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Twitter: @brobphoto
Nikon D40 12mm f/22 1/15; iso200 EV.-0,7
Queridos Flickr-Amigos: segunda foto de la serie de despedida. Quedan 5 días...
No es efectivamente la foto más bonita de Valparaiso que creo haber tomado, pero es que ésta resume la impresión que me llevo de esta ciudad.
Dejadme que cite a un escritor inglés, afincado en esta localidad desde hace años, (Todd Temkim) para intentar explicaros el porqué. Su breve "retrato" me parece el más acertado que he leido:
"Valparaíso es una ciudad surrealista, situada en el umbral que separa la vigilia del sueño. No es una ciudad “bonita” en el sentido tradicional de la palabra, como aquellas modelos de la farándula que constantemente aparecen y desaparecen. Al contrario, es una ciudad-musa, cuya belleza intoxica cuando se revela sólo parcialmente. Valparaíso es como un poderoso narcótico que uno rechaza inicialmente, pero cuando atrapa, la vida jamás vuelve a ser lo que era...
...en fin, Valparaíso es una cebolla con docenas de capas. Uno piensa que conoce Valparaíso, pero se engaña. Uno nunca termina de conocerlo. Jamás."
¡Chapeau! ¡Eso es Valparaiso...!
p.d. Por cierto, este es el "de noche" peligroso Pasaje Galvez... al menos, eso dicen...
Dear Flickr-friends: second picture from this "Goodbye Series": 5 days remainning...
Maybe it is not the nicest photo I've taken about Valparaiso, but this one means a lot for me because it summarizes different feelings I've got with this city (..furthermore I DO love it).
Please, let me mention an English writer, living in Valpo for many years, Todd Temkim, in order to give you an idea of what Valparaiso has been for me this time. His brief portrait; it seems to me the most accurate I've found:
"Valparaiso is a surrealistic city, placed in the threshold that separates the wake from the dream. It is not a "beautiful" city in a traditional word sense, as those cajolement models constant appearing and disappearing. It is a muse-city, which beauty poisons when it is revealed only partially. Valparaiso is like a powerful drug. Rejected initially but when it catches you, life never will be what it was...
... finally, Valparaiso is an onion with dozens of layers. You think that you know Valparaiso, but you are betraying yourself. You never stop knowing it. Never."
Chapeau! THIS is Valparaiso!
P.d. By the way, this one is "by night dangerous" Galvez Passage... at least, some say it...
Twitter: @brobphoto
Otra reliquia, un Mercury Eight, prueba de que en algún momento Valparaíso fue el lugar en el que buscaba su residencia lo mejor de las altas clases sociales. Este modelo es de 1949, y lo que me sorprendió es que a pesar de parecer estar abandonado, la presión de los neumáticos estaba perfecta...
Another relic, a Mercury Eight, it proofs that in some moment Valparaiso was a place whose residence was desired by higher social classes. This 1949 model amazed me because it seemed abandoned, but its tires air pressure were perfect...!! :-I
Cookeville, TN
Master Gardeners
2017 Putnam Co. (TN) Fair
Using fallen trees from a recent storm, John Snope made this garden floor by making various size (tree) discs and using sand to anchor the discs and stones.
In the island Elliðaey, close to Heimaey in Iceland, is a house whish is Internet famous. Many wonder if someone lives there the whole year around and many myths is circulating on social media about it. If you are curious about the truth you can read about it here: www.snopes.com/fact-check/worlds-loneliest-house-ellidaey/
In the far you can see the infamous glacier/volcano Eyjafjallajökull which got famous when the eruption there in 2010, read about it here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull
The rising full moon just cleared most of the tree branches by the time I took this shot earlier this evening. The cloud cover made this more of a mood than a great, detailed moon shot, but unless I awaken near dawn to maybe see the partial eclipse, which is probably not going to be possible, given the trees and houses near the horizon in the east, this will likely be my only shot of this “trifecta” (super, blue, eclipse) moon.
*******************
copyright © Mim Eisenberg/mimbrava studio. All rights reserved.
See my photos on fluidr: www.fluidr.com/photos/mimbrava
I invite you to stroll through my Galleries: www.flickr.com/photos/mimbrava/galleries
Twitter: @brobphoto
No podía terminar esta serie sin mostrar unos de los símbolos de Valparaiso. Inseparables de sus paseos y miradores están los ascensores que constituyen, por su belleza y funcionalidad, patrimonio indiscutible de la comuna. Valparaíso cuenta en la actualidad con 15 ascensores en funcionamiento (¿quizá una nueva serie?), todos ellos declarados Monumentos Históricos por el Consejo de Monumentos Nacionales. Cinco son de propiedad municipal y los restantes, pertenecen a cuatro compañías privadas.
Este que vemos es el Villaseca. Perteneciente a la Compañía de Ascensores Valparaíso S.A., fue construido en 1907, en el cerro Playa Ancha (más de 100 años!). Está instalado entre los 2 y los 40 metros sobre el nivel del mar, con un largo de rieles de 175 metros. Su trayecto es de 1 minuto 15 segundos. Comunica la Avenida Antonio Varas del plan de la ciudad con la calle Pedro León Gallo de Playa Ancha, pasando en su trayecto sobre la calle quebrada Taqueadero.
Gracias por vuestros comentarios, favoritas y notas en esta serie así como a mi amigo lanin61 (esto lo demuestra.. jaja!), que me acompañó en los dos días que vivitamos Valpo con nuestras cámaras y a muchos de los lugares de los que he visitado en Chile.
I could not finish this series without showing one of Valparaiso symbols. Inseparable of its walks and viewing-points we have the elevators that constitute, for its beauty and functionality, an indisputable commune patrimony. Nowadays Valparaiso has 15 working elevators (new series?), all of them declared Historical Monuments. Five of them are municipal property and remaining ones, belong to four private companies.
This one Villaseca one. Belonging Valparaiso Company Elevators S.A., it was built in 1907 (more than 100 years old!). It is installed among 2 and 40 meters sea level and it's 175 meters rails length. It takes 1 minute 15 second.
Thank for all your comments, favorites and notes in this series as well as to my friend lanin61 (this demonstrates it!) who came with me the two days we visitted Valparaiso with our cameras as well as many of the places I have done in Chile.
Twitter: @brobphoto
Para la novena de la serie, dejamos el detalle y nos fijamos en el paisaje. Valparaiso parece una "ciudad mirador", casi cualquier punto ofrece vistas increíbles. Ésta es la de la Plaza Bismack. Desde aquí se puede contemplar la Iglesia Luterana alemana a la izquierda.
Posee una alta torre y un elevado muro de contención. Su interior tiene una nave cuadrada dibujada por arcos apuntados y balcones, ambos construidos en madera. En 1897 se colocó la primera piedra de la capilla a cargo de los arquitectos Hermanos Bliederhaüser. Tras el terremoto de 1906, que causa importantes daños a su torre, fue reparada por Albert Sieger.
A la derecha, se distingue levemente el Brighton B&B del que hice una nocturna hace unas semanas. Buenos días a todos.
The ninth picture of this series. We leave detail and we concentrate on the landscape. Valparaiso really looks like a "city viewing-point ", almost any high point offers incredible views. This one is from Bismack square. From here it is possible to watch Lutheran German Church on the left side. It has a high tower and a high containment wall. Its interior owns a square ship drawn by pointed arches and balconies, both wooden constructed. In 1897 was placed first stone of the chapel by architects Bliederhaüser brothers. After 1906 earthquake, which caused important damages to its tower, it was repaired by Albert Sieger.
On the right, Brighton B&B (I took a night pic few weeks ago) is slightly distinguished. Good morning everyone.
Twitter: @brobphoto
Nikon D40 18mm f/8 1/15 iso200 EV.-0,7
Ya estoy en Madrid, ya estoy en España. Mientras hago tiempo para salir a fotografiar los alrededores, os dejo una foto de una de las últimas tardes en Chile. Me tocó el único día tormentoso de los últimos meses pero las fotos merecían la pena.
El tratamiento, aunque lo simule, no es HDR. Gracias a todos por los comentarios de estos días.
El edificio de referencia, con esa curiosa mezcla de lo antiguo y lo más moderno, CSAV, pertenece a una de las compañías navieras más antiguas del mundo y fue fundada en 1872. En el comienzo, las actividades de la compañía consistían exclusivamente en servicios de cabotaje, pero rápidamente se extendieron a lo largo de la costa Oeste de Sudamérica hasta el Canal de Panamá, antes que este se abriera al tráfico regular.
Desde el primer día quise fotografiarlo y no pude irme sin hacerlo. Un abrazo.
I am already back in Madrid, I am already back in Spain. While I make some time to go out to take some surroundings pictures, I upload a photo from one of last evenings in Chile. I think it was the only stormy day of last months but the photos worthed it.
Though it's an HDR-look like, it is not!. Thanks for these last days comments.
Referenced CSAV building, with this curious mix between ancient and modern shapes, belongs to one of the most ancient shipping world companies and it was founded in 1872. In the beginning, company activities were consisting exclusively of cabotage services, but they extended soon along West Coast of South America up to the Canal of Panama, before it was opened for regular traffic.
From the first day I wanted to shoot it and I could not go away without doing it.
Big hug for all of you.
T.A.'s grandfather Mink was cousin to Flem. No one is quite sure of Earl's lineage.
Mink had been a struggling sharecropper, who was taken advantage of by Jack Houston, and then abandoned (at least in his own mind) by his cousin Flem when he was charged with Houston's murder.. Convicted of killing Houston, he was sentenced to Parchman at the age of twenty-five, not long after the birth of T.A.'s father, and (after Flem tricked him into making an ill-conceived attempt to escape) spent a total of thirty-eight years there. Mink spent the rest of his life unsuccessfully seeking revenge on Flem.
Somewhat ironically, not long ago T.A. lived for a time in Flem's bungalow (see previous post), and added the garage when he was there. He may also have, in the spirit of the Snopes clan, added the "aspirational" porch, and did add the satellite dishes. Some hold that the porch was added by Flem years before, but that it collapsed because of Flem's shoddy workmanship. In which case T.A. probably is the one who rebuilt it.
Twitter: @brobphoto
C/ Almirante Montt cruce con C/Galos
La segunda de la serie de fotos de esta pintoresca ciudad. Está tomada a escasos metros de donde encontré el coche anterior. Es más, los edificios azules de la derecha son los que estaban de fondo en la izquierda anterior. :)
Espero que este cambio temporal a foto diurna no decepcione demasiado... :)
Second one of a diurnal serie from this beautiful city. It's taken few meters far from where I found previous car. Blue building on the rights are blue building on the left of previous one.
I hope this temporary change to daylight picture does not dislike you... :)
Twitter: @brobphoto
Cuantas más veces visito Valparaiso, más me gusta. No conseguía entender como una ciudad que recibe al visitante con suciedad y deterioro podía ser considerada Patrimonio Histórico de la Humanidad, pero cada rincón pintoresco que descubro, cada nuevo lugar visitado empiezo a comprender.
Hoy descubrí en la avenida Brasil, esta reducida réplica del Arco del Triunfo parisino. No he conseguido mucha información sobre éste más de lo que indican sus inscripciones, "obsequio de la colonia británica en el 425 aniversario del descubrimiento de Valparaiso" y el nombre de su arquitecto, Alfredo Azancot. Espero que algún amante porteño, pueda arrojar un poco de luz y nos dé un poco más de información.
The more times I visit Valparaiso, more I like it. I was not understanding how a city that receives the visitor with dirt and deterioration could be considered Historical Patrimony of the Humanity, but every picturesque corner I discover, every new visited place, I start realising.
Today I discovered, at Brazil Avenue, this small reply of the Parisian Triumph Arch. I did not find a lot of information about it, more than it's indicated on itself, "From British colony in 425th anniversary of Valparaiso discovery" and the name of its architect, Alfredo Azancot. I hope some Valparaiso lover, could throw some light giving us a bit more of information.
will appear as large as our own Mars moons in the sky. The Earth will be at its closest point in orbit with Mars...
Ok, not really but about this time every year I get a variation of this email.
This shot was taken in Arches National Park while hiking down the Park Avenue Trail. I really like the sharp color contrast of the clear blue sky with the red rocks. I thought the moon added a nice anchor point for the viewer.
Desde hace más de 20 años parece que este astillero flotante es una imagen típica del puerto de Valparaiso, lo había visto en muchas postales (solo hay que poner "SOCIBER" en el buscador de Flicker para ver que no he sido el único loco en fotografiarlo, jejeje...) pero lo que no sabía hasta hoy era su utilidad
Pues bien, según su página web, SOCIBER es un astillero reparador orientado casi exclusivamente a la carena y reparación de naves mercantes y pesqueros industriales. Hoy el que se encontraba dentro de éste era el buque "Alpaca".
Otro "icono porteño" que me deja sorprendido. Mejor ver en grande.
For more than 20 years it seems this floating shipyard is a typical image from Valparaiso port. You only need to write "Sociber" in Flickr search tool, to check I'm not the only crazy one taking a picture of it... haha :). I already had seen it in many postcards, but what I didn't know until today was its utility.
Well, as told is its web page, SOCIBER is one repairer shipyard orientated almost exclusively to careenage and reparation of merchant ships and industrial fishing boats.
Actually, the one inside it was "Alpaca".
Another Valparaiso "icon" that amazes me. Better bigger size.
"Not for the squeamish, in the early 1900s the tapeworm diet started to be advertised.
"Dieters would swallow beef tapeworm cysts, usually in the form of a pill. The theory was that the tapeworms would reach maturity in the intestines and absorb food. This could cause weight loss, along with diarrhea and vomiting."
-- Louise Foxcroft, "Calories and Corsets: A History of Dieting
Over 2,000 Years," 2011
--------
Snopes. Com:
"Is this a real advertisement?
Uncertain.
"Whether such a method of weight loss was actually ever a common practice remains a subject of debate. Just because an ad for a diet pill proclaimed the product contained tapeworm eggs doesn’t mean it really did before government regulation of food and drug products."
If there is one thing we should all know about the 2016 election it is that Donald Trump got significantly less votes than either Mitt Romney or John McCain. So it was a lack of democratic turnout that delivered Donald Trump.
Now the Democratic leadership will go out of their way to ignore that fact and loyal Democrats will search for scapegoats but when the numbers show that close to ten million 2008 Barack Obama voters and over six million 2012 voters had something better to do on Election Day 2016, well those numbers don't lie.
I think the method used by Democratic leadership to oust the Democratic outsider candidate who raised more money in small, individual contributions than any other in American history and was hosting rallies even larger than Trump's had a little something to do with so many possible Democratic voters staying home.
You remember all the way back in the beginning how when it appeared Bernie Sanders actually threatened Hillary Clinton’s nomination, the TV news had one pundit after another lined up to tell Americans "Bernie can't win because the superdelagate count is already in." Pundits who pretended to be neutral but Bernie supporters would later learn were on Hillary's payroll.
Then two months before the first primary the DNC, rather than discuss a minor glitch caused by DNC contracted software and come to a solution with the Sanders campaign, ran straight to the media to attack Senator Sanders of his biggest strength, his honesty. The headline was DNC penalizes Sanders campaign for improper access of Clinton voter data. By then most Sanders supporters perception became "the fix was in."
Truth is that Hillary actually did win the Democratic primary and did it without the superdelegates. But the perception of Washington insider propaganda was very real. That first Iowa caucus where Bernie got off to a very late start and Hillary won by less than on quarter of one percentage point was touted by the Democrats inside the beltway as "a big victory for Hillary." Then in the nation's first primary when Sanders had a huge victory and was ahead of Clinton in the overall pledged delegate count by four, the Democratic leadership only counted and released to the media the total with superdelegates included.
By then young voters were already feeling the sting of the Party that they hitched their wagon to. It would be much later when people not involved with the Sanders campaign but avid followers of politics would become familiar with the Party's animosity for voters labeled "Bernie Bros" and dismissed by Hillary Clinton as "children of the Great Recession" who are "living in their parents’ basement." When The Chair Thrown 'Round the World incident went down, unsubstantiated and later proven false claims about Bernie Sanders' supporters inciting violence and throwing chairs around at a third-tier convention in Nevada, it seemed that the main stream media was at fault. But Debbie Wasserman Shultz, who was supposedly in charge of the neutral overseer of the primary, the chairperson of the DNC ran to every news channel to repeat those false claims and berate Bernie Sanders for not taking a stand against violence "fast enough."
The DNC chairperson’s Nevada riot tour was during May of 2016. At that time the Democratic pundits were constantly appearing on news shows claiming that Bernie Sanders needs to drop out “because he is mathematically eliminated” but he wasn’t and they were lying. As a matter of fact Bernie was doing much better than Hillary in donations, doing great in state votes and scored much higher than Hillary in poll after poll matched-up against Donald Trump. So Debbie Wasserman Shultz promoted a false story and berated the nominee to help put a damper on his popularity.
But wait there’s more. Wikileaks on the week of the Democratic convention stole and released the internal emails of the DNC. Information that was so damaging, unification was replaced by protesters in the street and President Obama was forced to call Debbie Wasserman Shultz and request that she step down. Seriously, when a Party is forced into making the first issue on their convention agenda the firing of the DNC chairperson and that person's replacement is later fired by CNN for twice feeding Hillary Clinton primary debate questions, honest Democrats began losing faith while young Bernie supporters saw the blatant dishonesty.
I'm just sayin' that when the DNC's laundry got hung out for everyone to see, when it became obvious that every trick in the book was used by a supposedly neutral party to crush the populist in favor of the entitled, it took a lot of wind out of that Party's sails. Donald Trump’s “Crooked Hillary” label fit for many Bernie supporters. Not enough to actually vote for Trump but enough to stay home or vote other.
Surely Clinton’s failure to hold together the Obama coalition was far more than just Bernie supporters but when you add it all up, the constant projections of the superdelegate count before the first primary ballot was cast, Debbie Wasserman Shultz running to the media to announce that Bernie was being cut off from his own contributors because of some minor glitch, internal communications of the DNC revealed by Wikileaks that the overseers of the primary were feeding misleading information to news outlets about Bernie Sanders and that false claim by the DNC chair that Bernie supporters caused a riot in Nevada, where did that leave the young idealist that democrats desperately need?
And now going forward the big question is will the Democratic leadership address the issue of ostracizing the many liberals in the working class in favor of those few limousine liberals? Will Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren be embraced as the new heart and soul of the Party or will they just go looking for other excuses?
Hace unos días me descubrieron esta joya (gracias, Ivy). Situado en uno de los cerros más antiguos y tradicionales del puerto de Valparaíso, al costado del Paseo Atkinson, se encuentra este Hotel-Restaurante de estilo victoriano. A mí, particularmente, me encantó.
Few days ago, I was introduced to this jewel (thanks, Ivy). Placed on one of the oldest and most traditional hills in the port of Valparaiso, just beside Atkinson Walk, is placed this Victorian Styled Hotel-Restaurant. I loved it.
2017-09-04 0251-CR2-L1E2
Shoes thrown over a wire....what does it mean....
Snopes says...
All across the United States, you’ll encounter discarded shoes hanging from wires, poles, and trees. Theories as to what these shoes signify abound, but, contrary to what one hears, there’s no one right answer.
Who put the shoes there and why? The list of explanations goes on. Suggestions include:
It’s the work of gangs marking the boundaries of their territory.
Bullies take them off defenseless kids, then sling them up out of reach as the ultimate taunt.
Gang members create an informal memorial at the spot where a friend lost his life.
Crack dealers festoon wires to advertise their presence in the neighborhood.
The shoes increase wire visibility for low-flying aircraft.
Overly puffed-up boys who have just lost their virginity or otherwise passed a sexual milestone look to signal the event to others.
Graduating seniors mark this transition in their lives by leaving something of themselves behind; namely, their shoes.
Kids do it just because it’s fun. And besides, what else are you going to do with a worn-out pair of sneakers other than tie the laces together and toss them high?
In the Southwest exists a similar practice, that of placing old, worn boots upside down on fence posts by the side of a road. Driving along, one passes upturned boot after upturned boot. Some people tell us these boots are a way for a homeowner to indicate if he’s gone to town for the day; on his way out, he stops where his driveway meets the road and adjusts the boot so its toe points outwards. When the toe is pointing towards the house, he’s telling the world he’s home. Others say it’s
just a boot-on-a-fencepost thing with no more rhyme or reason to it than there is to those sneakers hanging over telephone wires.
Members of the military have pointed to the practice of pitching an old pair of army boots over the wires when leaving a post as a possible origin for sneaker slinging. According to some, army boot pitching is a ritual performed upon completing basic training, according to others, the boots are tossed when a soldier leaves one post for another, and a final school of thought holds that boot pitching is properly done only when the service itself is being left. The boots are often painted yellow or orange prior to being festooned over a wire.
There’s no one definitive answer as to why those shoes hang from telephone wires. Perhaps the answer lies within each of us, shoe-slinger and non-shoe-slinger alike. We are a determinedly decorative society. At Christmas and Halloween, on Easter and the 4th of July, many of us feel compelled to doll up houses, windows, and lawns with all manner of objects and lights. Some call this folk art. Others will tell you it has to do with the human need for self-expression.
Slinging shoes over a power line could be no more than us letting that side of ourselves run riot. Then again, the whole thing could be merely an invented tradition, with people doing it because they see others doing it.
Twitter: @brobphoto
Casa Crucero. Alvaro Besa, 595. Cerro Alegre
La cuarta de la serie de fotos de esta pintoresca ciudad es también sobre artistas, pero de los que intentan consagrarse :))). Lo que en algún momento debió ser una residencia señorial, esta estrecha construcción, que se encuentra en una curva pronunciada hoy en día es una prestigiosa Galería de Arte en el cerro de los Artistas. Según se puede leer en su página web "los habitantes de Valparaíso la denominan Casa Crucero porque se emplaza en una manzana de tres lados y se enfrenta al espacio urbano mediante una "quilla" o punta, sugiriendo simbolicamente la visión que se tiene de los barcos detenidos en el mar. La fecha de construcción, sería anterior al terremoto de 1906 y posterior a 1861..."
Fourth picture of this picturesque city serie is also about artists, but about those trying to become "serious" ones :))). What in some moment should have been a lordly residence, this narrow construction, which one finds in a pronounced curve is nowadays a prestigious Art Gallery on the Artists Hill. It's possible to read in its web page next text: "...Valparaiso population name it Cruised House (Casa Crucero) since it's located in an three sided block and it faces urban space by means of a "keel" or top, suggesting symbolically vision held on ships when they're stopped at the sea. Construction date would be previous to 1906 earthquake and posterior to 1861... "
Desde el cerro Concepción de Valparaiso, concretamente desde el Brighton Cafe, se tiene esta vista de uno de los mil bellos rincones de Valparaiso. Se trata de la Plaza Aníbal Pinto.
Declarada zona típica y de protección en el año 1976, es una muestra del espíritu de la ciudad en la unión de plan y cerro. Su primer nombre fue La Plaza del Orden y ha sufrido pocas modificaciones en 100 años.
En el centro de ella destaca la Fuente de Neptuno, instalada en 1892, que representa al Dios de las Aguas cabalgando sobre dos dragones, que arrojan agua por sus bocas y a quienes dirige Neptuno con un gran tridente. Desde esta plaza es posible ascender a los cerros Concepción y Alegre.
From Concepcion hill, exactly from Brighton Café, you get this sight of one of thousand beautiful corners of Valparaiso: Aníbal Pinto Square.
Declared typical protection zone in 1976, its first name was Order Square and it has suffered only a few modifications in 100 years.
In the center,it stands Neptune fountain, installed in 1892 represents this God of the Waters leading two dragoons, throwing water from their mouths. From this square it is possible getting to Concepcion and Alegre hills.
Twitter: @brobphoto
Paseo Atkinson
Vamos con la sexta. En el Cerro Concepción se encuentra este mirador. Desde él es posible contemplar todo el borde costero, los cerros y el plan de la ciudad. Una de sus características es encontrarse permanentemente con turistas y visitantes que llegan al lugar para apreciar la hermosa vista de Valparaíso junto a su movimiento Portuario. En el siglo XVIII hubo una cancha de chueca, y posteriormente ya construido, quedó inmortalizado en el óleo de Helsby, el de la niña con aro. En el paseo también se encuentran hermosas casas, que le da un atractivo propio de fines del siglo pasado. Se accede por el costado del edificio de “El Mercurio”, por la escalera Concepción. Antiguamente llegaba hasta el paseo, el desaparecido Ascensor Esmeralda (una nueva serie??); actualmente se puede tomar también un colectivo en la Plaza Aníbal Pinto o subir caminando por la Calle Almirante Montt.
Atkinson Walk
Here we go with the sixth one. In Concepcion Hill we find this beautiful viewing-point. From it, it's possible to contemplate the whole coastal edge, the hills and the plan of the city. One of its main characteristics is metting permanently tourists and visitors (here I avoided them, too early, I guess) who come here to contemplate beautiful Valparaiso sight close to its Port movement. In 18th century there was a "joke field" (?), and later on already constructed, remained immortalized in Helsby's oil, the girl with hoop. In the walk also we find beautiful last century houses.
You can access just by the side "El Mercurio" building (oldest latin newspaper), by Cocepcion stairs. Formerly, it was coming up to the walk, missing Esmeralda elevator (maybe a new serie???).
Eiffel Tower
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the landmark in Paris, France. For other uses, see Eiffel Tower (disambiguation).
"300-metre tower" and "Tour Eiffel" redirect here. For other tall towers, see List of tallest towers. For other uses, see Tour Eiffel (disambiguation).
The Eiffel Tower
La tour Eiffel
Tour Eiffel Wikimedia Commons.jpg
Seen from the Champ de Mars
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930[I]
General information
TypeObservation tower
Broadcasting tower
Location7th arrondissement, Paris, France
Coordinates48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″ECoordinates: 48°51′29.6″N 2°17′40.2″E
Construction started28 January 1887; 134 years ago
Completed15 March 1889; 132 years ago
Opening31 March 1889; 132 years ago
OwnerCity of Paris, France
ManagementSociété d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE)
Height
Architectural300 m (984 ft)[1]
Tip324 m (1,063 ft)[1]
Top floor276 m (906 ft)[1]
Technical details
Floor count3[2]
Lifts/elevators8[2]
Design and construction
ArchitectStephen Sauvestre
Structural engineerMaurice Koechlin
Émile Nouguier
Main contractorCompagnie des Etablissements Eiffel
Website
toureiffel.paris/en
References
I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis
File:Eiffel Tower Drone 4k-Qx c1X3zfEc-313-251.webm
Eiffel Tower Drone
The Eiffel Tower (/ˈaɪfəl/ EYE-fəl; French: tour Eiffel [tuʁ‿ɛfɛl] (About this soundlisten)) is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower.
Locally nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"), it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World's Fair and was initially criticised by some of France's leading artists and intellectuals for its design, but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world.[3] The Eiffel Tower is the most visited monument with an entrance fee in the world; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015.
The tower is 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building, and the tallest structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125 metres (410 ft) on each side. During its construction, the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930. It was the first structure in the world to surpass both the 200-metre and 300-metre mark in height. Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957, it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres (17 ft). Excluding transmitters, the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free-standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors, with restaurants on the first and second levels. The top level's upper platform is 276 m (906 ft) above the ground – the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union. Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels. The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the climb from the first level to the second. Although there is a staircase to the top level, it is usually accessible only by lift.
Contents
1History
1.1Origin
1.2Artists' protest
1.3Construction
1.3.1Lifts
1.4Inauguration and the 1889 exposition
1.5Subsequent events
2Design
2.1Material
2.2Wind considerations
2.3Accommodation
2.4Passenger lifts
2.5Engraved names
2.6Aesthetics
2.7Maintenance
3Tourism
3.1Transport
3.2Popularity
3.3Restaurants
4Replicas
5Communications
5.1FM radio
5.2Digital television
6Illumination copyright
7Height changes
8Taller structures
8.1Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower
8.2Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower
9See also
10References
10.1Notes
10.2Bibliography
11External links
History
Origin
The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel. It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853.[4] In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as "a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals".[5] Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of the company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments.
First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris, the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column
The new version gained Eiffel's support: he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin, Nougier, and Sauvestre had taken out, and the design was put on display at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name. On 30 March 1885, Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower, he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise
[n]ot only the art of the modern engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.[6]
Little progress was made until 1886, when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade. A budget for the exposition was passed and, on 1 May, Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition, which effectively made the selection of Eiffel's design a foregone conclusion, as entries had to include a study for a 300 m (980 ft) four-sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars.[6] (A 300-metre tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort). On 12 May, a commission was set up to examine Eiffel's scheme and its rivals, which, a month later, decided that all the proposals except Eiffel's were either impractical or lacking in details.
After some debate about the exact location of the tower, a contract was signed on 8 January 1887. Eiffel signed it acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company, the contract granting him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs: less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs. Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years. He later established a separate company to manage the tower, putting up half the necessary capital himself.[7]
Artists' protest
Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids, published in Le Temps, February 14, 1887.
The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy, drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds. Prior to the Eiffel Tower's construction, no structure had ever been constructed to a height of 300 m, or even 200 m for that matter,[8] and many people believed it was impossible. These objections were an expression of a long-standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering. It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars: a "Committee of Three Hundred" (one member for each metre of the tower's height) was formed, led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts, such as William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Guy de Maupassant, Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet. A petition called "Artists against the Eiffel Tower" was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition, Adolphe Alphand, and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887:
We, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris, protest with all our strength, with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste, against the erection … of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower … To bring our arguments home, imagine for a moment a giddy, ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack, crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame, the Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the Dome of les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream. And for twenty years … we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal.[9]
A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire
Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids: "My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man. Will it not also be grandiose in its way? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris?"[10] These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand, sardonically saying,[11] "Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms, the beauty of the metaphors, the elegance of its delicate and precise style, one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time", and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before, and construction on the tower was already under way.
Indeed, Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals, and had raised no objection. Eiffel was similarly unworried, pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings, that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them, and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower: "Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony?"[12]
Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built; others remained unconvinced.[13] Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible.[14]
By 1918, it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower (a calligram) to express his feelings about the war against Germany.[15] Today, it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art, and is often featured in films and literature.
Construction
Foundations of the Eiffel Tower
Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887.[16] Those for the east and south legs were straightforward, with each leg resting on four 2 m (6.6 ft) concrete slabs, one for each of the principal girders of each leg. The west and north legs, being closer to the river Seine, were more complicated: each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed-air caissons 15 m (49 ft) long and 6 m (20 ft) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m (72 ft)[17] to support the concrete slabs, which were 6 m (20 ft) thick. Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork.
Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm (4 in) in diameter and 7.5 m (25 ft) long. The foundations were completed on 30 June, and the erection of the ironwork began. The visible work on-site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes: the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed.[18] The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required: the position of rivet holes was specified to within 1 mm (0.04 in) and angles worked out to one second of arc.[19] The finished components, some already riveted together into sub-assemblies, arrived on horse-drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois-Perret and were first bolted together, with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed. No drilling or shaping was done on site: if any part did not fit, it was sent back to the factory for alteration. In all, 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets.[16]
At first, the legs were constructed as cantilevers, but about halfway to the first level construction was paused to create a substantial timber scaffold. This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower, and sensational headlines such as "Eiffel Suicide!" and "Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad: He Has Been Confined in an Asylum" appeared in the tabloid press.[20] At this stage, a small "creeper" crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg. They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs. The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888.[16] Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail, provision had been made to carry out small adjustments to precisely align the legs; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg, capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes, and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary, being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold. Although construction involved 300 on-site employees,[16] due to Eiffel's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways, guardrails and screens, only one person died.[21]
18 July 1887:
The start of the erection of the metalwork
7 December 1887:
Construction of the legs with scaffolding
20 March 1888:
Completion of the first level
15 May 1888:
Start of construction on the second stage
21 August 1888:
Completion of the second level
26 December 1888:
Construction of the upper stage
15 March 1889:
Construction of the cupola
Lifts
The Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction. Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground.
Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition. Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level, or even the second, lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent.[22]
Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward: the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track, and a contract was given to the French company Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs.[23] Roux, Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid, articulated links to which the car was attached. Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car's weight. The car was pushed up from below, not pulled up from above: to prevent the chain buckling, it was enclosed in a conduit. At the bottom of the run, the chains passed around 3.9 m (12 ft 10 in) diameter sprockets. Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains.[23]
The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs
Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible. No French company wanted to undertake the work. The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected: the fair's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower. The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward, and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887.[24] Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs.[citation needed]
The car was divided into two superimposed compartments, each holding 25 passengers, with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level. Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m (41 ft 7 in) long and 96.5 cm (38.0 in) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m (35 ft 6 in): this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves. Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg, producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse, multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated. The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level. After being exhausted from the cylinder, the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg. This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level.[citation needed]
The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux. A pair of 81 m (266 ft) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level, reaching nearly halfway up to the third level. One lift car was mounted on top of these rams: cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car. Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway. The 10-ton cars each held 65 passengers.[25]
Inauguration and the 1889 exposition
View of the 1889 World's Fair
The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and, on 31 March, Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials, accompanied by representatives of the press, to the top of the tower.[13] Because the lifts were not yet in operation, the ascent was made by foot, and took over an hour, with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features. Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels, but a few, including the structural engineer, Émile Nouguier, the head of construction, Jean Compagnon, the President of the City Council, and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré, completed the ascent. At 2:35 pm, Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25-gun salute fired at the first level.[26]
There was still work to be done, particularly on the lifts and facilities, and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May; even then, the lifts had not been completed. The tower was an instant success with the public, and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710-step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May.[27] Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level, 3 for the second, and 5 for the top, with half-price admission on Sundays,[28] and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors.[3]
After dark, the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps, and a beacon sent out three beams of red, white and blue light. Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition. The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top.[citation needed]
Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition
On the second level, the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press, where a special souvenir edition, Le Figaro de la Tour, was made. There was also a pâtisserie.[citation needed]
At the top, there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit. Graffitists were also catered for: sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower. Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ("truly curious").[29]
Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales, Sarah Bernhardt, "Buffalo Bill" Cody (his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition) and Thomas Edison.[27] Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower, where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs, a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition.[30] Edison signed the guestbook with this message:
To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu, Thomas Edison.
Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years. It was to be dismantled in 1909, when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris. The City had planned to tear it down (part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle) but as the tower proved to be valuable for radio telegraphy, it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit, and from 1910 it also became part of the International Time Service.[31]
Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations, and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies.[32]
Subsequent events
File:Vue Lumière No 992 - Panorama pendant l'ascension de la Tour Eiffel (1898).ogv
Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers, 1898
File:Reichelt.ogv
Franz Reichelt's preparations and fatal jump from the Eiffel Tower
For the 1900 Exposition Universelle, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives-Lille. These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level, and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts, although this was situated at the base of the tower. Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism.[24] At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level. The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later.[citation needed]
On 19 October 1901, Alberto Santos-Dumont, flying his No.6 airship, won a 100,000-franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour.[33]
Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century. In 1910, Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower. He found more at the top than expected, incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays.[34] Just two years later, on 4 February 1912, Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower (a height of 57 m) to demonstrate his parachute design.[35] In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications, seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne.[36] From 1925 to 1934, illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower's sides, making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time.[37] In April 1935, the tower was used to make experimental low-resolution television transmissions, using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power. On 17 November, an improved 180-line transmitter was installed.[38]
On two separate but related occasions in 1925, the con artist Victor Lustig "sold" the tower for scrap metal.[39] A year later, in February 1926, pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower. His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station.[40] A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929.[41] In 1930, the tower lost the title of the world's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed.[42] In 1938, the decorative arcade around the first level was removed.[43]
American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower, c. 25 August 1944
Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940, the lift cables were cut by the French. The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946.[44] In 1940, German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika-centered Reichskriegsflagge,[45] but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later, and was replaced by a smaller one.[46] When visiting Paris, Hitler chose to stay on the ground. When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944, Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz, the military governor of Paris, to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city. Von Choltitz disobeyed the order.[47] On 25 June, before the Germans had been driven out of Paris, the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum, who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet, who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans.[44]
A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956, damaging the top of the tower. Repairs took a year, and in 1957, the present radio aerial was added to the top.[48] In 1964, the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs, André Malraux.[49] A year later, an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar.[50]
According to interviews, in 1967, Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67. The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location.[51]
Base of the Eiffel Tower
In 1982, the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service. These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze. The new cars operate in pairs, with one counterbalancing the other, and perform the journey in one stage, reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes. At the same time, two new emergency staircases were installed, replacing the original spiral staircases. In 1983, the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant.[citation needed] The Fives-Lille lifts in the east and west legs, fitted in 1899, were extensively refurbished in 1986. The cars were replaced, and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts. The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil-filled hydraulic system, and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system.[50] A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later.[citation needed]
Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984.[52] In 1987, A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower, using a special cord he had helped develop. Hackett was arrested by the police.[53] On 27 October 1991, Thierry Devaux, along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac, performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower. Facing the Champ de Mars, Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor. When firemen arrived, he stopped after the sixth jump.[54]
The tower is the focal point of New Year's Eve and Bastille Day (14 July) celebrations in Paris.
For its "Countdown to the Year 2000" celebration on 31 December 1999, flashing lights and high-powered searchlights were installed on the tower. During the last three minutes of the year, the lights were turned on starting from the base of the tower and continuing to the top to welcome 2000 with a huge fireworks show. An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event. The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris's night sky, and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour.[55]
The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium on 31 December 2000. The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001. The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003, and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing.[56]
The tower received its 200,000,000th guest on 28 November 2002.[57] The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors per year since 2003.[58] In 2004, the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level.[59] A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment.[60]
In 2016, during Valentine's Day, the performance UN BATTEMENT [61] by French artist Milène Guermont unfolds among the Eiffel Tower, the Montparnasse Tower and the contemporary artwork PHARES installed on the Place de la Concorde. This interactive pyramid-shaped sculpture allows the public to transmit the beating of their hearts thanks to a cardiac sensor. The Eiffel Tower and the Montparnasse Tower also light up to the rhythm of PHARES. This is the first time that the Eiffel Tower has interacted with a work of art.[citation needed]
Design
Material
The Eiffel Tower from below
The puddled iron (wrought iron) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes,[62] and the addition of lifts, shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tonnes.[63] As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of metal in the structure were melted down, it would fill the square base, 125 metres (410 ft) on each side, to a depth of only 6.25 cm (2.46 in) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre.[64] Additionally, a cubic box surrounding the tower (324 m × 125 m × 125 m) would contain 6,200 tonnes of air, weighing almost as much as the iron itself. Depending on the ambient temperature, the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm (7 in) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun.[65]
Wind considerations
When it was built, many were shocked by the tower's daring form. Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering. However, Eiffel and his team – experienced bridge builders – understood the importance of wind forces, and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world, they had to be sure it could withstand them. In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887, Eiffel said:
Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony? … Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower? It was wind resistance. Well then! I hold that the curvature of the monument's four outer edges, which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be … will give a great impression of strength and beauty, for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole.[66]
He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind, rather than a mathematical formula. Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape.[67] All parts of the tower were overdesigned to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces. The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework.[68] In the years since it was completed, engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design. The most recent, devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English, is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point.[67]
The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in the wind.[69]
Accommodation
Gustave Eiffel's apartment
When originally built, the first level contained three restaurants – one French, one Russian and one Flemish — and an "Anglo-American Bar". After the exposition closed, the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250-seat theatre. A promenade 2.6-metre (8 ft 6 in) wide ran around the outside of the first level. At the top, there were laboratories for various experiments, and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests, which is now open to the public, complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests.[70]
In May 2016, an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June. The apartment has a kitchen, two bedrooms, a lounge, and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine, Sacré-Cœur, and the Arc de Triomphe.[71]
Passenger lifts
The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower's history. Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings, each lift, in normal service, takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip, spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level. The average journey time between levels is 1 minute. The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs. Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance, public access is often restricted. The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift.[72]
Engraved names
Main article: List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower
Names engraved on the tower
Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists, engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower. Eiffel chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the artists' protest. At the beginning of the 20th century, the engravings were painted over, but they were restored in 1986–87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, a company operating the tower.[73]
Aesthetics
The tower is painted in three shades: lighter at the top, getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky.[74] It was originally reddish brown; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as "Eiffel Tower Brown".[75]
The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill-work arches, added in Sauvestre's sketches, which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition.[76]
A pop-culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower.[77] In reality, since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys, only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower.[78]
Maintenance
Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting. The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built. Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment.[56][79]
Panorama of Paris from the Tour Eiffel
Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower
Tourism
Transport
The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir-Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars-Tour Eiffel.[80] The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna.
Popularity
Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004
More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889.[3] In 2015, there were 6.91 million visitors.[81] The tower is the most-visited paid monument in the world.[82] An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues.[83]
Restaurants
The tower has two restaurants: Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level, and Le Jules Verne, a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level. This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide. It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017.[84] Starting May 2019, it will be managed by three star chef Frédéric Anton.[85] It owes its name to the famous science-fiction writer Jules Verne. Additionally, there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower.
From 1937 until 1981, there was a restaurant near the top of the tower. It was removed due to structural considerations; engineers had determined it was too heavy and was causing the tower to sag.[86] This restaurant was sold to an American restaurateur and transported to New York and then New Orleans. It was rebuilt on the edge of New Orleans' Garden District as a restaurant and later event hall.[87]
Replicas
Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel, Nevada, United States.
Main article: List of Eiffel Tower replicas
As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world, the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers. An early example is Blackpool Tower in England. The mayor of Blackpool, Sir John Bickerstaffe, was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town. It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 m (518 ft) tall.[88] Tokyo Tower in Japan, built as a communications tower in 1958, was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower.[89]
There are various scale models of the tower in the United States, including a half-scale version at the Paris Las Vegas, Nevada, one in Paris, Texas built in 1993, and two 1:3 scale models at Kings Island, located in Mason, Ohio, and Kings Dominion, Virginia, amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively. Two 1:3 scale models can be found in China, one in Durango, Mexico that was donated by the local French community, and several across Europe.[90]
In 2011, the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full-size replica of the tower would cost approximately US$480 million to build.[91] This would be more than ten times the cost of the original (nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs; ~US$40 million in 2018 dollars).
Communications
Top of the Eiffel Tower
The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century. Until the 1950s, sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars. These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers. In 1909, a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar, which still exists today. On 20 November 1913, the Paris Observatory, using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial, exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory, which used an aerial in Arlington, Virginia. The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington, D.C..[92] Today, radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower.
FM radio
FrequencykWService
87.8 MHz10France Inter
89.0 MHz10RFI Paris
89.9 MHz6TSF Jazz
90.4 MHz10Nostalgie
90.9 MHz4Chante France
Digital television
A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957, increasing its height by 18.7 m (61.4 ft). Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m (17.4 ft), giving the current height of 324 m (1,063 ft).[56] Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011.
FrequencyVHFUHFkWService
182.25 MHz6—100Canal+
479.25 MHz—22500France 2
503.25 MHz—25500TF1
527.25 MHz—28500France 3
543.25 MHz—30100France 5
567.25 MHz—33100M6
Illumination copyright
Further information: Freedom of panorama § France
The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015
The tower and its image have been in the public domain since 1993, 70 years after Eiffel's death.[93] In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower's 100th anniversary was an "original visual creation" protected by copyright. The Court of Cassation, France's judicial court of last resort, upheld the ruling in March 1992.[94] The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SETE) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright.[95] As a result, the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use.[96][97] For this reason, it is often rare to find images or videos of the lit tower at night on stock image sites,[98] and media outlets rarely broadcast images or videos of it.[99]
The imposition of copyright has been controversial. The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel (SNTE), Stéphane Dieu, commented in 2005: "It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image, so that it isn't used in ways [of which] we don't approve".[100] SNTE made over €1 million from copyright fees in 2002.[101] However, it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night, as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower.[102]
The copyright claim itself has never been tested in courts to date according to the 2014 article of the Art Law Journal, and there has never been an attempt to track down millions of netizens who have posted and shared their images of the illuminated tower on the Internet worldwide. It added, however, that permissive situation may arise on commercial use of such images, like in a magazine, on a film poster, or on product packaging.[103]
French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented,[104] a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule. Therefore, SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower.
Height changes
The pinnacle height of the Eiffel Tower has changed multiple times over the years as described in the chart below.[105]
FromToHeight mHeight ftType of additionRemarks
18891957312.271,025FlagpoleArchitectural height of 300 m 984 ft. Tallest freestanding structure in the world until surpassed by the Chrysler building in 1930. Tallest tower in the world until surpassed by the KCTV Broadcast Tower in 1956.
19571991320.751,052AntennaBroadcast antenna added in 1957 which made it the tallest tower in the world until the Tokyo Tower was completed the following year in 1958.
19911994317.961,043Antenna change
19942000318.71,046Antenna change
2000Current3241,063Antenna change
Taller structures
The Eiffel Tower was the world's tallest structure when completed in 1889, a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out.[106] The tower also lost its standing as the world's tallest tower to the Tokyo Tower in 1958 but retains its status as the tallest freestanding (non-guyed) structure in France.
Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower
Further information: List of tallest towers in the world, Lattice tower, and Observation deck
NamePinnacle heightYearCountryTownRemarks
Tokyo Skytree634 m (2,080 ft)2011JapanTokyo
Kyiv TV Tower385 m (1,263 ft)1973UkraineKyiv
Dragon Tower336 m (1,102 ft)2000ChinaHarbin
Tokyo Tower333 m (1,093 ft)1958JapanTokyo
WITI TV Tower329.4 m (1,081 ft)1962United StatesShorewood, Wisconsin
St. Petersburg TV Tower326 m (1,070 ft)1962RussiaSaint Petersburg
Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower
Further information: List of tallest structures in France
NamePinnacle heightYearStructure typeTownRemarks
Longwave transmitter Allouis350 m (1,150 ft)1974Guyed mastAllouis
HWU transmitter350 m (1,150 ft)1971Guyed mastRosnayMilitary VLF transmitter; multiple masts
Viaduc de Millau343 m (1,125 ft)2004Bridge pillarMillau
TV Mast Niort-Maisonnay330 m (1,080 ft)1978Guyed mastNiort
Transmitter Le Mans-Mayet342 m (1,122 ft)1993Guyed mastMayet
La Regine transmitter330 m (1,080 ft)1973Guyed mastSaissacMilitary VLF transmitter
Transmitter Roumoules330 m (1,080 ft)1974Guyed mastRoumoulesSpare transmission mast for longwave; insulated against ground
See also
flagFrance portal
Eiffel Tower in popular culture
List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region
List of tallest buildings and structures in the world
List of tallest towers in the world
List of tallest freestanding structures in the world
List of tallest freestanding steel structures
List of transmission sites
Lattice tower
Eiffel Tower, 1909–1928 painting series by Robert Delaunay
References
Notes
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Eiffel Tower at Emporis
SETE. "The Eiffel Tower at a glance". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Engineering News and American Railway Journal. 22. G. H. Frost. 1889. p. 482.
Harvie, p. 78.
Loyrette, p. 116.
Loyrette, p. 121.
"Diagrams - SkyscraperPage.com". skyscraperpage.com.
Loyrette, p. 174.
Paul Souriau; Manon Souriau (1983). The Aesthetics of Movement. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-87023-412-9.
Harvie, p. 99.
Loyrette, p. 176.
"The Eiffel Tower". News. The Times (32661). London. 1 April 1889. col B, p. 5.
Jill Jonnes (2009). Eiffel's Tower: And the World's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris, the Artists Quarreled, and Thomas Edison Became a Count. Viking. pp. 163–64. ISBN 978-0-670-02060-7.
Guillaume Apollinaire (1980). Anne Hyde Greet (ed.). Calligrammes: Poems of Peace and War (1913–1916). University of California Press. pp. 411–414. ISBN 978-0-520-01968-3.
SETE. "Origins and construction of the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
Loyrette, p. 123.
Loyrette, p. 148.
Eiffel, G; The Eiffel TowerPlate X
Harvie, p. 110.
"Construction of the Eiffel Tower". wonders-of-the-world.net.
Vogel, pp. 20–21.
Vogel, p. 28.
Vogel, pp. 23–24.
Eiffel, Gustave (1900). La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres (in French). Paris: Société des imprimeries Lemercier. pp. 171–3.
Harvie, pp. 122–23.
SETE. "The Eiffel Tower during the 1889 Exposition Universelle". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Harvie, pp. 144–45.
Eiffel, Gustave (1900). La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres. Paris: Lemercier. p. 335.
Jill Jonnes (23 May 2009). "Thomas Edison at the Eiffel Tower". Wonders and Marvels. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Michelin Paris: Tourist Guide (5 ed.). Michelin Tyre Public Limited. 1985. p. 52. ISBN 9782060135427.
Watson, p. 829.
"M. Santos Dumont's Balloon". News. The Times (36591). London. 21 October 1901. col A, p. 4.
Theodor Wulf. Physikalische Zeitschrift. Contains results of the four-day-long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910.
"L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol". Le Petit Parisien (in French). 5 February 1912. p. 1. Retrieved 26 November 2009.
Barbara Wertheim Tuchman (1994). August 1914. Papermac. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-333-30516-4.
Smith, Oliver (31 March 2018). "40 fascinating facts about the Eiffel Tower". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
Stephen Herbert (2004). A History of Early Television. 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-415-32667-4.
Piers Letcher (2003). Eccentric France: The Bradt Guide to Mad, Magical and Marvellous France. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-84162-068-8.
"An air tragedy". The Sunday Times. Perth, WA. 28 February 1926. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
Harriss, p. 178.
Claudia Roth Pierpont (18 November 2002). "The Silver Spire: How two men's dreams changed the skyline of New York". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012.
Harriss, p. 195.
Harriss, pp. 180–84.
"HD Stock Video Footage – The Germans unfurl Nazi flags at the captured Palace of Versailles and Eiffel Tower during the Battle of France". www.criticalpast.com.
Smith, Oliver (4 February 2016). "Eiffel Tower: 40 fascinating facts". The Telegraph – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
Carlo D'Este (2003). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. Henry Holt and Company. p. 574. ISBN 978-0-8050-5687-7.
SETE. "The major events". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
Harriss, p. 215.
SETE. "The Eiffel Tower's lifts". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Nick Auf der Maur (15 September 1980). "How this city nearly got the Eiffel Tower". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
Robert J. Moriarty. "A Bonanza in Paris". Air & Space Magazine. Retrieved 4 April 2008.
Jano Gibson (27 February 2007). "Extreme bid to stretch bungy record". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
"Tour Eiffel". Thierry Devaux (in French). Retrieved 19 March 2019.
SETE. "The Eiffel Tower's illuminations". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
SETE. "All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower" (PDF). Official Eiffel Tower website. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
"The Eiffel Tower". France.com. 23 October 2003. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Denis Cosnard (21 April 2014). "Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
Darwin Porter; Danforth Prince; G. McDonald; H. Mastrini; S. Marker; A. Princz; C. Bánfalvy; A. Kutor; N. Lakos; S. Rowan Kelleher (2006). Frommer's Europe (9th ed.). Wiley. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-471-92265-0.
"Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project". BBC News. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
User, Super. "PHARES (2015)". Milène GUERMONT.
David A. Hanser (2006). Architecture of France. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-313-31902-0.
DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Europe. Dorling Kindersley. 2012. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4093-8577-6.
Harriss, p. 60.
Harriss, p. 231.
SETE. "Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
"Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor". Science Daily. 7 January 2005. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
Watson, p. 807.
SETE. "FAQ: History/Technical". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Caitlin Morton (31 May 2015). "There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower". Architectural Digest. Conde Nast. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
Mary Papenfuss (20 May 2016). "Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night". International Business Times. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Eiffel Tower, Paris, France hisour.com. Retrieved 29 August 2021
SETE (2010). "The Eiffel Tower Laboratory". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 12 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
SETE. "The Eiffel Tower gets beautified" (PDF). Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
SETE. "Painting the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
"History: Development of clear span buildings – Exhibition buildings". Architectural Teaching Resource. Tata Steel Europe, Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
"The Eiffel Tower". France.com. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
"Eiffel Tower (Paris ( 7 th ), 1889)". Structurae. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
Bavelier, Ariane (3 December 2013). "Coup de pinceau sur la tour Eiffel". Lefigaro. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
SETE. "Getting to the Eiffel Tower". Official Eiffel Tower website. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
"Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks". France 24. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jean-Michel Normand (23 July 2007). "Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris". Le Monde. France. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
"Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2-day strike". Fox News. Associated Press. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Dali Wiederhoft. "Eiffel Tower: Sightseeing, restaurants, links, transit". Bonjour Paris. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014.
"Eiffel Tower in Paris". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
Marcus, Frances Frank (10 December 1986). "New Orleans's 'Eiffel Tower'". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
Thomas, Jabari (15 September 2015). "Where you can find pieces of the Eiffel Tower in New Orleans". WGNO. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
"The Blackpool Tower". History Extra. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
"The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo". KLM. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Todd van Luling (19 August 2013). "The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you didn't know existed". Huffpost Travel. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
"Eiffel Tower". Pricing the Priceless. Season 1. Episode 3. 9 May 2011. National Geographic Channel (Australia).
"Paris time by wireless". The New York Times. 22 November 1913. p. 1.
"Why it's actually illegal to take pictures of Eiffel Tower at night". The Jakarta Post. 9 December 2017.
"Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992, Jus Luminum n°J523975" (in French). Jus Luminum. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009.
Jimmy Wales (3 July 2015). "If you want to keep sharing photos for free, read this". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
"The Eiffel Tower image rights". Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel.
Hugh Morris (24 June 2015). "Freedom of panorama: EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright". The Telegraph. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Nicholls, Will (14 October 2017). "Why Photos of the Eiffel Tower at Night are Illegal". PetaPixel. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
Cuttle, Jade (1 July 2019). "Why Photos of the Eiffel Tower at Night are Illegal". The Culture Trip. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
"Eiffel Tower: Repossessed". Fast Company. 2 February 2005. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
James Arnold (16 May 2003). "Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower?". BBC News. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
Steve Schlackman (16 November 2014). "Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright?". Artrepreneur Art Law Journal. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
Larsen, Stephanie (13 March 2017). "Is it Illegal to Take Photographs of the Eiffel Tower at Night?". Snopes. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur (in French). World Intellectual Property Organization. 2002. p. 277. ISBN 978-92-805-1013-3. La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité
"Eiffel Tower, Paris - SkyscraperPage.com". skyscraperpage.com.
Chrysler (14 June 2004). "Chrysler Building – Piercing the Sky". CBS Forum. CBS Team. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Bibliography
Chanson, Hubert (2009). "Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower". In Jerry R. Rogers (ed.). Great Rivers History: Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium. American Society of Civil Engineers. ISBN 978-0-7844-1032-5.
Frémy, Dominique (1989). Quid de la tour Eiffel. R. Laffont. ISBN 978-2-221-06488-7.
The Engineer: The Paris Exhibition. XLVII. London: Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889.
Harriss, Joseph (1975). The Eiffel Tower: Symbol of an Age. London: Paul Elek. ISBN 0236400363.
Harvie, David I. (2006). Eiffel: The Genius Who Reinvented Himself. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3309-7.
Jonnes, Jill (2009). Eiffel's Tower: The Thrilling Story Behind Paris's Beloved Monument …. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-05251-8.
Loyrette, Henri (1985). Eiffel, un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre. Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0631-7.
Musée d'Orsay (1989). 1889: la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle. Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Ministère de la Culture, de la Communication, des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire. ISBN 978-2-7118-2244-7.
Vogel, Robert M. (1961). "Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower, 1889". United States National Museum Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. 228: 20–21.
Watson, William (1892). Paris Universal Exposition: Civil Engineering, Public Works, and Architecture. Washington, D.C.: Government Publishing Office.
External links
Eiffel Tower
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Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Texts from Wikisource
Travel guides from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Eiffel Tower at Structurae
Records
Preceded by
Washington MonumentWorld's tallest structure
1889–1931
312 m (1,024 ft)[1]Succeeded by
Chrysler Building
World's tallest tower
1889–1956Succeeded by
KCTV Broadcast Tower
Preceded by
KCTV Broadcast TowerWorld's tallest tower
1957–1958Succeeded by
Tokyo Tower
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower
Tightrope walking
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The feet of a tightrope walker
Tightrope walking, also called funambulism, is the skill of walking along a thin wire or rope. It has a long tradition in various countries and is commonly associated with the circus. Other skills similar to tightrope walking include slack rope walking and slacklining.
Contents
1Types
2Ropes
3Biomechanics
4Famous tightrope artists
5Metaphorical use
6See also
7References
Types
Tightrope walking, Armenian manuscript, 1688
Tightwire is the skill of maintaining balance while walking along a tensioned wire between two points. It can be done either using a balancing tool (umbrella, fan, balance pole, etc.) or "freehand", using only one's body to maintain balance. Typically, tightwire performances either include dance or object manipulation. Object manipulation acts include a variety of props in their acts, such as clubs, rings, hats, or canes. Tightwire performers have even used wheelbarrows with passengers, ladders, and animals in their act. The technique to maintain balance is to keep the performer's centre of mass above their support point—usually their feet.
Highwire is a form of tightwire walking but performed at much greater height. Although there is no official height when tightwire becomes highwire, generally a wire over 20 feet (6 m) high are regarded as a highwire act.
Skywalk is a form of highwire which is performed at great heights and length. A skywalk is performed outdoors between tall building, gorges, across waterfalls or other natural and man-made structures.
Ropes
If the "lay" of the rope (the orientation of the constituent strands, the "twist" of a rope) is in one direction, the rope can twist on itself as it stretches and relaxes. Underfoot, this could be hazardous to disastrous in a tightrope. One solution is for the rope core to be made of steel cable, laid in the opposite direction to the outer layers, so that twisting forces balance each other out.
Biomechanics
Acrobats maintain their balance by positioning their centre of mass directly over their base of support, i.e. shifting most of their weight over their legs, arms, or whatever part of their body they are using to hold them up. When they are on the ground with their feet side by side, the base of support is wide in the lateral direction but narrow in the sagittal (back-to-front) direction. In the case of highwire-walkers, their feet are parallel with each other, one foot positioned in front of the other while on the wire. Therefore, a tightwire walker's sway is side to side, their lateral support having been drastically reduced. In both cases, whether side by side or parallel, the ankle is the pivot point.
A wire-walker may use a pole for balance or may stretch out his arms perpendicular to his trunk in the manner of a pole. This technique provides several advantages. It distributes mass away from the pivot point, thereby increasing the moment of inertia. This reduces angular acceleration, so a greater torque is required to rotate the performer over the wire. The result is less tipping. In addition, the performer can also correct sway by rotating the pole. This will create an equal and opposite torque on the body.
Tightwire-walkers typically perform in very thin and flexible, leather-soled slippers with a full-length suede or leather sole to protect the feet from abrasions and bruises, while still allowing the foot to curve around the wire. Though very infrequent in performance, amateur, hobbyist, or inexperienced funambulists will often walk barefoot so that the wire can be grasped between the big and second toe. This is more often done when using a rope, as the softer and silkier fibres are less taxing on the bare foot than the harder and more abrasive braided wire.
Famous tightrope artists
Maria Spelterini crossing Niagara Falls on July 4, 1876
Jultagi, the Korean tradition of tightrope walking
Charles Blondin, a.k.a. Jean-François Gravelet, crossed the Niagara Falls many times
Robert Cadman, early 18th-century British highwire walker and ropeslider
Jay Cochrane, Canadian, set multiple records for skywalking, including The Great China Skywalk[1] in Qutang Gorge, China, 639-metre-long (2,098 ft), 410-metre-high (1,340 ft) from one cliff wall to the opposite side above the Yangtze River; the longest blindfolded skywalk, 800-foot-long (240 m), 300-foot-high (91 m) in 1998, between the towers of the Flamingo Hilton in Las Vegas, Nevada, and broadcast on FOX Network's "Guinness World Records: Primetime" on Tuesday, February 23, 1999; In 2001, he became the first person to perform a skywalk in Niagara Falls, Canada, in more than a hundred years. His final performances took place during Skywalk 2012[2] with a world record submission[3] of 11.81 miles (19.01 km) in cumulative distance skywalking from the Skylon Tower at a height of 520 feet (160 m) traversing the 1,300 feet (400 m) highwire to the pinnacle of the Hilton Fallsview Hotel at 581 feet (177 m).
Con Colleano, Australian, "the Wizard of the Wire"
David Dimitri, Swiss highwire walker
Pablo Fanque, 19th-century British tightrope walker and "rope dancer", among other talents, although best known as the first black circus owner in Britain, and for his mention in the Beatles song, Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!
The Great Farini, a.k.a. Willie Hunt, crossed the Niagara Falls many times
Farrell Hettig, American highwire walker, started as a Wallenda team member, once held record for stee
About 21.6¢ worth of pennies - all 18 of them. Good thing they're mostly made of zinc.
---------
Explored! Thanks MM gang!
Loretto Chapel, Santa Fe
It is known for its unusual helix-shaped spiral staircase (the "Miraculous Stair"), that may have been created by French carpenter François-Jean "Frenchy" Rochas. It has been the subject of legend and rumor for over 130 years, and the circumstances surrounding its construction and its builder are considered miraculous by the Sisters of Loretto and many visitors.
If you are interested, the whole fascinating story is here, the mystery and miracle-debunking explanations. Loretto Chapel, Santa Fe.
I discovered this little chapel two years ago when I visited Santa Fe and mystery or not, it is a beautiful building, inside and out. I hope to return again this spring for continued metalsmithing classes.
Twitter: @brobphoto
Nikon D40 27mm F9 1/250 iso200 EV.-0,7
Una de las caminatas que tiene Valparaiso es la que se dirige a Playa Ancha. Si llegas caminando hasta la esquina de Avenida Gran Bretaña, al fondo en el Nº 313, se observa una hermosa casona verde con blanco, su edificación es de 1907, en 1910 la adquiere el señor Luis Alberto González Canales (primer Alcalde de Valparaíso en el año 1912). Al costado izquierdo se puede visitar el Museo del Automóvil (una de mis merecidamente olvidadas fotos:)) donde se pueden encontrar además diversas antigüedades automovilísticas.
One of the treks Valparaiso owns is the one going to Broad Beach. If you come walking up to the corner of Great Britain Avenue, a beautiful green big house is observed.
At the foot of this mysterious stair we find an Automobile Museum. At the house numbered 313 we find a gorgeous house with a stair-step garden. It possesses an ancient palm, a gallant entryway, a rich facade, and interesting balconies. The house was built in 1907 by the French architect Arturo Sthandier for the Gonzalez Canales family. Originally Luis Alberto Gonzalez worked for Tello and Gonzalez, an importer of European clothes and other French goods. In 1909, Mr. Gonzalez officially moves into the house with his family, about the time he was designated the first Mayor of Valparaíso.
Note: I did not take this incredible photo, John McColgan did, during a forest fire in Bitterroot Forest, Montana.
"The image was captured in the late afternoon of Sunday, August 6, 2000 from a bridge over the East Fork of the Bitterroot River just north of Sula, Montana. The elk sought refuge in the river bottom during what may have been the most extreme day of fire behavior on the Bitterroot in more than 70 years. "I do shoot some photography, but certainly that was a once in a lifetime, stunning opportunity." ... (more)
See: www.publicsafety.net/john_m.htm and more on Snopes.com: www.snopes.com/photos/natural/deerfire.asp
This is my list of my favorite 2018 songs.
This year I was able to listen to a much broader range of songs than in the past thanks to a great new website (Popnable) that lists the top YouTube listens for an astonishing range of countries (from Kyrgyzstan to Cameroon).
Unfortunately, much of the local music throughout the world is the same factory-produced, autotuned, syndrum-drenched crap that dominates American radio, just in more obscure languages. Ultimately, I weeded through 4000-plus songs to come up with this list of just under 100 songs.
If anyone wants to actually hear any of the songs on this list, go to Spotify and search on “2018 Snopes Favorites.” That should turn up the entire playlist. Or just go to YouTube and start searching song by song.
89 – The Carters – “Apeshit” – It is a sign of the times that President Obama’s year-end best songs list (which was pretty good) includes this song by husband and wife Jay-Z and Beyonce, which includes the line “get off my d**k.” This was an absolutely sex-drenched year in music, and the number of songs about female private parts was astonishing.
88 - MC MM, DJ RD – “So Quer Vrau” – This seemingly German oompah band song is actually by Brazilian hardcore rappers.
87 - Nickie Minaj “Barbie Dreams” – This song disses a whole bunch of rappers in the filthiest ways imaginable. It’s hilarious.
86 - EAZ, Xen, Ledri Vula – “Nasty Girl” – Most of the lyrics to this gentle rap song are in Albanian, but the English chorus seems to be about a female derriere.
85 – Poppy – “Girls In Bikinis” – Poppy is a former Rockette from Boston. From Wikipedia, she seems to live a cosplay life. She has recently started the Poppy.Church.
84 - Tayna, Don Phenom – “Columbiana” – Another song mostly in Albanian. It seems to be about marijuana. It’s an obvious ripoff of Camila Cabelo’s “Havana,” but it sure sounds good.
83 - Yemi Alade – “Bum Bum” – This hooky song by a Nigerian rapper is another about the female derriere, this time about “shaking your bum bum bum.”
82 - Pistol Annies - “Got My Name Changed Back” – Miranda Lambert, Ashley Monroe, and Angaleena Presley are the Pistol Annies. Aggressively feminist country music. “Well I've got me an ex that I adored/But he got along good with a couple road whores/Got my name changed back (yeah yeah)/I got my name changed back (yeah yeah)/I don't wanna be a Missus on paper no more/I got my name changed back (yeah yeah) … I broke his heart and took his money….”
81 - Ashley McBryde – “Girl Goin' Nowhere” – McBryde is a heavily tattooed Nashville singer-songwriter who’s gotten a lot of critical buzz for her first album. This is a good song, but I’m a little skeptical about her long term potential.
80 - Meghan Trainor – “Let You Be Right” – Catchy mainstream pop with cute lyrics:” I don't wanna fight tonight/ I'ma let you be right (let you be right)/We can make up if you just kiss me at the next traffic light”
79 - MC Stojan - “La Miami” – This is classical sounding Arabic pop, with a circular rhythm and sinuous guitar lines – but it’s in Serbian. Even using Google Translate, I can’t figure out what this song is about, although I assume Miami has something to do with it.
78 - Pasha, RebMoe – “I Don't Speak French” – Goofy and catchy song by a Norwegian rapper.
77 – Shenseea – “Body Good” – Shenseea is a Jamaican dancehall performer. This song is a tribute to (in keeping with 2018’s dominant theme) the goodness of female genitalia.
76 - Haifa Wehbe – “Touta” – In 2006, Wehbe was on People Magazine’s 50 Most Beautiful People list. Wehbe won the title of Miss South Lebanon at the age of sixteen and was a runner-up at the Miss Lebanon competition, which was revoked after it was discovered that she was ineligible because she had been married and had a child. (I love Wikipedia.)
75 – Badshah – “She Move It Like” – Badshah is India’s most popular rapper. Google Translate couldn’t handle the lyrics to this song, but I’m betting it’s about the female derriere.
74 - Becky Warren – “Carmen” – Bouncy, upbeat country/Americana love song to Carmen.
73 - Richard Thompson – “The Rattle Within” – Wonderful to hear a good new Richard Thompson song. One of the greatest guitarists ever.
72 - M3NSA – “God Is Good God Is Good God Is Good” – Ghanaian singer and producer M3NSA savagely mocks the minister of the International Central Gospel Church, who was implicated in a financial scandal.
71 – Litany – “Call On Me” – female singer from Harrogate, UK. Smooth and polished request for a one-night stand.
70 - 24hrs, Lil Pump – “Lie Detector” – 24 Hours is an Atlanta rapper (is everyone who lives in Atlanta a famous rapper?). The song incorporates a brief tribute to female genitalia.
69 - Clay Parker and Jodi James - "Easy, Breeze" – Gillian Welch lives.
68 - Lost Frequencies, James Blunt – “Melody” – The sweetest song of the year is from a Belgian DJ.
67 - Alice Merton – “Why So Serious” – An old-fashioned anthemic female belter by a German/English singer.
66 - Emmanuel Jal, Nyaruach – “Ti Chuong” – Christian Sudanese gospel rapper, formerly a conscript child soldier in the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army.
65 - Colin Self - “Story” - Mr. Self’s self-description: “Colin Self was born in 1987 in Portland, Oregon. He lives and works in Berlin and Brooklyn. Self graduated in 2010 with a BFA from The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. A composer, choreographer, and performance artist, Self often works in and with interdisciplinary collectives, using the voice, the body, and digital technologies to explore gender, communication, our relationships to the biological and the technological, the potential for social transformation, and the spaces between and across binaries and boundaries.”
64 - Sebongile Kgaila – “Gladys” – From the great compilation album, “I’m Not Here to Hunt Rabbits.” Apparently, Botswanans play guitar differently than everyone else in the world.
63 - Rodney Crowell, Mary Karr – “Christmas In Vidor” – I wonder what the Beaumont, Texas suburb of Vidor ever did to piss Rodney Crowell off so bad to warrant this piece of pure venom.
62 - Orquesta Akokan – “Mambo Rapidito” – 14-piece mambo band from Havana.
61 - Future, Juice WRLD – “Fine China” – Classic trap artist from Atlanta rhymes “fine china, “I remind her,” “I’m a divah,” and “vagina.” Really pretty song.
60 - King Princess – “Pu**y Is God” – Brooklynite King Princess is very fond of what the Victorians called pudenda. I hesitate to put a gender label on “King Princess,” but she presents as female.
59 – cupcakke – “Duck Duck Goose” – “Easy Bake Oven and this pu**y so similar….” If cupcakke got her mind out of the gutter, she wouldn’t have no mind at all.
58 - Courtney Barnett – “Need A Little Time” – Sydney, Australia singer with an irresistible deadpan singing voice. Classic rock and roll. Barnett has three songs on the 2018 list.
57 - Janelle Monae – “Make Me Feel” – Monae is probably the best of the big-voiced women who dominate the pop radio charts.
56 – Rosalia – “Que No Salga La Luna - Cap.2: Boda” – I’ve long wondered why the distinctive rhythms of Spanish flamenco have not crossed over to the mainstream. It looks like Rosalia might be the first flamenco artist to reach a wider audience. She deserves it, this is gorgeous music.
55 - Car Seat Headrest – “My Boy (Twin Fantasy)” – Leesburg, Virginia’s greatest (now in Seattle).
54 - Courtney Barnett – “City Looks Pretty” – Buzzy guitars wrap around Pavementesque lyrics like this – “Friends treat you like a stranger and strangers treat you like their best friend, oh well.” Addictive.
53 - Thee Oh Sees – “Enrique El Cobrador” – Black Sabbath lives! (and can play their instruments way better than they used to)
52 – XXXTENTACION – “Sad!” – Stereotypically, rapper XXXTENTACION’s career got a huge boost (this song has 878 million Spotify streams) when he was gunned down in Deerfield Beach, Florida in June at age 20. Unstereotypically, his music was innovative and interesting (and not exclusively about female genitalia). It’s really too bad.
51 – Spiritualized – “The Morning After” – Still spacy after all these years.
50 - David Byrne – “ I Dance Like This” – The B-side to “Burning Down the House.”
49 - Soccer Mommy – “Your Dog” – A bracing lyric from the rare Nashville native – “I don’t want to be your f**king dog that you drag around, a collar on my neck tied to a pole, leave me in the freezing cold.” Ringing guitars to boot.
48 - The Chainsmokers – “Sick Boy” – It is an enduring mystery why the Chainsmokers, who are 100% American, sing in a British accent. But, boy do they sound great.
47 - Laura Marling, LUMP, Mike Lindsay – “Curse of the Contemporary” – Eric Burdon meets Heart, with Fleetwood Mac avant-garde garnishes. Maybe the most purely pretty song of 2018.
46 - Cardi B – “Get Up 10” – “Look, they gave a bitch two options: strippin' or lose/ Used to dance in a club right across from my school/ I said "dance" not "f**k", don't get it confused/Had to set the record straight 'cause bitches love to assume.”
45 - Mary Gauthier - “The War After the War” – Political correctness can be both beautiful and, well, correct.
44 - Car Seat Headrest - “Stop Smoking (We Love You)” – The title is the sum total of the lyrics.
43 - Mercedes Peon – “Deixaas” – I’m predicting this is by far the best Galician music you’ve ever heard. Driving beat over lovely intertwined female voices … how could you go wrong?
42 – Odette – “Lotus Eaters” – Piano and voice from a 20-year old woman from Sydney with a plummy fake accent. It ought to be awful, but it really is not. Not at all.
41 - Priscilla Renea – “Gentle Hands” – “I want a strong man with gentle hands.”
40 - Rodney Crowell, Brennen Leigh – “Merry Christmas From An Empty Bed” – Rodney Crowell’s “Christmas Everywhere” is the best Christmas album since the 1981 classic “A Christmas Record” on Ze records. This heartbreaker is the best traditional heartbreaker on the album, though not the best song on the album (which has 4 songs on this list).
39 - Courtney Barnett – “I'm Not Your Mother I'm Not Your Bitch” – Message delivered with a deluge of feedback.
38 - Sofi Tukker – “Batshit” – This duo, who met at Brown University, have a lock in case the Guinness Book of World Records ever decides to add a category of “most times the word ‘batshit’ has been used in a single song.” Autotuned, syndrummed, very polished … and yet really really good.
37 - Alec Benjamin – “If We Have Each Other” – A song to tide us over since Ed Sheeran did nothing new this year. And it’s not bad at all. Maybe Ed should be looking over his shoulder.
36 - Too $hort – Balance – Another female derriere tribute song, but it rises above the genre. “It must be a challenge, trying to keep your balance, with a ass like that, yeah it’s fat, okay…”
35 - Valee, Jeremih – “Womp Womp” – A portion of her physique “tastes like peach cobbler.” Valee is flying a little under the radar because he’s trying to do trap out of Chicago (where it gets way colder than Atlanta, which makes it hard to pull off trap levels of chill). Another very pretty song with extremely sexually explicit lyrics.
34 - Otoboke Beaver “anata watashi daita ato yome no meshi” – These Tokyo women don’t just pay tribute to HarDCore, they run straight over HarDCore.
33 - Rodney Crowell – “Let's Skip Christmas This Year” – Toni loves to put on Christmas music starting pretty much the day after Thanksgiving, but she doesn’t understand how Spotify works so I’m in charge of the playlist. This Rodney Crowell anti-classic will be added to the short list from now on.
32 - Y La Bamba – “Mujeres”– As someone who firmly believes that didacticism and politics are the surest combination for producing terrible music, if you’d have told me that this “Mujeres” is a “battle cry against machismo” by Portland-based Latinx Luz Elena Mendoza I would have confidently predicted a constricted dry monstrosity. ‘Wrong, Moose Breath!,” as Carnak the Magnificent often chastised the magnificently predictable Ed McMahon.
31 - Kapil Seshasayee – “The Ballad of Bant Singh” – If you explore the body of work of Glasgow jazzbo Kapil Seshasayee you’ll find way too much unlistenable experimentation, usually at great length. But this three-minute piece about Bant Singh, an Untouchable who was beaten nearly to death for protesting his daughter’s gang rape, is tightly focused and moving.
30 - Mountain Man - “Stella” – An acapella piece by an unknown three-woman group from Raleigh, North Carolina should have been easy to delete when assembling this list from a starting conglomeration of 4000-plus songs. It wasn’t.
29 - Tal National – “Entente” – For music critics, 2018 was the year of the Tuareg guitarists. The Tuaregs are a Berber tribal group who inhabit the Sahara on the southern fringes of North Africa and northern fringes of sub-Saharan Afria (including portions of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria). Apparently, Jimi Hendrix’s music was extremely popular among the Tuareg and there are a bunch of Tuareg guitarists who have built on Hendrix to produce a guitar-drenched wall of sound. Toni and I and our friends Carol and Jack saw a great show by Tuaregan guitarist Mdou Mocstar at Drom in the East Village in January. But Mocstar released no new music in 2018 and I couldn’t find any music released in 2018 by Tuareg guitarists that measured up to that show. The closest I found was this song by Tal National, a pan-North African group that includes at least one Tuareg. They’re very different from the Tuareg guitarists, but are worthwhile i their own right (if a touch “World Music-ish”).
28 – XXXTENTACION - “Moonlight” – One of the last songs from this 20-year-old is both inspiring and depressing in its intertwining of the beauty of femininity in the moonlight and a “Smith and Wesson” and a “knife in the intestine.”
27 - Sebongile Kgaila – “Tika Molamu (Knobkerrie Throw)” – You guitarists out there should try to put aside your preconceptions and really listen to this new way of playing the guitar from Botswana. Fascinating and energetic.
26 - A$AP Rocky – “Sundress” – A$AP Rocky moved from Harlem to New Jersey where he has been inspired by his fellow intellectual New Jersey-ites Yo La Tengo and the Feelies.
25– Fontaines D.C. – “Chequeless Reckless - Darklands Version” – An idiot is someone who lets their education do all their thinking.
24 - Lucy Dacus – “Night Shift” – A song about recovery from breaking up with your first love. “The first time I ever tasted somebody else’s spit, I had a coughing fit. I mistakenly called them by your name.”
23 – Wussy – “One Per Customer” – Wussy, a Cincinnati band, is the greatest American band that basically no one has ever heard of (Robert Christgau, the venerable rock critic, is a huge fan, but as he’s almost 80 no one listens to him any more). “Don’t you wish you could have been an astronaut, back when astronauts had more appeal?”
22 - 88rising, Joji, Rich Brian, Higher Brothers, AUGUST 08 – “Midsummer Madness” – “Can’t look me in the eyes when you’re sober … last night I lost all my patience … you were f**ked up I was wasted… midsummer madness … I can’t take it … no more.” Beautiful tenor lead and lovely harmonies.
21 - Rodney Crowell, Daddy Cool & The Yule – “All For Little Girls & Boys” – Rodney Crowell actually doesn’t sing on the best song on his brilliant Christmas album “Christmas Everywhere.” This piece is almost 1920’s Appalachian in its sensibilities.
20 - Ammar 808, Sofiane Saidi – “Kahl el inin” – Tunisian-led bass-heavy trance music band.
19 - XXXTENTACION, Rio Santana, Judah, Carlos Andrez – “I don't even speak spanish lol” – A lovely song by the doomed 20-year-old celebrating lust on the dance floor with (for once) no trace of foreboding about his imminent murder. “Dance with me through the night.”
18 - Rita Ora, Bebe Rexha, Charli XCX, Cardi B – “Girls” – Gorgeous autotuned anthem, “Sometimes I just want to kiss girls, girls, girls….”
17 – Rosalia – “MALAMENTE - Cap.1: Augurio” – This fairly traditional flamenca song (admittedly heavily syndrummed) has 67 million streams on Spotify. That is definitely progress for this radically underappreciated Spanish music.
16 - Saba Andemariam – “Halengaye” – I have probably wildly overrated this song since I’m not really very familiar with Ethiopian and Eritrean music. I might be a note-for-note copy for some other Tigrayan classic, for all I know. But to my ignorant ears, it’s a densely structured, edgy gem.
15 - Cole Swindell – “Break up in the End” – Country to the core. “I'll introduce you to my mom and dad/Say ‘I think I love her’ when you leave that room/I'd still not take their advice when I say you're moving in/Even though we break up in the end”
14 - Amen Dunes – “Miki Dora” – NYC solo musician backed by a rotating group of musicians, but they make some shamelessly gorgeous music.
13 - Pistol Annies – “Milkman” – Second best country music song of the year. “If mama would've loved the milkman/Maybe she wouldn't judge me/If she'd've had a ride in his white van/Up and down Baker Street/On a Monday with her hair down and hand about to slide between his knees/But mama never did love nothin' but daddy and me”
12 - 03 Greedo – “Bacc to Jail” – I usually have a visceral reaction against songs that heavily use the n-word (or the n***ah word). But this song is an exception. The word fits the singer’s helpless acceptance that he is being sentenced to many years in prison for the victimless crimes of drug dealing and gun possession.
11 - Moon Hooch – “Light It Up” – As far as I can tell, Moon Hooch is by far the best jazz band playing today. Not a trace of ossification here.
10 - Kane Brown – “Short Skirt Weather” – Kane Brown is about to take popular country music by storm and it’s tempting to label him the “new Charley Pride” since he’s black. But “Short Skirt Weather” is way better than anything Pride ever did. “Oh my baby's made for short skirt weather/Yeah she makes me wish summer would just go on forever/From them yellow polka dots/From blue jeans to leather/Oh my baby's made for short skirt weather.” Brown is going to transcend color (no pun intended).
9 - Janelle Monae, Pharrell Williams – “I Got The Juice” – The title says it all.
8 – The Low Anthem – “Give My Body Back” - After a terrible auto accident after a Washington, DC show, the Low Anthem became very introspective … and very interior, without any real concern about what might be commercial. They did a DC show this spring that was one of the most intellectually challenging shows I’ve ever seen. “Give My Body Back,” a song about a cube-shaped salt doll who walks into the ocean to determine who she really is, has to be their most commercially palatable song of their recent work. This is definitely the most pretentious song on this list, but it was also a serious contender for the best song of the year.
7 - Ashley Monroe – “Hands On You” – Mainstream country yet the most genuinely erotic song of a year filled with sex-drenched songs. “I wish I would've laid my hands on you/ Shown you a thing or two/I wish I would've pushed you against the wall/Lock the door and bathroom stall, windows and the screen/I wish you would've laid your hands on me/That kind gon' bring me to my knees/I wish I would've let you lay me down/'Cause I wouldn't be here wishing now/ I wish I would've laid my hands on you”
6 – Wussy – “Gloria” – “Now he checks the page again/To find the thing he might have missed/Is she a phantom or a memory/Or the girl that you once kissed/So he is typing in her name to prove/That she does not exist/Her name is Gloria”
5 - Fuse ODG, KiDi, Kuami Eugene – “New African Girl” – The most hopeful song of the year came from this British-Ghanaian group: “African girl show them…. Aaah show them/ Ghanaian girl show them…/ Aaaahh show them Cameroonian girl, show them… / Aaahh show them Jamaican girl show them… / aaahh show them our skin so smooth/ Like lotion baby girl come wine that thing/ She got a big bum bum/ Bigger than the ocean/ Are you gonna gimme that thing yeah/ I want to be with you for life/ Oh let me take you on a ride/ yeah I give you what you want ooh cia bella/Let your body talk talk/Make your body talk talk/You African girl talk talk (Oh lord of mercy )/ bad gal talk”
4 - Priscilla Renea – “Jonjo” – The most genuinely poetic song of the year, about a girl and her brother and a treehouse. Purportedly country music, though I’m skeptical that any of Ms. Renea’s songs will ever crack those unsubtle charts.
3 - Childish Gambino – “This Is America” – If videos counted, this would be number 1. But why should Atlanta win everything?
2 - girl in red – “i wanna be your girlfriend”- “Oh hannah/I wanna feel you close/Oh hannah/Come lie with my bones”
1 - Bastian Baker – “Blame It on Me” – “Driving, the gun’s in the seat between us/It might be loaded, it might be loaded/And someday I won’t have to ask that question/It’s always loaded, it’s always loaded/And it all breaks down when you fire that gun” ---– “I’d have walked away, but the blood is on both of our hands.”
Ayer estuve dando una vuelta por Valparaiso a la luz del día. Tiene el mismo encanto o más que a la noche. Esta foto no parece demostrarlo, a no ser por los edificios de la izquierda, pero quería que fuera la primera de una serie de fotos de esta pintoresca ciudad. Espero que este cambio temporal a foto diurna no decepcione demasiado... :)))
Yesterday I went for a daylight walk in Valparaiso. In my opinion, it has same beautiness, or even more, than at nightime. I agree, this photo does not show it... :) maybe only buildings on the left side but is meant to be the first one of a diurnal serie from this beautiful city. I hope this temporary change to daylight picture does not dislike you... :)))
Now that the Presidential election is over, I have an announcement to make. My short story "Fish Kicker" is the winner of the Story of the Month Contest for October in Bartleby Snopes, A Literary Magazine
Many thanks to all my flickr friends who voted for me. Flickr rules!!!!
"Fish Kicker" has also earned a guaranteed spot in the 1st issue of the magazine due out in January of 2009. If you would like to read the story please click on the link below to read the October Story of the Month.
Enclavado en el Cerro Concepción, o el "Cerro del Arte" como se le conoce en Valparaíso, se encuentra el Gran Hotel Gervasoni.
Siguiendo la línea arquitectónica de la ciudad, de estilo clásico con interesantes toques vanguardistas, esta casona fue construida en 1870, por inmigrantes europeos.
Cielos y muros aún conservan los grabados de la época traídos desde Europa tras un reciente trabajo de restauración y conservación.
Es, sin duda, otro rincón mágico en Valparaíso.
Placed at Concepcion Hill, "Art Hill" also know in Valparaiso, you can find the Great Gervasoni Hotel. Continuing architectural city lines, classic style with interesting ultramodern touches, this "big house" was constructed in 1870 by European immigrants.
Roofs and walls still preserve epoch engravings brought from Europe after a recent restoration and conservation work.
It is, with no doubt, another magic corner in Valparaiso.
Twitter: @brobphoto
Vamos por la octava.... sólo quedan 2!!!! Aguantad un poco.... :))
Las calles de Valparaíso son para pasearlas con calma, disfrutándolas (al menos tuve esa tranquilidad en Cerro Concepción y en Cerro Alegre), para poder descubrir mil detalles curiosos.
La foto de hoy me llamó la atención porque al ver estas cuatro puertas tan juntas me vino a la cabeza que, además de parecer compartir todas un pasillo común hasta no se sabe dónde, espero que los propietarios se lleven bien. Si no se soportan no me imagino viviendo ahí.. y no hablemos del cartero, porque si tiene que llamar dos veces... :))
Eighth one .... only remains 2!!! Hold on a bit... :))
Valparaiso streets are to be walked calmly, enjoying them, discovering thousand of curious details... (at least Concepcion and Alegre Hills gave me that impression).
Today picture called my attention because when I saw these four close doors came to my mind that beside all doors seemed to share a common corridor up to nobody knows, I hope owners held good relations otherwise I can't imagine living there.. no way to talk about the postman, because if he has to call twice... :))
Marlo ran through the rain, the cold stinging drops blinding her, she could hear the heavy steps of the man behind her, his heavy yellow slicker creaking with each stride towards her. She reached her car and fumbled for her keys, frantically glancing back, the hooded figure's hook hand glinted in the lone street light as he advanced on Marlo. Marlo threw open the door as he raised the sharp hook over her head and jumped into the driver's seat with a long scream and slammed the door. The doors were locked but the terrible scratching of the hook continued, Marlo put the car into gear and drove madly into the night. She drove until morning, until her heartbeat returned to normal. She pulled into a diner and stepped out, and there, hanging from the door handle, was...
THE HOOK!!
I don't know about some of my blythe friends, but here the urban legend of the hook has been around for at least 50+ years, it's appeared in movies, books, as "true stories" and around every campfire. There's every version you can imagine!
Two years ago I published a graphic showing the favicons of places that I'd recently visited on the internet. I thought I'd take some time (a few hours actually) this afternoon to revisit and refresh that graphic. In order to see this graphic best I'd recommend clicking through the image to Flickr and then clicking on the magnifying glass above the graphic on Flickr to view full size. Best viewed large I suppose as they say.
If you'd like to add a note with a hyperlink to a url for any site feel free. :)
The image above represents only some of the websites that I've visited in the past 2 weeks. The list does not include everywhere I've been on the internet. I've only chosen to share sites in this graphic that have favicons that pop up when you visit them. Probably about half of the sites that I visit (my own included) don't have favicons. The above graphic contains 330 different internet sites that I've visited.
Some stats on my internet activity over the course of the past 2 weeks. From May 15 until today I have visited 12,601 pages on the internet on my primary laptop computer (MacBook Pro). I have visited more pages than this because this is not my only computer. In addition to my primary MacBook Pro, I have three other PCs that I use regularly to surf the internet. I estimate that I probably load a little over 1,000 internet pages a day.
The number one site that I've visited over the past 2 weeks has been FriendFeed. The number 2 site I've visited over the past 2 weeks has been flickr. These two sites represent over half of my internet activity over the past 2 weeks.
Below is a list of sites that are included in this graphic.
1001 Noisy Cameras
30 Boxes
Adrian's
im.alexcarpenter
Yahoo Answers
Anyone's Guess
iTunes Store
I'm Not Actually a Geek
Big Thoughts from a Small Mind
Eskelin Technology
Compete
Epic Edits Weblog
Flickr Blog
FriendFeed Blog
FriendFeed
Go2Web2.0
High Touch
Magnum Photos Blog
MySpace
Seattle Pi.com
Twitter Blog
Wired
blogoscoped.com
blogs.eastwick.com
photopreneur
blogs.wsj.com / Law Blog
blogs.zdnet.com
Google Blog Search
Bloomberg.com
Blue Side of Life - Dave's Weblog
BoingBoing
Google Book Search
Brightkite
Broadcaster House
Brugo, Your Daily Dose of Bit Rates
Camerapedia.org
CertifiedBanger.blogspot.com
Paying Attention
Colin Walker
Commentful
# Comments
Dotted Line
iCraig
Creative Commons
Davis Freeberg's Digital Connection
del.icio.us
Dembot.com
Mozilla Developer Center
Digg
Dossy's Blog
Ethan Klapper
elbo.ws
Mozilla.com
Firefox 3
Wikipedia
SmartSetr
Failblog.org
fatherroderick.sqpn.com
sarahintampa
flickr
forums.ilounge.com
frederickvan.com
Fred Wilson
Edythe
gas2.org
gawker.com
greenstijl.nl
getsatisfaction.com
gigaom.com
gizmodo.com
Good Experience
Gothamist
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"Seek first to understand, then to be understood"
~ Stephen R. Covey ~
"Never explain yourself. Your friends don't need it and your enemies won't believe it."
~ Unknown ~
--
I was tagged again last year (see #3) by Yu-Fen. I think I'm supposed to tag a certain number of other people, but I'm not going to do that (see #1). Instead, if you have NOT been tagged yet and you WANT to be, then consider THIS an invitation! Now for my "16 Things" list:
I . . .
#1. . .dislike chain letters. You know the ones - "send this to 50 of your best friends within 5 seconds OR ELSE". Consequently, I have failed to notify everyone I know to be on the lookout for Penny Brown, nor have I warned anyone of the dangers of snakes in ball pits. I'll take my chances with "OR ELSE".
#2. . .have a subtle and somewhat dry sense of humor...'different' might be a good descriptive term. You would never have guessed, huh?
#3. . .procrastinate - this isn't always a bad thing. Some problems tend to go away if you ignore them long enough, and look at all the time and energy you saved!
#4. . .sometimes don't finish everything I start.
#16. .like to take shortcuts.
;~)
Twitter: @brobphoto
Perdonad mi ausencia, amigos. He estado preparando e iniciando un Proyecto de Vida con mi mejor Amiga y en esta ocasión no era lógico tomar yo las fotos al ser uno de los protagonistas. En tres palabras, "me he casado"... :))
Gracias por la espera.
Esta foto es del palacio Baburizza que se encuentra en el Paseo Yugoslavo.
En 1840 la calle Montealegre es una de las primeras que empieza a recibir edificaciones de la época, todas de un piso. En 1880 se conoce este lugar como Paseo Americano, con piso de tierra y barandas de madera. En 1916 se construye el edificio que cobija al Museo de Bellas Artes, lo que obedeció a los deseos de la familia Zanelli. Al poco tiempo es adquirido por don Pascual Baburizza, de ascendencia yugoslava, quien junto con terminar su residencia, arregla el paseo que hoy lleva su nombre. En los años que estuvo viviendo don Pascual Baburizza en
dicho Palacio (1929-1941), el Paseo Yugoslavo era su terraza privada.
Fue construida en 1916 para la familia Zanelli por los arquitectos Renato Shiavon y Arnaldo Barison, en estilo “Art Noveau”. Mas tarde fue adquirida por don Pascual Baburizza y posteriormente Don Pascual muere en el año 1941, donando la casona con un legado de 96 obras a dicha institución, para instalar en él, desde el 8 de julio de 1971 el Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes. El 19 de julio de 1979 fue declarado Monumento Nacional por la Ilustre Municipalidad de Valparaíso.
Sorry, my friends on this absence. I've been preparing and starting a "life project" with my best Girlfriend, and in this ocassion it wasn't logical taking pictures. I was one of main characters. In a few words, I've got married!... :)
Thanks for waiting.
In 1840 Montealegre street was one of the first to begins to recib period building, all of a flat. In 1880 this place is known as American walk, having flat of land and railings of wood. In 1916 built building shelters Fine Arts Museum, what obeyed to Zanelli family desires. Al bit later is acquired by Pascual Baburizza, yugoslavian ancestry, finishing its residence and fixing the walk today carrying its name. In the years that Pascual was living Baburizza in Said Palace (1929-1941), Yugoslavian Walk was its private terrace.
Fine Arts Museum is also called Baburizza Palace (Palacio Baburizza). It was built in 1916 for Zanelli family by architects Renato Schiavon and Arnaldo Barinson in Art Nouveau style.
After that, it was bought by don Pascual Baburizza. In 8 of july of 1971 is become to the museum municipality of Fine Arts, and on July 19 1979, the mansion is registred as National Building (Monumento Nacional).
This museum have an important collection of paintings of Chilian and European artists from the XIX th and XX centuries.
copyright © Mim Eisenberg/mimbrava studio. All rights reserved.
As promised, here is the life-cycle mosaic of the leek. It was fun to conceptualize and create the photos, and, with the help of Ribbet.com, to create the mosaic.
Warning to all Mac and PC users: Please go to this page and click on the quick and easy test to make sure your computer does not have the malware on it that could make it lose its link to the Internet.
Just a couple of related articles to show that this is a real threat.
www.tomsguide.com/us/FBI-Botnet-DNS-Changer-Rove-Digital-...
www.dcwg.org/detect/checking-osx-for-infections/
And confirmation by Snopes that the threat is real:
www.snopes.com/computer/virus/dnschanger.asp
******************
See my photos on 500px
Or on 72dpi
Or on fluidr.
I invite you to stroll through My Galleries.
A Swiss company has offered to provide a golden army for a military style parade in front of the White House, deliciously fulfilling Trump's inauguration fantasy. i6s+4434