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A pulled rickshaw (or ricksha) is a mode of human-powered transport by which a runner draws a two-wheeled cart which seats one or two people.
In recent times the use of human-powered rickshaws has been discouraged or outlawed in many countries due to concern for the welfare of rickshaw workers.
Pulled rickshaws have been replaced mainly by cycle rickshaw and auto rickshaws.
OVERVIEW
Rickshaws are commonly believed to have been invented in Japan in the 1860s, at the beginning of a rapid period of technical advancement.
In the 19th century, rickshaw pulling became an inexpensive, popular mode of transportation across Asia.
Peasants who migrated to large Asian cities often worked first as a rickshaw runner.
It was "the deadliest occupation in the East, [and] the most degrading for human beings to pursue."The rickshaw's popularity in Japan declined by the 1930s with the advent of automated forms of transportation, like automobiles and trains. In China, the rickshaw's popularity began to decline in the 1920s. In Singapore, the rickshaw's popularity increased into the 20th century. There were approximately 50,000 rickshaws in 1920 and that number doubled by 1930.
DESCRIPTION
The initial rickshaws rode on iron-shod wooden wheels and the passenger sat on hard, flat seats. In the late 19th century and early 20th century. Rubber or pneumatic rubber tires, spring cushions, and backrests improved the passenger's comfort. Other features, such as lights were also added.
In the city of Shanghai, public rickshaws were painted yellow to differentiate from the private vehicles of the wealthy citizens, which were described as:
... always shiny, were carefully maintained, and sported 'a spotless white upholstered double seat, a clean plaid for one's lap, and a wide protective tarpaulin to protect the passenger (or passengers, since sometimes up to three people rode together) against the rain.'
The rickshaws were a convenient means of travel, able to traverse winding, narrow city streets. During monsoon season, passengers might be carried out of the carriage, above the flooded streets, to the door of their arrival. They offered door-to-door travel, unlike scheduled public bus and tram service.
COUNTRY OVERVIEW
AFRICA
EAST AFRIKA
In the 1920s, it was used in Bagamoyo, Tanga, Tanzania and other areas of East Africa for short distances.
MADAGASCAR
Rickshaws, known as pousse-pousse, were introduced by British missionaries. The intention was to eliminate the slavery-associated palanquin. Its name pousse-pousse, meaning push-push, is reportedly gained from the need to have a second person to push the back of the rickshaw on Madagascar's hilly roads. They are a common form of transport in a number of Malagasy cities, especially Antsirabe, but are not found in the towns or cities with very hilly roads. They are similar to Chinese rickshaws and are often brightly decorated.
NAIROBI
Rickshaws operated in Nairobi in the beginning of the 20th century; pullers went on strike there in 1908.
South Africa
Durban is famous for its iconic Zulu rickshaw pullers navigating throughout the city. These colorful characters are famous for their giant, vibrant hats and costumes. There were about 2,000 registered men who pulled rickshaws in Durban in 1904; Since displaced by motorised transport, there are approximately 25 rickshaws left whom mostly cater to tourists today.
ASIA
CHINA
In China, from the ancient times and until the 19th century, rich and important people, when traveling overland, were commonly transported in sedan chairs carried by bearers, rather than in wheeled vehicles. This was at least partly explained by road conditions. It is thought that it was from China (or East Asia in general) that sedan chair (a.k.a. "palanquin") designs were introduced into Western Europe in the 17th century. However, wheeled carts for one or two passengers, pushed (rather than pulled, like a proper rikshaw) by human servant, were attested as well.The proper rickshaw (pronounced renliche in Chinese) was first seen in China in 1886, and was used for public transportation in 1898. It was commonly called dongyangche for Japanese vehicle or "east- foreign-vehicle."
Rickshaw transportation was an important element in urban development in 20th century China, as a mode of transportation, source of employment and facilitation of migration for workers. According to author David Strand:
Sixty thousand men took as many as a half million fares a day in a city of slightly more than one million. Sociologist Li Jinghan estimated that one out of six males in the city between the ages of sixteen and fifty was a puller. Rickshaw men and their dependents made up almost 20 percent of Beijing's population.
Shanghai's rickshaw industry began in 1874 with 1,000 rickshaws imported from Japan. By 1914 there were 9,718 vehicles. The pullers were a large group of the city's working poor: 100,000 men pulled rickshaws by the early 1940s, up from 62,000 in the mid-1920s.Most manual rickshaws, a symbol of oppression of the working class, were eliminated in China after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
HOG KONG
Rickshaws were first imported to Hong Kong from Japan in 1880. They were a popular form of transport for many years, peaking at more than 3,000 in the 1920s. However, their popularity waned after World War II. No new licenses for rickshaws have been issued since 1975, and only a few old men—four as of 2009—still bear a license. It is reported that only one of them still offer rickshaw rides on The Peak, mainly for tourists.
INDIA
Around 1880, rickshaws appeared in India, first in Simla. At the turn of the century it was introduced in Kolkata (Calcutta), India and in 1914 was a conveyance for hire.
SERVICE AVAILIBILITY
Though most cities offer auto rickshaw service, hand-pulled rickshaws do exist in some areas, such as Kolkata, "the last bastion of human powered tana rickshaws". According to Trillin, most Kolkata rickshaws serve people "just a notch above poor" who tend to travel short distances. However, in a recent article by Hyrapiet and Greiner, the authors found that rickshaws also transport middle-class residents who use their services out of convenience and for short distance trips to the local marketplace. Rickshaws are used to transport goods, shoppers, and school children. It is also used as a "24 hour ambulance service."
Also according to Hyrapiet and Greiner, rickshaw pullers have acted as peer-educators for the Calcutta Samaritans prodving critical information on HIV/AIDS because of their access to marginalized groups within Kolkata's red light districts.
Rickshaws are the most effective means of transportation through the flooded streets of the monsoon season.
When Kolkata floods rickshaw business increases and prices rise.
The pullers live a life of poverty and many sleep under rickshaws.Rudrangshu Mukerjee, an academic, stated many people's ambivalent feelings about riding a rickshaw: he does not like about being carried in a rickshaw but does not like the idea of "taking away their livelihood."Motor vehicles are banned in the eco-sensitive zone area of Matheran, India, a tourist hill station near Mumbai so man-pulled rickshaws are still one of the major forms of transport there.
LEGISLATION
In August 2005, the Communist government of West Bengal announced plans to completely ban pulled rickshaws, resulting in protests and strikes of the pullers. In 2006, the chief minister of West Bengal, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, announced that pulled rickshaws would be banned and that rickshaw pullers would be rehabilitated.
JAPAN
There are several theories about the invention of the rickshaw. Japan historian Seidensticker wrote of the theories:
Though the origins of the rickshaw are not entirely clear, they seem to be Japanese, and of Tokyo specifically. The most widely accepted theory offers the name of three inventors, and gives 1869 as the date of invention.
Starting in 1870, the Tokyo government issued a permission for Izumi Yosuke, Takayama Kosuke, and Suzuki Tokujiro to build and sell rickshaws. By 1872, they became the main mode of transportation in Japan, with about 40,000 rickshaws in service. The rickshaw's popularity in Japan declined by the 1930s with the advent of automated forms of transportation, like automobiles and trains. After the World War II, when gasoline and automobiles were scarce, they made a temporary come-back. The rickshaw tradition has stayed alive in Kyoto and Tokyo's geisha districts only for tourists as well as in other tourist places. The tradition completely disappeared once, but a few people revived jinrikisha (human-powered rickshaws) for tourists in the 1970s-1980s and the rickshaws became popular as a tourism resource in the 2000s. The modern rickshaw men are a kind of tourist guide, who take their clients to some tourist spots and explain about them. Many of them are part-time working students and athletes who like running or exchanging cultures.
MALAYSIA
Rickshaws were a common mode of transport in urban areas of Malaysia in the 19th and early 20th centuries until gradually replaced by cycle rickshaws.
PAKISTAN
Pulled and Cycle rickshaw (qinqi) have been banned in Pakistan since November 1949. Prior to the introduction of auto rickshaws in cities, horse-drawn carriages (tongas) were a main source of public transportation.
SINGAPORE
Singapore had received its first rickshaws in 1880 and soon after they were prolific, making a "noticeable change in the traffic on Singapore's streets." Bullock carts and gharries were used prior to the introduction of rickshaws.Many of the poorest individuals in Singapore in the late nineteenth century were poor, unskilled people of Chinese ancestry. Sometimes called coolies, the hardworking men found pulling rickshaws was a new means of employment. Rickshaw pullers experienced "very poor" living conditions, poverty and long hours of hard work. Income remained unchanged from 1876 to 1926, about $.60 per day.Rickshaws popularity increased into the 20th century. There were approximately 50,000 rickshaws in 1920 and that number doubled by 1930. In or after the 1920s a union was formed, called the Rickshaw Association, protect the welfare of rickshaw workers.
NORTH AMERIKA
UNITED STATES OF AMERIKA
From A History of the Los Angeles City Market (1930-1950), pulled rickshaws were operated in Los Angeles by high school teenagers during that time period.
CANADA
Foot-driven rickshaws have enjoyed several decades of popularity in Halifax, Nova Scotia; in addition to providing tours of the historic Waterfront, rickshaws are also occasionally used for transportation by local residents. The city is home to the oldest rickshaw company in Canada.Rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, providing tours of historical Byward Market, in the summer. Ottawa's rickshaws stay true to the traditional foot-driven rickshaw model, but feature modern sound-systems.
WIKIPEDIA
feelin love, and playful......
You make me feel like a sticky pistil
Leaning into her stamen.
~
You make me feel like Mr. Sunshine himself.
You make me feel like splendor in the grass where we're rolling
You make me feel like the Amazon's running between my thighs.
You make me feel love
~
You make me feel like a Candy Apple all red and hornyyy
You make me feel like I want to be dumb blonde In a centerfold,
the girl next door.
And I would open the door and I'd be all wet
With my tits soaking through this tiny little t-shirt that I'm wearing
and you would open the door
And tie me up to the bed.
~
You make me FEEL love
~
Lover, I don't know who I am
Am I Barry White?
Am I hot inside?
What would I place with your hot conscious
Oh baby babe babe babe
I will be your death the moon light
Take your time
You make me feel love
"Feelin' Love" (one of the sexiest songs I've heard..I love it.)
by Paula Cole, from The City of Angels soundtrack
~~
I admit I like this photo....something about it that shows me in a different perspective......
It was a rainy and miserable Saturday here, but Sunday turned out nice.
Sorry for not being around for the past couple of days....it's just been very busy around here!
Tag16 #marchmeetthemaker #marchchallenge, zum Thema #timetorelax (English below)
Ich habe das Glück, ein einziges riesiges Naherholungsgebiet vor der Nase zu haben und dort zu leben wo andere #Urlaub machen. Direkt vor der Tür sind ein gutes Dutzend Seen, und die Ostsee ist nur eine halbe Stunde entfernt. Da meine Pausenbeauftragte, Atelierhütehund Malaika, mehrmals täglich auf Arbeitsunterbrechungen besteht gibt's da wenig Chance nicht zwangserholt zu werden 😁 (das Foto vom phantastischen #Sonnenuntergang an der #Ostsee ist übrigens ohne Filter!) I am lucky living in a place where others come to spend their holidays. About a dozen lakes surrounding me, and the Baltic sea is just half an hour away. My studio #dog cares for having several times a day no chance for nothing but taking a break and #relax. This photo was taken at the shore of the #balticsea - no filter used for this phantastic #sunset #nofilter #hund #dogsofinstagram #bordercollie #bordercolliesofinstagram #border #hütehund #meer #spring #deutschland #schleswigholstein #schleswig #holstein (die #marchchallenge wurde übrigens von @joannehawker ins Leben gerufen)
62 Likes on Instagram
4 Comments on Instagram:
hollye73: 😍
gerdinhotv: Ich wohne auch wieder an der Ostsee :) Heimat bleibt halt Heimat ;)
wandklex: Oh, schön dass du wieder hier bist! Ich bin zwar woanders beheimatet - im tiefen Süden - fühle mich aber sehr zu Hause hier und kann mir gar nicht mehr vorstellen woanders zu leben @gerdinhotv
sibylla76: Wie schön! Da bekomme ich Heimweh nach der Ostsee 💙
...until tomorrow morning. Tomorrow I have to go buy my wedding shoes because my dress fitting is next Friday and I won't have time to go shopping during the week. Sunday I will help with another Diva party photoshoot, hope I will learn something this time. Wednesday I went to get my face fixed with a little shortwave diathermy...it was sooo painful and I look awful, hence the no face pictures this week. Hope it will get better soon, because I don't want to look like a monster on my wedding in a month. I started school (only one course) because I need to complete my second translation certificate, and what else...work sucks as usual.
Watching the days slip by so fast
Knowing our fate has long been cast
Working our fingers to the bone
Cause nobody loves you when you're gone
~
Coughing up feeling just for you
To find something real to hold on to
~
But there is a hole inside my heart
Where all of my love comes pouring out.
~
You know you'll always be my man
But grab yourself sweetness where you can
~
Cause sooner or later we're going to die
Left to the dogs under the sky
~
I cracked a piece of broken glass
~
Coughing up feeling just for you
To find something real to hold on to
But there is a hole inside my heart
Where WAVES of my love come tumbling out.
~
You say that all the good is gone
That I have forgotten who I am
Free as a bird
Wild as the wind
But somehow I cannot let you in....
"Nobody Loves You"
by Garbage....this CD was the inspiration to this photo shoot.....
BlackSpidey: What a hell you doing?
RedSpidey: Just relaxing brow... A bath of milk to renew... Shut up and give me the towel..
365 Toy Project - Day 47/365
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Inspired by Stéfan Stormtroopers 365
It would be easy to mistake this mishapen gnarly old tree at first glance for one of the Hornbeam Pollards that have frequently appeared on my photostream. But this awesome veteran is a Silver Birch and frankly I havent seen one quite like its kind before. Silver Birch trees are generally short lived but this must be a tidy few years old. What a fantastic tree, very impressive and full of character.
The next photo is a close crop of this shot.