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Devetashka - the Bulgarian Cave with 70,000 Years of Human Habitation
Devetashka cave is an enormous cave in Bulgaria, which has provided shelter for groups of humans since the late Paleolithic era, and continuously for tens of thousands of years since then. Now abandoned by humans, it remains a site of national and international significance and is home to some 30,000 bats.
Devetashka cave, which is known as Devetàshka peshterà in Bulgaria, is located roughly 18 kilometres north of Lovech, near the village of Devetaki. It is a karst cave formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks and characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems.
The cave itself is immense, measuring approximately 2 kilometres in length and with a huge entrance ‘hall’ measuring 60 metres in height. In places the ceiling is 100 metres above the ground and there are seven huge holes through which daylight illuminates the vast interior. It is these holes that earned the cave the name Maarata or Oknata ("the eyes").
About 200 meters from the entrance, the cave separates into two branches. On the left side, a small river runs along it, forming miniature lakes and waterfalls, passing through the main hall and eventually flowing into the Osam River. The right side is warm and dry and contains several chambers, ending with a round hall, known as the Altar. Beautiful stalactites and stalagmites, rivulets, majestic natural domes and arches can be found within the enormous cave and one can see why various human populations would have chosen Devetashka as their home.
Devetashka Cave was rediscovered by a Bulgarian scientist in 1921 but was not fully excavated until the 1950s when the intention was to transform the cave into a giant warehouse. Studies revealed that it has been inhabited almost continuously since the late Paleolithic era. The earliest traces of human presence date back to the middle of the Early Stone Age around 70,000 years ago. The Devetashka cave also contained one of the richest sources of cultural artifacts from the Neolithic (6th millennium - 4th millennium B C).
In June, 1996, Devetashka Cave was declared a natural landmark. The cave is probably best known for its part in the action movie ‘The Expendables 2’, filmed in 2011, in which Sylvester Stallone crash lands a plane into Jean Claude Van Damme’s subterranean lair.
Devetashka - the Bulgarian Cave with 70,000 Years of Human Habitation
Devetashka cave is an enormous cave in Bulgaria, which has provided shelter for groups of humans since the late Paleolithic era, and continuously for tens of thousands of years since then. Now abandoned by humans, it remains a site of national and international significance and is home to some 30,000 bats.
Devetashka cave, which is known as Devetàshka peshterà in Bulgaria, is located roughly 18 kilometres north of Lovech, near the village of Devetaki. It is a karst cave formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks and characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems.
The cave itself is immense, measuring approximately 2 kilometres in length and with a huge entrance ‘hall’ measuring 60 metres in height. In places the ceiling is 100 metres above the ground and there are seven huge holes through which daylight illuminates the vast interior. It is these holes that earned the cave the name Maarata or Oknata ("the eyes").
About 200 meters from the entrance, the cave separates into two branches. On the left side, a small river runs along it, forming miniature lakes and waterfalls, passing through the main hall and eventually flowing into the Osam River. The right side is warm and dry and contains several chambers, ending with a round hall, known as the Altar. Beautiful stalactites and stalagmites, rivulets, majestic natural domes and arches can be found within the enormous cave and one can see why various human populations would have chosen Devetashka as their home.
Devetashka Cave was rediscovered by a Bulgarian scientist in 1921 but was not fully excavated until the 1950s when the intention was to transform the cave into a giant warehouse. Studies revealed that it has been inhabited almost continuously since the late Paleolithic era. The earliest traces of human presence date back to the middle of the Early Stone Age around 70,000 years ago. The Devetashka cave also contained one of the richest sources of cultural artifacts from the Neolithic (6th millennium - 4th millennium B C).
In June, 1996, Devetashka Cave was declared a natural landmark. The cave is probably best known for its part in the action movie ‘The Expendables 2’, filmed in 2011, in which Sylvester Stallone crash lands a plane into Jean Claude Van Damme’s subterranean lair.
The dunes constantly change shape and slowly move downwind. Since gypsum is water-soluble, the sand that composes the dunes may dissolve and cement together after rain, forming a layer of sand that is more solid and could affect wind resistance of dunes. This resistance does not prevent dunes from quickly covering the plants in their path. Some species of plants, however, can grow fast enough to avoid being buried by the dunes.
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White Sands National Monument
Alamogordo, New Mexico
Dec 2016
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La neige ne dissout pas les souvenirs..
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Los recuerdos no son solubles en la nieve.
Chantal Dupuy-Dunier (Fr., 1949)
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Photo: Les neiges du Soulor.
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Foto: Nieve en el puerto Soulor, Altos Pirineos, Francia.
Another experiment with water-soluble crayons and oil pastels - this time over a faintly printed image on matte photopaper. It was interesting how the pigment soaked right into the paper.
Die Siebenfarbige Erde ist ein Naturphänomen in der Nähe der Ortschaft Chamarel im Südwesten der Insel Mauritius. Die Farben kommen durch die Umwandlung von Basaltlava in Tonminerale zustande. Alle wasserlöslichen Bestandteile wie z. B. Kieselsäuren sind weggewaschen, es bleiben nur noch das rötlich/schwarze Eisenoxid Fe2O3 und Aluminiumoxid übrig, das Farben von blau über violettblau bis blaugrün erzeugt. (wiki)
The Seven Coloured Earth is a natural phenomenon near the village of Chamarel in the southwest of the island of Mauritius. The colours come from the transformation of basalt lava into clay minerals. All water-soluble components such as silica have been washed away, only the reddish/black iron oxide Fe2O3 and aluminium oxide, which produces colours ranging from blue to violet blue and blue-green, remain. (wiki)
The seven colored earth is a natural phenomenon and a prominent tourist attraction. The colors evolved through
Due to the tropical weather conditions, all water-soluble elements such as silicon dioxide have been washed out. The remains are the reddish-black iron- and aluminium oxides which create shades in blue, cyan and purple. The various colors developed due to the different compositions.
And what is more fascinating is the fact that if you mix the colored earth together, they'll eventually settle into separate layers. And you may also be puzzled as the colors might play tricks on you and may appear to be shadows.
Millennia, the rocks were pulverized into sands which have the amazing property of settling into distinct layers: if you take a handful of each of the seven different colours of dirt and mix them together, they'd eventually separate into a colourful spectrum, each dot of sand rejoining its colour caste.conversion of basaltic lava to clay minerals.
It is a relatively small area ofsand dunes comprising sand of seven distinct colours (approximately red, brown, violet, green, blue, purple and yellow).
Travel Destination :: White Sands National Monument
Idyllic, Awe-Inspiring, Breathtaking, Speechless, Silence, Mind-Boggling, Overwhelming, Wondrous - all appropriate words for The white sand dunes of Southern New Mexico.
Rising unexpectedly out of the otherwise drab brown Chihuahuan Desert, the white dunes are the largest of their kind anywhere in the world. Yes, White Sands National Monument is huge. The gypsum sand dunes derive from Lake Lucero near the base of the Organ Mountains. Rainfall drains from the mountains into the lake. When the water evaporates the gypsum forms, dries, then blows to create the dunes.
Constant winds blow off the Organs shift the sands day to day so the dunes are ever changing. You'll never find two the same nor will the sand dunes ever stay the same.
The sand at White Sands National Monument is almost pure gypsum. Gypsum is different from many other rocks because it is readily soluble. That means it will dissolve in water, just like sugar or salt. When rain falls on the mountains, the layers of gypsum start to dissolve, and the gypsum runs down the mountains as fast as the water can carry it. You may wonder why there aren't gypsum sand dunes on the other sides of the mountains. The rain certainly washes gypsum down there too. Why is it only in the Tularosa Basin that the gypsum forms sand dunes?
The Tularosa basin has no rivers running out of it. There is no way for water entering it to get out.
I help aspiring and established photographers get noticed so they can earn an income from photography or increase sales. My blog, Photographer’s Business Notebook is a wealth of information as is my Mark Paulda’s YouTube Channel. I also offer a variety of books, mentor services and online classes at Mark Paulda Photography Mentor
All images are available as Museum Quality Photographic Prints and Commercial Licensing. Feel free to contact me with any and all inquiries.
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The Urwaldweg Bödmeren was one of the most beautiful trails we followed. Literally translated it means 'jungle path', but in fact the name refers to the ancient forest that can still be found over there. There is a lot of karst in this region (the dissolution of soluble rocks): you can see some of the special rocks on the right of my photo. And finally, lots of special Alpen flowers, such as 'Alpenrose' here.
Feeding an ever-growing population without negative impacts on the environment is critical. Sustainable agricultural practices transform farming into an environmentally friendly operation while boosting yields and other benefits. One project I'm engaged in involves testing a recycled phosphate fertilizer called struvite on crop response. Struvite, a slow-release phosphorus fertilizer recycled from municipal waste and sewage sludge, doesn't rapidly release phosphorus into waterways like readily soluble fertilizers do. This innovative technology may help us save our water bodies from environmental problems such as eutrophication and algal blooming. This is the study site on a winter day.
According to Wikipedia, Ricinus communis, the castor bean or castor oil plant, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is the sole species in the monotypic genus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae. The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied using modern genetic tools.It reproduces with a mixed pollination system which favors selfing by geitonogamy but at the same time can be an out-crosser by anemophily (wind pollination) or entomophily (insect pollination).
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Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a water-soluble toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant.
Conditions for limestone pavements are created when an advancing glacier scrapes away overburden and exposes horizontally bedded limestone, with subsequent glacial retreat leaving behind a flat, bare surface. Limestone is slightly soluble in water and especially in acid rain, so corrosive drainage along joints and cracks in the limestone can produce slabs called clints isolated by deep fissures called grikes or grykes[2] (terms derived from a northern English dialect).
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Thank you so much for your visit!
Coleus scutellarioides, commonly known as coleus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to southeast Asia through to Australia. Typically growing to 60–75 cm (24–30 in) tall and wide, it is a bushy, woody-based evergreen perennial, widely grown for the highly decorative variegated leaves found in cultivated varieties
Red, purple, pink, and orange colors are due to anthocyanins – water-soluble, flavonoid biosynthetic pigments, found in the foliage in addition to chlorophyll. The increase in anthocyanin production is accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll production. The production of anthocyanins and chlorophyll is affected by light levels; the more light is present, the more anthocyanins are produced, with an inverse relationship to the production of chlorophyll.
The Cerknica Lake normally stays on the Cerknica plain for about eight months a year. At its fullest, it covers a surface of about 26 km2 and becomes the largest lake in Slovenia. During the dry season however, the totality of the water disappears, which enables to walk on the bottom of the lake!
Canon EOS 6D - f/11 - 1/60sec - 100mm - ISO 1600
encapsulated lights in oval soft gels
- for challenge Flickr group Macro Mondays, theme iSpy.
- soft-gels
All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R. P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation was to use a rotary die to produce the capsules, with the filling taking place by blow molding. This method reduced wastage, and was the first process to yield capsules with highly repeatable dosage.
Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubility or permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid dosage form such as a tablet.
Over time I've tried to follow a rule of not putting up more than one shot from each shoot. I'm breaking this rule for two reasons. The first is to mention a distortion bug in SL photography which is fixable.
In the unedited version of this pic, no vertical line was at 90 degrees. Perspective in SL is unnaturally overdone which means vertical lines in RL lean to the left or right depending on the side of the picture. Also, the further you are from the centre of the picture, the more stretched out lines become.
The first problem is soluble easily in Photoshop. In my admittedly ancient) PS, you go to Filters/Lens Correction/Custom tab and fiddle with the Vertical Perspective slider until all the vertical lines which should be at 90 degrees are at 90 degrees. Sadly, the problem of distortion at the sides of the picture can only be resolved by selecting what you want to photograph and camming out further so you can crop out the offending bits.
My second reason for putting up this second pic is to demonstrate more clearly how severe this outfit is and why I've had to put on a man to clear the adoring subs from my path
Hair is No.Match No_Turning
Glasses are DS Piper
Suit is Valentine Dazai
Taken at Sunny's
Maitreya body, Lelutka head Avalon, Session skin Jada T 05
This sandstone is identified as Hutton Sandstone and it is one of the intake beds for the Great Artesian Basin that is tapped across much of western Queensland and western NSW for water supply for grazing and urban communities.
Here at Mt Moffatt where it outcrops it has been sculpted and eroded by the upper catchment of the Maranoa River.
The low rainfalls, and the long periods of low humidity and high temperatures draws moisture upwards in the surface sandstone resulting in indurations (hardening of the surface rock by salts and soluble minerals). You can see this in the hard caps, as well as in the surface grey cladding of the side of these pinnacles. The heating and cooling of the surface then cracks it giving the crazed appearance. In periods of high rainfall the runoff erodes the lower slopes and intervening areas.
This area was occupied by First Nations (aboriginal) people until recently and each of the features in the landscape has story and meaning associated with it in their culture. We don't know the stories associated with The Chimneys.
Beans = 5 Letters.
A selection of pink and blue chocolate beans (Also known as Smarties) on a saucer of water. As the coloured candy shell comes into contact with the water the colour leeches out of the candy into the water. This happens with other candy beans or buttons, such as Skittles etc.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smarties
123 Pictures in 2023, theme # 17 Chocolate
Macro Mondays theme 5letters
Smile on Saturday! :-) theme Pink & Blue
Karst region in Bödmeren: limestone rocks such as these dissolve under the influence of rain. As a result there are cracks and sinkholes and you have to watch out where you put your feet!
Macro Mondays: Remedy
To avoid scurvy: a Green Ant, for Bush Tucker Vitamin C from Northern Australia, on an Orange.
Green Ants have ascorbic acid in the abdomen.
"Ascorbic acid ... water-soluble vitamin, Vitamin C, which has a major role in the formation of collagen, bones, blood vessels and connective tissues; occurring naturally in citrus fruits ..."* and Green Ants.
*Macquarie Dictionary
Artistic Temperament Scavenger Hunt: 1. Balance 2. Orange
this pictorial work depicts a countryside landscape taken from a photograph. I emphasized the colors, using the splendid Prismalo water-soluble pastels by Caran D'Asche, on Favini high-weight 220 gsm smooth paper. Technically I slightly wet the tips of the pastels in the areas where I needed to saturate the color as much as possible. Thanks for all the generous comments!
Rhizostoma pulmo, commonly known as the barrel jellyfish, the dustbin-lid jellyfish or the frilly-mouthed jellyfish, is a scyphomedusa in the family Rhizostomatidae. It is found in the northeast Atlantic , and in the Adriatic, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Azov. It is also known from the southern Atlantic off the western South African coast and into False Bay.
It is common in the Irish Sea. It typically is up to 40 cm (16 in) in diameter, but can exceptionally reach 150 cm (59 in) or larger, making it the largest jellyfish in British waters (Cyanea capillata reaches an even larger size, but is generally smaller in Britain). On 13 July 2019, wildlife biologist Lizzie Daly dived off the coast of Cornwall in the United Kingdom, along with the underwater cinematographer Dan Abbott. The two divers shared their encounter with a human-sized barrel jellyfish, Rhizostoma pulmo. The species could typically grow up to one meter (3.2 feet) and weigh up to 25 kilograms (55 lbs). However, they are not larger than the lion's mane jellyfish.
Rhizostoma pulmo is moderately venomous but not as deadly as other species. However, there have been cases when the jellyfish has stung a human. The effects were a burning sensation on the skin, dermatitis, and ulcers which confirms it is toxic to humans. However, it does not pose a serious threat to humans. It is a favourite food of the leatherback turtle.
Rhizostoma pulmo washed ashore at Bournemouth in southern England Orifice of a barrell jellyfish
In European populations, barrel jellyfish evoke unpleasant or disgusting feelings[citation needed] but in Asia, they are a source of bioactive compounds used in traditional food and medicine. One study indicates that washing in aqueous solutions and the separation of high molecular weight proteins from the extract, e.g., by membrane filtration, could be a way to remove possible toxic compounds from jellyfish extracts and to concentrate potentially bioactive soluble compounds. The potentially active soluble components may have uses as nutraceutical and cosmeceutical ingredients.
🌊 შავი ზღვის საქართველოს აკვატორიაში შეხვდებით ორი სახეობის მედუზას, ძირპირასა და აურელიას. ორივე სახეობას გააჩნია შხამი, მაგრამ მათი შხამი ადამიანებისთვის საფრთხეს არ წარმოადგენს.
🔹 მედუზა ძირპირა (Rhizostoma pulmo) მალთაყვის სანაპიროზე
მედუზის ამ სახეობას აქვს მოლურჯო, ქოლგისმაგვარი სხეული, რომლის კიდეები ბოლოვდება მუქი ლურჯი, იისფერი შეფერილობის პატარა ჯიბეებსმაგვარი ქსოვილით, რომელიც გრძნობის ორგანოებს შეიცავს. აქვს საშუალოდ რვა ორალური საცეცი. „ქოლგის“ დიამეტრი საშუალოდ 40 სმ-ა, თუმცა, აღწერილია 150 სმ-იანი ინდივიდებიც.
ძირპირა ზომიერად შხამიანი სახეობაა, თუმცა, მისი შხამი ადამიანისთვის მომაკლვდინებელი არ არის. დასუსხვის შემთხვევაში კანზე იწვევს დამწვრობის მსგავს შეგრძნებას.
ხშირია ნაპირზე ამ მედუზების მასიური გამორიყვის ფაქტები. წყლის დინებისა თუ ქარის გავლენით ისინი დიდ გუნდებად შეიძლება შეჯგუფდნენ. ამ დროს ძლიერი ქარი ან ძლიერი დინება დიდი რაოდენობის ინდივიდების გამორიყვას იწვევს. წყლის ტემპერატურის უეცარი ვარდნაც შეიძლება იყოს მასიური გამორიყვის მიზეზი.
ძირპირები ხშირად გვხვდება წყლის ზედაპირთან ახლოს.
მათი ნახვა ყველაზე მარტივია მაისიდან ოქტომბრამდე.
They are evergreen or deciduous shrubs or trees growing to 1–18 m (3.3–59.1 ft) in height and forming dense thickets. The largest, Tamarix aphylla, is an evergreen tree that can grow to 18 m (59 ft) tall. They usually grow on saline soils, tolerating up to 15,000 ppm soluble salt, and can also tolerate alkaline conditions (Wikipedia)
A sand rose (also desert rose, barite or gypsum rose) is an irregularly shaped crystal structure that usually consists of grains of sand embedded in a crystal of gypsum or barite.
The water-soluble gypsum roses arise in hot and dry desert areas, i.e. in an arid climate. As surface moisture evaporates quickly, groundwater is pumped upwards by capillary forces. The salts dissolved in the water crystallize due to progressive evaporation and, together with the sand, form the characteristic, leaf-shaped structures. These are found primarily in North Africa in the Sahara and in Namibia. (Wikipedia)
[Dedicated to CRA (ILYWAMHASAM)]
Taken Nov 30, 2023 and uploaded for the group
CrAzY Tuesday #NaturalTextures
😄HaPpY CrAzY Tuesday😄
Gigaset GS290
ƒ/2.0
3.5 mm
1/14 Sec
ISO 3997
una prospettiva di un vicolo immaginario, disegnato su carta da disegno liscia con grammatura 220 gr/mq. Geometrie disegnate con una matita in grafite 2H e dipinta con matite colorate acquarellabili della Caran D'Ache serie Prismalo.
Grazie per tutti i gentili commenti.
a perspective of an imaginary alley, drawn on smooth drawing paper with a weight of 220 gr / m2. Geometries drawn with a 2H graphite pencil and painted with water-soluble colored pencils from the Caran D'Ache Prismalo series.
Thanks for all the kind comments.
They actually are! They're packed with omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, and soluble fiber!
Go red this February and join in the fun for National Heart Month.
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Early morning walk - Lamy pen soluble water based ink + finger painted wash with salt water from the tidal pools in the rocks.
Materiali:
Carta Favini liscia grammatura 220 gr/mq;
Matita 2H per disegnare le geometrie ed i contorni Koo I Noor Hardtmuth;
Matite colorate Caran D'Asce Prismalo
Tecnica: ho scattato una fotografia di questo edificio ormai abbandonato nell'antico borgo di Castro dei Volsci, ho lavorato l'immagine con il mio programma di ritocco, in HDR al fine di rendere l'immagine tridimensionale e maggiormente pittorica. Ho stampato l'iimagine e l'ho disegnata su carta liscia di alta qualità, aumentandone le dimensioni di almeno 1,5 volte. Al fine di rendere carichi i colori ed aumentare la texture dell'insieme, ho utilizzato matite colorate acquarellabili (date a secco) della Caran D'Asce, hanno la caratteristica di possere punte molti sottili che permettono un ottimo lavoro di sovrapposizione e rifinitura con effetti pittorici notevoli. Per me sono le migliori matite in commercio.
Un caro saluto a tutti. Ciao
Materials:
Smooth Favini paper weight 220 gr / m2;
2H pencil to draw the geometries and contours Koo I Noor Hardtmuth;
Colored pencils Caran D'Asce Prismalo
Technique: I took a photograph of this now abandoned building in the ancient village of Castro dei Volsci, I worked the image with my retouching program, in HDR in order to make the three-dimensional and more pictorial image. I printed the image and drew it on high quality smooth paper, increasing its size by at least 1.5 times. In order to make the colors load and increase the texture of the whole, I used water-soluble colored pencils (dry dates) from Caran D'Asce, they have the characteristic of having very thin tips that allow an excellent work of overlapping and finishing with effects remarkable pictorials. For me they are the best pencils on the market.
Greetings to everyone. Hello
questo lavoro è stato realizzato su carta liscia ad alta grammatura 220gr/mq con tecnica mista usando matite colorate a base di cera e matite colorate acquarellabili....
this work has been carried out on smooth paper with high grammage 220gr / m2 with mixed technique using colored pencils based on wax and water-soluble colored pencils ....
Chalcanthite, mineral, water-soluble sulfate mineral (CuSO4·5H2O).
Băiţa Mining District, Nucet, Bihor Co., Romania.
Cotton flannelette, machine embroidery threads, soluble vylene, procion dyesTechniques:Piecing fabrics, fabric dying with procion dyes, machine embroidery
Sugarcane, or sugar cane, or simply cane, are several species of tall perennial true grasses of the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae, used for sugar production. The plant is two to six metres tall. It has stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, a simple sugar which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Sugarcane belongs to the grass family Poaceae, an economically important seed plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. It is native to the warm temperate to tropical regions of South Asia, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and South America. Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically 3 to 4 m high and about 5 cm in diameter. The stems grow into cane stalk, which, when mature constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. A mature stalk is typically composed of 11–16% fiber, 12–16% soluble sugars, 2–3% non-sugars, and 63–73% water. A sugarcane crop is sensitive to climate, soil type, irrigation, fertilizers, insects, disease control, varieties, and the harvest period. The average yield of cane stalk is 60–70 tonnes per hectare per year. However, this figure can vary between 30 and 180 tonnes per hectare depending on knowledge and crop management approach used in sugarcane cultivation. Sugarcane is a cash crop, but it is also used as livestock fodder. 22544
Conditions for limestone pavements are created when an advancing glacier scrapes away overburden and exposes horizontally bedded limestone, with subsequent glacial retreat leaving behind a flat, bare surface. Limestone is slightly soluble in water and especially in acid rain, so corrosive drainage along joints and cracks in the limestone can produce slabs called clints isolated by deep fissures called grikes or grykes (terms derived from a northern English dialect). If the grykes are fairly straight and the clints are uniform in size, the resemblance to man-made paving stones is striking, but often they are less regular. Limestone pavements that develop beneath a mantle of topsoil usually exhibit more rounded forms.
There's nothing wrong with your eyes, this is Spotted Lake, just outside of Osoyoos in BC - it's quite something to see in real life.
The lake is sacred to the Okanagan First Nations people and is known as Klikuk - a sacred medicine lake. As with saline lakes (or an 'endorheic alkali lake'), it forms in depressions in grassland landscapes where there is no outlet for the collected water.
Where the surrounding soils have high levels of soluble minerals, increased concentrations of salts accumulate as the lakes fill with spring runoff. During the hot, dry weather, when the rate of evaporation is higher than the rate at which water runs into the depression, the water level drops to expose the salts as rings around the edge.
As the summer heat evaporates the natural water, pools are formed that change in color and range from blue to green to yellow, depending on the type and concentration of minerals in it, resulting in very high concentrations of salts, titanium, calcium, sulphates and other minerals, and some say Spotted Lake BC has the highest concentrations of minerals in the world.
Canon EOS 6D - f/8 - 13 sec - 100mm - ISO 200
- soft-gels
All modern soft-gel encapsulation uses variations of a process developed by R. P. Scherer in 1933. His innovation was to use a rotary die to produce the capsules, with the filling taking place by blow molding. This method reduced wastage, and was the first process to yield capsules with highly repeatable dosage.
Softgels can be an effective delivery system for oral drugs, especially poorly soluble drugs. This is because the fill can contain liquid ingredients that help increase solubility or permeability of the drug across the membranes in the body. Liquid ingredients are difficult to include in any other solid dosage form such as a tablet.
Iced coffee and cold brew are mostly popular in the sunnier climates but have found a place in the coffee shops of the UK.
What’s the difference between iced coffee and cold brew?
With iced coffee, the coffee is usually prepared with hot water first and then cooled. When you make coffee using hot water, it oxidises and degrades much more and does it faster.
Cold Brew uses cold or room-temperature water to brew the coffee, which gives a different quality to the flavour because it’s less soluble than brewing it in hot water. This means it's a slower process than iced coffee but by increasing the time at which you're ‘extracting’ or ‘brewing’, you maximise the solubility of the coffee grounds. So a proper ‘cold brew’ coffee can take a little longer to prepare.
Using a cold brew method, you’ll often find the acidity and bitterness of the coffee is lower.
A karst is "terrain with distinctive landforms and drainage characteristics resulting from the relatively high solubility of certain rock types in natural waters. Limestones and dolomites are the dominant karst rocks in Tasmania, but karst is also known in magnesite, a magnesium-rich rock which occurs in north-west Tasmania."
dpipwe.tas.gov.au/conservation/geoconservation/karst
And so here at the Trowutta Arch we see a classic example. The sinkhole pond was created by the collapse of a large cavernous ceiling. If you look between the two poles in this photograph you'll see an entrance to a large cave. There are several others scattered around the site. A spelunker's delight.
Another wave of La Nina rain storms hits the Gold Coast leaving raindrops on my Epiphyllum oxypetalum (Queen of the Night) plants. But there's more. Each raindrop is gleaming with tiny air bubbles. I suspect the air has dissolved in the cold water at altitude as the raindrop forms. Air is less soluble at warmer lower altitudes, that is a ground level on the leaves, so it forms tiny bubbles inside the raindrop.
Medicine Lake
Jasper National Park
Alberta Canada
Summer visitors assume that Medicine Lake is a normal mountain lake, but it isn't.
During the summer, glacier melt waters flood the lake, sometimes overflowing it. In fall and winter the lake disappears, becoming a mudflat with scattered pools of water connected by a stream. But there is no visible channel draining the lake – so where then does the water go?
The answer is, "out the bottom", like a bathtub without a plug. The Maligne River pours into the lake from the south and drains out through sinkholes in the bottom. The water then streams through a cave system formed in the slightly soluble limestone rock, surfacing again in the area of Maligne Canyon 16 kilometers downstream.
Summer melt water coming into the lake exceeds the capacity of the sinkholes to drain it. Decreased melt water in the late summer and fall means that the lake's sinkholes can drain the lake faster then the Maligne River can fill it. This creates the disappearing lake phenomena.
Medicine Lake is a Unesco World Heritage Site.
Much to read...but it's really interesting.. :-)
Cave Dale a dry limestone valley close to Castleton in the Peak District, Derbyshire.
The dale rises gently after leaving Castleton for approximately 200 metres before becoming steeper culminating in a fine viewpoint down the dale taking in Peveril Castle with Lose Hill behind. After the viewpoint the dale swings west and levels out with gentle gradients, becoming just a shallow depression as it peters out onto the open pastureland between Castleton and Chapel-en-le-Frith.
Cave Dale was initially formed by glacial meltwater carving a deep narrow valley in the local soluble limestone. The river then found a route underground leaving a dry valley with caverns underneath. Later on the caverns below Cave Dale collapsed making the valley even deeper and gorge-like at the northern end. The Castleton entrance to Cave Dale had a narrow natural arch as recently as 200 years ago, a relic of the roof collapse. The lower slopes of the dale have large amounts of scree, frost on the higher limestone cliffs having caused the rock to shatter.
A bridleway runs the entire length of the dale, part of the Limestone Way footpath which travels 80 kilometres from Castleton to Rocester in Staffordshire. Cave Dale is accessed through a narrow rocky opening almost from the centre of Castleton and Peveril Castle is seen high up on the almost vertical western slopes. The Normans chose this site because the steep sides of Cave Dale gave a natural defence and good lookout.
The chambers and caves of Peak Cavern run directly below Cave Dale and any small streams in the dale quickly disappear into the ground down limestone fissures and into the caverns beneath. Mineral veins can also be seen within the limestone of the dale. The cliffs at the northern end of Cave Dale are used by rock climbers and there are several routes in the Very Severe category. There are several small caves or old lead mines within the dale's limestone walls, with one being larger than the rest with bars preventing access.
At the southwestern extremity of the dale as it merges into the moorland between Castleton and Peak Forest are the remains of several old lead mines. The Hazard Mine was one of the major mines of the area. Over 5000 tonnes of lead ore were mined, and the main shaft goes down 700 feet. The Hollandtwine Mine lies 250 metres to the east. Drainage from both mines went directly into Peak Cavern.
Information Source:
I have finally broken the paints out!! Thought I should record it at this stage, in case I ruin it when I go in to finish it....Sort of inspired by Georgia O'Keefe
Medium- Water soluble transparent colour on paper,
Size- 56.5 cm x 56.5 cm ( excluding frame),
Art by Tamal Sen Sharma,
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Bell peppers (Capsicum annuum) are the fruits of certain plants from the nightshade family.
They are related to chili peppers, tomatoes, and breadfruit, all of which are native to Central and South America.
Also called sweet peppers or capsicums, bell peppers are eaten as vegetables, either raw or cooked.
Like their close relatives, the chili peppers, bell peppers are sometimes dried and powdered. In that case they are referred to as paprika.
They are low in calories and exceptionally rich in vitamin C and other antioxidants, making them an excellent addition to a healthy diet.
Bell peppers are loaded with various vitamins and minerals, and are exceptionally rich in vitamin C.
•Vitamin C: One medium-sized red bell pepper contains 169% of the RDA for vitamin C, making it one of the richest dietary sources of this essential nutrient.
•Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine is the most common type of vitamin B6, which is a family of nutrients that are important for the formation of red blood cells.
•Vitamin K1: A form of vitamin K, also known as phylloquinone. It is important for blood clotting and bone health.
•Potassium: An essential mineral that may improve heart health if consumed in adequate amounts.
•Folate: Also known as folic acid, folacin, or vitamin B9, folate has a variety of functions in the body. Adequate folate intake is very important during pregnancy.
•Vitamin E: A powerful antioxidant, essential for healthy nerves and muscles. The best dietary sources of this fat-soluble vitamin are oils, nuts, seeds, and vegetables.
•Vitamin A: Red bell peppers are high in pro-vitamin A (beta-carotene), which is converted into vitamin A in the body.