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at SSHEL.
More information on the Curriculum Collection available at the following link:
www.library.illinois.edu/sshel/specialcollections/curricu...
Photo taken 1 July, 2014 by CECrane.
General Science text book published in 1989. Great eye catching cover and 681 pages of text and illustrations. The cover shows some use but is well bound and all of the pages and intact and free from markings. Gee, it's almost like the kids never even cracked the book open. Could be used to create a hollowed out book-box or the cover would be great for reuse to create a unique notebook or sketch pad. Or just read it to relive the good old days when Pluto was still a planet.
People like to think that animals help each other in nature, living in harmony and working for the common good. Scientists call this mutualism. Red-billed oxpeckers eat ticks from cattle and other large mammals, helping the animals while gaining a meal for themselves . . . or do they?
In truth this textbook example of mutualism (you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours) may not exemplify such a happy partnership after all. After 2000 hours of observation Paul Weeks found during graduate work for the University of Cambridge in England that keeping the red-billed oxpeckers away from cattle didn't typically increase tick infestation. Paul Weeks also observed that excluding the oxpeckers speeded healing of skin wounds of various causes. (Red-billed oxpeckers: vampires or tickbirds? – Weeks 1999). His data suggests that the relationship between birds and their hosts is more complex than previously thought. Although the red-billed oxpeckers do not greatly harm their hosts, there is no evidence yet that they are actually helpful.
Weeks studied Bonsmara cattle in Zimbabwe that were either exposed to or isolated from red-billed oxpeckers Buphagus erythrorhynchus. When Weeks counted the number of ticks on the cattle, both groups had the same amount – the oxpeckers were not helping remove ticks at all.
So what were the birds up to? Weeks observed them picking at wounds so that they could feed on the cattle's blood. And, when the oxpeckers did eat ticks, they preferred ticks that had already engorged themselves – the damage to the livestock had already been done. The cattle were an oxpecker buffet, as the birds feasted on dead skin, mucus, saliva, sweat, tears, and earwax.
Despite Paul Weeks's study, the long-standing “myth” that red-billed oxpeckers help their hosts by removing ticks prevails. Oxpeckers continue to be reintroduced into game reserves in South Africa coupled with advertising campaigns that continue to promote the “benefits” of red-billed oxpeckers for tick control. The Endangered Wildlife Trust’s Poison Working Group runs the translocation program “Operation Oxpecker”.
“Oxpeckers can be one of the farmer’s greatest natural allies on game and cattle farms. It is therefore very important to employ farming practices which offer the birds the best chance of survival by managing tick infestations with the correct products and management protocols”, they claim. Before the widespread use of toxic cattle dips, red-billed oxpeckers were found throughout the eastern part of the country as far south as Grahamstown. Now cattle farmers are encouraged to use bird-friendly dips so that these birds can return to their original range. Red-billed oxpeckers have been reintroduced successfully in Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, the Eastern Cape and the Kimberley area of the Northern Cape. Some farmers now have a healthy population on their property, that they believe keeps their livestock and game free of external parasites. Anecdotal evidence suggests that this stops the spread of tick-borne diseases.
According to Weeks, it may take a while for attitudes about oxpeckers to change. "The traditional view is still pretty solid."
One of the important limitations of Weeks’ studies is the fact that the cattle and oxpeckers did not coevolve and therefore the results may not be representative of the relationships between oxpeckers and their native African ungulate hosts in general. However, the oxpecker behaviour on cattle observed by Weeks was confirmed to extend to black rhinos in captivity by observations of captive oxpeckers and black rhinoceroses at Zurich Zoo, in Switzerland. (McElligott, Maggini, Hunziker and König – Interactions between red-billed oxpeckers and black rhinos in captivity 2004). This work demonstrated that the birds opened new wounds on their hosts. This was an unnatural situation, especially since the captive rhinos were tick-free, but it suggests that field studies of oxpeckers should focus on the frequency of feeding at wounds, and monitor the frequency with which new wounds are created on game animals.
Creeps me the @$% out. The early 20th century textbook Zach found had a whole chapter devoted to Eugenics.
This was a good one, "Mathematics 10" by Nelson, circa 2000.
iPhone pic via ToonCamera App.
#iPPP2Day18 While life may sometimes take on characteristics of a cartoon, let’s help it along on its way today using a cartoon app. Try Cartoon FX (free) or ToonCamera (thanks @cogdog)
More school stuff we have picked up over the years in antique shops. Most date from the early 1900's.
admittedly being in the high school classroom brought back a lot of unwanted memories of 9th grade biology class . . .
A lone piece of paper in the center of the road outside of Bigoti Wetland Sanctuary. Near Kibale National Park, Uganda
Pivot #88 Harley Quick keeping blocker #7902 No Mercy away from jammer #3 Strong Bones heading into turn three. 05.04.19 Carson City
A textbook standing on a ledge to hold a window open, © Carel van der Lippe.
If you would like to use this image, please mention:
'Open window textbook' by Carel van der Lippe is released under CC BY-NC-ND
and link to both this location and the relevant license.
OEWeek23 Photo Competition entry number 56
My library has a collection of the textbooks used by the local middle schools. We had to put the stickers on them and move them behind the reference desk to make sure kids didn't take them home. Read more on my website.
The Bergen-Belsen exhibition catalogue (which we translated into English) is now being used for teaching.
Northampton Old Scouts find their way blocked by the Matlock defence in rugby union's Midlands One East. The visitors went down 31-27 at Cromford Meadows. Scouts clawed back a 24-7 deficit to draw level, at 24-24, before they were undone by a late converted try. It was Matlock's first win of the season, at the fifth attempt.
Admission: £3 (including 28-page programme). Attendance: 48.