View allAll Photos Tagged Stabilizing
Darkday does a crazy pose for the cameras while doing this light block photo while deep inside the underground brick storm drain called Nugg's 'Ole
Rockets: Nuclear powered pulse rockets capable of rotating forward, backwards, and out to the sides.
Gyroscopes: Mounted on the sides and bottom of the Dragonfly, these can either be used to stabilize the fighter (for example, to counteract the force of the rocket's rotating) or to quickly spin the fighter to face a target.
Autocannon: The Dragonfly is equipped with a twin-linked pair of 20mm recoilless autocannons fed from helical magazines mounted below. ("Helix Magazine" redirects to here.)
Ordinance Chute: It's a chute, along with an ignition system and magnetic clamps to operate the mass torpedo.
Mass Torpedo: A rod of high density metal with a simple rocket system. The Mass torpedo is scored to break up on impact to impart as much force upon its target as possible- a concept similar to hollow-point bullets. The mass torpedo is also resistant to point defense, as a hit will usually break it into a number of high velocity projectiles rather than deflecting away.
Hangar Crane Hardpoint: The Dragonfly has a major hardpoint on the rear as well as a number of docking lugs along its undercarriage to allow it to be housed in a zero-g hangar. It could also be equipped with landing gear if appropriate for its mission.
Retrieval Hook: For catching a brake tether when docking.
Compression Harness: A pneumatic system that interlinks with the pilot's space suit, the harness is designed to reduce the physical strain of high-g maneuvers on the pilot. The air system can feed directly into the space suit to provide emergency atmosphere.
Reactor: A muon catalyzed fission reactor that is pre-charged before launch. The low start temperature and self limiting nature of the muon reaction proved to be ideal for small craft that could rely on a larger power source to provide catalyzing agents between missions.
Cockpit Canopy: The door in and out, of course, it also uses windows made of lab-grown sheets of aluminum crystals. The view ports are very small, and largely intended to be used in certain emergency scenarios, as the pilot's helmet has an internal monitor that provides the necessary visual inputs (as well as anti-nausea display lag during fast maneuvers). Similarly there is a redundant computer display in the front dashboard.
Taken with a Sony Alpha A700, & a Carl Zeiss Vario Sonnar T* dt 16-80mm f/3.5-4.5 zoom lens .
Takeb at 16mm, f/16, 1/80 sec., ISO 200
I spotted Lakey Peterson warming up with the guys before the 2012 Hurley Pro at Trestles in the foggy early AM.
Lakey schooled the dudes in a paddle battle ! :)
I was shooting stills and video at the same time with my Nikon D4 DSLR camera 600 mm F4 Nikkor Prime Panasonic Camcorder Video Camera Rig: www.flickr.com/photos/herosjourneymythology45surf/7993866...
See the video that was shot at the same time as the photographic stills here:
And here's the slow-motion video version: youtu.be/1sGOWiOOeK0
Enjoy the stills & video shot @ the same time! :)
Wish me luck @ the Hurly PRo finals! :) Wish you could join me to shoot stills & video of the world's greatest surfers!
The panasonic camcorder shoots at 60P and I slow it down to 24P in post for slow motion!
The AF-S NIKKOR
600mm f/4G ED VR is a high-speed, high-performance prime lens which features Nikon’s VR image stabilization and Nano Crystal Coat!
The Nikon D4 rocks! It focuses fast and continuously! It can shoot 11 RAWS/second! Ideal for shooting Lakey Peterson or Kelly Slater carving waves, ripping the ocean, shredding the sea, catching air, and landing big aerials!
Lakey was the US Open Champion 2012! I bet she wins a world title next year! Go Lakey! :)
Pretty blonde swimsuit bikini model goddess modeling the Nikon D800E-based 45WindSurfer / 9Shooter !
Just got the D800E in addition to my D800!
Shooting photographic stills & video @ same time with Nikon D800E & 70-200 mm VR2 Nikkor Lens bracketed to a camcorder--the awesome Panasonic HDC-TM900 32GB Flash Memory HD Camcorder ! It shoots stabilized 60P video for super-smooth slow-mo when I slow it down in post!
I call it the 9shooter / 45WindSurfer Bracket, as you can catch video's constant wind and still photography's intermittent waves!
Just as windsurding was invented by combining two sports--surfing and sailing--so too was 45windsurfing born by combining two art forms!
When you get to work with pretty swimsuit bikini models, you want to make the most of everyone's time & shoot stills photography and motion pictures / video @ the same time!
Shooting (45WindSurfing) on El Matador Beach in Malbu!
The 45WindSurfer bracket allows one to attach any two cameras! Can hardly wait to attch a 4K Sony or JVC!
Modeling the Gold 45 Revolver Gold'N'Virtue bikini!
All the best on your hero's journey!
Shot with the Sony A77 !
Part of a new lens test. First time trying an image stabilized lens on film. Seems to work as advertised, allowing you an extra 3-4 stops on still subjects. The out of focus rendering is good for a wide angle. Also pleasantly surprised on the performance of Kentmere Pan 100 film. It handles contrasty lighting conditions with grace. Considering it is so affordable, it will definitely be something I keep reaching for in the future.
USS Olympia (C-6/CA-15/CL-15/IX-40) is a protected cruiser that saw service in the United States Navy from her commissioning in 1895 until 1922. This vessel became famous as the flagship of Commodore George Dewey at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War in 1898. The ship was decommissioned after returning to the U.S. in 1899, but was returned to active service in 1902.
She served until World War I as a training ship for naval cadets and as a floating barracks in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1917, she was mobilized again for war service, patrolling the American coast and escorting transport ships.
Following the end of World War I, Olympia participated in the 1919 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, and conducted cruises in the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas to promote peace in the unstable Balkan countries. In 1921, the ship carried the remains of World War I's Unknown Soldier from France to Washington, DC, where his body was interred in Arlington National Cemetery. Olympia was decommissioned for the last time in December 1922 and placed in reserve.
In 1957, the U.S. Navy ceded title to the Cruiser Olympia Association, which restored the ship to her 1898 configuration. Since then, Olympia has been a museum ship in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is now part of the Independence Seaport Museum. Olympia is the oldest steel US warship still afloat. However, the Museum has been unable to fund essential maintenance for the old ship, and attempts to secure outside funding have failed. Therefore the current steward, under direction of the US Navy has put the ship up for availability to new stewards. It will take an estimated ten million dollars to put Olympia in a stable condition.
Olympia was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966.
As of 2012, Olympia's future was uncertain; repairs are desperately needed to keep the ship afloat. Four entities from San Francisco, California, Beaufort, South Carolina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Washington, DC, are vying to be a new steward, but it is a race against time due to the waterline deterioration of the hull. As the current entities are in competition for the ship, no significant repairs have been made, although the current steward has done some minor repairs. In reaction to this gap in coverage, the National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP) has set up a fund repository which, if funds are raised, will be directly applied to immediate repairs of the vessel with the cooperation of the current steward. At the present time, March 2012, the NTHP is considering a triple application by the Naval Historical Foundation, the Historic Naval Ships Association, and the National Maritime Association to have Olympia placed on the NTHP's list of the eleven most endangered "places". The steward applicants from San Francisco (Mare Island), and Beaufort, S.C., have endorsed the application. Despite these positive steps, Olympia is in critical danger due to the lack of funds.
Since 2011, Independence Seaport Museum has renewed its commitment to the continued preservation of the Cruiser Olympia until the Transfer Application Process reaches its conclusion in summer 2014. The Museum has invested in extensive stabilization measures including reinforcing the most deteriorated areas of the hull, expanding the alarm system, installing a network of bilge pumping stand pipes (which will provide greater damage control capability in the unlikely event of a hull breech), extensive deck patching and extensive repair and recoating of the ship’s rigging. Although still in need of dry docking and substantial restoration, the Olympia is in a more stable condition now than it has been for years. This work was made possible by donations from the National Trust for Historic Preservation, The U.S. Cruiser Sailors Association and many individual donors.
Of the six candidates that originally applied for stewardship of the cruiser Olympia, only two remain: an organization in California and an organization in South Carolina. The Museum continues to seek resources to preserve the ship for education and interpretation. The ship will remain open to the public seven days a week from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm, and until 7:00 pm on Thursdays, Fridays and Saturdays from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day weekend.
A year after the Stabilization Force (SFOR) took command of the situation in Eastern Europe, Yugoslav-backed militiamen had reportedly been committing acts of ethnic cleansing in rural villages and townships predominantly in western Bulgaria. Given the pervasiveness of these accusations and the seriousness they imply, SFOR began working in conjunction with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to investigate potential grave sites.
Hence, we see here a mixed detachment of British and American mechanized forces with a pair of OSCE investigators and a young boy who claims he's seen a mass grave in a local grove. The OSCE would later report that some 200 people were executed and superficially buried in this small wood. After this account was published, it become an international spectacle in the West and managed to secure the public's enduring interest in trying to establish peace in Eastern Europe. Such a disinterested sentiment had been steadily waning as more and more global conflicts emerged and a state of war weariness shrouded many countries whose forces are deployed in one operation or another.
In stabilized sand, Los Osos, California
This subspecies is listed in the CNPS Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants on list 1B.2 (rare, threatened, or endangered).
Rare photograph of an early Command Module ‘chop shop’, with two of the clean-cut thugs, posing as Honeywell Manufacturing engineers, preparing to fence the stripped components, which include both a Translation Hand Controller & Rotation Hand Controller, a Stabilization and Control System (SCS) panel, an Attitude Set & Gimbal Display panel & Velocity Change Indicator panel. Even a coveted Flight Director/Atitude Indicator (FDAI), with a street value of least $275. Fortunately, these were all Block I Command Module components, only to become obsolete and of no value within several years. What looks to be the installed Translation Hand Controller is visible through the side window, equipped with its jail cell door observation window sliding panel.
Note also the chart recorder/plotter, which looks to be placed/positioned atop some sort of shelving or similar structure in the background. Also, the elevated floodlights, angled downward & possibly attached to scaffolding. Interesting.
“RONALD CHISENHALL”. Really? Obviously, the perps got a little carried away with the alias. I suppose to not be too plain/dull/vanilla, like say Jones, Smith, Carpenter, etc.
Or, I suppose it could conceivably be associated with the following, from the February 6, 1964 entry of “The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology”/NASA SP-4009. In fact, it explains the components prominently “on display” in the photograph:
“Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company reported it had developed an all-attitude display unit for the CM to monitor the guidance and navigation system and provide backup through the stabilization and control system. The Flight Director Attitude Indicator (or "eight-ball") would give enough information for all spacecraft attitude maneuvers during the entire mission to be executed manually, if necessary.
Honeywell News Release, "All-Attitude Display Produced By Honeywell For Apollo Spacecraft," February 6, 1964; Space Business Daily, February 24, 1964, p. 290.”
At:
www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/v2p2c.htm
Finally, as I’m sure at least one of you is wondering, what is this Command Module designated as? A ‘boilerplate’ I think.
"NASA 1970's Mars penetrator mission concept. The carrier spacecraft would launch the penetrator by rocket from a tube. An umbrella-like deployable fabric decelerator would be used to slow and stabilize the penetrator, which would leave an aftbody antenna at the surface."
The above, although associated with a black & white diagram of the image I've posted in the comments section, still aptly pertains to the striking view portrayed by Ken Hodges:
www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rlorenz/penetrators_asr.pdf
Credit: College of Science/Lunar & Planetary Laboratory/The University of Arizona website
AND!
“…A Mars Science Working Group (MSWG) chaired by Thomas Mutch was established by NASA to develop a science strategy for a future mission (Mars Science Working Group, 1977). It met four times in 1977. The plan assumed two Space Shuttle launches in December 1983 or January 1984, each carrying a spacecraft consisting of an orbiter, a lander with rover, and three penetrators, set to arrive at Mars in September or October 1984. The penetrators would be deployed just before arrival, but the rovers would wait in orbit until the dust storm season was over. Highly elliptical initial orbits would permit magnetospheric studies. After the rovers landed, the orbiters would enter circular orbits, one near-polar at 500 km altitude for global mapping and communication with the penetrators, the other 1000 km high with about a 30° inclination for rover communications. As the rovers might each deploy an instrument station with a seismometer, there could be ten simultaneously operating landed components.
As each orbiter neared the planet, it would deploy three penetrators which would fall on a circle around the centre of the planet’s disk as seen from the approach direction. After deployment the orbiters would be deflected off the approach path to enter orbit. The six penetrators, carrying seismometers and soil and atmospheric analysis equipment, would form a global array. Three would be placed about 500 km apart in an area likely to be seismically active, such as Tharsis. The other three would be spaced about 5000 km apart to give global coverage. Two additional and more sophisticated seismometers would be deployed by the rovers in areas partly shielded from the wind. Latitudes between 50° N and 87° S would be accessible, and the landing ellipses were 200-km-diameter circles. Slopes would have to be less than 45° at the impact point. Site selection was reported in a Penetrator Site Studies document preserved in Tim Mutch’s papers at Brown University. One potential array design was described (Table 36), along with four deployment options which include several additional sites (Table 37). Option 1 was the potential array described in Table 36. The penetrator sites in Table 37 were also described in Manning (1977), in which the site selection work was attributed to T. E. Bunch and Ronald Greeley.
The rover landing ellipses were roughly 50 by 80 km across. Five landing sites were studied using Viking data, in addition to the four sites previously considered by USGS for the Viking Rover (Figures 109 and 110). Only two sites were identified in the MSWG report, Capri and Candor (Table 38, Figures 111 and 112). The other sites were identified in Working Group documents among Tim Mutch’s papers in the archives at Brown University.
The rover landing ellipses in these documents were 65 by 40 km across. The polar orbiter would be able to deploy its rover from orbit at latitudes between 30° N and 50° N (this range could vary, depending on the launch date), whereas the low-inclination orbit could deliver a rover to latitudes between 20° S and 20° N.
Six rover landing sites were identified in a Rover Site Studies report prepared for the Working Group (Table 38a, Figure 111). Most derived from work done earlier for Viking or the Viking rover study, including proposals to land near Viking 1 and visit it or to explore the abandoned A-1 site with its complex geology. In a memorandum dated 9 May 1977, Hal Masursky followed up on discussions at a meeting of the Mars 1984 Mission Study Group held on 1 April. He asked Tim Mutch to request high-resolution stereoscopic Viking imaging coverage of four of these sites, using slightly different coordinates (Table 38b). These, he said, ‘were sites for which we have made traverse plans’. He added that ‘a backup smoother site near B-1’ at Cydonia had also been studied. Eventually the Capri and Candor sites were chosen, and detailed mission plans were prepared (Figure 109). Traverses near the Chryse sites were also prepared, including those in Figure 114.
The Capri site provided access to cratered uplands, crater ejecta and a fluvial channel. Candor was on the floor of the canyon system, with access to thick-layered deposits, canyon wall materials and, at the end of the extended mission, possibly the volcanic plateau surrounding the canyon. Alba had fractured volcanic plains and crater ejecta, but also small channels.
The Mars 1984 rovers had three traverse modes. Mode 1 was for detailed site investigations and involved only short, precise drives as needed for science operations. Mode 2, the ‘survey traverse mode’, would cover about 400 m per sol and could include some observations along the route. Mode 3, the ‘fast traverse mode’, could cover as much as 800 m per sol, including travel at night. The goal was to cover about 200 km during one Mars year and up to 200 km more in an extended mission in the second Mars year.
On 13 May 1977, Carl Pilcher, Hal Masursky and Ron Greeley suggested a variation on the role of penetrators in this mission. Two penetrators would be dropped in the lander target ellipse, carrying beacons to help guide the rover to a precision landing. After the landing they would operate with instruments on the lander itself as a local area seismic network.
The Mars 1984 orbiters would carry cameras, spectrometers for surface composition, infrared and microwave radiometers, a magnetometer, a plasma probe, a radar altimeter and communication relay equipment.
The relationship between Mars 1984 and other missions was considered by the Working Group. If Viking Lander 1 survived long enough, it might provide useful meteorological data for a Mars 1984 landing at Chryse, if that site was chosen. Conversely, Mars 1984 might be reconfigured to gather samples for collection by a sample return mission in about 1990.
Mars 1984 was not funded, probably in part because significant opposition to it arose in the science community. Jim Arnold and Mike Duke objected publicly that the final report of the Working Group did not reflect the group discussions, particularly in its assertions that the rovers were the only realistic option, that they were essential for future Mars Sample Return missions, and that simpler missions (orbiters, hard landers) were ‘a step backwards’. The report also suggested that only Mars rovers would command broad public interest, whereas missions such as Voyager, Jupiter Orbiter/Probe (Galileo) and the Lunar Polar Orbiter would not. This mention of Voyager refers to the outer planet spacecraft, not the earliest version of Viking (Table 2), and the suggestion that it would attract little public interest turned out to be the opposite of the truth. Elbert King (University of Houston) wrote to Mutch on 29 August 1977, stating emphatically that Mars 1984 ‘would only ensure a repeat of the very limited scientific success of Viking – providing mostly only costly clues and ambiguous answers to the important scientific questions’. He argued that only sample return was justified by the cost. This dismal assessment of Viking’s scientific worth stems from its failure to detect life, or to definitively rule it out, but overlooks its detailed characterization of surface and atmospheric composition, meteorology and landing site geology, not to mention the mission’s orbital data…”
WOW, I say again, WOW. The above phenomenal excerpt from “The International Atlas of Mars Exploration”, written by Philip J. Stooke, and most graciously made available by Cambridge Core/Cambridge University Press, at.
Wait one, maybe NOT so gracious.
Apparently, like everybody/place else, one is required to be registered or possibly possess an esteemed enough pedigree in order to be granted access...I apparently burned my one gratis peek:
www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-atlas-of-mars-...
We've come quite a way, eh? From dropping Jarts from orbit to flying a helicopter!
See also:
spaceflighthistory.blogspot.com/2017/08/prelude-to-mars-s...
spaceflighthistory.blogspot.com/2017/08/prelude-to-mars-s...
Both above credit: David S. F. Portree/"No Shortage of Dreams" blogspot
Last, but NOT least. This is a wonderful find, with a lot of fantastic imagery, to include this one. AND, it's still free, with no login/registration required...HOT-DAMN:
rpif.asu.edu/slides_mission_concepts/
Specifically:
rpif.asu.edu/slide_sets/future_mission_concepts/Mars_Pene...
Credit: Ronald Greeley Center for Planetary Studies/Arizona State University website
Kiln is being stabilized and reconstructed by community and government agency involvement
P8292725 Anx2 1600h Q90
Stabilized next to a tree, to prevent wind from blowing it off.
Lots of Gulls here, most fly away as I approached.
Another view of the canoe as I went for a walk…
When building at an angle I generally have just a few connection points and its rarely that stable, so I thought what has a decent amount of stability and lots of flexibility. Hero Factory parts.
Here is a timelapse I made to illustrate the Earth's rotation. It represents a full night of 8hours and 15 minutes.
I captured it in the Canary Islands during an astrophotography trip, on the island of La Palma, which truly lives up to its reputation as one of the best night skies in the world.
If you're interested, you can find more of my work on Instagram :
As you know, our planet Earth spins on its axis. This is what we call Earth's rotation. The best way to witness this phenomenon is to observe an astral object and watch it move across the sky. You could look at the Sun, but it is even more impressive to watch the stars, as you can see the entire sky shifting.
Astro timelapses are perfect for this. By speeding up the night sky, they make Earth’s motion more obvious. But to really emphasize the effect, you can stabilize the stars instead, making the Earth appear to move beneath the sky. That is exactly what I aimed to do here.
To achieve this, I used an equatorial mount (the Star Adventurer) to track the stars and keep them steady while the landscape rotates.
What can we see in this timelapse?
- Sea of clouds. A beautiful sea of clouds slowly forms and fills the lower part of the frame.
- Thick mist. A dense mist lingers just below my position, visible in the distance as it traps the light pollution.
- Strong airglow. Green clouds cover the sky — that is airglow. It is a faint natural glow emitted by the Earth's atmosphere, visible even in the absence of moonlight or direct sunlight. It is caused by chemical reactions between atmospheric particles at high altitudes and can appear as green, red, or bluish bands in the night sky.
- Headlights. Occasional flashes from rare cars taking the road about 200 meters away.
------
📷
Settings: 660 pictures at f/2.2 – 45 sec – ISO 2500
Canon 6D (astro-modded) – Skywatcher Star Adventurer – Sigma ART 14mm
------
P.S.: Did you notice the meteor at the beginning?
"NASA 1970's Mars penetrator mission concept. The carrier spacecraft would launch the penetrator by rocket from a tube. An umbrella-like deployable fabric decelerator would be used to slow and stabilize the penetrator, which would leave an aftbody antenna at the surface."
The above, associated with a black & white diagram of the image, labeled as Fig. 7, at:
www.lpl.arizona.edu/~rlorenz/penetrators_asr.pdf
Credit: College of Science/Lunar & Planetary Laboratory/The University of Arizona website
AND!
“…A Mars Science Working Group (MSWG) chaired by Thomas Mutch was established by NASA to develop a science strategy for a future mission (Mars Science Working Group, 1977). It met four times in 1977. The plan assumed two Space Shuttle launches in December 1983 or January 1984, each carrying a spacecraft consisting of an orbiter, a lander with rover, and three penetrators, set to arrive at Mars in September or October 1984. The penetrators would be deployed just before arrival, but the rovers would wait in orbit until the dust storm season was over. Highly elliptical initial orbits would permit magnetospheric studies. After the rovers landed, the orbiters would enter circular orbits, one near-polar at 500 km altitude for global mapping and communication with the penetrators, the other 1000 km high with about a 30° inclination for rover communications. As the rovers might each deploy an instrument station with a seismometer, there could be ten simultaneously operating landed components.
As each orbiter neared the planet, it would deploy three penetrators which would fall on a circle around the centre of the planet’s disk as seen from the approach direction. After deployment the orbiters would be deflected off the approach path to enter orbit. The six penetrators, carrying seismometers and soil and atmospheric analysis equipment, would form a global array. Three would be placed about 500 km apart in an area likely to be seismically active, such as Tharsis. The other three would be spaced about 5000 km apart to give global coverage. Two additional and more sophisticated seismometers would be deployed by the rovers in areas partly shielded from the wind. Latitudes between 50° N and 87° S would be accessible, and the landing ellipses were 200-km-diameter circles. Slopes would have to be less than 45° at the impact point. Site selection was reported in a Penetrator Site Studies document preserved in Tim Mutch’s papers at Brown University. One potential array design was described (Table 36), along with four deployment options which include several additional sites (Table 37). Option 1 was the potential array described in Table 36. The penetrator sites in Table 37 were also described in Manning (1977), in which the site selection work was attributed to T. E. Bunch and Ronald Greeley.
The rover landing ellipses were roughly 50 by 80 km across. Five landing sites were studied using Viking data, in addition to the four sites previously considered by USGS for the Viking Rover (Figures 109 and 110). Only two sites were identified in the MSWG report, Capri and Candor (Table 38, Figures 111 and 112). The other sites were identified in Working Group documents among Tim Mutch’s papers in the archives at Brown University.
The rover landing ellipses in these documents were 65 by 40 km across. The polar orbiter would be able to deploy its rover from orbit at latitudes between 30° N and 50° N (this range could vary, depending on the launch date), whereas the low-inclination orbit could deliver a rover to latitudes between 20° S and 20° N.
Six rover landing sites were identified in a Rover Site Studies report prepared for the Working Group (Table 38a, Figure 111). Most derived from work done earlier for Viking or the Viking rover study, including proposals to land near Viking 1 and visit it or to explore the abandoned A-1 site with its complex geology. In a memorandum dated 9 May 1977, Hal Masursky followed up on discussions at a meeting of the Mars 1984 Mission Study Group held on 1 April. He asked Tim Mutch to request high-resolution stereoscopic Viking imaging coverage of four of these sites, using slightly different coordinates (Table 38b). These, he said, ‘were sites for which we have made traverse plans’. He added that ‘a backup smoother site near B-1’ at Cydonia had also been studied. Eventually the Capri and Candor sites were chosen, and detailed mission plans were prepared (Figure 109). Traverses near the Chryse sites were also prepared, including those in Figure 114.
The Capri site provided access to cratered uplands, crater ejecta and a fluvial channel. Candor was on the floor of the canyon system, with access to thick-layered deposits, canyon wall materials and, at the end of the extended mission, possibly the volcanic plateau surrounding the canyon. Alba had fractured volcanic plains and crater ejecta, but also small channels.
The Mars 1984 rovers had three traverse modes. Mode 1 was for detailed site investigations and involved only short, precise drives as needed for science operations. Mode 2, the ‘survey traverse mode’, would cover about 400 m per sol and could include some observations along the route. Mode 3, the ‘fast traverse mode’, could cover as much as 800 m per sol, including travel at night. The goal was to cover about 200 km during one Mars year and up to 200 km more in an extended mission in the second Mars year.
On 13 May 1977, Carl Pilcher, Hal Masursky and Ron Greeley suggested a variation on the role of penetrators in this mission. Two penetrators would be dropped in the lander target ellipse, carrying beacons to help guide the rover to a precision landing. After the landing they would operate with instruments on the lander itself as a local area seismic network.
The Mars 1984 orbiters would carry cameras, spectrometers for surface composition, infrared and microwave radiometers, a magnetometer, a plasma probe, a radar altimeter and communication relay equipment.
The relationship between Mars 1984 and other missions was considered by the Working Group. If Viking Lander 1 survived long enough, it might provide useful meteorological data for a Mars 1984 landing at Chryse, if that site was chosen. Conversely, Mars 1984 might be reconfigured to gather samples for collection by a sample return mission in about 1990.
Mars 1984 was not funded, probably in part because significant opposition to it arose in the science community. Jim Arnold and Mike Duke objected publicly that the final report of the Working Group did not reflect the group discussions, particularly in its assertions that the rovers were the only realistic option, that they were essential for future Mars Sample Return missions, and that simpler missions (orbiters, hard landers) were ‘a step backwards’. The report also suggested that only Mars rovers would command broad public interest, whereas missions such as Voyager, Jupiter Orbiter/Probe (Galileo) and the Lunar Polar Orbiter would not. This mention of Voyager refers to the outer planet spacecraft, not the earliest version of Viking (Table 2), and the suggestion that it would attract little public interest turned out to be the opposite of the truth. Elbert King (University of Houston) wrote to Mutch on 29 August 1977, stating emphatically that Mars 1984 ‘would only ensure a repeat of the very limited scientific success of Viking – providing mostly only costly clues and ambiguous answers to the important scientific questions’. He argued that only sample return was justified by the cost. This dismal assessment of Viking’s scientific worth stems from its failure to detect life, or to definitively rule it out, but overlooks its detailed characterization of surface and atmospheric composition, meteorology and landing site geology, not to mention the mission’s orbital data…”
WOW, I say again, WOW. The above phenomenal excerpt from “The International Atlas of Mars Exploration”, written by Philip J. Stooke, and most graciously made available by Cambridge Core/Cambridge University Press, at.
Wait one, maybe not so gracious. Apparently, like everybody/place else, one is required to be registered or possibly possess an esteemed enough pedigree in order to be granted access...I apparently burned my one gratis token on the above. Hmm, I wonder if the Indonesian document hosting website has it:
www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-atlas-of-mars-...
We've come quite a way, eh? From dropping Jarts from orbit to flying a helicopter!
Also:
spaceflighthistory.blogspot.com/2017/08/prelude-to-mars-s...
spaceflighthistory.blogspot.com/2017/08/prelude-to-mars-s...
Both above credit: David S. F. Portree/"No Shortage of Dreams" blogspot
A tower on the Ponemah Mill in Taftville, Connecticut. The great brick hulk, once a workplace for 1,600 textile laborers, is being renovated into housing. I thought it more photogenic in its deteriorated state, but it’s nice to see a 150-year-old landmark like this being saved.
Legs slightly parted my model is able to stand quite comfortably in her full leg braces. The 5 buckled knee pads are the most restrictive way to control the knee joint while wearing braces. These Braces are for sale. Made to measure braces and custom made bondage gear is also available. Contact me at my1970junk@msn.com.
Colosseum
Following, a text, in english, from the Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia:
The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio or Colosseo), is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.
Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started between 70 and 72 AD[1] under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD under Titus,[2] with further modifications being made during Domitian's reign (81–96).[3] The name "Amphitheatrum Flavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus's family name (Flavius, from the gens Flavia).
Capable of seating 50,000 spectators,[1][4][5] the Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles such as mock sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology. The building ceased to be used for entertainment in the early medieval era. It was later reused for such purposes as housing, workshops, quarters for a religious order, a fortress, a quarry, and a Christian shrine.
Although in the 21st century it stays partially ruined because of damage caused by devastating earthquakes and stone-robbers, the Colosseum is an iconic symbol of Imperial Rome. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession that starts in the area around the Colosseum.[6]
The Colosseum is also depicted on the Italian version of the five-cent euro coin.
The Colosseum's original Latin name was Amphitheatrum Flavium, often anglicized as Flavian Amphitheater. The building was constructed by emperors of the Flavian dynasty, hence its original name, after the reign of Emperor Nero.[7] This name is still used in modern English, but generally the structure is better known as the Colosseum. In antiquity, Romans may have referred to the Colosseum by the unofficial name Amphitheatrum Caesareum; this name could have been strictly poetic.[8][9] This name was not exclusive to the Colosseum; Vespasian and Titus, builders of the Colosseum, also constructed an amphitheater of the same name in Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli).[10]
The name Colosseum has long been believed to be derived from a colossal statue of Nero nearby.[3] (the statue of Nero itself being named after one of the original ancient wonders, the Colossus of Rhodes[citation needed]. This statue was later remodeled by Nero's successors into the likeness of Helios (Sol) or Apollo, the sun god, by adding the appropriate solar crown. Nero's head was also replaced several times with the heads of succeeding emperors. Despite its pagan links, the statue remained standing well into the medieval era and was credited with magical powers. It came to be seen as an iconic symbol of the permanence of Rome.
In the 8th century, a famous epigram attributed to the Venerable Bede celebrated the symbolic significance of the statue in a prophecy that is variously quoted: Quamdiu stat Colisæus, stat et Roma; quando cadet colisæus, cadet et Roma; quando cadet Roma, cadet et mundus ("as long as the Colossus stands, so shall Rome; when the Colossus falls, Rome shall fall; when Rome falls, so falls the world").[11] This is often mistranslated to refer to the Colosseum rather than the Colossus (as in, for instance, Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage). However, at the time that the Pseudo-Bede wrote, the masculine noun coliseus was applied to the statue rather than to what was still known as the Flavian amphitheatre.
The Colossus did eventually fall, possibly being pulled down to reuse its bronze. By the year 1000 the name "Colosseum" had been coined to refer to the amphitheatre. The statue itself was largely forgotten and only its base survives, situated between the Colosseum and the nearby Temple of Venus and Roma.[12]
The name further evolved to Coliseum during the Middle Ages. In Italy, the amphitheatre is still known as il Colosseo, and other Romance languages have come to use similar forms such as le Colisée (French), el Coliseo (Spanish) and o Coliseu (Portuguese).
Construction of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian[3] in around 70–72AD. The site chosen was a flat area on the floor of a low valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills, through which a canalised stream ran. By the 2nd century BC the area was densely inhabited. It was devastated by the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64, following which Nero seized much of the area to add to his personal domain. He built the grandiose Domus Aurea on the site, in front of which he created an artificial lake surrounded by pavilions, gardens and porticoes. The existing Aqua Claudia aqueduct was extended to supply water to the area and the gigantic bronze Colossus of Nero was set up nearby at the entrance to the Domus Aurea.[12]
Although the Colossus was preserved, much of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land reused as the location for the new Flavian Amphitheatre. Gladiatorial schools and other support buildings were constructed nearby within the former grounds of the Domus Aurea. According to a reconstructed inscription found on the site, "the emperor Vespasian ordered this new amphitheatre to be erected from his general's share of the booty." This is thought to refer to the vast quantity of treasure seized by the Romans following their victory in the Great Jewish Revolt in 70AD. The Colosseum can be thus interpreted as a great triumphal monument built in the Roman tradition of celebrating great victories[12], placating the Roman people instead of returning soldiers. Vespasian's decision to build the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake can also be seen as a populist gesture of returning to the people an area of the city which Nero had appropriated for his own use. In contrast to many other amphitheatres, which were located on the outskirts of a city, the Colosseum was constructed in the city centre; in effect, placing it both literally and symbolically at the heart of Rome.
The Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building inaugurated by his son, Titus, in 80.[3] Dio Cassius recounts that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre. The building was remodelled further under Vespasian's younger son, the newly designated Emperor Domitian, who constructed the hypogeum, a series of underground tunnels used to house animals and slaves. He also added a gallery to the top of the Colosseum to increase its seating capacity.
In 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by a major fire (caused by lightning, according to Dio Cassius[13]) which destroyed the wooden upper levels of the amphitheatre's interior. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. An inscription records the restoration of various parts of the Colosseum under Theodosius II and Valentinian III (reigned 425–455), possibly to repair damage caused by a major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484[14] and 508. The arena continued to be used for contests well into the 6th century, with gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. Animal hunts continued until at least 523, when Anicius Maximus celebrated his consulship with some venationes, criticised by King Theodoric the Great for their high cost.
The Colosseum underwent several radical changes of use during the medieval period. By the late 6th century a small church had been built into the structure of the amphitheatre, though this apparently did not confer any particular religious significance on the building as a whole. The arena was converted into a cemetery. The numerous vaulted spaces in the arcades under the seating were converted into housing and workshops, and are recorded as still being rented out as late as the 12th century. Around 1200 the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and fortified it, apparently using it as a castle.
Severe damage was inflicted on the Colosseum by the great earthquake in 1349, causing the outer south side, lying on a less stable alluvional terrain, to collapse. Much of the tumbled stone was reused to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings elsewhere in Rome. A religious order moved into the northern third of the Colosseum in the mid-14th century and continued to inhabit it until as late as the early 19th century. The interior of the amphitheatre was extensively stripped of stone, which was reused elsewhere, or (in the case of the marble façade) was burned to make quicklime.[12] The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were pried or hacked out of the walls, leaving numerous pockmarks which still scar the building today.
During the 16th and 17th century, Church officials sought a productive role for the vast derelict hulk of the Colosseum. Pope Sixtus V (1585–1590) planned to turn the building into a wool factory to provide employment for Rome's prostitutes, though this proposal fell through with his premature death.[15] In 1671 Cardinal Altieri authorized its use for bullfights; a public outcry caused the idea to be hastily abandoned.
In 1749, Pope Benedict XIV endorsed as official Church policy the view that the Colosseum was a sacred site where early Christians had been martyred. He forbade the use of the Colosseum as a quarry and consecrated the building to the Passion of Christ and installed Stations of the Cross, declaring it sanctified by the blood of the Christian martyrs who perished there (see Christians and the Colosseum). However there is no historical evidence to support Benedict's claim, nor is there even any evidence that anyone prior to the 16th century suggested this might be the case; the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that there are no historical grounds for the supposition. Later popes initiated various stabilization and restoration projects, removing the extensive vegetation which had overgrown the structure and threatened to damage it further. The façade was reinforced with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827, and the interior was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The arena substructure was partly excavated in 1810–1814 and 1874 and was fully exposed under Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.
The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lire ($19.3m / €20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several anti–death penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[16] or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Mexico in April 2009.
Because of the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002),[18] Paul McCartney (May 2003),[19] Elton John (September 2005),[20] and Billy Joel (July 2006).
Exterior
Unlike earlier Greek theatres that were built into hillsides, the Colosseum is an entirely free-standing structure. It derives its basic exterior and interior architecture from that of two Roman theatres back to back. It is elliptical in plan and is 189 meters (615 ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510 ft / 528 Roman feet) wide, with a base area of 6 acres (24,000 m2). The height of the outer wall is 48 meters (157 ft / 165 Roman feet). The perimeter originally measured 545 meters (1,788 ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The central arena is an oval 87 m (287 ft) long and 55 m (180 ft) wide, surrounded by a wall 5 m (15 ft) high, above which rose tiers of seating.
The outer wall is estimated to have required over 100,000 cubic meters (131,000 cu yd) of travertine stone which were set without mortar held together by 300 tons of iron clamps.[12] However, it has suffered extensive damage over the centuries, with large segments having collapsed following earthquakes. The north side of the perimeter wall is still standing; the distinctive triangular brick wedges at each end are modern additions, having been constructed in the early 19th century to shore up the wall. The remainder of the present-day exterior of the Colosseum is in fact the original interior wall.
The surviving part of the outer wall's monumental façade comprises three stories of superimposed arcades surmounted by a podium on which stands a tall attic, both of which are pierced by windows interspersed at regular intervals. The arcades are framed by half-columns of the Tuscan, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, while the attic is decorated with Corinthian pilasters.[21] Each of the arches in the second- and third-floor arcades framed statues, probably honoring divinities and other figures from Classical mythology.
Two hundred and forty mast corbels were positioned around the top of the attic. They originally supported a retractable awning, known as the velarium, that kept the sun and rain off spectators. This consisted of a canvas-covered, net-like structure made of ropes, with a hole in the center.[3] It covered two-thirds of the arena, and sloped down towards the center to catch the wind and provide a breeze for the audience. Sailors, specially enlisted from the Roman naval headquarters at Misenum and housed in the nearby Castra Misenatium, were used to work the velarium.[22]
The Colosseum's huge crowd capacity made it essential that the venue could be filled or evacuated quickly. Its architects adopted solutions very similar to those used in modern stadiums to deal with the same problem. The amphitheatre was ringed by eighty entrances at ground level, 76 of which were used by ordinary spectators.[3] Each entrance and exit was numbered, as was each staircase. The northern main entrance was reserved for the Roman Emperor and his aides, whilst the other three axial entrances were most likely used by the elite. All four axial entrances were richly decorated with painted stucco reliefs, of which fragments survive. Many of the original outer entrances have disappeared with the collapse of the perimeter wall, but entrances XXIII (23) to LIV (54) still survive.[12]
Spectators were given tickets in the form of numbered pottery shards, which directed them to the appropriate section and row. They accessed their seats via vomitoria (singular vomitorium), passageways that opened into a tier of seats from below or behind. These quickly dispersed people into their seats and, upon conclusion of the event or in an emergency evacuation, could permit their exit within only a few minutes. The name vomitoria derived from the Latin word for a rapid discharge, from which English derives the word vomit.
Interior
According to the Codex-Calendar of 354, the Colosseum could accommodate 87,000 people, although modern estimates put the figure at around 50,000. They were seated in a tiered arrangement that reflected the rigidly stratified nature of Roman society. Special boxes were provided at the north and south ends respectively for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins, providing the best views of the arena. Flanking them at the same level was a broad platform or podium for the senatorial class, who were allowed to bring their own chairs. The names of some 5th century senators can still be seen carved into the stonework, presumably reserving areas for their use.
The tier above the senators, known as the maenianum primum, was occupied by the non-senatorial noble class or knights (equites). The next level up, the maenianum secundum, was originally reserved for ordinary Roman citizens (plebians) and was divided into two sections. The lower part (the immum) was for wealthy citizens, while the upper part (the summum) was for poor citizens. Specific sectors were provided for other social groups: for instance, boys with their tutors, soldiers on leave, foreign dignitaries, scribes, heralds, priests and so on. Stone (and later marble) seating was provided for the citizens and nobles, who presumably would have brought their own cushions with them. Inscriptions identified the areas reserved for specific groups.
Another level, the maenianum secundum in legneis, was added at the very top of the building during the reign of Domitian. This comprised a gallery for the common poor, slaves and women. It would have been either standing room only, or would have had very steep wooden benches. Some groups were banned altogether from the Colosseum, notably gravediggers, actors and former gladiators.
Each tier was divided into sections (maeniana) by curved passages and low walls (praecinctiones or baltei), and were subdivided into cunei, or wedges, by the steps and aisles from the vomitoria. Each row (gradus) of seats was numbered, permitting each individual seat to be exactly designated by its gradus, cuneus, and number.
The arena itself was 83 meters by 48 meters (272 ft by 157 ft / 280 by 163 Roman feet).[12] It comprised a wooden floor covered by sand (the Latin word for sand is harena or arena), covering an elaborate underground structure called the hypogeum (literally meaning "underground"). Little now remains of the original arena floor, but the hypogeum is still clearly visible. It consisted of a two-level subterranean network of tunnels and cages beneath the arena where gladiators and animals were held before contests began. Eighty vertical shafts provided instant access to the arena for caged animals and scenery pieces concealed underneath; larger hinged platforms, called hegmata, provided access for elephants and the like. It was restructured on numerous occasions; at least twelve different phases of construction can be seen.[12]
The hypogeum was connected by underground tunnels to a number of points outside the Colosseum. Animals and performers were brought through the tunnel from nearby stables, with the gladiators' barracks at the Ludus Magnus to the east also being connected by tunnels. Separate tunnels were provided for the Emperor and the Vestal Virgins to permit them to enter and exit the Colosseum without needing to pass through the crowds.[12]
Substantial quantities of machinery also existed in the hypogeum. Elevators and pulleys raised and lowered scenery and props, as well as lifting caged animals to the surface for release. There is evidence for the existence of major hydraulic mechanisms[12] and according to ancient accounts, it was possible to flood the arena rapidly, presumably via a connection to a nearby aqueduct.
The Colosseum and its activities supported a substantial industry in the area. In addition to the amphitheatre itself, many other buildings nearby were linked to the games. Immediately to the east is the remains of the Ludus Magnus, a training school for gladiators. This was connected to the Colosseum by an underground passage, to allow easy access for the gladiators. The Ludus Magnus had its own miniature training arena, which was itself a popular attraction for Roman spectators. Other training schools were in the same area, including the Ludus Matutinus (Morning School), where fighters of animals were trained, plus the Dacian and Gallic Schools.
Also nearby were the Armamentarium, comprising an armory to store weapons; the Summum Choragium, where machinery was stored; the Sanitarium, which had facilities to treat wounded gladiators; and the Spoliarium, where bodies of dead gladiators were stripped of their armor and disposed of.
Around the perimeter of the Colosseum, at a distance of 18 m (59 ft) from the perimeter, was a series of tall stone posts, with five remaining on the eastern side. Various explanations have been advanced for their presence; they may have been a religious boundary, or an outer boundary for ticket checks, or an anchor for the velarium or awning.
Right next to the Colosseum is also the Arch of Constantine.
he Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. The shows, called munera, were always given by private individuals rather than the state. They had a strong religious element but were also demonstrations of power and family prestige, and were immensely popular with the population. Another popular type of show was the animal hunt, or venatio. This utilized a great variety of wild beasts, mainly imported from Africa and the Middle East, and included creatures such as rhinoceros, hippopotamuses, elephants, giraffes, aurochs, wisents, barbary lions, panthers, leopards, bears, caspian tigers, crocodiles and ostriches. Battles and hunts were often staged amid elaborate sets with movable trees and buildings. Such events were occasionally on a huge scale; Trajan is said to have celebrated his victories in Dacia in 107 with contests involving 11,000 animals and 10,000 gladiators over the course of 123 days.
During the early days of the Colosseum, ancient writers recorded that the building was used for naumachiae (more properly known as navalia proelia) or simulated sea battles. Accounts of the inaugural games held by Titus in AD 80 describe it being filled with water for a display of specially trained swimming horses and bulls. There is also an account of a re-enactment of a famous sea battle between the Corcyrean (Corfiot) Greeks and the Corinthians. This has been the subject of some debate among historians; although providing the water would not have been a problem, it is unclear how the arena could have been waterproofed, nor would there have been enough space in the arena for the warships to move around. It has been suggested that the reports either have the location wrong, or that the Colosseum originally featured a wide floodable channel down its central axis (which would later have been replaced by the hypogeum).[12]
Sylvae or recreations of natural scenes were also held in the arena. Painters, technicians and architects would construct a simulation of a forest with real trees and bushes planted in the arena's floor. Animals would be introduced to populate the scene for the delight of the crowd. Such scenes might be used simply to display a natural environment for the urban population, or could otherwise be used as the backdrop for hunts or dramas depicting episodes from mythology. They were also occasionally used for executions in which the hero of the story — played by a condemned person — was killed in one of various gruesome but mythologically authentic ways, such as being mauled by beasts or burned to death.
The Colosseum today is now a major tourist attraction in Rome with thousands of tourists each year paying to view the interior arena, though entrance for EU citizens is partially subsidised, and under-18 and over-65 EU citizens' entrances are free.[24] There is now a museum dedicated to Eros located in the upper floor of the outer wall of the building. Part of the arena floor has been re-floored. Beneath the Colosseum, a network of subterranean passageways once used to transport wild animals and gladiators to the arena opened to the public in summer 2010.[25]
The Colosseum is also the site of Roman Catholic ceremonies in the 20th and 21st centuries. For instance, Pope Benedict XVI leads the Stations of the Cross called the Scriptural Way of the Cross (which calls for more meditation) at the Colosseum[26][27] on Good Fridays.
In the Middle Ages, the Colosseum was clearly not regarded as a sacred site. Its use as a fortress and then a quarry demonstrates how little spiritual importance was attached to it, at a time when sites associated with martyrs were highly venerated. It was not included in the itineraries compiled for the use of pilgrims nor in works such as the 12th century Mirabilia Urbis Romae ("Marvels of the City of Rome"), which claims the Circus Flaminius — but not the Colosseum — as the site of martyrdoms. Part of the structure was inhabited by a Christian order, but apparently not for any particular religious reason.
It appears to have been only in the 16th and 17th centuries that the Colosseum came to be regarded as a Christian site. Pope Pius V (1566–1572) is said to have recommended that pilgrims gather sand from the arena of the Colosseum to serve as a relic, on the grounds that it was impregnated with the blood of martyrs. This seems to have been a minority view until it was popularised nearly a century later by Fioravante Martinelli, who listed the Colosseum at the head of a list of places sacred to the martyrs in his 1653 book Roma ex ethnica sacra.
Martinelli's book evidently had an effect on public opinion; in response to Cardinal Altieri's proposal some years later to turn the Colosseum into a bullring, Carlo Tomassi published a pamphlet in protest against what he regarded as an act of desecration. The ensuing controversy persuaded Pope Clement X to close the Colosseum's external arcades and declare it a sanctuary, though quarrying continued for some time.
At the instance of St. Leonard of Port Maurice, Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758) forbade the quarrying of the Colosseum and erected Stations of the Cross around the arena, which remained until February 1874. St. Benedict Joseph Labre spent the later years of his life within the walls of the Colosseum, living on alms, prior to his death in 1783. Several 19th century popes funded repair and restoration work on the Colosseum, and it still retains a Christian connection today. Crosses stand in several points around the arena and every Good Friday the Pope leads a Via Crucis procession to the amphitheatre.
Coliseu (Colosseo)
A seguir, um texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre:
O Coliseu, também conhecido como Anfiteatro Flaviano, deve seu nome à expressão latina Colosseum (ou Coliseus, no latim tardio), devido à estátua colossal de Nero, que ficava perto a edificação. Localizado no centro de Roma, é uma excepção de entre os anfiteatros pelo seu volume e relevo arquitectónico. Originalmente capaz de albergar perto de 50 000 pessoas, e com 48 metros de altura, era usado para variados espetáculos. Foi construído a leste do fórum romano e demorou entre 8 a 10 anos a ser construído.
O Coliseu foi utilizado durante aproximadamente 500 anos, tendo sido o último registro efetuado no século VI da nossa era, bastante depois da queda de Roma em 476. O edifício deixou de ser usado para entretenimento no começo da era medieval, mas foi mais tarde usado como habitação, oficina, forte, pedreira, sede de ordens religiosas e templo cristão.
Embora esteja agora em ruínas devido a terremotos e pilhagens, o Coliseu sempre foi visto como símbolo do Império Romano, sendo um dos melhores exemplos da sua arquitectura. Actualmente é uma das maiores atrações turísticas em Roma e em 7 de julho de 2007 foi eleita umas das "Sete maravilhas do mundo moderno". Além disso, o Coliseu ainda tem ligações à igreja, com o Papa a liderar a procissão da Via Sacra até ao Coliseu todas as Sextas-feiras Santas.
O coliseu era um local onde seriam exibidos toda uma série de espectáculos, inseridos nos vários tipos de jogos realizados na urbe. Os combates entre gladiadores, chamados muneras, eram sempre pagos por pessoas individuais em busca de prestígio e poder em vez do estado. A arena (87,5 m por 55 m) possuía um piso de madeira, normalmente coberto de areia para absorver o sangue dos combates (certa vez foi colocada água na representação de uma batalha naval), sob o qual existia um nível subterrâneo com celas e jaulas que tinham acessos diretos para a arena; Alguns detalhes dessa construção, como a cobertura removível que poupava os espectadores do sol, são bastante interessantes, e mostram o refinamento atingido pelos construtores romanos. Formado por cinco anéis concêntricos de arcos e abóbadas, o Coliseu representa bem o avanço introduzido pelos romanos à engenharia de estruturas. Esses arcos são de concreto (de cimento natural) revestidos por alvenaria. Na verdade, a alvenaria era construída simultaneamente e já servia de forma para a concretagem. Outro tipo de espetáculos era a caça de animais, ou venatio, onde eram utilizados animais selvagens importados de África. Os animais mais utilizados eram os grandes felinos como leões, leopardos e panteras, mas animais como rinocerontes, hipopótamos, elefantes, girafas, crocodilos e avestruzes eram também utilizados. As caçadas, tal como as representações de batalhas famosas, eram efetuadas em elaborados cenários onde constavam árvores e edifícios amovíveis.
Estas últimas eram por vezes representadas numa escala gigante; Trajano celebrou a sua vitória em Dácia no ano 107 com concursos envolvendo 11 000 animais e 10 000 gladiadores no decorrer de 123 dias.
Segundo o documentário produzido pelo canal televisivo fechado, History Channel, o Coliseu também era utilizado para a realização de naumaquias, ou batalhas navais. O coliseu era inundado por dutos subterrâneos alimentados pelos aquedutos que traziam água de longe. Passada esta fase, foi construída uma estrutura, que é a que podemos ver hoje nas ruínas do Coliseu, com altura de um prédio de dois andares, onde no passado se concentravam os gladiadores, feras e todo o pessoal que organizava os duelos que ocorreriam na arena. A arena era como um grande palco, feito de madeira, e se chama arena, que em italiano significa areia, porque era jogada areia sob a estrutura de madeira para esconder as imperfeições. Os animais podiam ser inseridos nos duelos a qualquer momento por um esquema de elevadores que surgiam em alguns pontos da arena; o filme "Gladiador" retrata muito bem esta questão dos elevadores. Os estudiosos, há pouco tempo, descobriram uma rede de dutos inundados por baixo da arena do Coliseu. Acredita-se que o Coliseu foi construído onde, outrora, foi o lago do Palácio Dourado de Nero; O imperador Vespasiano escolheu o local da construção para que o mal causado por Nero fosse esquecido por uma construção gloriosa.
Sylvae, ou recreações de cenas naturais eram também realizadas no Coliseu. Pintores, técnicos e arquitectos construiriam simulações de florestas com árvores e arbustos reais plantados no chão da arena. Animais seriam então introduzidos para dar vida à simulação. Esses cenários podiam servir só para agrado do público ou como pano de fundo para caçadas ou dramas representando episódios da mitologia romana, tão autênticos quanto possível, ao ponto de pessoas condenadas fazerem o papel de heróis onde eram mortos de maneiras horríveis mas mitologicamente autênticas, como mutilados por animais ou queimados vivos.
Embora o Coliseu tenha funcionado até ao século VI da nossa Era, foram proibidos os jogos com mortes humanas desde 404, sendo apenas massacrados animais como elefantes, panteras ou leões.
O Coliseu era sobretudo um enorme instrumento de propaganda e difusão da filosofia de toda uma civilização, e tal como era já profetizado pelo monge e historiador inglês Beda na sua obra do século VII "De temporibus liber": "Enquanto o Coliseu se mantiver de pé, Roma permanecerá; quando o Coliseu ruir, Roma ruirá e quando Roma cair, o mundo cairá".
A construção do Coliseu foi iniciada por Vespasiano, nos anos 70 da nossa era. O edifício foi inaugurado por Tito, em 80, embora apenas tivesse sido finalizado poucos anos depois. Empresa colossal, este edifício, inicialmente, poderia sustentar no seu interior cerca de 50 000 espectadores, constando de três andares. Aquando do reinado de Alexandre Severo e Gordiano III, é ampliado com um quarto andar, podendo suster agora cerca de 90 000 espectadores. A grandiosidade deste monumento testemunha verdadeiramente o poder e esplendor de Roma na época dos Flávios.
Os jogos inaugurais do Coliseu tiveram lugar ano 80, sob o mandato de Tito, para celebrar a finalização da construção. Depois do curto reinado de Tito começar com vários meses de desastres, incluindo a erupção do Monte Vesúvio, um incêndio em Roma, e um surto de peste, o mesmo imperador inaugurou o edifício com uns jogos pródigos que duraram mais de cem dias, talvez para tentar apaziguar o público romano e os deuses. Nesses jogos de cem dias terão ocorrido combates de gladiadores, venationes (lutas de animais), execuções, batalhas navais, caçadas e outros divertimentos numa escala sem precedentes.
O Coliseu, como não se encontrava inserido numa zona de encosta, enterrado, tal como normalmente sucede com a generalidade dos teatros e anfiteatros romanos, possuía um “anel” artificial de rocha à sua volta, para garantir sustentação e, ao mesmo tempo, esta substrutura serve como ornamento ao edifício e como condicionador da entrada dos espectadores. Tal como foi referido anteriormente, possuía três pisos, sendo mais tarde adicionado um outro. É construído em mármore, pedra travertina, ladrilho e tufo (pedra calcária com grandes poros). A sua planta elíptica mede dois eixos que se estendem aproximadamente de 190 m por 155 m. A fachada compõe-se de arcadas decoradas com colunas dóricas, jónicas e coríntias, de acordo com o pavimento em que se encontravam. Esta subdivisão deve-se ao facto de ser uma construção essencialmente vertical, criando assim uma diversificação do espaço.
Os assentos eram em mármore e a cavea, escadaria ou arquibancada, dividia-se em três partes, correspondentes às diferentes classes sociais: o podium, para as classes altas; as maeniana, sector destinado à classe média; e os portici, ou pórticos, construídos em madeira, para a plebe e as mulheres. O pulvinar, a tribuna imperial, encontrava-se situada no podium e era balizada pelos assentos reservados aos senadores e magistrados. Rampas no interior do edifício facilitavam o acesso às várias zonas de onde podiam visualizar o espectáculo, sendo protegidos por uma barreira e por uma série de arqueiros posicionados numa passagem de madeira, para o caso de algum acidente. Por cima dos muros ainda são visíveis as mísulas, que sustentavam o velarium, enorme cobertura de lona destinada a proteger do sol os espectadores e, nos subterrâneos, ficavam as jaulas dos animais, bem como todas as celas e galerias necessárias aos serviços do anfiteatro.
O monumento permaneceu como sede principal dos espetáculos da urbe romana até ao período do imperador Honorius, no século V. Danificado por um terremoto no começo do mesmo século, foi alvo de uma extensiva restauração na época de Valentinianus III. Em meados do século XIII, a família Frangipani transformou-o em fortaleza e, ao longo dos séculos XV e XVI, foi por diversas vezes saqueado, perdendo grande parte dos materiais nobres com os quais tinha sido construído.
Os relatos romanos referem-se a cristãos sendo martirizados em locais de Roma descritos pouco pormenorizadamente (no anfiteatro, na arena...), quando Roma tinha numerosos anfiteatros e arenas. Apesar de muito provavelmente o Coliseu não ter sido utilizado para martírios, o Papa Bento XIV consagrou-o no século XVII à Paixão de Cristo e declarou-o lugar sagrado. Os trabalhos de consolidação e restauração parcial do monumento, já há muito em ruínas, foram feitos sobretudo pelos pontífices Gregório XVI e Pio IX, no século XIX.
@ f/4.0 1/8 sec ~38mm with image stabilization (handheld) | Kodak Portra 800 35mm film | Boulder, Colorado | Rocky Mountain Front Range | Western U.S.
For many years, the Miami-Dade County Courthouse, at an elevation of 360 feet, was reputed to be the tallest building south of Baltimore.
It was the County's first high-rise and is in the National Register of Historic Places. Efforts to refurbish this magnificent structure and restore it to its original grandeur have been underway since 1981 by Architect James W. Piersol, AIA of M.C Harry Associates Architects of Miami.
The restoration and renovations initially stabilized the terra cotta facade, and installed new life safety systems. In 1982, the idea of restoring the lobby to its original distinction was the passion of both Architect James Piersol and engineer Don Youatt, of the Miami-Dade Planning and Development Department. With a little less than half of the funding necessary for the lobby restoration project in hand ($300,000 grant approved by the Legislature in 1996), the Dade County Bar Association acted as the fund-raising umbrella and initiate a drive to raise the remainder needed from lawyers and the general public. A few years later, the same team restored Courtroom 6-1, which had been the site of many infamous trials over the years.
Today, the Miami-Dade County Courthouse provides offices, chambers, and courtrooms for the clerks and judiciary assigned to both the Circuit and County Civil Court and the Family Court.
When county government was established following the Civil War, public records were so sparse they could be carried in a carpetbag and most probably were. Therefore, the "courthouse" was wherever the county's chief office holder decided to do business.
In 1890, Dade County's first courthouse stood in the town of Juno, Florida some ten miles north of West Palm Beach. At that time, Dade County covered more territory than it does today, stretching from Bahia Honda Key, in the middle Keys, up to the St. Lucie River, near present-day Port St. Lucie.
Juno was chosen as the "county seat" because of its strategic location at the southern terminus of the Jupiter-Juno railroad. Juno also held the northern terminus of the boat and connecting stagecoach line to Miami. The courthouse remained in Juno (now no longer in existence) until 1899, when it was moved to Miami down the inland waterway on a barge and was placed on the banks of the Miami River, east of the old Miami Avenue bridge.
The building was two story wooden frame construction, housing offices and jail cells on the ground floor and a courtroom on the second floor.It has a Neoclassical design, in 1904 this building was replaced by a new courthouse building situated on Flagler Street (then known as Twelfth Street). It was a magnificent building constructed of limestone, having an elegant red-domed top, at the cost of $47,000. It was anticipated that this courthouse would serve the city for at least fifty years; however, no one was prepared for the rapid growth Miami experienced during this period, and by 1924, only twenty years later, there was serious talk of the need for a larger courthouse.
In the early 1920s, architect A. Ten Eyck Brown entered a design competition for Atlanta City Hall, which was rejected. He then made the plans available to Dade County, and City and County officials readily approved them. It was decided by the officials to build the new courthouse at the same location as the existing one on Flagler Street. Construction began in 1925, with workers erecting the new building around the existing structure, which was then dismantled. Community leaders and citizens alike voiced excitement over the new 28 story "skyscraper" that would soon dominate the skyline.
Unexpectedly, construction was halted when the building reached ten stories. It was discovered that the "high-rise" was sinking into the spongy ground. Engineers consulted with an architect from Mexico City, whom had encountered a similar problem while building the city's opera house. The consultant determined that the foundation pilings were not set deep enough. To correct the problem, cement supports were poured, which take up much of the space in the building's basement file room even to this day.
The courthouse was finally completed in 1928 at the cost of $4 million (USD 2013 $54.5 million). Initially, it served as both the Dade County Courthouse and the Miami City Hall. Jail cells occupied the top nine floors because these heights offered "maximum security" and were considered escape proof. In 1934, a prisoner housed on the twenty-first floor picked the lock of his jail cell window and used a fire hose to lower himself to freedom. In the years following, more than 70 prisoners escaped from this so-called "secure" prison.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
[sold] Craft'eure V2 3mm (acier O2-90mcv8) émouture plate et guilloché finition satinée - manche en Hêtre échauffé stabilisé sur intercalaire noir, rivet loveless
Craft'eure V2 3mm (steel O2-90mcv8) flat grind , file work , satin finish - stabilized splated beech handle on black spacer , loveless bolt
test room at the maximum zoom. up to about 10 meters of the object. Both not have built-in lens stabilization.
*Ting ,ting*
"OS serum stabilized"
"What is this?"
"This is the OS serum chamber ,when the serum is combined with the DNA of Peter Parker it will form a super soldier like serum ,which will not just fix the problems with becoming a goblin but will also make you ten times stronger,faster but we don't know how it will turn out after merging with the DNA"said Otto Octavius standing next to a computer showing the stability of the gas in the chamber
"And as always blood of Peter Parker solves everything .Yet it is hard to get it."
The Gentleman walks into the room fast and unexpectedly.
"Yet there is one more way to get it.The Spider that byte Peter Parker remains dead in Parkers house.He didn't just give him the ability of Spider-powers as we expected but also taken some blood samples for us ,that was our original plan but we were not expecting that he will snap the spider and after keep it."
"So OSCORP knew that Peter Parker s Spider-man from the beginning !!!And this means that Spider-man was born in OSCORP!!!"said Harry with a amazed face .
"Indeed ,when we will steal the spider ,we will need to use the serum in a gas form not in an injection form .We have cloned so many serums yet not everyone can be merged with a blood sample,only one was strong enough to handle it "
takes off a bottle of serum.
"This one is not just a simple serum ,it is a one that can help your father return ,we keep it safe from everyone ,nobody must know that we are making experiments down the OSCORP ."
"Oh ,I am certain no one will mr.Fiers,AhaHAhaAHaHA"
Harry starts laughing like a maniac .
"We will win this time,no Spider freak will be able to stop us when we will have all his powers,AHAHAHhahHAHAaa!!!!"
"What is happening to him ,Mr.Fiers? "
"The serum is trying to resist the cues we have been giving him,inject him and after take him to his mansion,Otto "
"Yes Mr. Gentleman "
The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Torre pendente di Pisa) or the Tower of Pisa (Torre di Pisa) is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa.
The tower's tilt began during construction in the 12th century, caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure's weight.
In spring 1999, my son, Brian, spent six weeks backpacking through Europe.
The photo shows the tower undergoing stabilization work which was completed in 2001.
During stabilization the lean was decreased from 5.5 degrees to about 3.99 degrees.