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He was one of the original Tuskegee Airmen.
Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., was born December 18, 1912, in Washington, D. C. His father, Benjamin O. Davis, Sr., was one of two black combat officers in the US Army. Davis Senior's career was badly stunted by segregation. He opposed the practice as not only harmful to back soldiers but also wasteful to the country. Young Ben Davis grew up inside his father's profession. From the beginning, he despised segregation and was determined to destroy it.
In a way, he did; performing so well and leading so effectively that the arguments used to prop up segregation in the Air Force were fatally undermined. He became the first African-American Air Force officer to achieve general's rank, retiring as a lieutenant general in 1970. He was one of the original Tuskegee Airmen.
The younger Davis wanted to fly. To fulfill that ambition, he set his sights on the US Military Academy. He earned an appointment in 1932 from Rep. Oscar S. De Priest (R-IL.), the only black Congressman at that time. Davis believed his classmates would accept him based on the content of his character and not reject him because of his race.
He was wrong about that. For four years he was shunned, meaning other cadets would only speak to him for official reasons. He had no roommate and took his meals in silence. Those who caused this had hoped to drive Davis from the Academy, but their actions only made him more determined to succeed. He graduated thirty-fifth out of 276 in the Class of 1936.
Davis was sure that he would be given the opportunity to fly because he was academically and physically qualified, but it was not to be--not then, anyway. He was turned down for flight training because there were no black units in the air service, and therefore he could not be accepted, despite his qualifications. Segregation was the barrier.
Davis's first assignment was to Ft. Benning, Ga., where he commanded the black service company. After a year, he was appointed to the Infantry School. In the two years Davis served at Benning, the nine Academy classmates also assigned there only talked to him in the line of duty. When Davis graduated from the Infantry School, he was qualified to be in an infantry unit but instead was sent to be a Reserve officers Training Corps instructor at Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, replacing a sergeant.
(Ware County, GA)
The raised red areas have hardened over time with exposure to wetting and drying and the heat of the sun. These are characteristics of plinthic materials or plinthite.
Plinthite is an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of clay with quartz and other minerals. It commonly occurs as dark red redox concentrations that typically form platy, polygonal, or reticulate patterns. Plinthite changes irreversibly to an ironstone hardpan or to irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying, especially if it is also exposed to heat from the sun.
From a genetic viewpoint, plinthite forms by segregation of iron. In many places iron probably has been added from other horizons or from the higher adjacent soils. Generally, plinthite forms in a horizon that is saturated with water for some time during the year. Initially, iron is normally segregated in the form of soft, more or less clayey, red or dark red redox concentrations. These concentrations are not considered plinthite unless there has been enough segregation of iron to permit their irreversible hardening on exposure to repeated wetting and drying.
The identification of plinthite in the field is somewhat subjective because an exact definition including measurable properties has not been adopted. Therefore, no “required characteristics” are provided. (Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2022)
The following discussion provides general guidance for identifying plinthite. Plinthite is firm or very firm (and is commonly brittle) when the soil moisture content is near field capacity and hard when the moisture content is below the wilting point. Plinthite occurs as discrete bodies larger than 2 mm that can be separated from the matrix. A moist aggregate of plinthite will withstand moderate rolling between thumb and forefinger and is less than strongly cemented. Moist or air-dried plinthite will not slake when submerged in water, even with gentle agitation. Plinthite does not harden irreversibly as a result of a single cycle of drying and rewetting. After a single drying, it will remoisten and then can be dispersed in large part if it is shaken in water with a dispersing agent.
In a moist soil, plinthite is soft enough to be cut with a spade. After irreversible hardening, it is no longer considered plinthite but becomes ironstone (if strongly or more cemented). Indurated ironstone materials can be broken or shattered with a spade but cannot be dispersed if they are shaken in water with a dispersing agent.
A small amount of plinthite in the soil does not form a continuous phase; that is, the individual redox concentrations or aggregates are not connected with each other. If a large amount of plinthite is present, it may form a continuous phase. Individual aggregates of plinthite in a continuous phase are interconnected, and the spacing of cracks or zones that roots can enter is 10 cm or more.
If a continuous layer is indurated, it becomes a massive ironstone layer that has (may have) irregular, somewhat tubular inclusions of yellowish, grayish, or white clayey material. If the layer is exposed, these inclusions may be washed out, leaving an ironstone that has many coarse tubular pores.
PLINTHIC HORIZON
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit Rational for Plinthic Horizon and scroll down.
For additional information about Plinthic and non-plinthic U.S. Upper Coastal Plain soils, visit Polygenesis and Cementation Pathways...
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This soil was correlated as the Tifton soil series. The Tifton series was one of the first series to be recognized in Georgia. It was established in Grady County, Georgia, in a 1908 soil survey conducted by Hugh Hammond Bennett. Tifton soils occur throughout the Southern Coastal Plain in Georgia.
They are the most extensive soils in Georgia. They occur on more than 2 million acres in the State. They have been correlated in more Georgia counties (56) than any other soil. Tifton soils formed in loamy sediments of marine origin. They are among the most important agricultural soils in the State. About 27 percent of Georgia’s prime farmland is in areas of Tifton soils. Cotton, peanuts, soybeans, and corn are the principal crops grown on these soils.
The Tifton series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy marine sediments. Tifton soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C (64 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 1360 millimeters (53 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Plinthite: Depth to horizons with 5 percent or more plinthite is dominantly 76 to 127 centimeters (30 to 50 inches), but in some pedons it is 63 centimeters (25 inches).
Silt content is less than 20 percent.
Depth to Redox features: Predominantly greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches), but some pedons have iron depletions below a depth of 76 centimeters (30 inches).
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of Tifton soils are under cultivation with cotton, corn, peanuts, vegetable crops, and small grains. Some areas are in pasture and forestland. The forested areas consist largely of longleaf pine, loblolly pine, slash pine with some scattered hardwoods on cutover areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): The series occurs primarily in the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A), but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 153A).
Extent: large extent
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TIFTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
When in L.R. seeing this statue was HIGH on my agenda. I'd already spoken to the girls about its signifigance before we got there. They agreed that segregation is the pits.
Während ich über "always on" der Telekom unterrichtet wurde, durfte er einfach nur DA SEIN. Die Unterschiede sind gravierend. Das andere wird zum sich anstrengenden Live Style - Konvergenz auf allen Geräten, niemals ohne Rudel leben - das andere zur lässigen Art. Hier bin ich - das reicht.
The Segregation wall streches for miles all around Palestine. It separates villages and towns, families, and friends, more importantly it separates Israel and Palestine. Is separation ever really the way forward?
A nice rocky beach in Southampton on lake Huron. Sunset.
What determines the size distribution, which is clearly not a power law? What determines the shape distribution (defined how?)?
See
physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2006/jul/19/physicists-...
"Colored" entrance to old hardware store in the French Quarter (now the home of the Jazz & Heritage Foundation Archives).
Select "All Sizes" AND "Original Size" to read an article or to see the image clearly.
I thought others might appreciate these tidbits of forgotten history of People of Color.
Please feel free to leave any comments or thoughts or impressions... I look forward to reading them!
"Despite social inequalities, all men are equal before the law"
Back when racial segregation was taking place, many of the black men and women could not even look at a white person let alone shake hands with them without being jailed or lynched. Also notice the shadow cast upon the white person's hand, it represents the cruelty and injustice made directly towards the African Americans in the court system of this time period. Today, these practices are destroyed. In America, all men are created equal which is why these interracial relationships symbolize equality.
Atticus tried so hard to dismantle this practice. He defended Tom Robinson and put guilt into the jury's conscience by repeating over and over again: "all men are equal before the law". A true statement heard all around Maycomb. Justice wasn't served to its fullest, but it did take away the pride of Bob Ewell. Tom Robinson was sentenced to death but when a white person loses their pride and respect it is as if they are a "dead man" walking.
The opposite curb cut was reconstructed and this reciprocal curb cut was left untouched with 11.1% slope.
Selected Background Scenes from Our Georgia Shoot Last week Of Special Note is the Imperial Hotel in Thomasville, Georgia. It's sad that this place has been let go... I am including a blurb from a website.
"Imperial Hotel
704 West Jackson Street
Built by the Lewis brothers in 1949 and operated until 1969 by Harvey and Dorothy Lewis Thompson, the Imperial Hotel is the only known black hotel in Thomasville's history. Until the end of segregation in public accommodations, African-American's could not stay in public hotels. When entertainers such as the King Perry Band, B.B. King, The Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, Earl Bostic, Bells of Joy, Rosetta Thorpe and Marie Knight all came to Thomasville, they had to stay at the Imperial Hotel."
Apartheid was the legal segregation of white and black South Africans introduced by the National Party in 1948.
News-Gazette, 10-10-1985 by Brian K. Johnson
News-Gazette Photographic Negative Collection
All images are provided for personal and educational use. Users planning to reproduce/publish images in books, articles, exhibits, videos, electronic transmission or other media must request permission. For more information please contact the Champaign County Historical Archives at The Urbana Free Library: archives@urbanafree.org
Painting of the wall of segregation in romany settlement during Tomas Rafa's art activism. Supported by culture center Stanica Žilina-Záriečie, "Periférne centrá NGO" and KOŠICE 2013.
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this was taken ages ago.. sorry hehehe today is kind of busy for me(:
the wall separating israel from the west bank. and there is a ton of hate graffiti and other little works of art. this wall made me really really sad, you have to take into consideration the meaning behind it ):
so i guess this "counts" because i edited this a lot. changed the colours so the tone was something i can even remotely like. the sun was really weird that day, it made for a bad photo (as tourists we were in some sort of a rush. beware more wall uploads sometime in the future XD)
Painting of the wall of segregation in romany settlement during Tomas Rafa's art activism. Supported by culture center Stanica Žilina-Záriečie, "Periférne centrá NGO" and KOŠICE 2013.
Reflections in Black and White exhibit - Cape Fear Museum - January 30, 2017 - New Hanover County, NC
Reflections in Black and White, features a selection of informal black and white photographs taken by black and white Wilmingtonians after World War II before the Civil Rights movement helped end legalized segregation. Visitors will have a chance to compare black and white experiences and reflect on what people’s lives were like in the region during the latter part of the Jim Crow era.
Examine mid-century cameras and photographic equipment and experience the “thrill” of opening a replica camera store photo envelope, a rare experience in today’s digital world. Flip through some recreated pages from Claude Howell’s scrapbooks, and take your own photograph in a 1950s setting.
Reflections in Black and White features selections from four large photographic collections:
•African American photographer Herbert Howard was a postal worker, a member of the NAACP, and a semi-professional photographer. Cape Fear Museum has a collection of more than 1,000 images he took documenting Wilmington’s black community.
•Artist Claude Howell left an extensive collection of scrapbooks to the Museum. The albums include hundreds of pages with photographs of Howell’s friends, local scenery, and people.
•Student nurse Elizabeth Ashworth attended the James Walker Memorial Hospital School of Nursing right after World War II. Her photographs provide a glimpse of a group of young white women’s lives in the late 1940s.
•In 2012, the Museum acquired a collection of photos that were taken in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and left at the Camera Shop, a downtown business that was a fixture from the late 1910s through the early 1980s.
Historian Jan Davidson explained why the concept behind the exhibit: “The different historical images speak to each other in some fascinating ways. Most of us can see our own lives reflected in the images, We all eat, hang out with friends, and many of us have taken silly pictures of ourselves or our loved ones. These images show our common humanity, and allow us to relate to people in the past as we might relate to a friend.”
Cape Fear Museum hopes the exhibit will spark reflection and conversation about the history of race relations. Davidson states, “When you look at these images as a group, they give us a chance to reflect on how legally-sanctioned racial segregation helped shape people’s daily lives. We want today’s visitors to have a chance to imagine what it felt like to live in a world where Jim Crow laws and attitudes deeply affected the textures of daily life.”
See more at: www.capefearmuseum.com/
Photo by Brett Cottrell, New Hanover County
"SABOTAGE";
"Third Reich";
"Third World";
"Third-Class";
"Sub-World";
"CANADIAN BANANA REPUBLIC WITH BABOONS AND MONKEYS AND COCKROACHES"
By the way,
Professor Emeritus Robert Kimbrough / Lecturer / Teacher / Author / Authorite has proved and demonstrated that he is the very manifestation and embodiment of "The Bloody Racist Nigger" that the Third World Writer Chinua Achebe is writing about.
I take exception the the demarcation and division and segregation of the World into First World and Second World and Third-World when any blind fool knows that there is ONLY ONE WORLD.
So it is very accurate and fair and realistic to see and despise Kimbrough as a Racist Slave-Driver because, he, in the year 2000 is using and preaching the hate-filled language of his Prophets and Elders and Scribes and Dictators and their books and learning and is brain-washing others with that venomous poison.
I am so fortunate to never have had any preacher, teacher, lecturer, professor, who used the term and justified the term and the usage of the term: THE THIRD-WORLD and THIRD-WORLD PEOPLE, and THIRD-WORLD NATIONS, THIRD-WORLD COUNTRIES, AND THIRD-WORLD CONTINENTS and THIRD-WORLD RACES and THIRD-WORLD-TRIBES.
It is very fitting and deserving that he be shamed with the Noun, COCKROACH, A Bloody Racist Cockroach. This kind of Brain-washing is inexcusable and intolerable and uncivilized for it is hateful and Barbaric and Brutish.
Yet this kind of racist demeaning and degrading labeling and segregation is is the same foul-breath and breadth as those Lobbying American Politicians who preach to their Brothers and Sisters and Brethren about "People from Shit-Hole Countries" and "Shit-Hole-People" (President Donald Trump).
Surveillance camera, Protestant populated Fountain Estate enclave, Derry-Londonderry, Northern Ireland
My version of "Sojourner Conflict" (i used someone's low-res thumbnail photo).
Description from GettyImages.com :
February 1942: A sign placed across from the Sojourner Truth housing project reads, ' We want white tenants in our white community,' Detroit, Michigan, World War II. (Photo by Arthur Siegel/Anthony Potter Collection/Getty Images) here: www.gettyimages.com/detail/3241567/Hulton-Archive
Painting of the wall of segregation in romany settlement during Tomas Rafa's art activism. Supported by culture center Stanica Žilina-Záriečie, "Periférne centrá NGO" and KOŠICE 2013.
The demonstration against segregated buses that took place near the Supreme Court building in Jerusalem on October 27, 2009
Original athletic gear, signed photographs and more are on display at the Wells' Built Museum of African American History and Culture.
L&C unveiled and dedicated a historical marker honoring education champion Scott Bibb, who fought against segregated schools in Alton from 1897-1908, on June 19, 2017 in front of the Scott Bibb Center in Alton. Photo by Jessie Regot, L&C Media Services Intern
Painting of the wall of segregation in romany settlement during Tomas Rafa's art activism. Supported by culture center Stanica Žilina-Záriečie, "Periférne centrá NGO" and KOŠICE 2013.
Monroe Elementary, completed in 1927, was one of four segregated black schools operating in Topeka. In 1951 a student of Monroe, Linda Brown, and her father, Oliver Brown, became plaintiffs in a legal battle over racial segregation. The case reached the Supreme Court, where it gained the name Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. In 1954 the Supreme Court determined that the segregation of schools was unconstitutional. In 1992 the Monroe School was designated a National Historic Landmark. Now it is a National Parks Service site committed to educating the public about this landmark case in the struggle for civil rights.
Credit for the preceding text goes to: www.kansasmemory.org/item/9338
When I graduated from West, segregation was still the rule. Now if I walk throught that grand old building, I can see that times have changed. I think this portrait was done with pencils an copy paper. There is another similar picture on down the hall.