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How schoolkids washed their hands, back in the day.
Frontenac County Schools Museum, in Barriefield; Kingston, Ontario.
Cartoonified photo decartoonified by Bing AI.
Hideous baroque interior (1720 AD) of Gothic (1469 AD-1495 AD) rebuilding on top of Romaneqsque foundations (1229 AD by Frederick II of Swabia) of the Duomo. Old town (Centro Storico). Ostuni, the "White City." Apulia, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier. All of the "colored marble" is actually tromp l'oeil painting.
This alley, like several in Guelph, has been converted to an outside patio for a local bar. The graffiti covered door is the rear entrance to the bar.
There are numerous stone barns and cottages scattered around the dales. Some lived in and some now derelict. This is at the edge of Swaledale, between Muker and Gunnerside. The dale runs broadly from west to east, from the high moors on the Cumbria–Yorkshire boundary at the watershed of Northern England to the market town of Richmond, where the dale meets the lowlands.
Historical district of Naples. Now a UNESCO World Heritage site. I guess UNESCO recognizes modern grafitti as a cultural treasure. Napoli, Campania, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier.
Interior of chamber tomb with plastered walls and niches in walls and floor. West Necropolis of Egnazia. Messapian, 4th Century BC - 2nd Century BC. The captions note that some of the chamber tombs were used as houses during the middle ages. Egnazia, Apulia, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier.
Zagori is dotted with over 40 small villages, generally comprising a number of stone built houses, a church and a square. Welcome to Kipoi or Kipi, which was our base for the 5 days we spent in this beautiful and peaceful part of Greece. Our hotel, Kipi Suites is just to the right of centre in the image - the cluster of buildings with dark roofs and windows. This view is from the road opposite Plakidas Bridge
A view of a modern glass building with a black steel frame structure, situated next to a shallow reflecting pool, with older stone buildings in the background.
June 20, 2023 - "The Cité de Carcassonne is a fortified medieval city located on a hill in the old town of Carcassonne, in the Occitanie region of southern France. It is located on the right bank of the Aude and in the southeast of the current city. Its origins date back to Gallo-Roman times and it was enlarged into a fortress in the Middle Ages. The fortified city is surrounded by a double wall (each about three kilometers long with a total of 52 towers). The main buildings within the Cité, which is still inhabited, are a castle (Château comtal) and a church (Basilique Saint-Nazaire).
In the 19th century, the already decaying city of Carcassonne was restored under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. This resulted in an extensive well-preserved historical monument that was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.
Carcassonne was founded as Carcasso in the 1st century BC. Founded by the Romans on the site of today's Cité. The so-called Gallo-Roman towers with a horseshoe plan on the inner wall testify to the Carcasso period.
On the 14 hectares, where between 3,000 and 4,000 people lived in the Middle Ages, 229 permanent residents live today. All the others work for tourism and live abroad. La Cité is a large open-air museum used by tourists and is not normally accessible by car.
Legend has it that the fortress was once besieged by Charlemagne, when Mme Carcas was the lady of the castle. The siege lasted so long that famine soon claimed the first victims in the Cité. Mrs. Carcas then decided to stuff a pig with wheat and, when she was fat enough, she threw it off the castle wall. The besiegers, already exhausted, thought when they saw the fat animal that fell from their towers that the city must have food to spare. Dejected, Charlemagne's men gave up and returned home. When the town bells rang to celebrate the end of the siege, one of the besiegers is said to have exclaimed Madame Carcas sonne (Carcas sounds).
In 1208, Pope Innocent III, faced with the increase and extension of Catharism, decreed the Albigensian Crusade. The Count of Tolosa and the Viscount of Carcassonne are accused of heresy and their territories become the main target of the attack by the barons from France. On August 1, 1209, the city is besieged by the Crusaders. Raymond Roger Trencavel surrenders to them on August 15 in exchange for the lives of its inhabitants. The villages around the city are destroyed. The viscount dies of dysentery in his castle prison on November 10, 1209. Other sources speak of an assassination planned by Simon de Montfort.
The city becomes the headquarters of the crusade troops. The land and city are delivered to Simón de Montfort, military chief of the Crusader army. He died in 1218 during the siege of Toulouse and his son, Amaury VI de Montfort, took possession of the city, but was unable to manage it. He cedes the rights to it to Louis VIII of France, but Ramon VII of Toulouse and the counts of Foix allied against the king. In 1224, Ramón Trencavel II took possession of the city after Amaury fled.
Louis VIII launches a second crusade in 1226 and Ramón Trencavel must flee. The city of Carcassonne becomes part of the domain of the King of France and becomes the seat of a seneschal. A period of terror is installed inside the city among the inhabitants; the search and hunting of the Cathars multiplies the bonfires in the squares and there are continuous savage denunciations, with the installation of an Inquisition Tribunal within the city precincts.
Louis IX of France orders the construction of the second walled enclosure so that the city can withstand long sieges and sieges. Trencavel, refugee in Aragon, intends to recover his land. At the same time, the king of Aragon, Jaime I the Conqueror, is considered a constant threat to the region, very close to the borders of his kingdom, the city being part of the defensive system of the border between France and Aragon.
After the annexation of Roussillon to France by the Treaty of the Pyrenees, the military role of Carcassonne was greatly reduced, as the distance to the Spanish border increased considerably. The role of command post for the defense of the border was transferred to Perpignan.
The walls of the Cité date from various periods of construction. The oldest parts of the wall were erected at the time of the Visigoths. They can be recognized by the layers of small cube-shaped stones, interrupted by layers of bricks, and by the narrowness of the towers, which are already equipped with real windows. The castle was mainly built in the 12th century. The outer ring of walls with their smooth ashlars dates from the middle of the 13th century.
At the end of the 13th century some of the towers and parts of the inner wall were built, which was then being rebuilt and advanced. The ashlars from this period are mostly carved with art. The towers have several floors and are provided with loopholes. The building material for the two concentric belts of fortifications was brought from the surrounding quarries: hard sandstone, difficult to extract and work, but which over the centuries began to erode under the influence of violent storms from the southwest.
The interior of the walls is made of rounded stones, fragments of rock and sand, agglutinated with lime, which also serves as mortar. The texture of the masonry varies with each period of construction.
The regular outer wall, 1.5 kilometers long, was built in 15 years shortly after 1230, hence its uniform appearance. The construction history of the 1.3 km long inner wall is much more complicated and its masonry is far from uniform. At that time, the city already had a wall from the Gallo-Roman era that was around 1,000 years old, but it was no longer up to date. Today it forms the skeleton of the inner belt and can often be seen at the bottom of today's wall.
As always in such cases, the area between the two walls is called the Zwinger. The kennel kept the attacker in an area that militia projectiles could reach. The wall must be as high as possible, because until the 14th century people did not shoot back, they shot back. In times of peace, such a kennel was used for games and knightly combat festivals. In some cases, the old parts of the wall were supported on new foundations when they were tapped, so that the strange picture arises that the oldest part is higher than the later one.
The ditch around the wall was not filled with water, but it had the function of preventing the use of larger siege engines, which had to be directed against the wall at right angles to the direction of the Zwinger and therefore did not have sufficient access. here. The fortification of the city with a double fence corresponded to a new defensive tactic that had been designed around 1200 around the king in the time of Philip Augustus (1180-1223). His principle was: the defense must be active, it must be able to inflict heavy losses on the attacker. Therefore, more than a thousand archers were stationed on the battlements, and the towers flanked the entire wall without leaving a blind spot.
It was possible to advance towards the Zwinger between the two city walls without exposing oneself to the full mass of besiegers. This allowed early attackers who were said to have advanced this far to be pursued individually or in small groups. With this tactic, one could successfully resist even a numerically superior siege force.
Many towers of the outer line are so-called shell towers, i. that is to say, they are open at the back, so that the enemy could not take refuge once they crossed the first wall. Then it could still be attacked from the inner wall, for example by archers. However, the effectiveness of this defense has never really been proven." Previous description: www.topworldimages.com/Cite_de_Carcassonne.htm
Byzantine fortress. Limestone, 6th Century AD (Theodosian). Built over and using the ruins of circuit wall and buildings of acropolis (actually a low promontroy in the Adriatic Sea). Messapian, 4th Century BC - 2nd Century BC. Egnazia, Apulia, Italy. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier.
Inspired by the structures of St Kevin's in Ireland these are fashioned after one of the sites churches and the gateway arch that led into the Medieval settlement.
Part of a collection of buildings and cross stones now being constructed.
www.balloflight.com.au is coming soon!
Strangest thing. I was up at the Seppelt Mausoleum (where the Seppelt family put all their dead relatives) in the Barossa Valley last night. It was absolutely black, no lighting, and no moon. Then capow there it was again. With a mate.
The Ball of Light made a couple of appearences here, more pics to come. See previous image in stream for day shot.
see more at www.denissmith.com.au
(there is NO photoshop manipulation to these images apart from sat-bright-levels etc, NOTHING is added, or subtracted)
Old churches have some odd locations for door or entrances. One entrance to Knox Presbyterian Church in Guelph is located at the top of a lengthy stairway, something that is totally impractical in this day with an ever aging population.
Sacred bath. Citânia de Briteiros, Salvador de Briteiros, Portugal. Copyright 2022, James A. Glazier.
A view of the Pantheon's 16 large, granite Corinthian columns holding up the portico. The Pantheon in Rome was built circa AD 126 and its dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. Since AD 609 it has been the Basilica of Santa Maria ad Martyres
Idol of Wiener Neustädter Altar, ordered in 1447 by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III for the Cistercian Viktring Abbey. Gothic gilded wood polychrome relief altar of the life of the Virgin Mary. Visit of the Magi. Tempera on panel with gilding. 14th Century AD. St. Stephen's Dom (Cathedral) Catholic temple (church). Gothic. Begin in 1304 AD, vaulting completed in 1474 AD. North tower begun in 1450 AD and finished in 1511 AD. Austria, Vienna. Copyright 2016, James A. Glazier.
The oldest building in Greenfield Village was imported from England's Cotswold Hills to represent the area from which Henry Ford's ancestors immigrated. It is surrounded by a lush country garden.
Looking uphill towards an archway in the village of Montréal, in the Avallonais area (Yonne département, Bourgogne / Burgundy, in eastern France), on a partly sunny early evening in mid-June 2009.
Montréal climbs up a hill, with the church and churchyard at the top. It has been designated as one of "Les Plus Beaux Villages de France" (The Most Beautiful Villages of France).
(Please note that the hill on which the village stands is steeper than this picture implies.)
[Montreal approaching archway evening 2009 jun 9 c; IMG_1319]
Oratory church at Germigny-des-Prés (in the département of Loiret, in the northern part of the Centre Region of central France) in the middle Loire Valley in central France, on a partly cloudy afternoon in late May 2009.
This church in the Loire Valley was built by Bishop Theodulf of Orléans, abbot of Fleury in nearby Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, during the reign of Charlemagne. It was consecrated in 806. One of the oldest surviving churches in France, it displays distinctive Carolingian architectural features, whose origins have been debated by scholars (it was originally designed in a form similar to a Greek cross). It is most famous for the Carolingian-period mosaic on the ceiling of its central apse.
The nave and tower are newer; the nave was extended during the 15th-16th centuries. This church underwent a 19th-century reconstruction.
(Information about the church from the article "Germigny-des-Prés," by Kathryn Morrison and Matthias Exner, in Grove Art Online -- part of Oxford Art Online -- viewed 29 January 2015.)
[Germigny-des-Prés oratory church 2009 may 27 c; IMG_2690]
The bell tower of Evesham Abbey, in the market town of Evesham (Worcestershire, in west-central England), on a partly sunny afternoon in mid-May.
This Benedictine monastery was founded between 700 and 710, by St. Ecgwin, Bishop of Worcester, i.e., during the Anglo-Saxon period; its main church building was rebuilt more than once, especially (according to Alan Brooks and Nikolaus Pevsner, Worcestershire (Yale University Press, 2007), p. 287) during the Anglo-Norman period between 1047 and 1149. Little survives except this bell tower and the two churches of All Saints and St Lawrence. The grounds of the former abbey now form Abbey Park, where multicoloured tulips and a golden laburnum tree are blooming.
The tower, which stands 110 ft. (or 34 m.) in height, incorporates architectural elements that reflect both the Perpendicular style (which flourished roughly during the later 14th to 15th centuries) and features reminiscent of the earlier Decorated (or Decorated Gothic) style of the first half of the 14th century. Despite appearances, however, the tower is actually quite late, a 16th-century addition built under Abbot Clement Lichfield and completed ca. 1525-1530, during the reign of Henry VIII -- in other words, not long before Evesham Abbey and other English and Welsh monasteries were dissolved under that king's orders. Evesham Abbey was shut down in 1540. Today the bell tower houses 14 bells and a recently restored carillon (information from the Evesham Town Council website, 28 January 2014).
All Saints Church is to the right (the north). This Anglican parish church was originally founded during the 12th century as part of Evesham Abbey, was added to during the subsequent medieval centuries, and then was extensively restored by the Victorian architect Frederick Preedy 1872-1876 (according to Wikipedia -- the dates in Brooks and Pevsner, p. 291, are 1874-1876, though some 1872 elements are also mentioned there).
St Lawrence's is to the left of the bell tower. Also a 12th-century foundation, it was significantly rebuilt more than once into the late 15th and early 16th century. It was restored and rebuilt by the architect Harvey Eginton, 1836-1837. Unlike All Saints, St Lawrence's is no longer active as a church; it is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.
[Evesham bell tower plus steeples 2010 may 18 o; P5181700]
Situated on the banks of the River Corrib in Galway city, Galway Cathedral is the most recently built of Europe's great stone cathedrals.
The Waterfront Gastropub seen from across the Mississippi River in Carleton Place, Ontario, Canada. Originally a home made of stone built in 1825, it was later purchased by Brice McNeely in 1861 and used as a tannery for about 40 years. Brice McNeely’s tannery was one of the oldest in this part of the country. McNeely manufactured leather of various kinds and he was one of the town’s substantial steady and prosperous men, with considerable real estate.
The oldest building in Greenfield Village was imported from England's Cotswold Hills by Henry Ford. It is surrounded by a lush country garden.