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Catalog #: 10_0016078
Title: Bomb Test
Date: 1920-1929
Additional Information: Aerial Bombing tests on ships
Tags: Bomb Test, Aerial Bombing tests on ships, 1920-1929
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
Bagan; (formerly Pagan) is an ancient city located in the Mandalay Region of Burma (Myanmar). From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Kingdom of Pagan, the first kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern Myanmar. During the kingdom's height between the 11th and 13th centuries, over 10.000 Buddhist temples, pagodas and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains alone, of which the remains of over 2200 temples and pagodas still survive to the present day.
The Bagan Archaeological Zone is a main draw for the country's nascent tourism industry. It is seen by many as equal in attraction to Angkor Wat in Cambodia.
ETYMOLOGY
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pyugam (meaning 'Pyu Village'). Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies". Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa, "parched land", and Tampadipa, "bronzed country". The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy.
HISTORY
7th to 13th CENTURIES
According to the Burmese chronicles, Bagan was founded in the second century CE, and fortified in 849 CE by King Pyinbya, 34th successor of the founder of early Bagan. Mainstream scholarship however holds that Bagan was founded in the mid-to-late 9th century by the Mranma (Burmans), who had recently entered the Irrawaddy valley from the Nanzhao Kingdom. It was among several competing Pyu city-states until the late 10th century when the Burman settlement grew in authority and grandeur.From 1044 to 1287, Bagan was the capital as well as the political, economic and cultural nerve center of the Pagan Empire. Over the course of 250 years, Bagan's rulers and their wealthy subjects constructed over 10000 religious monuments (approximately 1000 stupas, 10000 small temples and 3000 monasteries) in an area of 104 square kilometres in the Bagan plains. The prosperous city grew in size and grandeur, and became a cosmopolitan center for religious and secular studies, specializing in Pali scholarship in grammar and philosophical-psychological (abhidhamma) studies as well as works in a variety of languages on prosody, phonology, grammar, astrology, alchemy, medicine, and legal studies. The city attracted monks and students from as far as India, Ceylon as well as the Khmer Empire. The culture of Bagan was dominated by religion. The religion of Bagan was fluid, syncretic and by later standards, unorthodox. It was largely a continuation of religious trends in the Pyu era where Theravada Buddhism co-existed with Mahayana Buddhism, Tantric Buddhism, various Hindu (Saivite, and Vaishana) schools as well as native animist (nat) traditions. While the royal patronage of Theravada Buddhism since the mid-11th century had enabled the Buddhist school to gradually gain primacy, other traditions continued to thrive throughout the Pagan period to degrees later unseen.
The Pagan Empire collapsed in 1287 due to repeated Mongol invasions (1277–1301). Recent research shows that Mongol armies may not have reached Bagan itself, and that even if they did, the damage they inflicted was probably minimal. However, the damage had already been done. The city, once home to some 50.000 to 200.000 people, had been reduced to a small town, never to regain its preeminence. The city formally ceased to be the capital of Burma in December 1297 when the Myinsaing Kingdom became the new power in Upper Burma.
14th to 19th CENTURIES
Bagan survived into the 15th century as a human settlement, and as a pilgrimage destination throughout the imperial period. A smaller number of "new and impressive" religious monuments still went up to the mid-15th century but afterward, new temple constructions slowed to a trickle with fewer than 200 temples built between the 15th and 20th centuries. The old capital remained a pilgrimage destination but pilgrimage was focused only on "a score or so" most prominent temples out of the thousands such as the Ananda, the Shwezigon, the Sulamani, the Htilominlo, the Dhammayazika, and a few other temples along an ancient road. The rest - thousands of less famous, out-of-the-way temples - fell into disrepair, and most did not survive the test of time.
For the few dozen temples that were regularly patronized, the continued patronage meant regular upkeep as well as architectural additions donated by the devotees. Many temples were repainted with new frescoes on top of their original Pagan era ones, or fitted with new Buddha statutes. Then came a series of state-sponsored "systematic" renovations in the Konbaung period (1752–1885), which by and large were not true to the original designs - some finished with "a rude plastered surface, scratched without taste, art or result". The interiors of some temples were also whitewashed, such as the Thatbyinnyu and the Ananda. Many painted inscriptions and even murals were added in this period.
20th CENTURY TO PRESENT
Bagan, located in an active earthquake zone, had suffered from many earthquakes over the ages, with over 400 recorded earthquakes between 1904 and 1975. The last major earthquake came on 8 July 1975, reaching 8 MM in Bagan and Myinkaba, and 7 MM in Nyaung-U. The quake damaged many temples, in many cases, such as the Bupaya, severely and irreparably. Today, 2229 temples and pagodas remain.
Many of these damaged pagodas underwent restorations in the 1990s by the military government, which sought to make Bagan an international tourist destination. However, the restoration efforts instead drew widespread condemnation from art historians and preservationists worldwide. Critics are aghast that the restorations paid little attention to original architectural styles, and used modern materials, and that the government has also established a golf course, a paved highway, and built a 61-meter watchtower. Although the government believed that the ancient capital's hundreds of (unrestored) temples and large corpus of stone inscriptions were more than sufficient to win the designation of UNESCO World Heritage Site, the city has not been so designated, allegedly mainly on account of the restorations.
Bagan today is a main tourist destination in the country's nascent tourism industry, which has long been the target of various boycott campaigns. The majority of over 300.000 international tourists to the country in 2011 are believed to have also visited Bagan. Several Burmese publications note that the city's small tourism infrastructure will have to expand rapidly even to meet a modest pickup in tourism in the following years.
There is a well-known saying of Myanmar people : "If you are a real Myanmar, you must have been to Bagan." Bagan is spirit of history of Myanmar.
GEOGRAPHY
The Bagan Archaeological Zone, defined as the 13 x 8 km area centered around Old Bagan, consisting of Nyaung U in the north and New Bagan in the south, lies in the vast expanse of plains in Upper Burma on the bend of the Irrawaddy river. It is located 290 kilometres southwest of Mandalay and 700 kilometres north of Yangon. Its coordinates are 21°10' North and 94°52' East.
ARCHITECTURE
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
STUPAS
A stupa, also called a pagoda, is a massive structure, typically with a relic chamber inside. The Bagan stupas or pagodas evolved from earlier Pyu designs, which in turn were based on the stupa designs of the Andhra region, particularly Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in present-day southeastern India, and to a smaller extent to Ceylon. The Bagan-era stupas in turn were the prototypes for later Burmese stupas in terms of symbolism, form and design, building techniques and even materials.
Originally, an Indian/Ceylonese stupa had a hemispheric body (Pali: anda, "the egg") on which a rectangular box surrounded by a stone balustrade (harmika) was set. Extending up from the top of the stupa was a shaft supporting several ceremonial umbrellas. The stupa is a representation of the Buddhist cosmos: its shape symbolizes Mount Meru while the umbrella mounted on the brickwork represents the world's axis. The brickwork pediment was often covered in stucco and decorated in relief. Pairs or series of ogres as guardian figures ('bilu') were a favourite theme in the Bagan period.
The original Indic design was gradually modified first by the Pyu, and then by Burmans at Bagan where the stupa gradually developed a longer, cylindrical form. The earliest Bagan stupas such as the Bupaya (c. 9th century) were the direct descendants of the Pyu style at Sri Ksetra. By the 11th century, the stupa had developed into a more bell-shaped form in which the parasols morphed into a series of increasingly smaller rings placed on one top of the other, rising to a point. On top the rings, the new design replaced the harmika with a lotus bud. The lotus bud design then evolved into the "banana bud", which forms the extended apex of most Burmese pagodas. Three or four rectangular terraces served as the base for a pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
HOLLOW TEMPLES
In contrast to the stupas, the hollow gu-style temple is a structure used for meditation, devotional worship of the Buddha and other Buddhist rituals. The gu temples come in two basic styles: "one-face" design and "four-face" design - essentially one main entrance and four main entrances. Other styles such as five-face and hybrids also exist. The one-face style grew out of 2nd century Beikthano, and the four-face out of 7th century Sri Ksetra. The temples, whose main features were the pointed arches and the vaulted chamber, became larger and grander in the Bagan period.
INNOVATIONS
Although the Burmese temple designs evolved from Indic, Pyu (and possibly Mon) styles, the techniques of vaulting seem to have developed in Bagan itself. The earliest vaulted temples in Bagan date to the 11th century, while the vaulting did not become widespread in India until the late 12th century. The masonry of the buildings shows "an astonishing degree of perfection", where many of the immense structures survived the 1975 earthquake more or less intact. (Unfortunately, the vaulting techniques of the Bagan era were lost in the later periods. Only much smaller gu style temples were built after Bagan. In the 18th century, for example, King Bodawpaya attempted to build the Mingun Pagoda, in the form of spacious vaulted chambered temple but failed as craftsmen and masons of the later era had lost the knowledge of vaulting and keystone arching to reproduce the spacious interior space of the Bagan hollow temples.)
Another architectural innovation originated in Bagan is the Buddhist temple with a pentagonal floor plan. This design grew out of hybrid (between one-face and four-face designs) designs. The idea was to include the veneration of the Maitreya Buddha, the future and fifth Buddha of this era, in addition to the four who had already appeared. The Dhammayazika and the Ngamyethna Pagoda are examples of the pentagonal design.
ECONOMY
Bagan's economy is based mainly on tourism. Because of boycotts against the previous military government, the Bagan region's tourism infrastructure is still quite modest by international standards. The city has a few international standard hotels and many family-run guesthouses. Bagan is also the center of Burmese lacquerware industry, which to a large degree depends on tourist demand. Much of the lacquerware is destined for souvenir shops in Yangon, and to the world markets. Moreover, the lacquerware-making process itself has become a tourist draw.
WIKIPEDIA
37611 with 4Z98 Derby Litchurch Lane to Carlisle Kingmoor on 6th July 2015.
The move was to test gauging for the wagons on the Cumbrian Coast route and the cable seen hanging from the rear cab is part of the monitoring equipment.
This all added to the EE traction-fest which was at the time on the route north of Barrow.
Jules Bianchi (FRA) Sahara Force India F1..
Formula One Testing, Day Four, Friday 22nd February 2013. Barcelona, Spain.
Catalog #: 10_0016092
Title: Bomb Test
Date: 1920-1929
Additional Information: Aerial Bombing tests on ships
Tags: Bomb Test, Aerial Bombing tests on ships, 1920-1929
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
Catalog #: 10_0016038
Title: Bomb Test
Date: 1920-1929
Additional Information: Aerial Bombing tests on ships
Tags: Bomb Test, Aerial Bombing tests on ships, 1920-1929
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
Some preliminary conclusions after these tests about “best performance setting”
My objective was to find the best performance setting for outdoors for my camera.
NOTE: to convert RAF files to JPG I got much sharper results, as well as more noise, using either Lightroom 4 or TheraPee 4 (an open and free software). Setting “extreme sharpness” in the provided software also helps.
My camera shows orbs and in RAW is not as sharp as many other people X10s that show to be amazing out of the box (I am thinking to send it to the service by the way).
Sharpness, it was my main concern and with my camera got the best results using: EXR HD mode but also P mode worked ok, M size, DR 100 and speed over 1/100 if possible. Neither RAW mode nor Large size did achieve the degree of sharpness reached by this setting.
I shoot with IS in mode 2 when hand holding the camera, but I turn it OFF if using a tripod.
To avoid blowing up the highlights I set: EV -0,3, highlights low and Astia film setting.
To avoid “orbs” just keep apart from maximum aperture settings in takes with strong lights over a dark background.
I like to shoot at ISO 100 if possible, going up, even at just ISO 200, show differences. Anyway in very low light I go until ISO 800 in AUTO mode.
I like Astia film setting, colors are a little warmer but balanced, contrast and saturation are not exaggerated. Please consider that RAW mode is not available in EXR mode and/or M size and I need them.
No particular advises over AF modes, they worked perfectly, even in low light.
Shoot lower than 1/800 unless mandatory. I am not convinced about this point, but for sure it is better to go 1/600 at ISO 100 than 1/1200 at ISO 200 (shooting still objects as buildings). It means to avoid using AUTO ISO mode.
Waiting its turn at the test centre is 2912 D912NDA
Thoroughly enjoyed driving this beast both at HY and on this day.
.RAF conversion results (July 2012)
The Fuji sensor arrangement makes the conversion RAF to JPG challenging for everybody. I tested 3 applications but still have not found the “Holy Grail” of Fujifilm sensors.
Silkypix (provided): the images are soft, have a “blue” tone and can not solve the greens very well. The results are so mediocre that I thought it was a problem with the camera. Anyway colors are uniform and noise is undetectable so can be useful in some cases.
Lightroom 4: is a good compromise, not so sharp but not so noisy and plenty of controls. But you need to pay for it, learn to use it, and it is not the “official” converter. If you have it, use it.
Therapee 4: gives the sharper and noisier results, it is free and can give good results. The photo size is the same than in .RAF, which is smaller than 4000x3000. It is a good complement for Silkypix users.
JPG from the camera: results are the best and are not time consuming, but you have few controls over it and need to be preset. M size (6mp) is sharper than L size (12mp), Astia film and highlights in low are advisable too.
I wish some company develop a better product to convert these .RAF files easily and better, meanwhile I shoot JPG and for important events RAF + JPG, a big SD card is mandatory.
Good shoots and better conversions ;)
Initial buoyancy testing in Albert P. Crary Science and Engineering Center at McMurdo Station. From L-R: Anthony Spears, Mick West, Matt Meister. Photo: Jacob Buffo.
Read the full story at: www.rh.gatech.edu/
Catalog #: 10_0016060
Title: Bomb Test
Date: 1920-1929
Additional Information: Aerial Bombing tests on ships
Tags: Bomb Test, Aerial Bombing tests on ships, 1920-1929
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
Freeze blotter test in the Seed Health Laboratory at CIMMYT. To detect specific fungi, seed is incubated in ideal fungal growing conditions. Technicians look for distinctive growths of fungal species of quarantine concern. The seed is briefly frozen before incubation to prevent germination.
Photo credit: CIMMYT.
For more information, this photo was part of a slideshow accompanying the story "The Journey of a Seed" in CIMMYT's August 2008 e-news, available online here:
Just a test for an idea i've had in my mind for a while, it's not right yet but i might do a small edition when i'm happy with it!
Test Roll of Lomography CN 400 in my new Lomogrpahy Konstruktor DIY SLR.
The lens on this still picks up quite a lot of detail. Some loss of resolution and CA/fringing towards the corners. Personally I prefer the look of pictures taken on with a Recesky, if we're doing a DIY head to head.
Overall the pictures are okay. I don't think I'd be using it that often, the 1/80 shutter speed is just a bit too slow unless you stop and stand still.
Also it likes to eat film.
Catalog #: 10_0016053
Title: Bomb Test
Date: 1920-1929
Additional Information: Aerial Bombing tests on ships
Tags: Bomb Test, Aerial Bombing tests on ships, 1920-1929
Repository: San Diego Air and Space Museum Archive
FORT DRUM, N.Y. – 10th Combat Aviation Brigade Command Sergeant Major, Command Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Patton, emerges from the water following his first official soak at the Dunking Booth during the 10th CAB’s Fall Festival. Soldiers and Family members spent the day at Wheeler-Sack Army Airfield on September 18th to share some fun times together before the CAB deploys to Afghanistan later this Fall.
Top: 12 DPO, First Response test, faint positive result
Middle: 12 DPO, First Response test, stronger positive
Bottom: 13 DPO, Generic medical centre test, stronger positive
Le test complet du Nikkor Z 85 mm f/1.8 S est disponible ici :
www.nikonpassion.com/test-nikkor-z-85-mm-f18-s-objectif-p...