040602-N-8148A-022

Atlantic Ocean (June 2, 2004) - USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) Sailors, Aviation Structural Mechanics 2nd Class David Pierce, of Mannford, Okla., and Warren Earle, of Phoenix, drill rivet holes in a new patch for a C-2A Greyhound aircraft rudder assigned to the "Rawhides" of Fleet Logistic Support Squadron Three Zero (VRC-30). Reagan and its crew are underway circumnavigating South America as they make their way to their new homeport in San Diego. U.S. Navy photo by Photographer's Mate 3rd Class Kitt Amaritnant.

Somewhere in the Med

(formerly Lions Lair; Yorkshireman's Arms)

 

the pub was closed in 2021 and demolished Jan 2022

popular Yorkshire pub dating back too the 1700's

 

The Barker’s Pool House office was built tight to the pub, the building then became reliant on the office block for some level of structural support. The demolition of Barker’s Pool House has therefore accelerated the structural concerns of the pub.

 

Burgess Street, Sheffield

Owner: Puget Sound Energy

 

Lead contractor: EI Solutions

 

The Wild Horse Wind and Solar Facility has been providing customers with clean, renewable energy since 2006. The site features over 273 megawatts of wind and solar power, with a 44 megawatt expansion completed last year. During the first phase of construction as well as the second, Puget Sound Energy went to great lengths to take care of the environment. Native plants were planted in disturbed areas, erosion control was put in place, and wildlife studies are ongoing. The Renewable Energy Center (visitors center) was built to showcase Puget Sound Energy's commitment to the environment, education, and renewable energy. The building is LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified Gold, with a native rock exterior, native plant landscaping, low VOC paint, Structural Insulated Panel walls and ceilings, Energy Star appliances, and recycled furnishings throughout. The center is open to the public from April through November.

 

View more in this article describing how industries are built on renewable energy....Premier SIPs was pumped to be part of this project!

 

Vaswati Misra

 

Vaswati’s love for dance began as a young child of 7, she received training first under the tutelage of Smt Reba Vidyarthi and then had the good fortune to be groomed by the great kathak maestro Pandit Birju Maharaj. An immensely talented dancer by the age of ten Vaswati was already dancing on stage. Performing both as a soloist as well as with her husband, dancer Krishan Mohan Misra she was acclaimed both for her command over the technique of the dance form as well as her expressieve qualities.

A successful choreographer and a soloist of repute Vaswati performed in prestigious festivals like Baba Allaudin Khan Samaroh, Bindadin Kathak Mahotsav, Khajuraho, Orchha Mahotsava, Nishagandhi Festival, Sangeet Natak Akademi’s 50th celebration, Qutub Festival and travelled to U.S.A, Japan, South Africa, latin America, the Middle East, Mexico and entire Europe.

In 1979 Vaswati joined the Sriram Bhartiya Kala Kendra as a teacher and was there for eight years, in 1989 she held the post of Kathak Guru at the Kathak Kendra, New Delhi was there again for eight years, in 1997 she resigned from Kathak Kendra and two years later, combining her passion for performance and education she set up an arts education centre the Pandit Shambhu Maharaj Kathak Academy as the educational wing of Dhwani, continued to grow with additions of a repertory and Zaroorat, a school for the underprivileged.

 

Dhwani Group

 

Dhwani is a cultural organization founded by leading proponents of Kathak, Shri Krishan Mohan Misra and Vaswati Misra in 1984.

 

It seeks to preserve and promote the performing and fine arts traditions of India by organizing choreographed dance, theatrical and musical performances of the highest caliber.

Trained under the auspices of the maestro- Pt Birju Maharaj himself, Vaswati Misra has perfected the technique and grammar of Kathak through her career spanning 40 years. Her choreographed pieces have been widely acclaimed by audiences and connoisseurs across the globe. Over the years, Vaswati Misra and Dhwani has built a reputation for collaborating with a diverse profile of artists and performers- from indigenous and folk artists to children from challenging backgrounds, from the greatest maestros, writers and actors of our times to young debutants- many of whom have been nurtured into accomplished performers in their own right.

 

Each performance by Dhwani is crafted to perfect the interpretation of sound and beat, the balance of strong yet lyrical body movements, powerful foot-work and subtle expressions. They are unique in their highly contemporary and aesthetic interpretation of a very traditional form.

 

Dhwani is empanelled with the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, the Ministry of Culture and CID UNESCO.

 

Concept Note

 

Founded by dancer and choreographer, Vaswati Misra, The DHwani Repertory is made up of dancers whose versatility, virtuosity and dynamic movement quality, owes itself to the training imparted by Vaswati Misra. Their performances resonate with a long history of cultural traditions and are the result of explorations into elements that make Kathak the dance form that it is. Herself, an accomplished artiste of the Lucknow Gharana of Kathak, Vaswati finds inspiration for her choreography within the structural boundaries of Kathak as it has grown and developed over the countries.

 

Concepts like Bhaav bataana (the expression of a mood, seated on stage) Padhant, (where the mood and feeling inherent in mnemonic syllables are explored) or forms based on traditional musical genres like gats, taraaanaas and kavits are recreated in a matter that often fuse the perceived boundaries between dance and music, the traditional and the contemporary.

 

At the Ananya Dance Festival, The Dhwani Repertory will present an eclectic selection of some of its shorter works as well as some excerpts from production like Jeevan and Kalpataru.

Structural steel is installed at the High-Level Waste Facility. The steel reaches 77-feet in some areas of the facility.

File: 20170615-waipahu-img-3598

Arsenal (Vienna)

The Vienna Arsenal, object 1

(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

The Arsenal in Vienna is a former military complex in the southeast of the city, located

in the 3rd district of Vienna. The mighty, consisting of several brick buildings facility is located on a rectangular plan on a hill south of the Country Road Belt (Landstraßer Gürtel).

Meaning

The Arsenal is the most important secular assembly of Romantic Historicism in Vienna and was conducted in Italian-Medieval and Byzantine-Moorish forms. Essentially the complex is preserved in its original forms; only the former workshop buildings within the bounding, from the the outside visible wings were replaced by new constructions.

History to 1945

Bird's eye view of the complex, arsenal, lithography Alexander Kaiser, 1855

Vienna Arsenal (Museum of Military History)

Arsenal, with HGM (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum) from the East

The complex, with a total of 31 "objects" (buildings) was built from 1849 to 1856 on the occasion of the March Revolution of 1848 and was the first building of the fortress triangle, replacing the old Vienna's city walls, with the Rossauer Barracks and the now-defunct Franz Joseph barracks at Stubenring. These buildings should not serve to deter foreign enemies from the city, but to secure state power in the event of revolutionary upheavals in Vienna. The decision to build the Arsenal, it came from the 19-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I who on 2 December 1848 had come to the throne.

The design for the Imperial Artillery Arsenal came from General Artillery Director Vincenz Freiherr von Augustin, to which, subsequently, the site management had been transferred. Under his leadership, the buildings under assignment of sectors have been planned of the architects Carl Roesner, Antonius Pius de Riegel, August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Eduard van der Nüll, Theophil von Hansen and Ludwig Förster and built by the company of the architect Leopold Mayr.

From 1853 to 1856, Arsenal church was built by the architect Carl Roesner. The K.K. Court Weapon Museum, later K.K. Army Museum, now Museum of Military History, housed in a separate representative free-standing wing, was completed structurally in 1856, but was only in 1869 for the first time accessible.

For the construction of the Arsenal 177 million bricks were used. Construction costs totaled $ 8.5 million guilders. In the following years, there have been extensions. During the two world wars, the complex served as a weapons factory and arsenal, especially as barracks.

The record number of employees in Arsenal was reached in the First World War, with around 20,000 staffers. After 1918, the military-industrial operation with own steel mill was transformed into a public service institution with the name "Austrian Factories Arsenal". However, there were almost insoluble conversion problems in the transition to peacetime production, the product range was too great and the mismanagement considerable. The number of employees declined steadily, and the company became one of the great economic scandals of the First Republic.

By the fall of 1938, the area belonged to the 10th District Favoriten. However, as was established during the "Third Reich" the Reich District of Greater Vienna, became the arsenal complex and the south-east of it lying areas in the wake of district boundary changes parts of the 3rd District.

During the Second World War, in the Arsenal tank repair workshops of the Waffen-SS were set up. In the last two years of the war several buildings were severely damaged by bombing. During the Battle of Vienna, in the days of 7 to 9 April 1945, was the arsenal, defended by the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf", focus of the fighting, the Red Army before its victory facing heavy losses.

History since 1945

Ruins of the object 15 after the air raids 1944

Deposits at the Arsenal Street

After heavy bomb damages during the Second World War, the buildings of the Arsenal were largely restored to their original forms.

In the southern part and in the former courtyard of the arsenal several new buildings were added, among them 1959-1963 the decoration workshops of the Federal Theatre designed by the architects Erich Boltenstern and Robert Weinlich. From 1961 to 1963, the telecommunications central office was built by the architect Fritz Pfeffer. From 1973 to 1975 were built operation and office building of the Post and Telephone Head Office for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland (now Technology Centre Arsenal of Telekom Austria) with the 150-meter high radio tower in Vienna Arsenal according to the plans of architect Kurt Eckel. In the 1990s, a rehearsal stage of the Castle Theater (Burgtheater) was built according to plans by Gustav Peichl.

Also the Austrian Research and Testing Centre Arsenal, now Arsenal Research, which has made itself wordwide a celebrity by one of the largest air chambers (now moved to Floridsdorf - 21st District), was housed in the complex. A smaller part of the complex is still used by the Austrian army as a barracks. Furthermore, the Central Institute for Disinfection of the City of Vienna and the Central Chemical Laboratory of the Federal Monuments Office are housed in the arsenal. The Military History Museum uses multiple objects as depots.

In one part of the area residential buildings were erected. The Arsenal is forming an own, two census tracts encompassing census district, which according to the census in 2001 had 2.058 inhabitants.

End of 2003, the arsenal in connection with other properties of the Federal Property Society (BIG - Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft) was sold to a private investor group. Since early 2006, the lawyer of Baden (Lower Austria, not far away from Vienna) Rudolf Fries and industrialist Walter Scherb are majority owners of the 72,000 m2 historic site that they want to refurbish and according to possibility rent new. Fries also plans to enlarge the existing living space by more than a half (about 40,000 m2).

An architectural design competition, whose jury on 28 and 29 in June 2007 met, provided proposals amounting to substantial structural changes in the complex. Such designed competition winner Hohensinn a futuristic clouds clip modeled after El Lissitzky's cloud bracket, a multi-level horizontal structure on slender stilts over the old stock on the outskirts of the Swiss Garden. The realization of these plans is considered unlikely.

Some objects are since 2013 adapted for use by the Technical University of Vienna: Object 227, the so-called "Panzerhalle" will house laboratories of the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology. In object 221, the "Siemens hall", laboratories of the Institute for Energy Technology and Thermodynamics as well as of the Institute for Manufacturing Technology and High Power Laser Technology are built. In object 214 is besides the Technical Testing and Research Institute (TVFA) also the second expansion stage of the "Vienna Scientific Cluster" housed, of a supercomputer, which was built jointly by the Vienna University of Technology, the University of Vienna and the University of Agricultural Sciences.

Accessibility

The arsenal was historically especially over the Landstraßer Gürtel developed. Today passes southeast in the immediate proximity the Südosttangente called motorway A23 with it connection Gürtel/Landstraßer Hauptstrasse. Southwest of the site runs the Eastern Railway, the new Vienna Central Station closes to the west of the arsenal. Two new bridges over the Eastern Railway, the Arsenal Stay Bridge and the Southern Railway bridge and an underpass as part of Ghegastraße and Alfred- Adler-Straße establish a connection to the on the other side of the railway facilities located Sonnwendviertel in the 10th District, which is being built on the former site of the freight train station Vienna South Station.

On the center side is between Arsenal and Landstraßer Gürtel the former Maria Josefa Park located, now known as Swiss Garden. Here stands at the Arsenal street the 21er Haus, a branch of the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, on the center-side edge of the Swiss Garden has the busy suburban main railway route the stop Vienna Quartier Belvedere, next to it the Wiener Linien D (tram) and 69A (bus) run.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal

never go on the swinging ones on the inside, unless you like being nauseous for 15 minutes solid.

The role of the State and leadership in overcoming barriers to effective structural transformation

Detail of the Trinity mural; the face of God the Father has been distorted by structural movement, this edited image attempts to correct this.

 

To the south of the high altar stands the chantry chapel of Edward le Despenser (d.1375) opposite the tomb of his father. Edward's effigy is unique, a kneeling, praying figure with its original colouring set beneath a canopy on the roof of the chapel (best viewed from the opposite side of the sanctuary). Within the chapel has a delicate fan-vaulted ceiling and a well preserved mural of the Trinity.

 

The attractive town of Tewkesbury has been dominated by its superb abbey church since the beginning of the 12th century, and we can be forever grateful to its townspeople for purchasing the monastic church in 1540 for £453 for use as their parish church, saving it from the fate that befell countless similar great churches across the land during the turmoil of the Dissolution. It reminds us both how lucky we are to still marvel at it today, yet also how great a loss to our heritage the period wrought when many more such buildings were so utterly plundered as to have gone without trace (the fate of the monastic buildings here and even the lady chapel of the church whose footings are laid out in the grass at the east end).

 

Tewkesbury Abbey is thus rightly celebrated as one of our greatest non-cathedral churches, and remarkably much of the original Norman church remains substantially intact, most apparently in the great central tower, a fine example of Romanesque architecture adorned with rows of blind-arcading. The west front is dominated by a massive Norman-arched recess (enclosing the somewhat later west window) and the nave and transepts remain largely as originally built, though this is less clear externally owing to the changes made to the windows, nearly all of which were enlarged in the 14th century in the Decorated Gothic style. This century also saw the complete rebuilding of the eastern limb of the church, of a form less common in England with radiating chapels surrounding the eastern apse of the choir (the central lady chapel sadly missing since 1540).

 

The interior reveals far more of the Romanesque structure with mighty columns supporting the round Norman arches of the nave arcades giving the building a great sense of solidity. The space is further enlivened by the changes made during the 14th century by the stunning vault over the nave (adorned with a rewarding series of figurative bosses) which sits surprisingly well with the Norman work below. Beyond the apsidal choir beckons, and both this and the space below the tower are enriched with stunningly complex vaulted ceilings (replete with further bosses and gilded metal stars), all ablaze with colour and gilding.

 

There is much to enjoy in glass here, most remarkably a complete set of 14th century glazing in the clerestorey of the choir, seven windows filled with saints and prophets (and most memorably two groups of knights in the westernmost windows on each side). A few of the figures have fared less well over the centuries but on the whole this is a wonderfully rare and well preserved scheme. There is much glass from the 19th century too, with an extensive scheme in the nave of good quality work by Hardman's, and more recently a pair of rich windows by Tom Denny were added in one of the polygonal chapels around the east end.

 

Some of the most memorable features are the monuments with many medieval tombs of note, primarily the effigies and chantry chapels of members of the Despenser family around the choir (two of the chantries being miniature architectural gems in their own right with exquisite fan-vaulting). In one of the apsidal chapels is the unusual cenotaph to Abbot Wakeman with his grisly cadaver effigy, a late medieval reminder of earthly mortality.

 

Tewkesbury Abbey is not to be missed and is every bit as rewarding as many of our cathedrals (superior in fact to all but the best). It is normally kept open and welcoming to visitors on a daily basis. I have also had the privilege of working on this great building several times over the years (as part of the team at the studio I once worked for), and have left my mark in glass in a few discreet places.

www.tewkesburyabbey.org.uk/

There's a 'beam cleaning' (!) tutorial at mybarnconversion

A national juried exhibition with a focus on structure, both natural and human-made. The exhibition features painting, sculpture, photography, drawing, and more by 30 artists from across the country.

 

The work for this exhibition was chosen by our wonderful jurors, Peter Gabak and Joanna Poag. Join us for the opening reception, where $1,000 in cash awards will be announced!

 

Artists Included:

Deborah Beardslee (NY), Jackie Brown (ME), Christina Cassone (PA), Theresa Devine (AZ), Zach Dietl (NY), Julianne French (FL), Nate Hodge (NY), Ellie Honl (IN), Kristy Hughes (IN), Jim Jacobs (UT), Yasemin Kackar-Demirel (NY), Ella Kampelman (MN), Susan Kaye (NY), Namdoo Kim (NY), Sassoon Kosian (NJ), Tom Kredo (NY), Yoonjee Kwak (NY), Pamela Markman (CA), Vanessa Michalak (MA), Nicole Mongelluzzo (NY), Kelly Nye (OH), Colleen O’Hara (NY), Chris Oliver (NY), Nancy Ridenour (NY), Ruth Simon McRae (GA), Jean Stephens (NY), Susan Stuart (NY), Tracy Wascom (MI), Doerte Weber (TX), Jere Williams (VA)

 

May 9–June 30, 2015

 

Opening Reception: Saturday, May 9, 4–7p.m.

The Burrow B – 10/2013

 

Structural – Custom - Delete curve at stairs into kitchen, reconfigure stairs to traditional switchback from foyer to 2nd floor

 

Interior Walls - Ashen 516-4

Interior Trim – Delicate White 518-1

Ceiling - White

 

Cabinets - Custom Kitchen Cabinets - Perimeter and Island - Level 6 - Charlton Maple – Full Overlay and Smooth Close Drawers - Glacier

Countertops – Kitchen - Granite - Level 3 - Sunflower - Please leave edges unpainted

Cabinet Hardware Throughout House - Level 3 - Doors D43, Drawers D48

Kitchen Backsplash - Kitchen Backsplash - Daltile - Level 4 - Modern Dimensions - Arctic White 0790 - Matte - 4x8 - Brick Pattern - Grout #44 Bright White

Kitchen Faucet - Arbor - Stainless Steel - 7594CSL

Kitchen – Framed area of wall to be painted in chalkboard paint

Appliance Package #14 - Stainless Steel - Hood and kit to be provided by Yorktowne – 40inch gas range - 22-75603, Microwave and 30inch trim kit 20-74229, Dishwasher 22-13273, Refrigerator 46-70323

 

Hardwood - Level 2 - Blythewood Hickory - 227 Old Gold - 5 inch

Lighting – Custom Linen Package – Brushed Nickel

Door Hardware - Package - Round Knob - Brushed Nickel - Interior and Exterior

 

Pentax K-30, Access 35-70/2.5-3.5

 

For the Pentax Forums Single in February Challenge

 

THEME = ABSTRACT

Robert Bowker, a structural welder with Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, welds the initials of Susan Ford Bales into the keel of the aircraft carrier Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) during a keel laying and authentication ceremony. Gerald R. Ford is the newest class of aircraft carrier. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Cory Rose/Released)

 

SAIFD AIR Program "Form & Structure" with Kenneth Snauwaert, AIFD.

 

October 23rd, 2011

 

(Photo Credit: Sandra Austoni)

Sir Ove Nyquist Arup, CBE, MICE, MIStructE, FCIOB (16 April 1895 – 5 February 1988) was an English engineer who founded Arup Group Limited, a multinational corporation that offers engineering, design, planning, project management, and consulting services for building systems. Ove Arup is considered to be among the foremost architectural structural engineers of his time.

 

Personal life and education

Arup was born in Newcastle, England, in 1895, to the Danish veterinary surgeon Jens Simon Johannes Arup and his Norwegian wife, Mathilde Bolette Nyquist.

 

Arup attended the Sorø Academy in Denmark, a boarding school with many influences from Thomas Arnold of the Rugby School in the United Kingdom.

 

In 1913, he began studying philosophy at University of Copenhagen and in 1918 enrolled for an engineering degree at the Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, specialising in reinforced concrete. He completed his studies in 1922. At this time Ove Arup was influenced by Le Corbusier and his publication Vers une architecture, published that year; and also by Walter Gropius, the founder of the Bauhaus movement.[citation needed]

 

Arup married Ruth Sørensen, known as Li, on 13 August 1925.

 

Working life

Before WWII

In 1922, Ove Arup began work with a Danish firm in Hamburg called Christiani & Nielsen, and in December 1923 he moved to their London office as chief engineer.

 

He designed the Labworth Café—a café with two integrated shelters set on the promenade of the neighbouring Essex seaside resort of Canvey Island. The café exists as the only building solely designed by Arup.

 

He then worked as a structural consultant to the Tecton partnership, notably on the Penguin Pool at London's Regent's Park Zoo, Whipsnade Zoo, Dudley Zoo, as a construction supervisor for a villa in Heath Drive, Romford, Essex and on Highpoint I, Highgate (a building he was later highly critical of). The close working relationship that Arup developed with Tecton's senior partner Berthold Lubetkin, proved to be highly important in the development of both men's careers.

 

He moved next to a London construction company, J. L. Kier & Co. in London, as director and chief designer from 1934 to 1938, and during the 1930s he also worked with Ernő Goldfinger, Wells Coates, Maxwell Fry, Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall and Marcel Breuer.

 

He became a member of the executive committee of the MARS Group in 1935. In 1938, he and his cousin Arne founded Arup & Arup Limited, a firm of engineers and contractors.

 

World War II

Before the war, Ove Arup was on the Air Raid Precautions organising committee and he advised Finsbury Council on the provision of bomb shelters. During the war he published a number of papers on shelter policy and designs, mainly advocating reinforced concrete mass shelters, rather than the government policy of dispersing the population in small domestic shelters. Largely for political reasons most of his recommendations were never adopted, although some wealthy Londoners were able to build concrete shelters according to his design.

 

Arup played a significant part in the design of the Mulberry temporary harbours used during the D-Day landings. The Mulberry Harbour was a type of temporary harbour developed to offload cargo on the beaches during the Allied invasion of Normandy. The sections for two prefabricated or artificial military harbours were taken with the invading army from Britain across the English Channel and assembled off the coast of Normandy as part of the D-Day invasion of France in 1944.

 

Arup & Partners

In 1946, after dissolving Arup & Arup Ltd, he created a team of Civil and Structural Engineering consultants. In the same year, he formed his first partnership with Ronald Jenkins, Geoffrey Wood and Andrew Young called Arup and Partners.

 

A further company, Arup Associates, was formed in 1963 as a new partnership, a body of Architects and Engineers working on an equal basis as Building Designers: the engineer Ove Arup, the architects Francis Pym and Philip Dowson, and the former partners of Arup and Partners. It was a multi-disciplinary company providing engineering, architectural, and other services for the built environment. Arup said himself that ultimately, all of the Arup names resulted in a firm called simply Arup.

 

Notable projects

Highpoint I, built in 1935, was an important experiment in high-rise residential design, and was one of Arup's most significant collaborations with Lubetkin. Arup later criticised the project as having significant flaws.

 

Kingsgate Bridge

Ove Arup personally supervised the design and construction of Durham's Kingsgate Bridge in 1963. The firm's first bridge, Arup was particularly attached to the project and had his ashes scattered from it following his death. A bust of Arup that was placed at one end of the Bridge was stolen in the summer of 2006 but has since been replaced. Kingsgate Bridge was the last structure designed by Arup.

 

Van Ginkel Footbridge

The mid-century Van Ginkel Footbridge is in Bowring Park, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is a cantilever bridge, meaning it is anchored to the ground on only one end while the other side hovers. The bridge received heritage designation in 2020. The architect of the bridge was Blanche Lemco van Ginkel, who received the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada's gold medal for lifetime achievement.

 

Sydney Opera House

Arup was the design engineer for the Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia from the project's start in 1957 to its completion in 1973 An iconic building making groundbreaking use of precast concrete, structural glue and computer analysis, this made Arup's reputation, and that of his firm, despite the extremely difficult working relationship with the architect, Jørn Utzon.

 

Honours

1953 Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)

1965 Knight First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog

1966 Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects

1971 Knight Bachelor (United Kingdom)

1973 Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers

1975 Knight Commander First Class of the Order of the Dannebrog

1976 Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University

1987 Royal Academician

 

Durham is a cathedral city and civil parish in the county of Durham, England. It is the county town and contains the headquarters of Durham County Council, the unitary authority which governs the district of County Durham. It had a population of 48,069 at the 2011 Census.

 

The city was built on a meander of the River Wear, which surrounds the centre on three sides and creates a narrow neck on the fourth. The surrounding land is hilly, except along the Wear's floodplain to the north and southeast.

 

Durham was founded in 995 by Anglo-Saxon monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. The church the monks built lasted only a century, as it was replaced by the present Durham Cathedral after the Norman Conquest; together with Durham Castle it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From the 1070s until 1836 the city was part of the County Palatine of Durham, a semi-independent jurisdiction ruled by the prince bishops of Durham which acted as a geopolitical buffer between the kingdoms of England and Scotland. In 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought half a mile west of the city, resulting in an English victory. In 1650, the cathedral was used to house Scottish prisoners after their defeat at the Battle of Dunbar. During the Industrial Revolution, the Durham coalfield was heavily exploited, with dozens of collieries operating around the city and in nearby villages. Although these coal pits have now closed, the annual Durham Miners' Gala continues and is a major event for the city and region. Historically, Durham was also known for the manufacture of hosiery, carpets, and mustard.

 

The city is the home of Durham University, which was founded in 1832 and therefore has a claim to be the third-oldest university in England. The university is a significant employer in the region, alongside the local council and national government at the land registry and passport office. The University Hospital of North Durham and HM Prison Durham are also located close to the city centre. The city also has significant tourism and hospitality sectors.

 

Toponymy

The name "Durham" comes from the Brythonic element dun, signifying a hill fort and related to -ton, and the Old Norse holme, which translates to island. The Lord Bishop of Durham takes a Latin variation of the city's name in his official signature, which is signed "N. Dunelm". Some attribute the city's name to the legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who in legend guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city in 995 AD. Dun Cow Lane is said to be one of the first streets in Durham, being directly to the east of Durham Cathedral and taking its name from a depiction of the city's founding etched in masonry on the south side of the cathedral. The city has been known by a number of names throughout history. The original Nordic Dun Holm was changed to Duresme by the Normans and was known in Latin as Dunelm. The modern form Durham came into use later in the city's history. The north-eastern historian Robert Surtees chronicled the name changes in his History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham but states that it is an "impossibility" to tell when the city's modern name came into being.

 

Durham is likely to be Gaer Weir in Armes Prydein, derived from Brittonic cajr meaning "an enclosed, defensible site" (cf. Carlisle; Welsh caer) and the river-name Wear.

 

History

Early history

Archeological evidence suggests a history of settlement in the area since roughly 2000 BC. The present city can clearly be traced back to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose the strategic high peninsula as a place to settle with the body of Saint Cuthbert, that had previously lain in Chester-le-Street, founding a church there.

 

City origins, the Dun Cow story

Local legend states that the city was founded in A.D. 995 by divine intervention. The 12th-century chronicler Symeon of Durham recounts that after wandering in the north, Saint Cuthbert's bier miraculously came to a halt at the hill of Warden Law and, despite the effort of the congregation, would not move. Aldhun, Bishop of Chester-le-Street and leader of the order, decreed a holy fast of three days, accompanied by prayers to the saint. During the fast, Saint Cuthbert appeared to a certain monk named Eadmer, with instructions that the coffin should be taken to Dun Holm. After Eadmer's revelation, Aldhun found that he was able to move the bier, but did not know where Dun Holm was.

 

The legend of the Dun Cow, which is first documented in The Rites of Durham, an anonymous account about Durham Cathedral, published in 1593, builds on Symeon's account. According to this legend, by chance later that day, the monks came across a milkmaid at Mount Joy (southeast of present-day Durham). She stated that she was seeking her lost dun cow, which she had last seen at Dun Holm. The monks, realising that this was a sign from the saint, followed her. They settled at a wooded "hill-island" – a high wooded rock surrounded on three sides by the River Wear. There they erected a shelter for the relics, on the spot where Durham Cathedral would later stand. Symeon states that a modest wooden building erected there shortly thereafter was the first building in the city. Bishop Aldhun subsequently had a stone church built, which was dedicated in September 998. This no longer remains, having been supplanted by the Norman structure.

 

The legend is interpreted by a Victorian relief stone carving on the north face of the cathedral and, more recently, by the bronze sculpture 'Durham Cow' (1997, Andrew Burton), which reclines by the River Wear in view of the cathedral.

 

Medieval era

During the medieval period the city gained spiritual prominence as the final resting place of Saint Cuthbert and Saint Bede the Venerable. The shrine of Saint Cuthbert, situated behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury in 1170.

 

Saint Cuthbert became famous for two reasons. Firstly, the miraculous healing powers he had displayed in life continued after his death, with many stories of those visiting the saint's shrine being cured of all manner of diseases. This led to him being known as the "wonder worker of England". Secondly, after the first translation of his relics in 698 AD, his body was found to be incorruptible. Apart from a brief translation back to Holy Island during the Norman Invasion the saint's relics have remained enshrined to the present day. Saint Bede's bones are also entombed in the cathedral, and these also drew medieval pilgrims to the city.

 

Durham's geographical position has always given it an important place in the defence of England against the Scots. The city played an important part in the defence of the north, and Durham Castle is the only Norman castle keep never to have suffered a breach. In 1314, the Bishopric of Durham paid the Scots a 'large sum of money' not to burn Durham. The Battle of Neville's Cross took place around half a mile west of the city on 17 October 1346 between the English and Scots and was a disastrous loss for the Scots.

 

The city suffered from plague outbreaks in 1544, 1589 and 1598.

 

Bishops of Durham

Owing to the divine providence evidenced in the city's legendary founding, the Bishop of Durham has always enjoyed the formal title "Bishop by Divine Providence" as opposed to other bishops, who are "Bishop by Divine Permission". However, as the north-east of England lay so far from Westminster, the bishops of Durham enjoyed extraordinary powers such as the ability to hold their own parliament, raise their own armies, appoint their own sheriffs and Justices, administer their own laws, levy taxes and customs duties, create fairs and markets, issue charters, salvage shipwrecks, collect revenue from mines, administer the forests and mint their own coins. So far-reaching were the bishop's powers that the steward of Bishop Antony Bek commented in 1299 AD: "There are two kings in England, namely the Lord King of England, wearing a crown in sign of his regality and the Lord Bishop of Durham wearing a mitre in place of a crown, in sign of his regality in the diocese of Durham". All this activity was administered from the castle and buildings surrounding the Palace Green. Many of the original buildings associated with these functions of the county palatine survive on the peninsula that constitutes the ancient city.

 

From 1071 to 1836 the bishops of Durham ruled the county palatine of Durham. Although the term "prince bishop" has been used as a helpful tool in the understanding the functions of the bishops of Durham in this era, it is not a title they would have recognised. The last bishop to rule the palatinate, Bishop William Van Mildert, is credited with the foundation of Durham University in 1832. Henry VIII curtailed some of the bishop's powers and, in 1538, ordered the destruction of the shrine of Saint Cuthbert.

 

A UNESCO site describes the role of the bishops in the "buffer state between England and Scotland":

 

From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.

 

Legal system

The bishops had their own court system, including most notably the Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge. The county also had its own attorney general, whose authority to bring an indictment for criminal matters was tested by central government in the case of R v Mary Ann Cotton (1873). Certain courts and judicial posts for the county were abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873. Section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and section 41 of the Courts Act 1971 abolished others.

 

Civil War and Cromwell (1640 to 1660)

The city remained loyal to King Charles I in the English Civil War – from 1642 to the execution of the king in 1649. Charles I came to Durham three times during his reign of 1625–1649. Firstly, he came in 1633 to the cathedral for a majestic service in which he was entertained by the Chapter and Bishop at great expense. He returned during preparations for the First Bishops' War (1639). His final visit to the city came towards the end of the civil war; he escaped from the city as Oliver Cromwell's forces got closer. Local legend stated that he escaped down the Bailey and through Old Elvet. Another local legend has it that Cromwell stayed in a room in the present Royal County Hotel on Old Elvet during the civil war. The room is reputed to be haunted by his ghost. Durham suffered greatly during the civil war (1642–1651) and Commonwealth (1649–1660). This was not due to direct assault by Cromwell or his allies, but to the abolition of the Church of England and the closure of religious institutions pertaining to it. The city has always relied upon the Dean and Chapter and cathedral as an economic force.

 

The castle suffered considerable damage and dilapidation during the Commonwealth due to the abolition of the office of bishop (whose residence it was). Cromwell confiscated the castle and sold it to the Lord Mayor of London shortly after taking it from the bishop. A similar fate befell the cathedral, it being closed in 1650 and used to incarcerate 3,000 Scottish prisoners, who were marched south after the Battle of Dunbar. Graffiti left by them can still be seen today etched into the interior stone.

 

At the Restoration in 1660, John Cosin (a former canon) was appointed bishop (in office: 1660–1672) and set about a major restoration project. This included the commissioning of the famous elaborate woodwork in the cathedral choir, the font cover and the Black Staircase in the castle. Bishop Cosin's successor Bishop Lord Nathaniel Crewe (in office: 1674–1721) carried out other renovations both to the city and to the cathedral.

 

18th century

In the 18th century a plan to turn Durham into a seaport through the digging of a canal north to join the River Team, a tributary of the River Tyne near Gateshead, was proposed by John Smeaton. Nothing came of the plan, but the statue of Neptune in the Market Place was a constant reminder of Durham's maritime possibilities.

 

The thought of ships docking at the Sands or Millburngate remained fresh in the minds of Durham merchants. In 1758, a new proposal hoped to make the Wear navigable from Durham to Sunderland by altering the river's course, but the increasing size of ships made this impractical. Moreover, Sunderland had grown as the north east's main port and centre for shipping.

 

In 1787 Durham infirmary was founded.

 

The 18th century also saw the rise of the trade-union movement in the city.

 

19th century

The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 gave governing power of the town to an elected body. All other aspects of the Bishop's temporal powers were abolished by the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 and returned to the Crown.

 

The Representation of the People Act 2000 and is regarded as the second most senior bishop and fourth most senior clergyman in the Church of England. The Court of Claims of 1953 granted the traditional right of the bishop to accompany the sovereign at the coronation, reflecting his seniority.

 

The first census, conducted in 1801, states that Durham City had a population of 7,100. The Industrial Revolution mostly passed the city by. However, the city was well known for carpet making and weaving. Although most of the mediaeval weavers who thrived in the city had left by the 19th century, the city was the home of Hugh MacKay Carpets’ factory, which produced the famous brands of axminster and tufted carpets until the factory went into administration in April 2005. Other important industries were the manufacture of mustard and coal extraction.

 

The Industrial Revolution also placed the city at the heart of the coalfields, the county's main industry until the 1970s. Practically every village around the city had a coal mine and, although these have since disappeared as part of the regional decline in heavy industry, the traditions, heritage and community spirit are still evident.

 

The 19th century also saw the founding of Durham University thanks to the benevolence of Bishop William Van Mildert and the Chapter in 1832. Durham Castle became the first college (University College, Durham) and the bishop moved to Auckland Castle as his only residence in the county. Bishop Hatfield's Hall (later Hatfield College, Durham) was added in 1846 specifically for the sons of poorer families, the Principal inaugurating a system new to English university life of advance fees to cover accommodation and communal dining.

 

The first Durham Miners' Gala was attended by 5,000 miners in 1871 in Wharton Park, and remains the largest socialist trade union event in the world.

 

20th century

Early in the 20th century coal became depleted, with a particularly important seam worked out in 1927, and in the following Great Depression Durham was among those towns that suffered exceptionally severe hardship. However, the university expanded greatly. St John's College and St Cuthbert's Society were founded on the Bailey, completing the series of colleges in that area of the city. From the early 1950s to early 1970s the university expanded to the south of the city centre. Trevelyan, Van Mildert, Collingwood, and Grey colleges were established, and new buildings for St Aidan's and St Mary's colleges for women, formerly housed on the Bailey, were created. The final 20th century collegiate addition came from the merger of the independent nineteenth-century colleges of the Venerable Bede and St Hild, which joined the university in 1979 as the College of St Hild and St Bede. The 1960s and 70s also saw building on New Elvet. Dunelm House for the use of the students' union was built first, followed by Elvet Riverside, containing lecture theatres and staff offices. To the southeast of the city centre sports facilities were built at Maiden Castle, adjacent to the Iron Age fort of the same name, and the Mountjoy site was developed, starting in 1924, eventually containing the university library, administrative buildings, and facilities for the Faculty of Science.

 

Durham was not bombed during World War II, though one raid on the night of 30 May 1942 did give rise to the local legend of 'St Cuthbert's Mist'. This states that the Luftwaffe attempted to target Durham, but was thwarted when Cuthbert created a mist that covered both the castle and cathedral, sparing them from bombing. The exact events of the night are disputed by contemporary eyewitnesses. The event continues to be referenced within the city, including inspiring the artwork 'Fogscape #03238' at Durham Lumiere 2015.

 

'Durham Castle and Cathedral' was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986. Among the reasons given for the decision were 'Durham Cathedral [being] the largest and most perfect monument of "Norman" style architecture in England', and the cathedral's vaulting being an early and experimental model of the gothic style. Other important UNESCO sites near Durham include Auckland Castle, North of England Lead Mining Museum and Beamish Museum.

 

Historical

The historic city centre of Durham has changed little over 200 years. It is made up of the peninsula containing the cathedral, palace green, former administrative buildings for the palatine and Durham Castle. This was a strategic defensive decision by the city's founders and gives the cathedral a striking position. So much so that Symeon of Durham stated:

 

To see Durham is to see the English Sion and by doing so one may save oneself a trip to Jerusalem.

 

Sir Walter Scott was so inspired by the view of the cathedral from South Street that he wrote "Harold the Dauntless", a poem about Saxons and Vikings set in County Durham and published on 30 January 1817. The following lines from the poem are carved into a stone tablet on Prebends Bridge:

 

Grey towers of Durham

Yet well I love thy mixed and massive piles

Half church of God, half castle 'gainst the Scot

And long to roam those venerable aisles

With records stored of deeds long since forgot.

 

The old commercial section of the city encompasses the peninsula on three sides, following the River Wear. The peninsula was historically surrounded by the castle wall extending from the castle keep and broken by two gatehouses to the north and west of the enclosure. After extensive remodelling and "much beautification" by the Victorians the walls were removed with the exception of the gatehouse which is still standing on the Bailey.

 

The medieval city was made up of the cathedral, castle and administrative buildings on the peninsula. The outlying areas were known as the townships and owned by the bishop, the most famous of these being Gilesgate (which still contains the mediaeval St Giles Church), Claypath and Elvet.

 

The outlying commercial section of the city, especially around the North Road area, saw much change in the 1960s during a redevelopment spearheaded by Durham City Council; however, much of the original mediaeval street plan remains intact in the area close to the cathedral and market place. Most of the mediaeval buildings in the commercial area of the city have disappeared apart from the House of Correction and the Chapel of Saint Andrew, both under Elvet Bridge. Georgian buildings can still be found on the Bailey and Old Elvet most of which make up the colleges of Durham University.

Structural Symphony

And so we come to the first of the Kent churches visited this month. Well, not quite true, as the very first church I tried to enter, St Mildred's in Preston, was locked fast as usual. Being the heritage weekend as well as ride and stride, and being on the latter list, one really hoped that the church would have made an effort, it being so remote and all.

 

But, they put a trestle table out, placed a rock on top of the check in sheet to stop it blowing away, and left the church for the day, despite arrangements having been made by another church the day before for it to be open.

 

This really is not good enough.

 

Anyway, St Mildred's was the first of three that were locked, but I managed to gain entry to seven previously closed churches to me. So, on the whole, I was pleased.

 

St Nicholas is a large and imposing church, with a huge churchyard, showing that it is one of the larger and better populated parishes in the area of east Kent.

 

There was a warden sitting at the table in the large doorway, and after a warm welcome we entered inside.

 

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The present parish of Ash, more than 7,000 acres in extent and one of the largest in Kent, was once only a part of the great manor of Wingham. Originally a royal manor, Wingham was given by King Athelstan of Kent to the See of Canterbury about 850 : it covered the present parishes of Ash, Goodnestone, Nonington, Wingham and parts of Staple and Womenswold.

 

In a list of churches probably made in 1071, in which 'Aesce' is said to belong to Wingham, mention is also made of an apparently more important church 'de Raette', as well as one at 'Fleota' belonging to the manor of Folkestone. If, as seems likely, 'de Raette' refers to Richborough, this is the only record of that church; but the chapel of Fleet, actually within the 3rd century Roman walls of Richborough Castle, continued in use until the 16th century. Leland in the time of Henry VIII wrote that 'withyn the castel is a lytle paroche Chirch of S. Augustine'.

 

It was believed that when St. Augustine first stepped ashore in England in 597 the impression of his foot was miraculously left upon a stone. This relic was afterwards kept in this chapel dedicated to him, and pilgrims flocked there upon the anniversary of the landing to pray and to recover their health. Excavations have uncovered the ground plan of the chapel, and confirm that it was pre-Norman in origin. Excavations in the northwest comer of the Roman fort have also, revealed the foundations and font of an even earlier church of c.400, one of the earliest Christian structures known in Britain.

 

By the 13th century there was another chapel in the northwest of the parish, at Overland, where complaint was made in 1294 that 'there used to be a baptistery and seven years ago it was taken away and is at Esse'. Edward Hasted, writing about 1790, said that the chapel had been 'for some time in ruins ... having been desecrated about the beginning of this century'. Its exact site has now been lost : some carved stonework which may come from it is at Knell; a few more pieces are in the church.

 

In 1282 Ash became a separate parish. In the deed founding a College of Canons at Wingham and dividing that parish into four, Archbishop Peckham explained, 'We have turned our eyes to the church of Wingham as it were to a fruitful vineyard..... which cannot be easily cultivated by the labours of one husbandman... from the great extent of the parish as well as its numerous population'. He assigned to Wingham parish church the chapel of Overland; to Ash he gave the chapel of Fleet. It was the duty of the canons of Wingham College, to whom the tithes of Ash were paid, to provide a vicar. In 1535 the parishioners of Ash complained: 'There has always been a vicar here to serve the cure till for the last 22 years the said Canons have usurped the vicarage to their own use ... within a quarter of a year we have had seven curates, which has caused much strife as we are 500 residents.'

 

In 1547 Wingham College was suppressed by Henry VIII, and its possessions forfeited to the Crown. In 1549, "the late chapel called Richborough Chapel in Ash Parish with its burial ground, buildings, lead, glass, iron, stones and tiles except the bells and leaden roof", and "the late Chapel of Overland in Ash parish next Sandwich in width 22 feet in length 34 feet, with its burial ground of half a rod, buildings, etc.", were both sold to William Hyde and Hugh Cartwright.

 

The right of presentation to the benefice of Ash was granted by Queen Mary to the Archbishop in 1558, and three years later Queen Elizabeth I gave the rectory - the right to the great tithes - to the See of Canterbury. The Archbishop is still the patron of the living today.

 

In the 19th century the need again arose for chapels in the more distant parts of the parish. In 1842 Holy Trinity Church at Ware was built, and Westmarsh was formed into a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1849. The corrugated-iron mission room of St. Augustine's, Richborough, was opened in 1888. It was followed in 1892 by a similar room at Goldstone, rebuilt in 1904. But by the 1960s the motor car had made these separate buildings less necessary. In 1967 the parish of Westmarsh was re-united with Ash; St. Augustine's, Richborough, was closed in 1969, and Holy Trinity Church in 1970.

 

An unusual feature of the church is the south chancel, whose axis is out of alignment with the nave. It was once supposed that this architectural oddity represented the inclined head of Christ on the Cross, but a structural fault caused by rebuilding and restoration is a more likely explanation.

(Bygone Kent, 1985, Michael David Mirams.)

 

In recent years the Parish of Ash with Westmarsh has been linked to the parish churches at Goodnestone and Chillenden through a united benefice. Further pastoral reorganisation in the East Bridge Deanery means that a new canonry benefice is to be formed of the parishes of Ash, Chillenden, Elmstone, Goodnestone, Preston and Wingham. This is expected to be undertaken between 2012 and 2014.

 

www.s8nicholas.talktalk.net/html/more_history.html

Corian molded parts seamed over marine plywood structural frames.

 

Fabrication by Associated Fabrication.

 

Design by Pedestrian Studio + Inform Design.

21st century structural engineering

A national juried exhibition with a focus on structure, both natural and human-made. The exhibition features painting, sculpture, photography, drawing, and more by 30 artists from across the country.

 

The work for this exhibition was chosen by our wonderful jurors, Peter Gabak and Joanna Poag. Join us for the opening reception, where $1,000 in cash awards will be announced!

 

Artists Included:

Deborah Beardslee (NY), Jackie Brown (ME), Christina Cassone (PA), Theresa Devine (AZ), Zach Dietl (NY), Julianne French (FL), Nate Hodge (NY), Ellie Honl (IN), Kristy Hughes (IN), Jim Jacobs (UT), Yasemin Kackar-Demirel (NY), Ella Kampelman (MN), Susan Kaye (NY), Namdoo Kim (NY), Sassoon Kosian (NJ), Tom Kredo (NY), Yoonjee Kwak (NY), Pamela Markman (CA), Vanessa Michalak (MA), Nicole Mongelluzzo (NY), Kelly Nye (OH), Colleen O’Hara (NY), Chris Oliver (NY), Nancy Ridenour (NY), Ruth Simon McRae (GA), Jean Stephens (NY), Susan Stuart (NY), Tracy Wascom (MI), Doerte Weber (TX), Jere Williams (VA)

 

May 9–June 30, 2015

 

Opening Reception: Saturday, May 9, 4–7p.m.

SAIFD AIR Program "Form & Structure" with Kenneth Snauwaert, AIFD.

 

October 23rd, 2011

 

(Photo Credit: Sandra Austoni)

Structurally tilted Dakota Sandstone in the Cretaceous of Colorado, USA.

 

The outcrop shown above is part of Dinosaur Ridge (a section of the Dakota Hogback), which is a north-south trending ridge of eastward-dipping Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous rocks are present, tilted by Laramide Orogeny uplift during the Cenozoic (the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains is immediately west of here).

 

This exposure consists of structurally tilted beds of the Dakota Sandstone, a Lower Cretaceous succession of nearshore terrestrial to intertidal to shallow marine quartz sandstone deposits. Dinosaur tracks are common on some Dakota Sandstone bedding planes in this area. Horizontal bedding and cross-bedding are present. Cross-beds are tilted layers between (originally) horizontal layers, formed in a one-directional current by wind of water. At this site, the cross-beds were formed by ancient water currents.

 

Stratigraphy: Dakota Sandstone, Albian Stage, upper Lower Cretaceous

 

Locality: near the crest of Dinosaur Ridge, between Interstate 70 and the town of Morrison, west of Denver, north-central Colorado, USA

 

Ludlow Castle

 

Heritage Category: Scheduled Monument

 

List Entry Number: 1004778

 

More information can be found on the link below:-

 

historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1004778

 

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Ludlow Castle, Castle Square, Ludlow, Shropshire

 

Ludlow Castle the standing structural remains

 

Heritage Category: Listed Building

 

Grade: I Listed

 

List Entry Number: 1291698

  

Summary

 

The standing structural remains of Ludlow Castle, an enclosure castle, begun in the late C11, and converted into a tower keep castle in the early C12.

 

Reasons for Designation

 

The standing structural remains of Ludlow Castle are listed at Grade I for the following principal reasons:

 

Historical: as one of England's finest castle sites, clearly showing its development from an enclosure castle into a tower keep castle in the C12; the castle played an important historical role particularly as seat of the President of the Council of the Marches; Architectural: the castle remains illustrate significant phases of development between the C11 and the C16; Survival: the buildings are in a ruinous condition, but nonetheless represent a remarkably complete multi-phase complex.

 

History

An enclosure castle is a defended residence or stronghold, built mainly of stone, in which the principal or sole defence comprises the walls and mural towers bounding the site. Enclosure castles, found in urban and in rural areas, were the strongly defended residence of the king or lord, sited for offensive or defensive operations, and often forming an administrative centre. Although such sites first appeared following the Norman Conquest, they really developed in the C12, incorporating defensive experience of the period, including that gained during the Crusades. Many enclosure castles were built in the C13, with a few dating from the C14, and Ludlow Castle is not alone in having begun as an enclosure castle and developed into a tower keep castle. At Ludlow, the large existing gate tower was converted into a tower keep in the early C12, providing more domestic accommodation, as well as defence.

 

Ludlow Castle occupies a commanding position at the steep-sided western end of a flat-topped ridge overlooking the valleys of the River Teme and the River Corve. The adjacent town of Ludlow, which was established by the mid-C12, lies to the south and east of the castle. The defences surrounding the medieval town are designated separately. The castle was probably founded by Walter de Lacy in about 1075 and served as the ‘caput' (the principal residence, military base and administrative centre) of the de Lacy estates in south Shropshire until the mid-C13. During the Anarchy of King Stephen's reign the castle was for Matilda until 1139, when it was besieged and captured by Stephen. The de Lacy family recovered the castle in the C12 and retained it, apart from occasional confiscations, until the death of Walter de Lacy in 1241. Ludlow Castle features in an ‘ancestral romance’ called ‘The Romance of Fulk FitzWarren', written in the late C13 about the adventures of a C13 knight. Other documentary sources indicate that when the castle was in royal control it was used for important meetings, such as that held in 1224 when Henry III made a treaty with the Welsh prince, Llewellyn. Following the death of Walter de Lacy in 1241 the castle came into the possession of the de Genevilles, and in the early C14, the castle passed through marriage to Roger Mortimer. Between 1327 and 1330 Roger Mortimer ruled England as Regent, with Edward II's widowed queen, Isabella. Mortimer had himself made Earl of March in 1328. In 1425 the Mortimer inheritance passed to Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, who made Ludlow a favoured residence. His eldest son, who assumed the title of Earl of March, claimed the crown as Edward IV in 1461. Edward IV's son Edward was created Prince of Wales in 1471, and in 1473 was sent to Ludlow, where the administration of the principality known as the Council in the Marches was established. Both Edward and the Council remained at Ludlow until Edward IV's death in 1483. Ludlow Castle continued as an important royal residence and in 1493 the Council was re-established at Ludlow with Henry VII's son and heir, Prince Arthur as Prince of Wales. In 1501 Arthur was installed at Ludlow with his bride, Katherine of Aragon, and it was at Ludlow that Arthur died in 1502. In 1534 the Council in the Marches received statutory powers both to hear suits and to supervise and intervene in judicial proceedings in Wales and the Marches, and from that time until 1641, and again from 1660 to 1689, Ludlow's principal role was as the headquarters for the Council and, as such, the administrative capital of Wales and the border region. Milton’s mask, ‘Comus’, was first performed here in 1634 before John Egerton, 1st Earl of Bridgewater, in celebration of the earl’s new appointment as Lord President of Wales. On the dissolution of the Council the castle was abandoned and left to decay. Lead, window glass and panelling were soon removed for reuse in the town. In 1771, when the castle was leased to the Earl of Powis, many of the buildings were in ruins.

 

Since the late C18, the buildings have undergone repair and restoration at various times, as well as some further deterioration, with some rebuilding and replacement of stonework. Extensive archaeological excavations were undertaken by William St John Hope between 1903 and 1907. The castle is now open to the public.

 

Details

 

The standing structural remains of Ludlow Castle, an enclosure castle, begun in the late C11, and converted into a tower keep castle in the early C12.

 

MATERIALS: the castle is constructed of a variety of local stones; it appears that the greenish-grey flaggy calcerous siltstones that underlies the castle was used in its initial phase, with local sandstones being used thereafter.

 

PLAN: the castle consists of an elliptical INNER BAILEY, in the north-west corner of the site, representing the earliest area of development, with the OUTER BAILEY, created in the second half of the C12, to the south and east.

 

BUILDINGS:

 

The curtain wall of the inner bailey incorporates four mural towers and the former gatehouse, all thought to have been constructed by 1115. Three of the four towers are open at the back and would originally have contained wooden scaffolding supporting look-out and fighting platforms. The fourth tower, known as the POSTERN TOWER, on the western side of the enclosure, has small ground-floor postern doorways on its north and east sides. The former gatehouse, situated at the south-eastern part of the enclosure, is rectangular in plan and was originally three storeys in height. Remaining in the ground-floor of the building is part of a wall arcade, thought to be late-C11, with ornamented capitals. In the early C12 a fourth storey was added to provide more domestic accommodation, thus converting the gatehouse into a tower keep, known as the GREAT TOWER. In the later C12 the original gatehouse entrance passage was blocked (the location of the former arch remains visible on the south elevation) and an archway was cut through the adjacent part of the curtain wall to the north-east, reached by a stone bridge. This archway was partially infilled and a smaller arch constructed in the C14. Access to the upper floors of the tower is by a spiral stair to the east, reached by an ornamented doorcase, the Tudor arch having a trefoiled lintel flanked by cusped panelling and trefoiled lintel, which also gives access to rooms in the Judges’ Lodgings (see below). On the first floor is the hall, with a chamber and garderobe to the west. In the second half of the C15 the north wall of the Great Tower was rebuilt and internal floors added to create new rooms lit by enlarged windows. Adjoining the Great Tower, in the south-west section of the inner bailey, is the INMOST BAILEY, a walled enclosure constructed in the C12 and C13 to provide greater security and privacy to those living in the Great Tower. There is a well within this enclosure surrounded by a low stone wall.

 

Located in the north-eastern sector of the elliptical enclosure of the inner bailey are the remains of the CHAPEL OF ST MARY MAGDALENE. This was built in the first half of the C12, probably by Gilbert de Lacy, and was remodelled in the C16, probably in two phases. In the first phase, thought to have been undertaken circa 1502 for the installation of Arthur, Prince of Wales, a first floor was inserted in the circular nave, together with additional openings, including a first-floor doorway which gave access to a passage linking the chapel with the Great Chamber Block to the north. In the second phase, during the presidency of the Council in the Marches of Sir Henry Sidney (1560-86), the original presbytery and chancel were taken down and a new chancel, or chapel, built, stretching as far as the curtain wall. The crenellated circular nave, which measures 8.3m in diameter internally, survives to its full height as a roofless shell, and contains much original carving to the round-headed order arches of the door openings, with chevron and billet mouldings, and to the internal blind arcade with a variety of capitals and moulded arches.

 

Since the late C12, the castle site has been entered through the two-storeyed GATEHOUSE within the eastern part of the curtain wall of the outer bailey. The wall originally had two adjoining rectangular mural towers of which the one to the north of the gatehouse survives as a standing structure; this, together with the adjacent section of the curtain wall form part of the CASTLE HOUSE built in the C18 (listed separately at Grade I). Protruding from the curtain wall defining the western side of the outer bailey are the remains of a semi-circular tower known as MORTIMER'S TOWER, possibly built in the early C13; this originally consisted of a ground-floor entrance passage, with two floors above, and was used as the postern entrance to the outer bailey until the C15. In the south-west corner of the outer bailey are the remains of ST PETER’S CHAPEL, originally a free-standing rectangular structure, founded by Roger Mortimer to celebrate his escape from the Tower of London in 1324, following his rebellion against Edward II. The chapel served as the Court House and offices of the Council in the Marches, for which an adjacent building to the west was constructed. The south-east corner of the chapel is now attached to a wall which completes the enclosure of the outer bailey’s south-west corner. In the north wall of the chapel is a blocked two-light window, enlarged at the bottom when a floor was inserted for the court house; a second original window towards the eastern end now contains a first-floor blocked doorway.

 

At the end of the C13 or in the early C14 an extensive building programme was initiated, replacing existing structures within the inner bailey with a grand new range of domestic buildings, built along the inside of the north section of the Norman curtain wall. The construction of these new buildings indicates the changing role of Ludlow Castle from military stronghold to a more comfortable residence and a seat of political power, reflecting the more peaceful conditions in the region following the conquest of Wales by Edward I. The first buildings to be completed were the GREAT HALL and the adjoining SOLAR BLOCK (private apartments). The Great Hall, which was used for ceremonial and public occasions, consisted of a first floor over a large undercroft, reached through a moulded pointed arch in the south elevation. The Hall was lit on both south and north sides by three pointed-arched windows with sunk chamfers and ‘Y’ tracery formed of paired cusped trefoil-headed lights, under hoodmoulds; these originally had seats, now partially surviving. The central south window was converted to a fireplace, replacing the louver which formerly covered the open fire towards the east of the Hall, its position indicated by elaborate corbels. At the west end, a series of openings lead into the Solar Block, only one of these (that to the north) being of the primary phase. Within the Hall, at the western end, is a timber viewing platform, which is not of special interest.* The Solar Block is thought to have been begun as a two-storey building, and raised to three storeys shortly afterwards, at which time the adjacent NORTH-WEST TOWER was raised, with the new CLOSET TOWER being built in the angle between the two. Each of the three floors of the Solar Block extended into the North-West Tower, with each being linked to a room in the Closet Tower. All three floors of the Solar were heated, the ground floor having a fireplace which originally had a stone hood; the first-floor room has hooded fireplace, on nearly triangular-sectioned jambs; the room above has a plainer hooded fireplace. The windows include original openings with ‘Y’ tracery and trefoil-headed lights, similar to those in the Hall, and a ground-floor mullioned window probably dating from the late C16.

 

In the early C14 two additional buildings containing more private apartments were constructed by Richard Mortimer. The three-storeyed GREAT CHAMBER BLOCK was built in about 1320 next to the Great Hall to balance the Solar Block to the west of the Hall. The connecting four-storeyed GARDEROBE TOWER, which projects from the curtain wall of the inner bailey, was also probably built about the same time. As in the Hall and Solar blocks, the floors are now lost but features in the walls remain to indicate layout and function. The main entrance to this block is through a recessed doorway in the south-west corner, with a pointed two-light window above. The undercroft was heated, and is lit by two two-light windows with stone side seats in the south wall. The tracery of the eastern of these windows has been lost. The first-floor main room, or ‘Great Chamber’, contains a grand hooded fireplace carried on a fourfold series of corbels; to either side of the fireplace are large head corbels with leafwork. The Tudor transomed and mullioned window probably replaced an earlier window. The upper room also has a large hooded fireplace, and was lit principally by a large trefoil-headed window with head-stopped hoodmould in the southern wall.

 

Following the establishment of the headquarters for the Council in the Marches at Ludlow, new buildings were constructed and many existing buildings changed their use. Within the inner bailey the main room in the Great Chamber Block became the council chamber, with additional chambers above. A new adjoining residential block, now called the TUDOR LODGINGS, was built to the east, replacing earlier structures. The block consisted of two sets of lodgings both being of three storeys with attic rooms above. The south wall of this block cuts across openings in the east wall of the Great Chamber Block. Between the lodgings, projecting from the south wall, is a circular stair tower, entered through an ogee-headed arch. The windows in the south elevation are mullioned; several have been blocked. In the north wall of the western lodging, at ground-floor level, is an opening with double trefoil head, having a divided light above. Otherwise, the features of this range are plain, with pointed door openings, and straight lintels to fireplaces.

 

As the power of the Council grew, further domestic accommodation was needed. To the east of the entrance within the inner bailey, a three-storeyed range, known as the JUDGES LODGINGS, was completed in 1581. On the south side, this building extends the curtain wall upwards, with two gables, and piercing for fenestration, the earlier arched entrance to the inner bailey becoming visually part of the newer building, with rooms above; stone arms set immediately over the archway dated 1581 commemorate the Presidency of the Council of Sir Henry Sidney. Rooms set above the arch leave a gate-passage leading through a second archway to the inner bailey, and giving access to both the Great Keep and the Judges’ Lodgings. The rooms above the gate-passage appear to have been accessed by the embellished Tudor-arched doorway in the Keep at the north end of the passage. The north side of the Judges’ Lodgings, within the inner bailey, has a polygonal stair turret (which originally had a pyramidal roof), with mullioned and transomed eight-light windows set regularly to either side. Within, some indication is given of the arrangement and appearance of the rooms by the survival of numerous fireplaces of red sandstone backed by brick set in herringbone pattern. The adjoining building to the east, originally two-storeyed, is thought to date from the C17.

 

Other developments during the C16 included changes to the south-west corner tower, enclosed within the inmost bailey, with the installation of a large oven at ground-floor level, with residential rooms above; the tower became known as the OVEN TOWER. In 1522 the PORTER'S LODGE was built in the outer bailey to the south of the gatehouse. The shell of this building now contains the castle shop; the modern structure and fittings of the shop are not of special interest.* Also dating from 1522 is the PRISON, adjoining to the south, which retains square-headed windows with moulded frames and hoodmoulds, and the stable block, completed in 1597, with mullioned windows. Like the porter's lodge, these buildings remain as incomplete shells.

 

*Pursuant to s.1 (5A) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 ('the Act'), it is declared that these aforementioned features are not of special architectural or historic interest.

 

Sources

 

Books and journals

 

Cathcart-King, D J, Castellarium Anglicanum, (1983)

Goodall, J, The English Castle, 1066-1650, (2011)

H M Colvin, D R Ransome, The History of the KIng's Works, vol 3, (1975)

Kenyon, J, Castles in Wales and the Marches Essays in honour of DJ Cathcart King, (1987), 55-74

Pevsner, N, Newman, J, The Buildings of England: Shropshire, (2006)

R Allen Brown, H M Colvin, The History of the King's Works, vol 2, (1963)

Shoesmith, R, Johnson, A (eds), Ludlow Castle. Its History and Buildings, (2000)

'' in Archaeological Investigations Ltd, Hereford archaeology series, (1991)

W. H. St John Hope, , 'Archaeologia' in The Castle of Ludlow, (1908)

 

Other

 

Pastscape Monument No. 111057,

Shropshire HER 01176,

  

historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1291698

 

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Ludlow Castle, Castle Square, Ludlow, Shropshire

 

Construction of Ludlow Castle began in the late 11th century by the de Lacy's and held by them until the 13th century. In the 14th century it was enlarged by the Mortimers. In the 15th century ownership transferred between the House of York and Lancashire during the War of the Roses. In Elizabethan times the castle was further extended by Sir Henry Sidney. After the civil war the castle declined. It is now owned by the Earl of Powys for the crown.

Grade I listed.

 

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Welcome to Ludlow Castle, one of the finest medieval ruins in England. Set in the glorious Shropshire countryside at the heart of the superb, bustling black & white market town of Ludlow. Walk through the Castle grounds and see the ancient houses of kings, queens, princes, judges and the nobility – a glimpse into the lifestyle of medieval society

 

The Castle, firstly a Norman Fortress and extended over the centuries to become a fortified Royal Palace, has ensured Ludlow’s place in English history – originally built to hold back unconquered Welsh, passing through generations of the de Lacy and Mortimer families to Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York. It became Crown property in 1461 and remained a royal castle for the next 350 years, during which time the Council of the Marches was formed with responsibility for the Government of Wales and the border counties. Abandoned in 1689 the castle quickly fell into ruin, described as ‘the very perfection of decay’ by Daniel Defoe

 

Since 1811 the castle has been owned by the Earls of Powis, who have arrested further decline, and allowed this magnificent historical monument to be open to the public. Today the Castle is the home to Ludlow’s major festivals throughout the year and open for all to enjoy.

 

www.ludlowcastle.com/the-castle/

 

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See also:-

 

www.britainirelandcastles.com/England/Shropshire/Ludlow-C...

 

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Castle

A national juried exhibition with a focus on structure, both natural and human-made. The exhibition features painting, sculpture, photography, drawing, and more by 30 artists from across the country.

 

The work for this exhibition was chosen by our wonderful jurors, Peter Gabak and Joanna Poag. Join us for the opening reception, where $1,000 in cash awards will be announced!

 

Artists Included:

Deborah Beardslee (NY), Jackie Brown (ME), Christina Cassone (PA), Theresa Devine (AZ), Zach Dietl (NY), Julianne French (FL), Nate Hodge (NY), Ellie Honl (IN), Kristy Hughes (IN), Jim Jacobs (UT), Yasemin Kackar-Demirel (NY), Ella Kampelman (MN), Susan Kaye (NY), Namdoo Kim (NY), Sassoon Kosian (NJ), Tom Kredo (NY), Yoonjee Kwak (NY), Pamela Markman (CA), Vanessa Michalak (MA), Nicole Mongelluzzo (NY), Kelly Nye (OH), Colleen O’Hara (NY), Chris Oliver (NY), Nancy Ridenour (NY), Ruth Simon McRae (GA), Jean Stephens (NY), Susan Stuart (NY), Tracy Wascom (MI), Doerte Weber (TX), Jere Williams (VA)

 

May 9–June 30, 2015

 

Opening Reception: Saturday, May 9, 4–7p.m.

Last weekend, I did three churches in a small area near Tenterden, but Smallhythe was my target, as I always found it locked.

 

It is usually open when Dame Ellen Terry's house, Smallhythe Place is open, so after checking that's opening times, I set of from home.

 

St John is quite plain inside, but does have the original rood screen in place, which is simply carved on one side. Sadly, with the late summer sun pouring in through the east window, the carvings were almost impossible to photograph looking into the bright sun.

 

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Built of brick in 1516 after a large fire destroyed the whole village, Smallhythe church is a simple rectangular box, rather taller than it need be, its exterior height emphasised by the crow-stepped gables that rise in ten steps. The west wall has a little image niche under the gable. The interior is as plain as the exterior and has a wooden chancel screen and nicely tiled floor. Yet the church receives numerous visitors on the strength of its associations with Dame Ellen Terry, the actress, who lived at nearby Smallhythe Place which is open to the public. Without the fame of this former resident and the dedication of its congregation, this church might not have such an assured future.

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Smallhythe

 

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633/3/82 SMALLHYTHE ROAD

08-MAY-50 SMALLHYTHE

(East side)

CHURCH OF ST JOHN THE BAPTIST

 

(Formerly listed as:

SMALLHYTHE ROAD

SMALLHYTHE

St John the Baptist's Church)

 

GV II*

The church was completely rebuilt in 1516-17 following a fire that destroyed the town. The chancel was reroofed in the C18, and the whole church was restored in the C19, when the window tracery was renewed. The stone E window is 1884.

 

MATERIALS: C16 brick in English bond, with stone tracery and dressings on E window. Tiled roof with small timber bell cot.

 

PLAN: Unaisled nave and chancel without structural division. W porch and small timber bell cot over nave W end.

 

EXTERIOR: The nave and chancel are continuous externally, and there are crowstepped gables at the E and W ends. Diagonal buttresses with off-sets at the corners and a pair of off-set buttresses on either side. The C19 E window has stone tracery in a Perpendicular style, and is set within the blocked, four-centred opening for the C16 E window.

 

The nave and chancel N and S windows have restored Flamboyant brick tracery with mouchettes and super mullions. The N and S doors have stone dressings, four-centred heads with hood moulds.

 

The W porch, an unusual feature, is also brick. The gable is stepped at the outer ends like small buttresses. The outer opening is of three orders with a hood mould. The outer two orders have square heads with continuous jambs, the inner is segmental. The central section of the middle order has been renewed. The W window is of five cusped lights with a transom in a four-centred head. There is a small statue niche with a four-centred head and square hood mould above. There is a tiny weather boarded bellcot over the W end of the nave. The W door is four centred and has hollow chamfered mouldings and hood mould.

 

INTERIOR: The interior is plastered and painted, and has a timber panelled dado. The windows are renewed in stone on the inside. There is no structural division between nave and chancel, but the C16 screen remains in its original position. The W end of the nave is screened off with a late C19 or early C20 timber screen to form a vestry. The chancel roof was repaired or wholly rebuilt in 1747 and has four slender A-frames trussed with straight braces and two tiers of staggered purlins. It was formerly plastered and retains nails for former laths. The very plain nave roof is C16 and is of the tie beam and common rafter type. The W end of the roof was repaired in 1982 with steel brackets.

 

PRINCIPAL FIXTURES: The C16 screen is an unusual form, with a deep moulded cornice rather than cresting and is divided into wide bays with evenly spaced, narrow lights with cusped heads and carved spandrels. It apparently never had doors, and is very plain on the chancel side. The dado panelling of feather edged boarding with a moulded cornice is probably also C16 in origin, much repaired on the S side, but largely original on the N. C19 or early C20 timber reredos of blind ogee panels with cared details and a brattished cornice; similar design to choir stalls. C19 communion rail with timber brackets. C19 drum pulpit with open traceried sides. Small, octagonal font carved with quatrefoils on an octagonal stem. Nave benches of c.1900 with shaped ends terminating in carved roundels. C19 or early C20 carved timber screen at W end for vestry. Red tiled nave floor, C19 encaustic tiles in the chancel, mosaic floor to sanctuary. Some C19 stained glass.

 

HISTORY: The name hythe or hithe meant haven or landing place in Old English and Smallhythe was a port and major centre of ship building in the C14-C16 before the Rother silted up in the early C17 and changed its course. It now flows some way to the south. Henry VIII visited Smallhythe in 1537 to view progress on the construction of one of his warships. The town was devastated by fire in 1514 and the church was completely rebuilt in 1516-17. Dame Ellen Terry, the famous late C19 and early C20 actress, lived in the adjacent Smallhythe Place and her funeral was held in the church in 1928.

 

SOURCES:

Buildings of England: West Kent and the Weald (1969), 509.

 

REASONS FOR DESIGNATION:

St John the Baptist, Smallhythe is designated at Grade II* for the following principal reasons:

*A rare (and excellent) example of a complete Tudor brick church with some contemporary fittings including the chancel screen, W door and nave roof.

*The exterior, with its crow-stepped gables and curvilinear window tracery, strongly recalls North European brick church architecture and as such is a rare occurrence in Kent.

*The chancel roof is C18.

*It has historical significance as a reminder of the former prosperity of Smallhythe in the late middle ages and Tudor period.

 

www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-179816-church-of-st-j...

 

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In Roman times the whole of what is now Romney Marsh was a shallow sea with the coastline running from Appledore through to Hythe.

 

Later in the Middle Ages, Smallhythe was located in Dunborne, which was one of the six Boroughs of the ancient Tenterden Hundred. It lay on the banks of the tidal river Rother, which was then navigable from Romney along the course of the Rhee Wall, through Appledore and Reading (now Reading Street) as far as Newenden. In the 13th Century a series of storms of extreme violence blocked the channel to Romney and the river was diverted from Appledore past Ebony and Stone to the sea at Rye. This was, in fact, the second time the course of the river had changed and in earlier times it had found its way to the sea at Lympne.

 

A port and shipbuilding industry had existed in Smallhythe from early times and a church or chapel for the inhabitants and seamen had also existed. The earliest written reference to the church is in 1401, which records the gift of three shillings and fourpence from the Chamberlain’s Accounts of Romney to the chapel of St. John the Baptist, as a thank offering, to mark the successful launch of the Entwhistle, a sea-going barge built in the haven at Smallhythe.

 

In 1449, Tenterden, together with its port at Smallhythe and shipbuilding community at Reading was incorporated as one of the Cinque Ports as a ‘limb of Rye’.

 

Following a petition from the inhabitants in 1505, and on account of the distance from Tenterden and difficulties attending the Parish Church, Archbishop Warham issued a Faculty permitting the holding of divine service in the chapel and for the inhabitants to have a priest of their own. This was followed in 1509 by a further order allowing the inhabitants to elect their own priests subject only to his approval. This privilege, which was unique in the whole kingdom, was to last for more then 400 years!

 

In 1514 most of the hamlet was burnt down and the chapel suffered either partial or total destruction, and the present church building dates from then.

 

Of the very few ancient buildings remaining, that next to the church is known as the “Priest’s House”; and that which is now the Ellen Terry museum, now owned by the National Trust, was the harbour master’s house. A former house for the priest, on the other side of the road, was destroyed in the fire of 1514.

 

By the end of the 16th century the river had so silted up that there remained only a “creek of salt water” frequented by lighters and small vessels. Now there remains only a drainage ditch known as the Reading Sewer which flows in the opposite direction.

 

More recently the Benefices of St. Mildred, Tenterden and St. John the Baptist, Smallhythe were permanently united to form the one Benefice in 1928 but with the two parishes continuing distinct in all respects.

 

The present church was built in 1516-17 during the reign of Henry VIII to replace the chapel which stood on the same site and was destroyed by fire in 1514. It is an example of a Tudor church and is unusual in its use of red brick for its construction. It is thought that bricks may have been imported from the Low Countries in exchange for timber from the Weald of Kent. The stepped gables of the West front indicate a Dutch influence, and the beautiful Tudor brickwork is well worth studying. The porch was added in 1866.

 

The oldest features in the church are the mediaeval oak screen and the wainscot panelling. The panelling is mentioned in the records of the local history society as the oldest oak panelling known to exist anywhere. The pews in the nave are made of pitch pine and replaced oak family boxes in 1900. The pulpit and lectern were gifts from St. Mildred’s Church, Tenterden. The West window contains the only original Tudor tracery, but all the glass is modern. The window over the altar, which shows Christ victorious with a Paschal lamb and a mediaeval ship, was installed by the War Damage Commission in 1952, after the original window had been destroyed by a V1 Rocket in 1944.

 

The roof is a perfect example of a rectangular Tudor roof with two interesting repairs in evidence. The roof over the chancel was repaired in 1747 by the addition of oak side purlins fixed at right angles to the rafters. The roof over the West end was repaired in 1982 by steel brackets and stainless steel straps on top of the beams. These are fixed to wall plates set in concrete spreader beams on top of the walls, almost invisible, and so preserving the antiquity of the building. The cost of this last repair, still in recent memory, was £24,000. It is worth recording that this huge sum of money was raised by the small parish and the repairs carried out in under two years. During this time the church was closed and services were held at St. Mildred’s in Tenterden. The eventful story of how this was achieved will live on in the annals of the church and might almost be described as a miracle!

 

Dame Ellen Terry worshipped in this church and her funeral service was held here on 24th July 1928, conducted by the Rector of Wittersham, who was vicar in charge at that time.

 

www.tenterdencofe.org/?page_ref=275

7 Bristo Square was built as a student centre 1966-73 by Morris & Steedman. Concrete modernism with stilts and ribbed towers. Currently teaching and office space and the university's health centre.

 

In January 2018 it was announced £8.4 million would be spent creating a new Health and Wellbeing Centre at 7 Bristo Square. www.ed.ac.uk/students/inspiring-students/we-are-investing

 

We are promised a significant reconfiguration of the lower three floors will peel away decades of unsympathetic additions to this Modernist gem.

"A colour palette derived from the Cherry Blossom avenue at The Meadows, comprising soft tones and natural textures will temper the hard surfaces of the 1970s Brutalist building, create a calming, stress-reducing environment. Furthermore, colour will be used to designate space, as part of the way-finding strategy and also to introduce contrast for the visually impaired."

Page/Park design: pagepark.co.uk/project/architecture/university-edinburgh-...

 

Due for completion at the end of 2019, the extension to the ground floor of the building will provide an accessible entrance from Bistro Square. When completed, the building will be a health and wellbeing hub for students housing the Counselling and Disability services, University Medical Centre and the University Pharmacy. It will offer 36 one-to-one consultation rooms, a lounge and an accessible internal arcade.

www.scottishconstructionnow.com/article/work-starts-on-un...

 

Page\Park Architects; Harley Haddow engineers; Civil & Structural Engineer ARUP; Morrison Construction construction.

 

Robert Steedman (b. 1929) and James Morris (1931-2006) qualified as architects at Edinburgh College of Art in 1955. They are said to have been influenced by Marcel Breuer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Richard Neutra. The practice won a number of prestigious awards including Saltire and Civic Trust Awards, European Architectural Heritage Medal and two Royal Institute of British Architects Awards for Scotland.

 

A booklet about this celebrated partnership can be downloaded from Historic Scotland: www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/architectsvolume1.pdf

Scottish Architects www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=400368

 

In 2013 the university announced plans to spend £34m on improvements to the McEwan Hall and Bristo Square.

Ongoing updates: www.ed.ac.uk/estatesprojects/central-area/live-capital-pr...

Urban Realm article: www.urbanrealm.com/news/4305/University_of_Edinburgh_subm...

 

Article by architectural historian Clive Fenton on the 1960s redevelopment of the central area: edit.ed.ac.uk/articles/issue/2/last-word/ (Summer 2015 edition)

Just some fun with the phone.

 

Camera: ancient HTC Desire HD

Exposure compensation and blur: Photoshop + Pixeluvo

A national juried exhibition with a focus on structure, both natural and human-made. The exhibition features painting, sculpture, photography, drawing, and more by 30 artists from across the country.

 

The work for this exhibition was chosen by our wonderful jurors, Peter Gabak and Joanna Poag. Join us for the opening reception, where $1,000 in cash awards will be announced!

 

Artists Included:

Deborah Beardslee (NY), Jackie Brown (ME), Christina Cassone (PA), Theresa Devine (AZ), Zach Dietl (NY), Julianne French (FL), Nate Hodge (NY), Ellie Honl (IN), Kristy Hughes (IN), Jim Jacobs (UT), Yasemin Kackar-Demirel (NY), Ella Kampelman (MN), Susan Kaye (NY), Namdoo Kim (NY), Sassoon Kosian (NJ), Tom Kredo (NY), Yoonjee Kwak (NY), Pamela Markman (CA), Vanessa Michalak (MA), Nicole Mongelluzzo (NY), Kelly Nye (OH), Colleen O’Hara (NY), Chris Oliver (NY), Nancy Ridenour (NY), Ruth Simon McRae (GA), Jean Stephens (NY), Susan Stuart (NY), Tracy Wascom (MI), Doerte Weber (TX), Jere Williams (VA)

 

May 9–June 30, 2015

 

Opening Reception: Saturday, May 9, 4–7p.m.

Lehigh Structural Steel

On the banks of the Lehigh River

Allentown, Pennsylvania

 

The Lehigh Structural Steel Company was founded in 1919. At its peak, it employed over 500 people, and fabricated steel for everything from bridges to hangars to high-rises.

 

With the rest of American Steel in decline, the company went down in 1989. This 55-acre complex was sold off in 1990 to local investors. There are plans to redevelop it as "The Waterfront", but for now, the cavernous sheds are leased to local companies.

SAIFD AIR Program "Form & Structure" with Kenneth Snauwaert, AIFD.

 

October 23rd, 2011

 

(Photo Credit: Sandra Austoni)

Most of the lead paint has cracked off and gave way to rust on the main connection tube. The floor is covered in asbestos and cans.

Structural &graphic design

Tympani Lambada by the Flaming Lotus Girls at Burning Man 2011. This large sculpture features propane and liquid fuel fire effects, sequenced LEDs, and sound hammers. Michael Prados of Ideal Mechanism coordinated structural design of the three trussed arches, and took these photos.

ARABIAN GULF (Aug. 2, 2017) U.S. Navy Aviation Structural Mechanic 2nd Class Antonio Tayborn, from Chicago, fastens bolts on an F/A-18F Super Hornet from, the “Black Knights” of Strike Fighter Squadron (VFA) 154, aboard the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz (CVN 68), Aug. 2, 2017, in the Arabian Gulf. Nimitz is deployed in the U.S. 5th Fleet area of operations in support of Operation Inherent Resolve. While in this region, the ship and strike group are conducting maritime security operations to reassure allies and partners, preserve freedom of navigation, and maintain the free flow of commerce. (U.S. Navy photo by Hospital Corpsman 2nd Class Rachel Kuebler)