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The Worcester State Hospital in Worcester, Massachusetts is one of Several Hospitals designed in the Kirkbride style
According to KirkbrideBuildings.com:
"The nineteenth century saw considerable growth in state-sponsored treatment of the mentally ill in the United States, and consequently the rise of asylum building. Growing populations and stress levels of American society created an intensifying frequency of mental illness. Activists for humane treatment, new therapeutic methods in Europe, and important changes in public perception created a progressive environment which fostered the establishment of many public "lunatic asylums" throughout the country. These asylums replaced cruder methods of coping with the mentally ill, such as confining them to prisons or poorhouses where they were often abused and their special needs were rarely met.
Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride was an influential advocate of an asylum system based on the tenets of Moral Treatment. In his annual reports as the superintendent of the Philadelphia Hospital for the Insane and in his published treatise on asylum design and function, Dr. Kirkbride promoted a set of detailed principles that influenced the construction and operation of many American asylums built during this period. Seen by Kirkbride as active participants in therapy, the asylum buildings and their surroundings were a central component of his concept of treatment known as the Kirkbride Plan.
An asylum was intended as a place of structured improving activity, seclusion from suspected causes of illness, and a certain amount of medical therapy. All of these were intended to cure mental disorders, thus improving patients' lives and the quality of society in general.
Dr. Kirkbride envisioned an asylum with a central administration building flanked by two wings comprised of tiered wards. This "linear plan" facilitated a hierarchical segregation of residents according to sex and symptoms of illness. Male patients were housed in one wing, female patients in the other. Each wing was sub-divided by ward with the more "excited" patients placed on the lower floors, farthest from the central administrative structure, and the better-behaved, more rational patients situated in the upper floors and closer to the administrative center. Ideally, this arrangement would make patients' asylum experience more comfortable and productive by isolating them from other patients with illnesses antagonistic to their own while still allowing fresh air, natural light, and views of the asylum grounds from all sides of each ward.
It was believed crucial to place patients in a more natural environment away from the pollutants and hectic energy of urban centers. Abundant fresh air and natural light not only contributed to a healthy environment, but also served to promote a more cheerful atmosphere. Extensive grounds with cultivated parks and farmland were also beneficial to the success of an asylum. Landscaped parks served to both stimulate and calm patients' minds with natural beauty (enhanced by rational order) while improving the overall aspect of the asylum. Farmland served to make the asylum more self-sufficient by providing readily available food and other farm products at a minimal cost to the state.
Patients were encouraged to help work the farms and keep the grounds, as well as participate in other chores. Such structured occupation was meant to provide a sense of purpose and responsibility which, it was believed, would help regulate the mind as well as improve physical fitness. Patients were also encouraged to take part in recreations, games, and entertainments which would also engage their minds, make their stay more pleasant, and perhaps help foster and maintain social skills.
Dr. Kirkbride's ambition, dedication, and influence ensured the Kirkbride Plan's good reputation throughout much of his lifetime. Toward the end of the nineteenth century however, it lost prominence in the system that it played such a major role in developing. A lack of concrete evidence indicating substantial numbers of permanently cured patients, and no reduction in the incidence of mental illness caused the mental healthcare establishment to seek different forms of treatment.
A new generation of asylum superintendents began advocating different forms of asylum design based on different ideas of care. And as psychoanalysis, drug-therapy, and other emerging treatments began to be favored, the idea of the asylum as a staging for the Kirkbride Plan became obsolete. Asylum buildings were no longer built in the Kirkbride mold, though many existing Kirkbride buildings continued as important parts of state hospitals well into the twentieth century. Their separate histories have often been stigmatized by methods of treatment not intended by Dr. Kirkbride and his contemporaries, and by the seemingly inevitable problems caused by a combination of overcrowding and a lack of necessary financial support. But each of these buildings owes its genesis to a remarkable humanitarian movement to improve the quality and effectiveness of mental healthcare in America. A movement that Dr. Kirkbride was instrumental in driving forward.
Many Kirkbride buildings today are rapidly deteriorating due to years of neglect. With the decline of the state hospital system — due mostly to new forms of treatment, the development of patients' rights, and public outcry over scandals of abuse and unsanitary conditions — these remarkable buildings have fallen into disuse and decay. Sadly, many have been demolished as they were deemed too expensive to renovate, or as commercially useless occupants of valuable land. Many that still exist are threatened with destruction and are rapidly vanishing symbols of an important period in the progress of American mental healthcare."
The fellow semi-posing for me was actually living in this building at the time I took this photo. His name is Earnest Ward; he's an "art journalist" (a professional artist and studio arts educator) from Fort Worth who was in the park preparing a program to be presented about ten days later.
He told me a little bit about the building which, according to Wikipedia, is the oldest remaining structure in Zion National Park. It's located in the Grotto, which is a picnic area across the road from the Virgin River (about .2 mile distant; all flat ground) and the Angels Landing trailhead. It was built in 1924 as the park's original museum; what we today call the "visitor center" (that term wasn't used until Mission 66). It was also used as a residence, but was slated for demolition sometime after the park headquarters were moved to the Utah Route 9 area. Here's one instance where not having enough money in the budget paid off, and the building was just too darned well-built to easily dismantle anyway. It's now, of course, somewhat protected based on its age and historical significance (it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1987).
I mentioned the "flat ground" for a reason. Zion and southern Utah suffered through some terrible weather this summer. Seven hikers drowned in a flash flood in the Narrows in September, and over an inch of rain (more than a normal month's worth at this time of year) fell just five days before my arrival. Earnest mentioned he was concerned about the building getting flooded by the nearby Virgin, and that he had already spent one or two sleepless nights listening for approaching water, and that he had planned his escape through the rear of the building. Luckily, that was never necessary.
Entrance to l'Hôtel de l'Estelou, in the old town of Sommières (Gard, in Languedoc, southern France), on an evening in early June 2009.
The building is a renovated and converted train station. As represented at the doorway, "Estelou" is is a Provençal word for "star."
[Sommieres Hotel de l'Estelou dusk 2009 jun 4 c; IMG_0640]
Hypogeum Lagrasta I. Dromos tomb of 9 rooms with Ionic pilasters, red and white plaster and "house" relief carving. Hellenistic-Daunian, belonging to the Dasimii family. Built primarily in the 3rd Century BC, used 3rd Century BC - 2nd Century AD. Carved into the tuf groundrock. Excavated 1843 AD - 1853 AD. Canosa di Puglia, Barletta, Apulia, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier. I would have liked to visit more of these tombs, but Jim was impatient.
Copy of a postcard of John Street Presbyterian Church, Belleville, Ontario.
Donated by David Bentley in 2009 (2009-11)
Related Work: depicts Pillsbury A Mill, designed by Leroy Sunderland Buffington (American architect, 1848-1931), built 1881 and the Stone Arch Bridge, designed by Charles C. Smith (American engineer, ), built 1882-1883.
Work_Description: Published by the Co-Mo Company, Minneapolis. [111052]
Culture: American
Date: 1919-1928
Measurement Display: 89 mm (height) x 141 mm (width)
Classification: Graphic Design and Illustration
Work type: postcards
Location Notes: Collection of Philip Larson and Ursula A. Larson, Minneapolis
Rights: Work in the public domain
Image_Filename: 11112630
WorkID: 17441 [depicts works 16619 and 16611]
Byzantine fortress. Limestone, 6th Century AD (Theodosian). Built over and using the ruins of circuit wall and buildings of acropolis (actually a low promontroy in the Adriatic Sea). Messapian, 4th Century BC - 2nd Century BC. Egnazia, Apulia, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier.
This charming little town is often described as the most picturesque in all of Ontario.
It's famous for the spectacular Elora Gorge and its 80-foot limestone cliffs descending into the Grand and Irvine Rivers. Adventure enthusiasts and nature lovers flock here to enjoy some fun and take in its natural beauty. Many original stone buildings from the 1800′s still make up the downtown village centre. Over the decades, Elora has maintained its old world charm and the century-old buildings have been transformed into unique galleries, gift shops, artists studios and charming restaurants.
Thank you, my kind Flickr friends, for visiting my site and taking the time to leave a comment. Truly appreciated!
The church of St Andrew in the North Lincolnshire village of Burton Stather. There's a plaque with details of a market that was held nearby in the 14th century. There are views across the River Trent from this church, which is on the highest part of the old village.
Arab Step Well. 11th Century AD. Archaeological Museum of Silves. Silves, Portugal. Copyright 2023, James A. Glazier
Wells Cathedral (Somerset, in the West Country of England): The west front seen from the cathedral green in the Christmas morning fog, on the way from service. Footprints mark the frost.
This limestone building was begun in 1175 and dedicated in 1239, with added parts through 1490. It is particularly noted for its abundance of medieval statues (about 300) perched in niches on the west front and, inside, its 14th-century "scissor" arches, or "owl-eyed" strainer arches.
Although Wells, in area and population, is simply the size of a typical market town, it qualifies as a city in the historical definition, because it is the seat of a cathedral.
(From the "archive" -- 1995. Please forgive the technical quality limitations of this image, which was scanned from an old slide.)
[Wells Cathedral Christmas morning mist 1995 dec 25; digitised slide]
Calico cat on a limestone wall in the village of Beynac (Périgord Noir, Dordogne, in southwestern France), seen during a village walk on a clear evening at the beginning of June 2009.
The full name of the commune (the local government unit) is Beynac-et-Cazenac. It is located along the Dordogne River and on a steep slope above it, in the Périgord noir (Black Perigord) area of the Dordogne département. With its numerous historic limestone buildings and scenic setting, Beynac is designated as one of "Les plus beaux villages de France" (The Most Beautiful Villages of France).
[Beynac cat watching beside pot 2009 jun 2 c; IMG_0414]
Hauptbahnhof facade with the coat of arms of the German Empire (1871 AD - 1918 AD), below, the coat of arms of Bielefeld. Floral reliefs and lion head. Art Nouveau, 1910 AD. Bielefeld, North-Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier. Bielefeld was thoroughly flattened during WWII. Pleasant town center, but very few historical buildings.
As the weather was so nice this afternoon, blue sky, sunshine and fluffy clouds, it made sense to revisit some of the local churches in this better weather. I was here about 2 weeks ago, it was nice and sunny but with high thin cloud making the scene a little flat. This time the weather was 10/10 for this kind of photography.
Boxes and Royal Box. Note victory angels carrying wreaths. Teatro San Carlo. Napoli, 1817 AD. By Antonio Nicolini. Interior 1842 AD. Campania, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Ferguson.
The building called The Folly built in 1871 by Robert Preston a lawyer in Settle. In 1871 21 people lived in the building.
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
© rogerperriss@aol.com All rights reserved.
Happiness is ... a room with a view. A favourite view from a favourite bed-and-breakfast room. Dore Abbey sandstone church and churchyard, in the village of Abbey Dore (in the Golden Valley, Herefordshire, in the Welsh Borders region of western England), seen from our B&B room window, on an evening of very mixed weather at the end of April 2010.
The original Cistercian abbey was founded in 1147, and much of its building work was undertaken during the 12th and 13th centuries. Much of the abbey fell into ruin after the Dissolution of English and Welsh monasteries of 1536. The surviving part visible here now serves as the parish church; in addition, some arches and foundations of other structures remain.
In the foreground, a field with grazing horses, at Tan House Farm.
(The village name is also sometimes spelled as one word, Abbeydore.)
(A picture in my Rooms with a View album / set.)
[Abbey Dore evening view of Dore Abbey 2010 30 apr o; P4300230]
A beautiful stone barn in Kemptville, Ontario, Canada. It is located on the grounds of Fairstead Stables. As per one of the owners of Fairstead Stables, Terry Olmstead, he wrote me today that this stone barn likely dates back to around 1830, when the house on his property was built. It may have been used to house pigs or maybe chickens, and he did a tremendous amount of work to try to save it. Kudos to him, for preserving a part of the region's rich history!
Frankfort Iron Works in Elberta, Michigan
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In 1867, the Frankfort Iron Works was established and a large blast furnace was constructed. During its existence, Frankfort Iron Works gave the Village of Elberta the notoriety of having the largest and most extensive manufacturing works in Benzie County. The original building contained a blast furnace where the iron was smelted; a boiler arid engine, stone and ore crusher and platform. The casting house, constructed of brick, is where die first iron was produced July 1, 1870.
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The first railroad was constructed in 1870 and was laid from the Frankfort Iron Works, along the east side of Frankfort Avenue, and was used to transport wood to die blast furnace. The original rails were made from wood strips later replaced with iron.
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Next to the Frankfort Iron Works building, two residences were built on a bluff approximately 20 feet higher than the general level and fronted Lake Betsie. These residences were used by officials of the company during its operation. The Frankfort Iron Works ceased operations in 1883.
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The Frankfort Iron Works property passed to the Toledo, Ann Arbor and Northern Michigan Railway, later renamed Ann Arbor Railroad Company in 1892. The furnace buildings were converted to a roundhouse arid machine shop located west of the subject site, parts of which are still standing. The grounds were used for the tracks and switches, and a depot. On the bluff, near the houses used by the officials, a large wooden water tower was constructed and used for filling the boilers of the steam engines.
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Also in 1892, the Ann Arbor Railroad Company built warehouses which held several hundred rail car loads of flour during transit. The company also built a grain elevator alongside die west slip. The elevators were 80 to 100 feet tall and were used until 1916, when they were demolished.
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Coal was stored on the grounds between the railroad tracks and Lake Betsie when the ferryboats burned coal for fuel. In 1925, the company built a 400-ton reinforced concrete, automatic, electric locomotive coaling plant on the east end of the subject site. In the late 1950’s, the ferryboat engines were converted to diesel and the coal dock was closed.
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In 1982, MDOT, (Michigan Department of Transportation) the owners and operators of the Ann Arbor Railroad Company and car ferry service, terminated all operations in the Village of Elberta.
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From the “History of Elberta” by Allen B. Blacklock
Located in the heart of Historic Downtown New Bedford is the Joseph Taber building, built in 1836. The earliest steam engine used in New Bedford was installed here by Joseph Taber in 1838 and used by him for many years for the manufacture of pumps and blocks for whaling boats.
The building currently houses Cork Wine and Tapas Bar downstairs and an Airbnb upstairs.
Outdoor table for two, in painted ironwork, and resting peacock in the courtyard of Powis Castle (Montgomeryshire, Powys, Mid Wales), on an afternoon of mixed sun and cloud in early May 2012. The National Trust restaurant entrance is on the courtyard, so in warm weather, this table is an ideal place to have afternoon tea.
(A picture in my Tea, tea shops, tea rooms album / set.)
[Powis Castle Garden table peacock spring 2012 may 8 p; P1000398]
Great Western/ Pleasant Valley Winery building now housing the Finger Lakes Boating Museum. Hammondsport, NY.
Kitschy baroque altar in fromt of windows collecting surviving Renaissance stained glass. Altar. St. Stephen's Dom (Cathedral) Catholic temple (church). Gothic. Begin in 1304 AD, vaulting completed in 1474 AD. North tower begun in 1450 AD and finished in 1511 AD. Austria, Vienna. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier.
The impressive 13th century palace has a facade overlooking Piazza IV Novembre with a majestic outside staircase leading up to a marble pulpit from which the priors harangued the people.
Relief of the day 12 Tecpatl (Obsidian knife for human sacrifices). Temple of the Sun. Earlier (15th Century AD) rebuilding with date glyphs. Volcanic Stone, Mexica, 15th Century AD. Zona Arqueologica de Tlatelolco , Plaza de las Tres Culturas, Tlateloco, Mexico. Copyright 2015, James A. Glazier Tlateloco was founded by a sister tribe to the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan and was a major trading center during the Aztec empire, as well as an early competitor of Tenochtitlan. Like all Aztec Temples, these would originally have been covered with stucco and painted.
The Carolingian mosaic (early 9th century) in the apse of the oratory church in Germigny-des-Prés (in the département of Loiret, in the northern part of the Centre Region of central France) in the middle Loire Valley in central France.
(Not perfect focus, but I hope that the picture gives an idea of this work of art.)
This church in the Loire Valley was built by Bishop Theodulf of Orléans, abbot of Fleury in nearby Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, during the reign of Charlemagne. It was consecrated in 806. One of the oldest surviving churches in France, it displays distinctive Carolingian architectural features, whose origins have been debated by scholars (it was originally designed in a form similar to a Greek cross). The nave and tower are newer; the nave was extended during the 15th-16th centuries. This church underwent a 19th-century reconstruction.
It is most famous for the Carolingian-period mosaic on the ceiling of its central apse. The surviving mosaic (partly restored since 1841), which portrays the Ark of the Covenant, may be in the Byzantine style. An alternative explanation is that "the unusual floral motifs have parallels in [Arab] Umayyad and [Islamic Spanish] Mozarabic ornamentation, and some scholars have attributed this to Theodulf’s north Spanish (Visigothic) origins." Either way, the mosaic reflects the cosmopolitan nature of the Carolingian domain as well as of the 9th-century western Church.
(Information about the church from the article "Germigny-des-Prés," by Kathryn Morrison and Matthias Exner, in Grove Art Online -- part of Oxford Art Online -- and Wikipedia, viewed 29 January 2015.)
[Germigny-des-Prés oratory church apse Carolingian mosaic 2009 may 27 c; IMG_2694]
The Holy Cross village church in Scopwick, a small village a few miles south of Lincoln in the UK. This is another church that has views obscured by trees from nearly all angles.....
The oldest building in Greenfield Village was imported from England's Cotswold Hills to represent the area from which Henry Ford's ancestors immigrated. Built from limestone, it is surrounded by a limestone wall.
Facade of the Zeller's store located at 238 Front Street, Belleville, Ontario. "Retailers to Thrifty Canadians"
Donated by Allen E. Montgomery in 2009 (2009-01).
Relief of the day 5 Tecpatl (Obsidian knife for human sacrifices). Temple of the Sun. Earlier (15th Century AD) rebuilding with date glyphs. Volcanic Stone, Mexica, 15th Century AD. Zona Arqueologica de Tlatelolco , Plaza de las Tres Culturas, Tlateloco, Mexico. Copyright 2015, James A. Glazier Tlateloco was founded by a sister tribe to the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan and was a major trading center during the Aztec empire, as well as an early competitor of Tenochtitlan. Like all Aztec Temples, these would originally have been covered with stucco and painted.
Two surviving Doric columns of Archaic temple, overlaid with 18th Century AD buildings. Greek, Limestone, 6th Century BC. Taranto, Apulia, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier.
My latest Hermitage Collection piece is this windmill inspire by the historic windmill in Quebec province on the Isle aux Coudres.
The other buildings pictured are from my Medieval Stone Village set. I plan to make the accompanying watermill as well. :)
About the windmill:
The Isle-aux-Coudres is located in the St. Lawrence River three kilometers from it's north shore.
In 1815, famine struck because there were no efficient grain mills on the island. The inhabitants often had to go to Baie-Saint-Paul or Les Éboulements, in spite of the dangerous canoe crossings.
In 1825, the Séminaire de Québec, Who had lordly rights over the island, agreed to the building of a water mill. Over the years, however, the water mill proved to be inefficient, so a windmill was built on the same site in 1836. In 1850, the Séminaire de Québec sold both mills to private concerns.
Several owners subsequently operated them, including Marie-Anne Desmeules who took over after the death of her first husband.
Until the early 1900s, both mills were in operation, and complemented each other. The arrival of large flour mills marked the new century and caused a progressive change in the types of crops. Land and sea transportation greatly improved and traditional flour mills gradually became obsolete.
Because it was no longer profitable, the water mill was transformed into a sawmill around 1920. It was in operation until 1948. The water mill and the windmill were respectively designated as historic monuments by the Québec ministère des Affaires culturelles (now ministère de la Culture et des Communications) in 1962 and 1963.
In the 1980s, the mills were restored, keeping in mind their original characteristics. Both are once again operational. Over 500 000 people have visited the site since it opened to the public in 1982!
I like the fact this image sort of emphasises the French colours. Photographed in Normandy near the Mont St Michel.
A great way to view my photostream on Flickr
Copyright ©2009 indigo2 photography and Paul Indigo. All rights reserved.