...
The Château de Chenonceau is a French château spanning the River Cher, near the small village of Chenonceaux in the French department of Indre-et-Loire. Hence, it is a water palace and as such one of the best-known châteaux of the Loire Valley. The Château de Chenonceau is situated about 40 km (25 miles) to the southeast of the city of Tours. It is also called "Château des Dames" (in English "Château of the ladies"), because it were mainly women, who decided its history and fate.
The estate of Chenonceau was first mentioned in a document in the 11th century. The current château was built between 1514 and 1522 on the foundations of an old mill and later extended to span the river. In the 13th century, the fief of Chenonceau belonged to the Marques family. The original château was torched in 1412 to punish the owner, Jean Marques, for an act of sedition. In the 1430s, he rebuilt a château and fortified mill on the site. However, Jean Marques' indebted heir Pierre Marques found it necessary to sell the estate.
Thomas Bohier, Chamberlain to King Charles VIII of France, purchased the castle from Pierre Marques in 1513 and demolished most of it (resulting in 2013 being considered the 500th anniversary of the castle), though its 15th-century keep was left standing. Between 1515 and 1521 Bohier built an entirely new residence. The work was overseen by his wife Katherine Briçonnet, who delighted in hosting French nobility, including King Francis I on two occasions.
In 1535 the château was seized from Bohier's son by King Francis I of France for unpaid debts to the Crown. After Francis' death in 1547, Henry II offered the château as a gift to his mistress, Diane de Poitiers, who became fervently attached to the château along the river. In 1555 she commissioned Philibert de l'Orme to build the arched bridge joining the château to its opposite bank. Diane then oversaw the planting of extensive flower and vegetable gardens along with a variety of fruit trees. Set along the banks of the river, but buttressed from flooding by stone terraces, the exquisite gardens were laid out in four triangles.
Diane de Poitiers was the unquestioned mistress of the castle, but ownership remained with the crown until 1555 when years of delicate legal manoeuvres finally yielded possession to her. After King Henry II died in 1559, his strong-willed widow and regent Catherine de' Medici forced Diane to exchange it for the Château Chaumont. Queen Catherine then made Chenonceau her own favourite residence, adding a new series of gardens.
As Regent of France, Catherine spent a fortune on the château and on spectacular nighttime parties. In 1560, the first-ever fireworks display seen in France took place during the celebrations marking the ascension to the throne of Catherine's son Francis II. The grand gallery, which extended along the existing bridge to cross the entire river, was dedicated in 1577. Catherine also added rooms between the chapel and the library on the east side of the corps de logis, as well as a service wing on the west side of the entry courtyard.
On Catherine's death in January 1589, the château went to her daughter-in-law, Louise of Lorraine, wife of King Henry III. Louise was at Chenonceau when she learned of her husband's assassination, in August 1589, and she fell into a state of depression. Louise spent the next eleven years, until her death in January 1601, wandering aimlessly along the château's corridors dressed in mourning clothes, amidst sombre black tapestries stitched with skulls and crossbones.
Henri IV obtained Chenonceau for his mistress Gabrielle d'Estrées by paying the debts of Catherine de' Medici, which had been inherited by Louise and were threatening to ruin her. In return, Louise left the château to her niece Françoise de Lorraine, at that time six years old and betrothed to the four-year-old César de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme, the natural son of Gabrielle d'Estrées and Henri IV. The château belonged to the Duc de Vendôme and his descendants for more than a hundred years. The Bourbons had little interest in the château, except for hunting. In 1650, Louis XIV was the last king of the ancien régime to visit.
In 1720, the Château de Chenonceau was bought by the Duke of Bourbon. Little by little, he sold off all of the castle's contents and many of the fine statues ended up at Versailles. In 1733 the estate was sold for 130,000 livres (corresponding to 2.1 million $ today) to a wealthy squire named Claude Dupin. His wife, Louise Dupin, was the natural daughter of the financier Samuel Bernard and the actress Manon Dancourt. She was regarded as an intelligent, beautiful, and highly cultivated woman.
Louise Dupin's literary salon at Chenonceau attracted such leaders of the Enlightenment as the writers Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Fontenelle, the naturalist Buffon, the playwright Marivaux, the philosopher Condillac, as well as the Marquise de Tencin and the Marquise du Deffand. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was Dupin's secretary and tutored her son. Rousseau, who worked on Émile at Chenonceau, wrote in his Confessions: "We played music there and staged comedies. I wrote a play in verse entitled Sylvie's Path, after the name of a path in the park along the Cher."
The widowed Louise Dupin saved the château from destruction during the French Revolution, preserving it from being destroyed by the Revolutionary Guard because "it was essential to travel and commerce, being the only bridge across the river for many miles."
In 1864 Marguerite Pelouze, a rich heiress, acquired the château. Around 1875 she commissioned the architect Félix Roguet to restore it. He almost completely renewed the interior and removed several of Catherine de' Medici's additions, including the rooms between the library and the chapel and her alterations to the north facade, among which were figures of Hercules, Pallas, Apollo, and Cybele that were moved to the park. With the money Marguerite spent on these projects and elaborate parties, her finances were depleted, and the château was seized and sold.
José-Emilio Terry, a Cuban millionaire, acquired Chenonceau from Madame Pelouze in 1891. Terry sold it in 1896 to a family member, Francisco Terry. In 1913, the château was acquired by Henri Menier, a member of the Menier family, famous for their chocolates, who still own it to this day.
During World War I Gaston Menier set up the gallery to be used as a hospital ward. During the Second World War, the château was bombed by the Germans in June 1940. It was also a means of escaping from the Nazi-occupied zone on one side of the river Cher to the "free" zone on the opposite bank. Occupied by the Germans, the château was bombed by the Allies in June 1944, when the chapel was hit and its windows destroyed. In 1951, the Menier family entrusted the château's restoration to Bernard Voisin, who brought the dilapidated structure and the gardens (ravaged in the Cher flood in 1940) back to a reflection of its former glory.
An architectural mixture of late Gothic and early Renaissance, Château de Chenonceau and its gardens are open to the public. The château has been designated as a Monument historique since 1840 by the French Ministry of Culture. Today, Chenonceau is a major tourist attraction. It receives more than 800,000 visitors each year and is the most visited château in France, apart from the Royal Palace of Versailles.
The Château de Chenonceau is also regarded as one of the haunted castles of France. Occasionally when the moon is full, Catherine may be seen combing the hair of her rival, Diane. On other occasions, Diane was seen standing unhappily in front of her bedroom mirror. At least, several people have stated that. Well, everyone has to decide for themselves whether she or he believes in ghosts or not.
Since 2000, the Château de Chenonceau belongs to the UNESCO Word Heritage Site "The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes" with its many breathtaking châteaux. Altogether there are more than 400 of them in the Loire region.
View of the city of Porto from the cathedral‘s hill, with the square Praça de Almeida Garrett and the blue-tiled church Igreja de Santo António dos Congregados in the center as well as the city centre’s main railway station São Bento on the right, Porto, Portugal
Some background information:
Porto, also known as Oporto, is the second largest city in Portugal, after Lisbon. It is located along the Douro River estuary in northern Portugal, about 280 km (174 miles) north of Lisbon. With an estimated pospulation of 250,000, Porto’s city center is rather small, compared to its metropolitan area, which has around 1.8 million residents. Porto has one of the oldest European centres. Its core was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996, as the "Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar".
Port wine, one of Portugal's most famous exports, is named after Porto, since the metropolitan area, and in particular the cellars of Porto’s quarter Vila Nova de Gaia, were responsible for the packaging, transport, and export of fortified wine. It is typically a sweet red wine, often served with dessert, although it also comes in dry, semi-dry, and white varieties. Famous port wine brands are among others Sandeman, Cockburn’s, Graham’s, Fonseca, Offley, Ferreira and Quinta do Noval.
Proto-Celtic and Celtic people were among the first known inhabitants of the area of Porto. Archaeological findings from the 8th century BC also hint at a Phoenician trading settlement. During the Roman era, the city developed as an important commercial port, primarily in the trade between Olissipona (the modern Lisbon) and Bracara Augusta (the modern Braga).
Following the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Porto fell under Muslim control in 716, but was reconquered by Alfonso I of Asturias in 741. Thus Porto became a border settlement, occasionally invaded and conquered by the Muslim Moors. In 1092, during the so-called Reconquista, the area finally came under Christian rule, initially as part of the Kingdom of León. In 1093, Teresa of León, illegitimate daughter of the king Alfonso VI of Castile, married Henry of Burgundy, bringing the County of Portugal as dowry.
After eventually expanding its current frontiers and conquering additonal territory inhabited by the Moors for centuries, the county became the independent Kingdom of Portugal at the beginning of the 12th century. At that time, Porto also became one of the hubs of the Reconquista led by Afonso I Henriques, the first King of Portugal. In 1370, during the reign of King Ferdinand I, the new, expanded, and reinforced city walls, known as the Muralhas Fernandinas (in English: "Ferdinandine Walls"), were completed.
In 1387, Porto was the site of the marriage of John I of Portugal and Philippa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt. This marital bond symbolized a long-standing military alliance between Portugal and England. In the 14th and 15th centuries, Porto's shipyards contributed to the development of Portuguese shipbuilding. In 1415, Prince Henry the Navigator embarked from the port of Porto on the conquest of the Moorish port of Ceuta in northern Morocco. This expedition was followed by navigation and exploration along the western coast of Africa, initiating the Portuguese Age of Discovery.
By the 13th century, the wine produced in the nearby Douro valley had already been transported to Porto in so-called barcos rabelos (flat sailing vessels). In 1703, the Methuen Treaty established trade relations between Portugal and England and strengthened both countries‘ military alliance. The production of port wine then gradually passed into the hands of a few English firms.
To counter this dominance, the Portuguese Prime Minister Marquis of Pombal established a monopolistic Portuguese firm, the Douro Wine Company in 1756 to receive all the wines from the Douro valley. He demarcated the region for the production of port, to ensure the wine's quality, which was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe, almost a century ahead of a similar exercise in Bordeaux. The small winegrowers revolted against his strict policies on Shrove Tuesday, burning down the buildings of the Douro Wine Company. The revolt became known as the Revolta dos Borrachos (in English: "Revolt of the Drunkards").
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the city became an important industrial center and hence, its size and population increased. The invasion of the Napoleonic troops in Portugal brought war to the city of Porto. In 1809, when the population fled from the advancing French troops and tried to cross the river Douro over the Ponte das Barcas, the bridge collapsed under the weight of the people and almost 4,000 residents of Porto died in the floods of the Douro river. In the Second Battle of Porto, which took place still in the same year, the French Army was thrown out of the city by Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, and his Anglo-Portuguese Army.
In 1820, the Liberal Revolution began in Porto. The revolutionaries demanded the return of King John VI of Portugal, who had transferred the royal court to the Portuguese colony of Brazil since the French invasions, and also a constitutional monarchy to be set up in Portugal. But after the new constitution had been accepted in 1822, the new Portuguese King Miguel I rejected this constitution in 1828 and reigned as an anti-liberal, absolutist monarch.
Porto rebelled again and had to undergo a siege of eighteen months by the absolutist army. After successfully resisting the siege in 1833, King Miguel I had to abdicate and the liberal constitution was re-established. However, not bevore 1910, the monarchy was overthrown and Portugal became a republic. In 1919, forces favorable to the restoration of the monarchy launched a counter-revolution in Porto known as the Monarchy of the North. During this time, Porto was the capital of the restored kingdom, but the monarchy was deposed less than a month later and no other monarchist revolution in Portugal happened again.
Today, Porto is the most important industrial city in the country, thanks to its textile, leather goods, metal, food, and chemical industries, its oil refinery as well as the overseas port Porto de Leixões. The university, the art academy, museums, theaters, and the opera also emphasise Porto's status as a major cultural and scientific center. But it’s mainly the export of port wine and its beautiful UNESCO-protected old town, to which Porto ows its appeal to visitors from everywhere.
patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO
UNESCO-Welterbe
Всемирное наследие ЮНЕСКО
Fontaine des Trois Grâces, Place de la Bourse
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaine_des_Trois_Gr%C3%A2ces_(Bordeaux)
"Most stations have a single platform in the centre of the station hall (tunnel) serving both directions. The sub-surface stations have a straight ceiling sometimes supported by columns. The deep-level stations are larger tunnels with the track tunnels on each side. The walls of many stations are decorated using coloured aluminium panels, each station having its own colour." Wikipdia
I spent about an our driving around with the metro, hopping off at a station, taking pictures, hopping on again, hopping off the next station and so on. Time flies, when you're having fun :o)
All pictures clickable and some more in the set.
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"Die Metrostationen haben eine recht unterschiedliche Ausgestaltung, zahlreiche verfügen über keine nennenswerten künstlerischen Elemente und sind mit Fliesen ausgelegt. In einigen Bahnhöfen wurde jedoch auch Marmor zur Verkleidung der Böden, Wandflächen und Säulen verwendet. Die älteren Stationen der Linie A sind oftmals mit architektonischen Elementen aus den 1970er Jahren gestaltet, darunter in verschiedenen Farbtönen gehaltene, leicht konvex oder konkav gewölbte oder flache Glas- und Aluminiumfliesen. Durch diese unterschiedliche Farb- und Formgestaltung der Elemente kann jeder Bahnhof eine individuelle Ausgestaltung vorweisen. Haltepunkte neueren Datums sind moderner und funktioneller gehalten. Es wird außerdem versucht, natürliches Licht bis auf die Bahnsteige durchfallen zu lassen." Wikipedia
Ich bin ungefähr eine Stunde mit der U-Bahn durch die Gegend gefahren. Einsteigen, aussteigen, Fotos machen, einsteigen, eine Station später wieder raus, Fotos machen und so weiter. Die Zeit vergeht so schnell, wenn man sich amüsiert :o)
Alles anklickbar und noch mehr im Album.
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photographer | Bernard Egger фотография • collections • sets
☆ Fine Art photography | alpine & mediterranean landscapes ☆
☆ classic sportscars & motorcycles | traveling | Россия | Europe
location | Санкт-Петербург / St. Petersburg RF
📷 | ПЕТЕРГОФ Peterhof :: rumoto images # 5247
Das Darmstädter Planungsbüro Markwort & Seibert, Bauingenieur Georg Markwort und Architekt Eugen Seibert, erstellte ab 1916 eine Planung im neobarocken Stil. Um eine Art Ehrenhof herum sind die Gebäude fast axialsymmetrisch angeordnet. Hinter dem Portal wird der Hof von zwei villenartigen Gebäuden flankiert. Das Zechenhaus links enthielt die Direktion und die Verwaltung, in der gegenüber liegenden Herberge waren Baubüro, Beamtenkasino und Wohnungen untergebracht. Etwas nach hinten versetzt folgt links der Saalbau. Er ist das aufwendigste Gebäude und beherbergte einen Speiseraum sowie einen Theater- und Vortragsraum. Auf der rechten Seite schließt sich das eigentliche Betriebsgebäude mit Magazin, Lohnhalle, Kaue, und Erzsilo mit Fördergerüst an. Der Hof wird begrenzt durch die querstehende Maschinenhalle, vor der eine als Kühlteich dienende oktogonale Brunnenanlage platziert ist. Dahinter folgt der Werkhof.
Kurze Zeit noch als Besucherbergwerk genutzt, verfällt die Bausubstanz der nicht mehr genutzten Gebäude heute langsam. Im Jahre 2003 vernichtete ein Großfeuer die ehemalige Fahrzeughalle. Da die neue Besitzergemeinschaft zerbrach, wurde bisher aus den versprochenen Sanierungsmaßnahmen nichts. Im Moment sind einzelne Gebäude an unterschiedliche Bewohner und Firmen vermietet. Im April 2012 wurde Eindeckung des Förderturmes sowie die ihn abschießende Feuerschale entfernt,[2] im Februar 2013 dann der Abriss des ganzen Turmes aus Sicherheitsgründen beschlossen, da er durch fortgeschrittenen Rostfraß auseinanderzubrechen droht. Die Abrissverfügung wurde unter der Maßgabe erteilt, dass der Eigentümer bis spätestens 2030 einen vergleichbaren Turm aufbauen muss.[3] Nachdem Mitte Dezember 2013 der Wassertank und die komplette Dachkonstruktion vollständig abgebaut worden waren, drohte der Turm Anfang Januar 2014 auf die umliegenden Gebäude zu stürzen. Aus Sicherheitsgründen entschloss sich die mit dem Abriss beauftragte Firma kurzfristig den Turm umzureißen. Mit einem Stahlseil wurde das Stahlgerüst durch gezielten Druck zum Einsturz gebracht. Erzbunker und Maschinenhalle wurden dabei beschädigt, die umliegenden Wohnhäuser blieben unversehrt
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photographer | Bernard Egger фотография • collections • sets
☆ Fine Art photography | alpine & mediterranean landscapes ☆
☆ classic sportscars & motorcycles | traveling | Россия | Europe
location | Санкт-Петербург / Saint Petersburg RF
📷 | Rules ПЕТЕРГОФ Peterhof :: rumoto images # 0900