Verily! In the creation of the heavens and the earth, and in the alternation of night and day, and the ships which sail through the sea with that which is of use to mankind, and the water (rain) which Allâh sends down from the sky and makes the earth alive therewith after its death, and the moving (living) creatures of all kinds that He has scattered therein, and in the veering of winds and clouds which are held between the sky and the earth, are indeed signs (of Allah's Sovereignty) for people of understanding.

 

Taken: Nanga Parbat 8,126 m from broad View Point, Fairy meadows, Pakistan.

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/sovereignty-over-everything

"Almighty God says, “ He is the One who has never been beheld by man, the One whom mankind has never known, in whose existence mankind has never believed, yet He is the One who breathed the breath into mankind’s ancestors and gave life to mankind. He is the One who supplies and nourishes mankind for its existence, and guides mankind up to the present day. Moreover, He and He alone is whom mankind depends on for its survival. He holds sovereignty over all things and rules all living beings beneath the universe. He commands the four seasons, and it is He who calls forth wind, frost, snow, and rain. He gives mankind sunshine and brings the coming of night. It was He who laid out the heavens and earth, providing man with mountains, lakes and rivers and all the living things within them. His deed is everywhere, His power is everywhere, His wisdom is everywhere, and His authority is everywhere. Each of these laws and rules are the embodiment of His deed, and every one of them reveals His wisdom and authority. Who can exempt themselves from His sovereignty? And who can discharge themselves from His designs?……"

from The Word Appears in the Flesh

 

God's Utterance "God Himself, the Unique (III) God's Authority (II)" (Part Five)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/god-himself-the-unique-ii...

 

God's words in this video are from the book "Continuation of The Word Appears in the Flesh".

 

The content of this video:

 

1. Do Not Miss the Opportunity to Know the Creator’s Sovereignty

 

2. No One Can Change the Fact That God Holds Sovereignty Over Human Fate

 

3. The Proper Attitude and Practice for One Who Wishes to Submit to God’s Authority

 

4. Accepting God as Your Unique Master Is the First Step in Attaining Salvation

  

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

Introduction

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

Terms of Use： en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

el.kingdomsalvation.org/the-one-who-holds-sovereignty-ove...

 

Παντοδύναμος Θεός λέει:«... Παρότι η ανθρωπότητα μόνο μετά την έλευση της καλλιέργειας άρχισε να καταλαβαίνει και να αντιμετωπίζει τον διαχωρισμό των σεληνιακών περιόδων, των ημερών και των χρόνων που ήταν το αποτέλεσμα των φωστήρων που δημιούργησε ο Θεός, στην πραγματικότητα, οι σεληνιακές περίοδοι, οι μέρες και τα χρόνια που σήμερα αντιλαμβάνεται ο άνθρωπος άρχισαν να δημιουργούνται πολύ πιο πριν, από την τέταρτη ημέρα που ο Θεός δημιούργησε όλα τα πράγματα, το ίδιο και οι εναλλασσόμενοι κύκλοι άνοιξη, καλοκαίρι, φθινόπωρο και χειμώνας που γνωρίζουν οι άνθρωποι και αυτοί ξεκίνησαν πολύ πιο πριν, την τέταρτη ημέρα της δημιουργίας όλων των πραγμάτων από τον Θεό. Οι φωστήρες που δημιούργησε ο Θεός έδωσαν στον άνθρωπο τη δυνατότητα να μπορεί τακτικά, επακριβώς και ξεκάθαρα να ξεχωρίζει τη μέρα από τη νύχτα, να μπορεί να μετρά τις μέρες και να μπορεί ξεκάθαρα να παρακολουθεί τις σεληνιακές περιόδους και τα χρόνια. (Η μέρα της πανσελήνου σηματοδοτούσε την ολοκλήρωση ενός μήνα κι από αυτό ο άνθρωπος ήξερε ότι η φώτιση των φωστήρων ξεκινούσε έναν νέο κύκλο. Η μέρα της ημισελήνου σηματοδοτούσε την ολοκλήρωση μισού μήνα, που σήμαινε για τον άνθρωπο ότι άρχιζε μια νέα σεληνιακή περίοδος, πράγμα από το οποίο μπορούσε να συμπεράνει κανείς πόσες μέρες και νύχτες υπήρχαν σε μια σεληνιακή περίοδο, πόσες σεληνιακές περίοδοι υπήρχαν στην κάθε εποχή, πόσες εποχές υπήρχαν μέσα σε έναν χρόνο και όλα αυτά επαναλαμβάνονταν τακτικά). ... »

από το βιβλίο «Ο Λόγος Ενσαρκώνεται»

σύσταση：

Ευαγγέλιο

 

Πηγή εικόνας: Εκκλησία του Παντοδύναμου Θεού

Όροι Χρήσης： el.kingdomsalvation.org/disclaimer.html

11 April 2015, Prestwick Airport

 

One of four CF-188 Hornets which staged through Prestwick after the Royal Canadian Air Force completed its deployment to Central Europe as part of NATO's Operation REASSURANCE, designed to help protect the freedom and sovereignty of European skies. This particular Hornet wears the markings of 425 Squadron "Alouettes", based at CFB Bagotville as part of 3 Wing.

Icelandair- "100 Years Sovereignty"

B757-3E7

IAD

8/4/21

Praise and Worship Song "God's Love Circles My Heart" | Praise and Thank God for His Power of Love

 

The Sun of righteousness rises in the East.

O God! Your glory fills the heaven and earth.

My beautiful beloved, Your love circles my heart.

Those who seek the truth—they love God, one and all.

In the early morning, though I rise alone, joy is in my heart as I ponder God’s words.

His gentle words, like those of a loving mother; His words of judgment, stern like father’s scolding.

Naught else in the world do I love, with my whole heart I love only Almighty God.

Ah hey, ah hey,

ah hey, ah hey.

Naught else in the world do I love, with my whole heart I love only Almighty God.

God’s will has been revealed—to perfect those who truly love Him.

Innocents, pulsing with life, offer up your praises to Him.

A dance of joy is beautiful, leap and prance around the throne.

From the earth’s four corners, we come, summoned by God’s voice.

His words of life bestowed on us, we’re cleansed by His judgment.

Love waxes stronger for being refined. It’s sweet to enjoy God’s love.

Almighty God is so lovely, I love only Him.

Ah hey, ah hey,

ah hey, ah hey.

Almighty God is so lovely, I love only Him.

Ah hey, ah.

Uh, uh.

from Follow the Lamb and Sing New Songs

 

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

 

Terms of Use en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

  

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

Introduction

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

People often talk about God’s sovereignty in salvation as if it were a theoretical, theological debate. This hymn is so refreshing, because it puts this Biblical truth into its proper context. Knowing that God is sovereign in my salvation sets me free to worship him. Instead of constantly evaluating where I stand with God based on what I’ve done, I can marvel at what Jesus has done to secure my salvation.

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=dz5dCj3McBw - Matthew Smith

 

My Lord, I did not choose You,

For that could never be;

My heart would still refuse You,

Had You not chosen me.

 

You took the sin that stained me,

You cleansed me, made me new;

Of old You have ordained me,

That I should live in You.

 

Chorus:

My Lord, I did not choose You,

For that could never be;

My heart would still refuse You,

Had You not chosen me.

 

Unless Your grace had called me

And taught my opening mind,

The world would have enthralled me,

To heavenly glories blind.

 

My heart knows none above You;

For Your rich grace I thirst;

I know that if I love You,

You must have loved me first.

credits

 

God's Utterance "God Himself, the Unique (III) God's Authority (II)" (Part Three)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/gods-authority-2-part-three/

 

God's words in this video are from the book "Continuation of The Word Appears in the Flesh".

 

The content of this video:

 

Progeny: The Fifth Juncture

 

1. One Has No Control Over What Becomes of One's Offspring

 

2. After Raising the Next Generation, People Gain a New Understanding of Fate

 

3. Believing in Fate Is No Substitute for a Knowledge of the Creator’s Sovereignty

 

4. Only Those Who Submit to the Creator’s Sovereignty Can Attain True Freedom

 

Eastern Lightning, The Church of Almighty God was created because of the appearance and work of Almighty God, the second coming of the Lord Jesus, Christ of the last days. It is made up of all those who accept Almighty God's work in the last days and are conquered and saved by His words. It was entirely founded by Almighty God personally and is led by Him as the Shepherd. It was definitely not created by a person. Christ is the truth, the way, and the life. God's sheep hear God's voice. As long as you read the words of Almighty God, you will see God has appeared.

 

Terms of Use en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

  

Royal ʻIolani Palace - Full Moon - Hawaiian Kingdom - Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii.

 

Ref: Hawaiian Sovereignty Movement.

 

ʻIolani Palace, in the capitol district of downtown Honolulu in the U.S. state of Hawaiʻi, is the only royal palace in the United States used as an official residence by a reigning monarch and is a National Historic Landmark listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Two monarchs governed from ʻIolani Palace: King Kalākaua and Queen Liliʻuokalani. After the monarchy was overthrown in 1893, the building was used as the capitol building for the Provisional Government, Republic, Territory, and the State of Hawaiʻi until 1969. The palace was restored and opened to the public as a museum in 1978 -

Image 1452

 

For museum-quality prints in different styles and frames,

d-davila.pixels.com/

Sovereignty runs on a prim dirt track of the Kentucky Derby for a sunny Friday morning workout the day of Kentucky Oaks, a day before Sovereignty won Kentucky Derby 151 on Saturday's rain-muddied track.

Introduction

praise and worship music | Walk in the Love of God | "Attachment to God" (Korean Worship Song)

 

I

 

Oh Lord,

 

I’ve enjoyed so much of Your grace.

 

Why do I always feel empty inside?

 

Have I not gained the truth and life?

 

II

 

Reading these words can answer your questions.

 

“Christ of the last days brings life,

 

and brings the enduring and everlasting way of truth.

 

This truth is the path through which man shall gain life,

 

and the only path by which

 

man shall know God and be approved by God.

 

If you do not seek the way of life provided by

 

Christ of the last days,

 

then you shall never gain the approval of Jesus,

 

and shall never be qualified to enter the gate of the kingdom of heaven,

 

for you are both a puppet

 

and prisoner of history” (The Scroll Opened by the Lamb).

 

Almighty God, Christ of the last days, has expressed all the truths

 

to purify, to save mankind,

 

bringing man the path to eternal life.

 

By accepting and obeying God’s work, practicing and experiencing His words,

 

man can understand the truth and gain life.

 

III

 

God chose me from a vast ocean of people, miraculously arranging that I come to His side.

 

His kind words warmed my heart, His earnest calls woke me up from my dream.

 

That familiar voice, that beautiful countenance have not changed from the very beginning.

 

In God’s family I taste the sweetness of His love. I lean close to Him and do not want to part again.

 

Without God, the days were hard to bear.

 

I staggered along with each step full of pain.

 

Only with God’s hidden protection did I reach today.

 

And now with God’s word by me I am satisfied.

 

IV

 

With time comes great changes, the world does not stay the same. But nothing will wipe from my heart my attachment to God.

 

A promise of thousands of years, an unchanging oath. After many cycles of life and death I return to God’s side.

 

He has sown life in my heart. His words shepherd and water me, giving trials and refinements.

 

Through persecutions and sufferings, my life grows ever stronger. The rough roads and failures are training grounds for me.

 

God has never left my side. He silently sacrifices for humanity with never a word of complaint.

 

I will throw off my corrupt disposition and be purified. Then I can accompany God forever.

 

God has never left my side. He silently sacrifices for humanity with never a word of complaint.

 

I will throw off my corrupt disposition and be purified. Then I can accompany God forever.

 

from Follow the Lamb and Sing New Songs

Finally was able to figure out the double exposure feature on the Canon 6D. I can finally start using it properly!

Nikon D3100 - 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6

Focal Length: 18mm

Shutter Speed: 30s

Aperture: f/11

ISO: 100

 

(Hoya Neutral Density 9 f-stops)

 

500px.com/charleswang55

instagram.com/rice.paper.scissors

God's Utterance "God Himself, the Unique (III) God's Authority (II)" (Part Three)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/gods-authority-2-part-three/

 

God's words in this video are from the book "Continuation of The Word Appears in the Flesh".

 

The content of this video:

 

Progeny: The Fifth Juncture

 

1. One Has No Control Over What Becomes of One's Offspring

 

2. After Raising the Next Generation, People Gain a New Understanding of Fate

 

3. Believing in Fate Is No Substitute for a Knowledge of the Creator’s Sovereignty

 

4. Only Those Who Submit to the Creator’s Sovereignty Can Attain True Freedom

 

Eastern Lightning, The Church of Almighty God was created because of the appearance and work of Almighty God, the second coming of the Lord Jesus, Christ of the last days. It is made up of all those who accept Almighty God's work in the last days and are conquered and saved by His words. It was entirely founded by Almighty God personally and is led by Him as the Shepherd. It was definitely not created by a person. Christ is the truth, the way, and the life. God's sheep hear God's voice. As long as you read the words of Almighty God, you will see God has appeared.

 

Terms of Use en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

  

Photo Copyright 2012, dynamo.photography.

All rights reserved, no use without license

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Hong kong)

 

Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.

 

Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]

 

Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.

 

Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]

 

Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[36][37][38]

Contents

 

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Prehistory

2.2 Imperial China

2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–45

2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status

3 Governance

3.1 Structure of government

3.2 Electoral and political reforms

3.3 Legal system and judiciary

3.4 Foreign relations

3.5 Human rights

3.6 Regions and districts

3.7 Military

4 Geography and climate

5 Economy

5.1 Financial centre

5.2 International trading

5.3 Tourism and expatriation

5.4 Policy

5.5 Infrastructure

6 Demographics

6.1 Languages

6.2 Religion

6.3 Personal income

6.4 Education

6.5 Health

7 Culture

7.1 Sports

7.2 Architecture

7.3 Cityscape

7.4 Symbols

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

10.1 Citations

10.2 Sources

11 Further reading

12 External links

 

Etymology

 

Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]

 

The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]

 

Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]

 

Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]

 

The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

 

As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.

 

Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".

History

Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong

 

Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]

 

Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]

Imperial China

Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China

 

In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]

 

After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]

 

From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.

 

From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.

European discovery

 

The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.

 

Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]

British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London

Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)

 

In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]

 

The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]

 

Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.

 

In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]

 

Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.

File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media

Hong Kong filmed in 1937

 

In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).

 

Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]

 

In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.

Japanese occupation: 1941–45

Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]

 

As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]

 

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]

Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong

Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997

 

Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.

Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

 

In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.

 

Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.

A sky view of Hong Kong Island

An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986

 

To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]

 

In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]

The Hong Kong question

 

In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.

 

The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.

 

It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.

Handover and Special Administrative Region status

Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong

Transfer of sovereignty

Golden Bauhinia Square

 

On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.

 

Structure of government

 

Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]

 

Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.

 

Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]

 

The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]

 

In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.

 

Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]

Dawn at old Parliament House...

This pic was taken nearly two years ago. There was a mass demonstration in China at that time because of the dispute on Diaoyu Island between China and Japan. He noticed my Canon and you could understand why he was so raged. There happened many unpleasant things during that time. China has indisputable sovereignty over Diaoyu Island.

Suggested new decor for the West Wing dining room.

 

Notice the bucolic painting between the flags, framed in gold to cherish our agrarian beginnings on the East Coast.

 

The flags themselves, arranged in a palisade, warn enemies of our invincible defenses; they can be seen also as a curtain parting on the great unfolding drama that is America.

 

Note also, on the sideboard, a bronze statuette of an American bison lovingly caring for her calf. They capture the rugged adolescence of America coming of age on the Great Prairie.

 

The simplicity of the decor celebrates the sovereignty of the common people, and the overall splendor of the room captures our modern era of maturity, harmony and unparalelled plenty.

Introduction

The Word of God in the Last Days | "God's Work, God's Disposition, and God Himself II" (Part Six)

 

God's words in this video are from the book "The Word Appears in the Flesh".

 

The content of this video:

 

Job's Testimonies Brings Comfort to God

 

Although God Has Not Revealed Himself to Job, Job Believes in the Sovereignty of God

 

Job's Faith in God Is Not Shaken Because God Is Hidden From Him

 

Job Blesses the Name of God and Does Not Think of Blessings or Disaster

 

Although God Is Hidden From Man, His Deeds Among All Things Are Sufficient for Man to Know Him

 

If Man's Heart Is in Enmity to God, How Can He Fear God and Shun Evil

God's Utterance "God Himself, the Unique I God's Authority (I)" (Part Five)

Introduction

God's word in this video are from the book "The Word Appears in the Flesh".

 

The content of this video:

 

4. God’s Command to Satan

 

Satan Has Never Dared to Transgress the Authority of the Creator, and Because of This, All Things Live in Order

 

Only God, Who Has the Identity of the Creator, Possesses the Unique Authority

 

The Creator’s Identity Is Unique, and You Should Not Ascribe to the Idea of Polytheism

 

Though Mankind Has Been Corrupted, He Still Lives Under the Sovereignty of the Creator’s Authority

el.kingdomsalvation.org/gospel/fate-inseparable-from-Crea...

 

Πίστη στον Θεό

Ο Θεός λέει:« ...Πού θα πας κάθε μέρα, τι θα κάνεις, ποιον ή τι θα συναντήσεις, τι θα πεις, τι θα σου συμβεί — μπορεί να προβλεφθεί τίποτε απ’ αυτά; Οι άνθρωποι δεν μπορούν να προβλέψουν όλα αυτά τα περιστατικά, πόσο μάλλον να ελέγξουν πώς θα εξελιχθούν. Στη ζωή, τα απρόβλεπτα αυτά γεγονότα συμβαίνουν όλη την ώρα και αποτελούν καθημερινό φαινόμενο. Τα καθημερινά αυτά σκαμπανεβάσματα και οι τρόποι που ξεδιπλώνονται ή τα μοτίβα σύμφωνα με τα οποία διαδραματίζονται, αποτελούν, για την ανθρωπότητα, συνεχείς υπενθυμίσεις πως τίποτα δεν συμβαίνει τυχαία και πως η εξελικτική πορεία που παίρνουν αυτά τα πράγματα και το αναπόφευκτο των πραγμάτων αυτών δεν μπορούν να μεταβληθούν από την ανθρώπινη θέληση. Κάθε συμβάν μεταφέρει μια νουθεσία από τον Δημιουργό στην ανθρωπότητα, ενώ στέλνει επίσης το μήνυμα πως τα ανθρώπινα όντα δεν μπορούν να ελέγξουν την ίδια τους τη μοίρα· την ίδια ώρα, κάθε γεγονός αποτελεί ανταπάντηση στην τρελή και άκαρπη φιλοδοξία και επιθυμία της ανθρωπότητας να πάρει τη μοίρα της στα ίδια της τα χέρια. Είναι σαν ισχυρά, επαναλαμβανόμενα ραπίσματα στην ανθρωπότητα, που αναγκάζουν τους ανθρώπους να επανεξετάσουν το ποιος είναι, εν τέλει, αυτός που κυβερνά και ελέγχει τη μοίρα τους. Επιπλέον, καθώς οι φιλοδοξίες και οι επιθυμίες τους καταπνίγονται και γκρεμίζονται ξανά και ξανά, οι άνθρωποι φτάνουν ανεπιτήδευτα σε μια ασυναίσθητη αποδοχή αυτού που τους επιφυλάσσει η μοίρα, μια αποδοχή της πραγματικότητας, του θελήματος του Ουρανού και της κυριαρχίας του Δημιουργού. Από τα καθημερινά αυτά σκαμπανεβάσματα έως τη μοίρα ολόκληρων ανθρωπίνων ζωών, δεν υπάρχει τίποτα που να μην αποκαλύπτει τα σχέδια και την κυριαρχία του Δημιουργού· δεν υπάρχει τίποτα που να μη στέλνει το μήνυμα πως «η εξουσία του Δημιουργού είναι κάτι που δεν υπερβαίνεται», που δεν μεταφέρει την αιώνια αλήθεια πως «η εξουσία του Δημιουργού είναι υπέρτατη».... »

από το βιβλίο «Ο Λόγος Ενσαρκώνεται»

Ο λόγος του Θεού

 

Πηγή εικόνας: Εκκλησία του Παντοδύναμου Θεού

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Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

 

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

 

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Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

 

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical

documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

 

Terms of Use en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

   

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

 

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical

documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

  

Terms of Use en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

  

el.kingdomsalvation.org/the-one-who-holds-sovereignty-ove...

 

Χριστιανική ταινία

Τρέιλερ του ντοκιμαντέρ «Αυτός που κυριαρχεί επί των πάντων» Η μαρτυρία της δύναμης του Θεού (Τρέιλερ)

 

Στο απέραντο σύμπαν, όλα τα ουράνια σώματα κινούνται με ακρίβεια στην τροχιά τους. Κάτω από τον ουρανό, όλα τα βουνά, τα ποτάμια και οι λίμνες είναι οριοθετημένα και όλα τα πλάσματα ζουν και αναπαράγονται κατά τη διάρκεια των τεσσάρων εποχών σύμφωνα με τους νόμους της ζωής.... Τα πάντα έχουν σχεδιαστεί με τέτοια λεπτότητα — υπάρχει ο Ισχυρός Θεός που κυβερνά και οργανώνει τα πάντα; Από τότε που ερχόμαστε σε αυτόν τον κόσμο κλαίγοντας, παίζουμε διαφορετικούς ρόλους στη ζωή. Μεταβαίνουμε από τη γέννηση στο γήρας, στην ασθένεια, στον θάνατο, ζούμε μεταξύ χαράς και λύπης.... Από πού προέρχονται πράγματι οι άνθρωποι και πού πράγματι οδεύουμε; Ποιος κυβερνά τη μοίρα μας; Από την αρχαιότητα ως τη σύγχρονη εποχή, μεγάλα έθνη έχουν ακμάσει, δυναστείες έχουν έλθει και παρέλθει, και οι χώρες και οι λαοί έχουν προοδεύσει και χάθηκαν στον ρου της ιστορίας.... Όπως οι νόμοι της φύσης, έτσι και οι νόμοι της εξέλιξης της ανθρωπότητας περιέχουν άπειρα μυστήρια. Θα θέλατε να μάθετε τις απαντήσεις σε αυτά; Το ντοκιμαντέρ Αυτός που κυριαρχεί επί των πάντων θα σας καθοδηγήσει για να φτάσετε στη ρίζα τους, για να αποκαλύψετε όλα αυτά τα μυστήρια!

Η παραβολή των δέκα παρθένων

 

Πηγή εικόνας: Εκκλησία του Παντοδύναμου Θεού

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Introduction

2019 Best praise and worship music |Christian Music Video | "God Incarnate of the Last Days Mainly

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/God-incarnate-works-mainl...

 

Does the Work of Words"

Incarnate God of the last days

ends the Age of Grace and speaks words which perfect and enlighten,

words which rid vague notions of God from the heart of man.

Jesus walked on a path that was different.

He did miracles and healed the sick,

preached the gospel of the kingdom of heaven,

and was crucified to redeem all people.

So man conceived a notion that this is how God will always be.

God incarnate of the last days fulfills and reveals all with words.

In His words you see what He is; in His words you see that He is God.

Incarnate God of the last days

rids vague notions of God from the heart of man.

Through His words and deeds, He works amongst all people.

So man knows the reality of God, not believing in a God that’s vague.

Through the words of God in the flesh,

He completes man and fulfills all things.

This is the work God will achieve in the very end of the days.

God incarnate of the last days fulfills and reveals all with words.

In His words you see what He is; in His words you see that He is God.

God in flesh speaks only words, as this is His work on earth.

You can see all He is through His words, mighty, humble, supreme.

God in flesh speaks only words, as this is His work on earth.

You can see all He is through His words, mighty, humble, supreme.

God incarnate of the last days fulfills and reveals all with words.

In His words you see what He is; in His words you see that He is ...

God incarnate of the last days fulfills and reveals all with words.

In His words you see what He is; in His words you see that He is God.

from Follow the Lamb and Sing New Songs

Recommended for You ：Gospel hymn

 

Image Source: The Church of Almighty God

Terms of Use: en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

Introduction

Christian Music | Praise and Worship | "All Things Live in the Rules and Laws Set Down by God" | Jesus Worship Song | www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/rules-and-laws-set-down-b...

1. Thousands of years passed by, humans still enjoy the light and the air bestowed by God. Humans still breathe in and out the breath exhaled by God Himself. Humans still enjoy things created by God, the fish, birds, flowers and insects. Humans enjoy all the things, all the things provided by God. Continually day and night still replace each other. As usual the four seasons alternate. Flying in the sky, the geese depart in winter and return in spring. Swimming in the water, the fish never leave the rivers and the lakes, their home.

2. During the summer days, cicadas on the ground joyfully sing their hearts out. During the autumn days, crickets in the grass gently hum in time to the wind. Geese gather in flocks, while eagles stay alone. Lions hunt to live, while elk never stray from the grass and flowers. … Every living creature in all things comes and goes again and again, a million changes in a moment. But what does not change are their instincts and the laws of survival. They live under God’s nourishing and provision. No one can change their instincts. No one can break their rules of survival. No one can break their rules of survival.

from “God Himself, the Unique (I) God’s Authority (1)” in The Word Appears in the Flesh

You may also like : praise God

Image Source: The Church of Almighty God

 

Introduction

Watch the full documentary: Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

Best Gospel Music 2018 - God Ruling Over the Universe

In a vast cosmic sky filled with stars, planets collide, and a series of complex processes give birth to new planets. What secrets are contained within?

 

recommenda to you: Gospel hymn

 

Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

 

Terms of Use en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

  

Praise and Worship Music | My Life Is Free and Released

 

Introduction

I

 

My heart is flying out, is flying out.

 

I will repay God’s love, passive no more.

 

Once I misread God’s will and ignored Him.

 

But now I’ve seen that God is waiting for my love.

 

I’ll try hard to satisfy God, and let Him gain my heart.

 

Look, all flowers are in bloom everywhere; and music is ringing in my mind.

 

I’ll try hard to satisfy God, and let Him gain my heart.

 

Look, all flowers are in bloom everywhere; and music is ringing in my mind.

 

I sing out my heart’s love for God.

 

II

 

My heart happy, my soul joyful, inspired by God’s love.

 

Practicing God’s words fills me with praise and joy.

 

I’m so happy to eat, drink and fellowship God’s words.

 

I feel at ease to sing a song of love from my heart.

 

I’m no longer weak and passive; I will comfort God’s heart.

 

I’m so joyful to enjoy God’s love; I’m the happiest one.

 

I’m no longer weak and passive; I will comfort God’s heart.

 

I’m so joyful to enjoy God’s love; I’m the happiest one.

 

God’s love fills my heart.

 

III

 

O Practical God! You give me a happy life,

 

ending my corrupt, fallen and empty life.

 

I’ll pursue changes, live out normal humanity,

 

and do all that I can in God’s family.

 

O Practical God! I’ve offered You my heart.

 

O Practical God! My heart is loving You.

 

Your words have captured my heart; I can’t leave You any more.

 

Your words have captured my heart; I can’t leave You any more.

 

My heart belongs to God evermore.

 

from Follow the Lamb and Sing New Songs

🍒🍒 nl.kingdomsalvation.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty-...

Christelijke liederen ‘Hij die de heerschappij over alles heeft’ (De muzikale documentaire)

 

In het uitgestrekte universum bewegen alle hemellichamen precies binnen hun eigen baan. Onder de hemel hebben de bergen, rivieren en meren hun eigen grenzen en alle wezens leven en planten zich voort gedurende de vier seizoenen volgens de wetten van het leven ... Dit is allemaal zo voortreffelijk ontworpen — is er een Grote Macht die dit alles leidt en bestuurt? We zijn huilend op deze wereld gekomen en hebben daarna verschillende rollen gespeeld. We gaan van geboorte naar ouderdom, van ziekte naar dood, we hebben te maken met vreugde en zorgen ... Waar komt de mensheid echt vandaan en waar gaan we echt naartoe? Wie bestiert ons lot? Vanaf vroegere tijden tot deze moderne tijd zijn er grote naties opgestaan, vorstenhuizen zijn gekomen en gegaan en landen en mensen zijn opgebloeid en vergaan in de getijden van de geschiedenis ... Net als de wetten van de natuur bevatten de wetten van de menselijke ontwikkeling eindeloze mysteries. Wil jij het antwoord daarop graag weten? De documentaire Hij die de heerschappij over alles heeft brengt je naar de wortel hiervan en onthult al deze mysteries!

Afbeeldingsbron： De Kerk van Almachtige God

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Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (Christian Musical Documentary)

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/one-who-holds-sovereignty...

 

Throughout the vast universe, all celestial bodies move precisely within their own orbits. Under the heavens, mountains, rivers, and lakes all have their boundaries, and all creatures live and reproduce throughout the four seasons in accordance with the laws of life…. This is all so exquisitely designed—is there a Mighty One ruling and arranging all this? Since coming into this world crying we have begun playing different roles in life. We move from birth to old age to illness to death, we go between joy and sorrow…. Where does mankind really come from, and where will we really go? Who is ruling our fates? From ancient times to modern days, great nations have risen up, dynasties have come and gone, and countries and peoples have flourished and perished in the tides of history…. Just like the laws of nature, the laws of humanity's development contain infinite mysteries. Would you like to know the answers to them? The Christian musical documentary The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything will guide you to get to the root of this, to unveil all of these mysteries!

 

Eastern Lightning, The Church of Almighty God was created because of the appearance and work of Almighty God, the second coming of the Lord Jesus , Christ of the last days. It is made up of all those who accept Almighty God's work in the last days and are conquered and saved by His words. It was entirely founded by Almighty God personally and is led by Him as the Shepherd. It was definitely not created by a person. Christ is the truth, the way, and the life. God's sheep hear God's voice. As long as you read the words of Almighty God, you will see God has appeared.

 

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el.godfootsteps.org/cannot-be-without-God-s-sovereignty.html

 

Ύμνοι

Τίποτα, κανείς δεν μπορεί να υπάρχει

χωρίς την κυριαρχία του Θεού.

Η ζωή κι η σάρκα του ανθρώπου

δεν θα υπήρχε πια

χωρίς την κυριαρχία

και τις παροχές Του.

Γι’ αυτό είναι σημαντικό

που ο Θεός εδραίωσε

περιβάλλοντα για την επιβίωση

των ανθρώπων.

Ό,τι κάνει ο Θεός

για την επιβίωση του ανθρώπου

και τον πολλαπλασιασμό τους

είναι σημαντικό.

Και το παραμικρό

που κάνει ανάμεσα στα πάντα,

είναι καίριο για την ύπαρξη

του ανθρώπου.

Όποια κι αν είναι η φυλή σου,

απ’ όπου κι αν είσαι,

Δύση ή Ανατολή,

δεν μπορείς να χωριστείς,

απ' τα περιβάλλοντα της επιβίωσης

για όλη την ανθρωπότητα

που έχει καθορίσει ο Θεός.

Τίποτα, κανείς δεν μπορεί να υπάρχει

χωρίς την κυριαρχία του Θεού.

Η ζωή κι η σάρκα του ανθρώπου

δεν θα υπήρχε πια

χωρίς την κυριαρχία

και τις παροχές Του.

Γι’ αυτό είναι σημαντικό

που ο Θεός εδραίωσε

περιβάλλοντα για την επιβίωση

των ανθρώπων.

Δεν μπορείς ποτέ να διαχωριστείς

από τη φροντίδα και τις παροχές Του,

που σου δίνει μέσ’ από τα περιβάλλοντα

που έχει ορίσει

για την επιβίωση της ανθρωπότητας.

Άσχετα με τον βιοπορισμό σου,

με το πώς επιβιώνεις,

όπως κι αν τη σαρκική ζωή σου συντηρείς,

δεν μπορείς να διαχωριστείς

απ’ την κυριαρχία Του,

και από τη διαχείριση του Θεού.

Τίποτα, κανείς δεν μπορεί να υπάρχει

χωρίς την κυριαρχία του Θεού.

Η ζωή κι η σάρκα του ανθρώπου

δεν θα υπήρχε πια

χωρίς την κυριαρχία

και τις παροχές Του.

Γι’ αυτό είναι σημαντικό

που ο Θεός εδραίωσε

περιβάλλοντα για την επιβίωση

των ανθρώπων.

Τίποτα, κανείς δεν μπορεί να υπάρχει

χωρίς την κυριαρχία του Θεού.

Η ζωή κι η σάρκα του ανθρώπου

δεν θα υπήρχε πια

χωρίς την κυριαρχία

και τις παροχές Του.

Γι’ αυτό είναι σημαντικό

που ο Θεός εδραίωσε

περιβάλλοντα για την επιβίωση

των ανθρώπων.

από το βιβλίο «Ο Λόγος Ενσαρκώνεται»

σύσταση：

χριστιανικοί ύμνοι

 

Πηγή εικόνας: Εκκλησία του Παντοδύναμου Θεού

Όροι Χρήσης： el.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

Watch the full documentary: Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (ChristianMusical Documentary)

 

Gospel Music - God's Creation of the World

 

In the beginning, God created the heavens and earth and all things. A vibrant new world was born. Everything created by God was perfect and beautiful. It displayed His wisdom, goodness, and almightiness. God made Adam and Eve in His own image with His own hands, and breathed His very life into them. Jehovah God placed them in the Garden of Eden …

 

recommenda to you: Christian Music Video

The Gospel of the Kingdom of Heaven | Though Mankind Has Been Corrupted, He Still Lives Under the Sovereignty of the Creator’s Authority

Satan has been corrupting mankind for thousands of years. It has wrought untold amounts of evil, has deceived generation after generation, and has committed heinous crimes in the world. It has abused man, deceived man, seduced man to oppose God, and has committed evil acts that have confounded and impaired God’s plan of management time and time again. Yet, under the authority of God, all things and living creatures continue to abide by the rules and laws set down by God⋯⋯

 

recommenda to you: the work of the Holy Spirit

The Word Appears in the Flesh

The Experiences of Peter: His Knowledge of Chastisement and Judg ("Praise and Worship Music ""The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything"" (Christian Musical Documentary) ")

 

en.godfootsteps.org/the-experiences-of-peter-2.html

 

The Experiences of Peter: His Knowledge of Chastisement and Judgment

 

When he was being chastised by God, Peter prayed, “O God! My flesh is disobedient, and You chastise me and judge me. I rejoice in Your chastisement and judgment, and even if You do not want me, in Your judgment I behold Your holy and righteous disposition. When You judge me, so that others may behold Your righteous disposition in Your judgment, I feel content. If it can show forth Your disposition, and allow Your righteous disposition to be seen by all creatures, and if it can make my love of You purer, so that I can attain the image of one who is righteous, then Your judgment is good, for such is Your gracious will. I know that there is still much in me that is rebellious, and that I am still not fit to come before You. I wish for You to judge me even more, whether through a hostile environment or great tribulations; no matter how You judge me, to me it is precious. Your love is so profound, and I am willing to lay myself at Your mercy without the slightest complaint.” This is Peter’s knowledge after he experienced the work of God, and is also a testimony to his love of God. Today, you have already been conquered—but how is this conquest expressed in you? Some people say, “My conquest is the supreme grace and exaltation of God. Only now do I realize that the life of man is hollow and without significance. Living is so pointless, I’d rather be dead. Though man spends his life rushing about, producing and raising generation after generation of children, man is ultimately left with nothing. Today, only after being conquered by God have I seen that there is no value to living in this way; it really is a meaningless life. I may as well die and be done with it!” Can such people who have been conquered be gained by God? Can they become specimens and models? Such people are a lesson in passiveness, they have no aspirations, and do not strive to improve themselves! Even though they count as having been conquered, such passive people are incapable of being made perfect. At the near end of his life, after he had been made perfect, Peter said, “O God! If I were to live a few more years, I would wish to achieve a purer and deeper love of You.” When he was about to be nailed to the cross, in his heart he prayed, “O God! Your time has now arrived, the time You prepared for me has arrived. I must be crucified for You, I must bear this testimony to You, and I hope that my love can satisfy Your requirements, and that it can become purer. Today, to be able to die for You, and be nailed to the cross for You, is comforting and reassuring to me, for nothing is more gratifying to me than to be able to be crucified for You and satisfy Your wishes, and to be able to give myself to You, to offer up my life to You. O God! You are so lovely! Were You to allow me to live, I would be even more willing to love You. As long as I am alive, I will love You. I wish to love You more deeply. You judge me, and chastise me, and try me because I am not righteous, because I have sinned. And Your righteous disposition becomes more apparent to me. This is a blessing to me, for I am able to love You more deeply, and I am willing to love You in this way even if You do not love me. I am willing to behold Your righteous disposition, for this makes me more able to live out a life of meaning. I feel that my life now is more meaningful, for I am crucified for Your sake, and it is meaningful to die for You. Yet still I do not feel satisfied, for I know too little of You, I know that I cannot completely fulfill Your wishes, and have repaid You too little. In my life, I have been incapable of returning my entirety to You; I am far from that. As I look back at this moment, I feel so indebted to You, and I have but this moment to make up for all of my mistakes and all the love that I have not repaid You.”

 

（....)

 

(The Word Appears in the Flesh) (Principles of Prayer to God)

 

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Christian Movie Clip - The Rise of the United States and Its Mission

 

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/rise-of-the-united-states/

 

Introduction

Watch the full documentary: Praise and Worship Music "The One Who Holds Sovereignty Over Everything" (musical documentary)

 

On the basis of adhering to its founding principles of freedom, democracy, and equality, … the US has played an important role in stabilizing the global situation and providing a balance for world order. It plays an irreplaceable role in safeguarding and stabilizing the global situation.

Recommended for You:gospel music videos

 

Image Source: The Church of Almighty God

Terms of Use: en.godfootsteps.org/disclaimer.html

 

Welcome the Return of the Lord Jesus | praise and worship music "The Happiness in the Good Land of Canaan"

Introduction

“The Happiness in the Good Land of Canaan” is a cheerful experience hymn, expressive of the excitement and joy of all those who have accepted Almighty God’s work in the last days. God’s chosen people have returned to God’s family, enjoyed Almighty God’s word, and received His provision in their life, which seems that they are living in the good land of Canaan. They enjoy the happy time of reuniting with God and have a sincere devotion and love for Him, unwilling to leave Him any more. Here, they are singing and dancing to express their boundless gratitude and praise for God!

 

The Happiness in the Good Land of Canaan

 

I’ve returned to God’s family, excited and happy.

 

My hands hold my beloved, my heart belongs to Him.

 

Though I’ve passed through the Vale of Tears, I’ve seen God’s loveliness.

 

My love for God grows day by day, God is the source of my joy.

 

Bewitched by the beauty of God, my heart is attached to Him.

 

I can never love God enough, songs of praise well up in my heart.

 

Bewitched by the beauty of God, my heart is attached to Him.

 

I can never love God enough, songs of praise well up in my heart.

 

I

 

In this blessed land of Canaan, all is fresh, all is new,

 

brimming with the vital force of life.

 

Living water flows from practical God, makes me provisioned with life.

 

I can enjoy blessings from heaven, no more to seek, to search, to yearn.

 

I am arrived in Canaan’s blessed land, beyond compare is my joy!

 

My love for God brings me endless strength.

 

Sounds of praise soar up into the sky, telling Him my love within.

 

How beautiful my beloved is! His beauty captures my heart.

 

Fragrance of my beloved makes me feel hard to leave Him.

 

II

 

The stars are smiling at me in the sky, the sun is nodding to me from above.

 

With sunshine, with rain and dew, fruit of life grows firm and ripe.

 

God’s words, abundant and rich, bring sweet feast to us.

 

God’s ample and full provision makes us satisfied.

 

Canaan’s land, the world of God’s words; His love brings us unending joy.

 

Canaan’s land, the world of God’s words; His love brings us unending joy.

 

Fragrance of fruits fills the air.

 

If you live here for a few days, you will love it more than anything.

 

Never will you want to leave.

 

III

 

The silver moon radiates her light. Good and happy, it is my life.

 

The beloved One in my heart, Your loveliness is beyond all words.

 

My heart’s in sweet love with You, I just can’t help but leap for joy.

 

You are always in my heart, I will be with You all my life.

 

My heart longs for You all the time; loving You delights my heart every day.

 

O the beloved in my heart! I’ve given all my love to You.

 

My heart longs for You all the time; loving You delights my heart every day.

 

O the beloved in my heart! I’ve given all my love to You.

 

from Follow the Lamb and Sing New Songs

 

el.kingdomsalvation.org/the-one-who-holds-sovereignty-ove...

 

Εισαγωγή

Δευτέρα Παρουσία

«Αυτός που κυριαρχεί επί των πάντων» κλιπ 2 - Ο Θεός κυριαρχεί επί της αρχής και του μέλλοντος της ανθρωπότητας

 

Από τη στιγμή που ερχόμαστε κλαίγοντας σε αυτόν τον κόσμο, ξεκινάμε να παίζουμε διαφορετικούς ρόλους στη ζωή. Μεταβαίνουμε από τη γέννηση στο γήρας, στην ασθένεια, στον θάνατο – ζούμε μεταξύ χαράς και λύπης… Από πού προέρχεται πράγματι η ανθρωπότητα και πού πράγματι οδεύουμε; Ποιος έλεγχε την αφετηρία του ανθρώπου και ποιος προστάζει το μέλλον του; Σήμερα, όλα αυτά αποκαλύπτονται…

σύγχρονες χριστιανικές ταινίες

  

Πηγή εικόνας: Εκκλησία του Παντοδύναμου Θεού

Όροι Χρήσης： el.kingdomsalvation.org/disclaimer.html

 

Welcome the Return of the Lord Jesus | praise and worship music "The Happiness in the Good Land of Canaan"

www.holyspiritspeaks.org/videos/the-happiness-in-the-good...

Introduction

“The Happiness in the Good Land of Canaan” is a cheerful experience hymn, expressive of the excitement and joy of all those who have accepted Almighty God’s work in the last days. God’s chosen people have returned to God’s family, enjoyed Almighty God's word, and received His provision in their life, which seems that they are living in the good land of Canaan. They enjoy the happy time of reuniting with God and have a sincere devotion and love for Him, unwilling to leave Him any more. Here, they are singing and dancing to express their boundless gratitude and praise for God!

 

The Happiness in the Good Land of Canaan

 

I’ve returned to God’s family, excited and happy.

 

My hands hold my beloved, my heart belongs to Him.

 

Though I’ve passed through the Vale of Tears, I’ve seen God’s loveliness.

 

My love for God grows day by day, God is the source of my joy.

 

Bewitched by the beauty of God, my heart is attached to Him.

 

I can never love God enough, songs of praise well up in my heart.

 

Bewitched by the beauty of God, my heart is attached to Him.

 

I can never love God enough, songs of praise well up in my heart.

 

I

 

In this blessed land of Canaan, all is fresh, all is new,

 

brimming with the vital force of life.

 

Living water flows from practical God, makes me provisioned with life.

 

I can enjoy blessings from heaven, no more to seek, to search, to yearn.

 

I am arrived in Canaan’s blessed land, beyond compare is my joy!

 

My love for God brings me endless strength.

 

Sounds of praise soar up into the sky, telling Him my love within.

 

How beautiful my beloved is! His beauty captures my heart.

 

Fragrance of my beloved makes me feel hard to leave Him.

 

II

 

The stars are smiling at me in the sky, the sun is nodding to me from above.

 

With sunshine, with rain and dew, fruit of life grows firm and ripe.

 

God’s words, abundant and rich, bring sweet feast to us.

 

God’s ample and full provision makes us satisfied.

 

Canaan’s land, the world of God’s words; His love brings us unending joy.

 

Canaan’s land, the world of God’s words; His love brings us unending joy.

 

Fragrance of fruits fills the air.

 

If you live here for a few days, you will love it more than anything.

 

Never will you want to leave.

 

III

 

The silver moon radiates her light. Good and happy, it is my life.

 

The beloved One in my heart, Your loveliness is beyond all words.

 

My heart’s in sweet love with You, I just can’t help but leap for joy.

 

You are always in my heart, I will be with You all my life.

 

My heart longs for You all the time; loving You delights my heart every day.

 

O the beloved in my heart! I’ve given all my love to You.

 

My heart longs for You all the time; loving You delights my heart every day.

 

O the beloved in my heart! I’ve given all my love to You.

 

from Follow the Lamb and Sing New Songs

Photo Copyright 2012, dynamo.photography.

All rights reserved, no use without license

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Hong kong)

 

Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.

 

Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]

 

Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.

 

Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]

 

Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[36][37][38]

Contents

 

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Prehistory

2.2 Imperial China

2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–45

2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status

3 Governance

3.1 Structure of government

3.2 Electoral and political reforms

3.3 Legal system and judiciary

3.4 Foreign relations

3.5 Human rights

3.6 Regions and districts

3.7 Military

4 Geography and climate

5 Economy

5.1 Financial centre

5.2 International trading

5.3 Tourism and expatriation

5.4 Policy

5.5 Infrastructure

6 Demographics

6.1 Languages

6.2 Religion

6.3 Personal income

6.4 Education

6.5 Health

7 Culture

7.1 Sports

7.2 Architecture

7.3 Cityscape

7.4 Symbols

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

10.1 Citations

10.2 Sources

11 Further reading

12 External links

 

Etymology

 

Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]

 

The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]

 

Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]

 

Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]

 

The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

 

As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.

 

Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".

History

Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong

 

Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]

 

Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]

Imperial China

Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China

 

In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]

 

After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]

 

From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.

 

From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.

European discovery

 

The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.

 

Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]

British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London

Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)

 

In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]

 

The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]

 

Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.

 

In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]

 

Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.

File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media

Hong Kong filmed in 1937

 

In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).

 

Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]

 

In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.

Japanese occupation: 1941–45

Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]

 

As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]

 

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]

Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong

Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997

 

Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.

Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

 

In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.

 

Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.

A sky view of Hong Kong Island

An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986

 

To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]

 

In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]

The Hong Kong question

 

In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.

 

The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.

 

It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.

Handover and Special Administrative Region status

Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong

Transfer of sovereignty

Golden Bauhinia Square

 

On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.

 

Structure of government

 

Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]

 

Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.

 

Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]

 

The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]

 

In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.

 

Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Hong kong)

 

Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory south to Mainland China and east to Macao in East Asia. With around 7.2 million Hong Kongers of various nationalities[note 2] in a territory of 1,104 km2, Hong Kong is the world's fourth most densely populated country or territory.

 

Hong Kong used to be a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island from the Qing Empire after the First Opium War (1839–42). The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and acquired a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during the Second World War until British control resumed in 1945. The Sino-British Joint Declaration signed between the United Kingdom and China in 1984 paved way for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997, when it became a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China with a high degree of autonomy.[15]

 

Under the principle of "one country, two systems",[16][17] Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative and judiciary powers.[18] In addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of "appropriate fields".[19] Hong Kong involves in international organizations, such as the WTO[20] and the APEC [21], actively and independently.

 

Hong Kong is one of the world's most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the world's most competitive and freest economic entity.[22][23] As the world's 8th largest trading entity,[24] its legal tender, the Hong Kong dollar, is the world's 13th most traded currency.[25] As the world's most visited city,[26][27] Hong Kong's tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by competitive simple taxation and supported by its independent judiciary system.[28] Even with one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, it suffers from severe income inequality.[29]

 

Nicknamed "Pearl of the Orient", Hong Kong is renowned for its deep natural harbour, which boasts the world's fifth busiest port with ready access by cargo ships, and its impressive skyline, with the most skyscrapers in the world.[30][31] It has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the world's longest life expectancy.[32][33] Over 90% of the population makes use of well-developed public transportation.[34][35] Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring industrial areas of Mainland China, which adopts loose emissions standards, has resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates in winter.[36][37][38]

Contents

 

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Prehistory

2.2 Imperial China

2.3 British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

2.4 Japanese occupation: 1941–45

2.5 Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

2.6 Handover and Special Administrative Region status

3 Governance

3.1 Structure of government

3.2 Electoral and political reforms

3.3 Legal system and judiciary

3.4 Foreign relations

3.5 Human rights

3.6 Regions and districts

3.7 Military

4 Geography and climate

5 Economy

5.1 Financial centre

5.2 International trading

5.3 Tourism and expatriation

5.4 Policy

5.5 Infrastructure

6 Demographics

6.1 Languages

6.2 Religion

6.3 Personal income

6.4 Education

6.5 Health

7 Culture

7.1 Sports

7.2 Architecture

7.3 Cityscape

7.4 Symbols

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

10.1 Citations

10.2 Sources

11 Further reading

12 External links

 

Etymology

 

Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island.[39]

 

The source of the romanised name "Hong Kong" is not known, but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation in spoken Cantonese 香港 (Cantonese Yale: Hēung Góng), which means "Fragrant Harbour" or "Incense Harbour".[13][14][40] Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (Chinese: 香港仔; Cantonese Yale: Hēunggóng jái), literally means "Little Hong Kong"—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was an initial point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.[41]

 

Another theory is that the name would have been taken from Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人); it is equally probable that romanisation was done with a faithful execution of their speeches, i.e. hōng, not hēung in Cantonese.[42] Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.[43]

 

Fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour.[40]

 

The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926.[44] Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

 

As of 1997, its official name is the "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website;[45] however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.

 

Hong Kong has carried many nicknames. The most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive nightscape of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".

History

Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Hong Kong

 

Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.[46][47][48]

 

Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue to Hong Kong.[49][50] Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC – 1066 BC) in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.[51]

Imperial China

Main article: History of Hong Kong under Imperial China

 

In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a centralised China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern-day Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the area of Hong Kong into his imperial China for the first time. Hong Kong proper was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern-day Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu.[52][53][54]

 

After a brief period of centralisation and collapse of the Qin dynasty, the area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the Kingdom of Nanyue, founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC.[55] When Nanyue lost the Han-Nanyue War in 111 BC, Hong Kong came under the Jiaozhi commandery of the Han dynasty. Archaeological evidence indicates an increase of population and flourish of salt production. The Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built as a burial site during the Han dynasty.[56]

 

From the Han dynasty to the early Tang dynasty, Hong Kong was a part of Bao'an County. In the Tang dynasty, modern-day Guangzhou (Canton) flourished as an international trading centre. In 736, the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun to strengthen defence of the coastal area.[57] The nearby Lantau Island was a salt production centre and salt smuggler riots occasionally broke out against the government. In c. 1075, The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in modern-day New Territories by the Northern Song dynasty.[58] During their war against the Mongols, the imperial court of Southern Song was briefly stationed at modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site) before their ultimate defeat by the Mongols at the Battle of Yamen in 1279.[59] The Mongols then established their dynastic court and governed Hong Kong for 97 years.

 

From the mid-Tang dynasty to the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Hong Kong was a part of Dongguan County. During the Ming dynasty, the area was transferred to Xin'an County. The indigenous inhabitants at that time consisted of several ethnicities such as Punti, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo.

European discovery

 

The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer, who arrived in 1513.[60][61] Having established a trading post in a site they called "Tamão" in Hong Kong waters, Portuguese merchants commenced with regular trading in southern China. Subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal, however, led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from southern China.

 

Since the 14th century, the Ming court had enforced the maritime prohibition laws that strictly forbade all private maritime activities in order to prevent contact with foreigners by sea.[62] When the Manchu Qing dynasty took over China, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance decree of the Kangxi Emperor, who ordered the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong from 1661 to 1669. Over 16,000 inhabitants of Xin'an County including those in Hong Kong were forced to migrate inland; only 1,648 of those who had evacuated subsequently returned.[63][64]

British Crown Colony: 1842–1941

A painter at work. John Thomson. Hong Kong, 1871. The Wellcome Collection, London

Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)

 

In 1839, threats by the imperial court of Qing to sanction opium imports caused diplomatic friction with the British Empire. Tensions escalated into the First Opium War. The Qing admitted defeat when British forces captured Hong Kong Island on 20 January 1841. The island was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpi as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. A dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries, however, led to the failure of the treaty's ratification. On 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking.[65] The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.[66]

 

The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.[67][68]

 

Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.

 

In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.[69][70][71]

 

Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under early British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas such as Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. The British governors did rely, however, on a small number of Chinese elites, including Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as ambassadors and mediators between the government and local population.

File:1937 Hong Kong VP8.webmPlay media

Hong Kong filmed in 1937

 

In 1904, the United Kingdom established the world's first border and immigration control; all residents of Hong Kong were given citizenship as Citizens of United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKC).

 

Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's first higher education institute. While there had been an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained unscathed. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.[72]

 

In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under Clementi's tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.

Japanese occupation: 1941–45

Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in the First World War and the Second World War.[73]

 

As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong in on 8 December 1941.[74] Crossing the border at Shenzhen River on 8 December, the Battle of Hong Kong lasted for 18 days when British and Canadian forces held onto Hong Kong Island. Unable to defend against intensifying Japanese air and land bombardments, they eventually surrendered control of Hong Kong on 25 December 1941. The Governor of Hong Kong was captured and taken as a prisoner of war. This day is regarded by the locals as "Black Christmas".[75]

 

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when the United Kingdom resumed control of the colony on 2 September 1945.[76]

Resumption of British rule and industrialisation: 1945–97

Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong

Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959 to 1997

 

Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from the Republic of China moved in to seek refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communist Party eventually took full control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution.[69] Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong.[69] The establishment of a socialist state in China (People's Republic of China) on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts along the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of the territory.

Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

 

In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily.[77] The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.

 

Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.

A sky view of Hong Kong Island

An aerial view of the northern shore of Hong Kong Island in 1986

 

To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.[78]

 

In 1983, the Hong Kong dollar left its 16:1 peg with the Pound sterling and switched to the current US-HK Dollar peg. Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York City, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.[79]

The Hong Kong question

 

In 1971, the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s permanent seat on the United Nations was transferred to the People's Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong's status as a recognised colony became terminated in 1972 under the request of PRC. Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong and expiry of land lease of New Territories beyond 1997, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s.

 

The British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified Hong Kong into a British Dependent Territory amid the reorganisation of global territories of the British Empire. All residents of Hong Kong became British Dependent Territory Citizens (BDTC). Diplomatic negotiations began with China and eventually concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a special administrative region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence.

 

It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990.[69] The expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.

Handover and Special Administrative Region status

Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong

Transfer of sovereignty

Golden Bauhinia Square

 

On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the largest remaining colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong effectively represented the end of the British Empire. This transfer of sovereignty made Hong Kong the first special administrative region of China. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised programme.

 

Structure of government

 

Hong Kong's current structure of governance inherits from the British model of colonial administration set up in the 1850s. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration states that "Hong Kong should enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all areas except defence and foreign affairs" with reference to the underlying principle of one country, two systems.[note 3] This Declaration stipulates that Hong Kong maintains her capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of her people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. [note 4] Such guarantees are enshrined in the Hong Kong's Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance after 1997, albeit subject to interpretation by China's Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).[95][96]

 

Hong Kong's most senior leader, Chief Executive, is elected by a committee of 1,200 selected members (600 in 1997) and nominally appointed by the Government of China. The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, Legislative Council, civil service and Judiciary.

 

Policy-making is initially discussed in the Executive Council, presided by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, before passing to the Legislative Council for bill adoption. The Executive Council consists of 30 official/unofficial members appointed by the Chief Executive and one member among them acts as the convenor.[97][98]

 

The Legislative Council, set up in 1843, debates policies and motions before voting to adopt or rejecting bills. It has 70 members (originally 60) and 40 (originally 30) among them are directly elected by universal suffrage; the other 30 members are "functional constituencies" (indirectly) elected by a smaller electorate of corporate bodies or representatives of stipulated economic sectors as defined by the government. The Legislative Council is chaired by a president who acts as the speaker.[99][100]

 

In 1997, seating of the Legislative Council (also public services and election franchises) of Hong Kong modelled on the British system: Urban Council (Hong Kong and Kowloon) and District Council (New Territories and Outlying Islands). In 1999, this system has been reformed into 18 directly elected District Offices across 5 Legislative Council constituencies: Hong Kong Island (East/West), Kowloon and New Territories (East/West); the remaining outlying islands are divided across the aforementioned regions.

 

Hong Kong's Civil Service, created by the British colonial government, is a politically neutral body that implements government policies and provides public services. Senior civil servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The territory's police, firefighting and customs forces, as well as clerical officers across various government departments, make up the civil service.[101][102]

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