View allAll Photos Tagged Segregation
Pickets line is shown on October 29, 1946 protesting the opening of Lisner Auditorium by George Washington University as a segregated facility.
Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, the star of the play “Joan of Lorraine,” said at a press conference the day before the show opened, “If I’d known black people weren’t allowed in, I’d have never set foot in this town.”
Bergman later reported that pro-segregationists waited outside her dressing room and spit on her and called her an “n_____-lover.”
The Washington chapter of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare set up a picket line opening night October 29 demanding that African Americans be admitted. The cast of the production signed a petition denouncing the “deplorable and un-American practice of segregation.” A veterans group and other students at the school joined them in subsequent days.
In response to the outcry against segregation, the university voted to admit African Americans as patrons of university sponsored events in 1947. However, privately- sponsored events at Lisner continued to be segregated until 1954.
For an article on the long struggle to desegregate Washington, D.C. theaters, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/dcs-old-jim-crow...
For photos related to the struggle to desegregate Washington, D.C. theaters, see flic.kr/s/aHsjEkdYcB
Photo by Washington Daily News. Courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Racist Permit to Assault Black Students:
Permit
Good only until May 29, 1958
Bearer may kick rumps of each CHS negro once per day until above expiration date.
Last chance, boys. Do not use spiked shoes.
Signed: Daisey Blossom
Card distributed by segregation activists at Little Rock Central High School after Minnijean Brown (one of the Little Rock Nine) had been expelled in 1958:
One down...eight to go
"On the morning of September 23, 1957, nine African-American teenagers held the line against an angry mob protesting integration in front of Little Rock's Central High School. As the students met their new classmates for the first time inside the school, outside violence escalated and the Little Rock police removed the Nine from the school for their safety. The next day, President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock to escort the nine students into the school. One of the nine later remembered, After three full days inside Central, I knew that integration is a much bigger word than I thought."
"This event, broadcast across the nation and world, was the site of the first important test for the implementation of the U.S. Supreme Court's historic Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision of 1954. Arkansas became the epitome of state resistance when the governor, Orval Faubus, directly questioned the authority of the federal court system and the validity of desegregation. The crisis at Little Rock's Central High School forced the nation to resolve to enforce African-American civil rights in the face of massive southern defiance during the years following the Brown decision." www.nationalparks.org
This was a reflection in the window and I thought it fit the history of this place.
Though constructed in 1912 as the Baxter Hotel, this building, at the heart of Denver’s Five Points community, achieved its prominence in the years following 1929. With its name change and establishment of the Rossonian Lounge, the hotel became one of the most important jazz clubs between St. Louis and Los Angeles. Jazz greats such as Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Nat King Cole, George Shearing, and Dinah Washington stayed at the hotel and entertained in the Rossonian Lounge between their major Denver engagements. These shows were often staged after the musicians finished their scheduled performances at the same Denver hotels that refused them lodging due to the racial segregation existing at the time.
Which B did this woodland fencing remind me of? Blockbusters! Woodland segregation in the Westridge Woods, Wotton Under Edge.
This Prince William County historical marker titled: 'Brentsville One-Room School' is next to the Brentsville School on the Brentsville Courthouse Historic Centre at 12229 Bristow Road Bristow, Virginia 20136. It reads:
"The Brentsville School as it appeared ca. 1940.
Lucy Walsh Phinney Collection, Gift of Steve and Cynthia Phinney in Memory of Lucy Phinney.
(caption of left photo)
This school was built in 1928 over the original location of the County Clerk's Office. It operated until 1944. The one-room building served local white children in grades one through five. Before its construction, children attended school in the Courthouse.
The first teacher was Lucy Mae Motley who, like her successors, oversaw the lessons for all grades. Most students walked to the school from within three miles. In 1934, thirty-nine children were enrolled. Average daily attendance was twenty-nine.
"The school had a coal and wood stove in the middle of the room. There was a desk for each child with larger ones for the big children. There was an old piano which served no purpose except to hold two coal oil lamps for night meetings. We had a little wind-up record player & a few records..." Mary Senseney Kline recalled how the school appeared when she taught here in 1940-42.
Above (center photo): Miss Mary Buckley's class posed inside the school during the 1930's.
Photo courtesy of the Lucy Walsh Phinney Collection, Gift of Steve and Cynthia Phinney in Memory of Lucy Phinney
SEGREATION
Prince William County's public schools were segregated until 1966. However, public schools were established for white and black children beginning in the 1870's. In 1892, the Brentsville District's African-American residents unsuccessfully petitioned the School Board to open a school for their children.
In 1909, the Brentsville Colored School began in the home of Rev. Richard Jackson. Students got their own building in 1914, when the old Brentsville village school was moved to a lot where the "old colored church" stood. The school closed in 1918 and students moved to the Kettle Run Colored School.
Earle Wolfe attended Brentsville School. In 1930, he passed to the sixth grade, but had to repeat fifth-grade history.
Courtesy of Morgan Breeden (right photo caption)
Courtesy Dwayne & Maryanne Moyers, Realtors
This was built in 1948 as the "colored" high school for a four-county area of VA: Madison, Culpeper, Orange, and Rappahannock Counties. According to the historical marker, "colored high schools in those counties were either non-existent or inadequate for college preparation." Nice of those people, wasn't it?
www.hallowedground.org/Explore-the-Journey/Historic-Towns...
The waves modulate the beach and the beach modulates the waves. The result is a self-sustaining rock-sand segregation pattern.
Henry Thomas Rainey was a prominent American politician during the first third of the 20th century. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1921 and from 1923 to his death as a Democrat from Illinois. He is shown here in a 1921 photograph.
He was Speaker of the House during the famous Hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, and the last Speaker of the House born before the Civil War. He also served briefly as Majority Leader.
Rainey gave the Roosevelt administration carte blanche to do whatever it wanted, allowing almost the entire New Deal to be passed with little or no changes. More reforms were passed during the regular session starting December.
About 90 representatives hailed from the South under Rainey’s speakership—almost enough to tip the balance to the Republicans in the House on any given issue, if they became dissatisfied with Rainey.
When Oscar DePriest (R-Il) challenged the Jim Crow House of Representatives public restaurant in 1934, Rainey insured that the issue never came to a vote where a resolution banning segregation may have passed.
It was Rainey’s way of paying a debt to the “Solid South” for supporting Roosevelt’s New Deal agenda at the expense of African Americans.
For a detailed blog post on the fight against Jim Crow in the U.S. Capitol’s restaurants, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2018/02/26/origins-of-the-c...
For related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsmcArGZz
The photographer is unknown. The image is a March 3, 1921 National Photo Company photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-npcc-21337 (digital file from original)
Brown at 60: Is Full Equality Within Our Grasp? A Conversation on Zero Tolerance, Segregation, and the Promise of Justice
We didn't have much time to explore and there isn't a lot of information, but this small neighborhood was on the grounds of the original Tule Lake Segregation Center (internment camp). The local museum says many of the original barracks were reused after the war and I assume all these houses were originally barracks at the camp.
WARSAW, POLAND – SEPTEMBER 18: Warsaw Recycling Days on September 18, 2016 in Warsaw, Poland. During this social initiative, city’s residents give away recyclable materials and electrical waste to promote effective waste segregation, ecological behaviours and create awareness on waste management. (Photo by Getty Images Poland/Karol Serewis)
I thought others might appreciate these tidbits of forgotten history.
Please feel free to leave any comments or thoughts or impressions... Thanks in advance!
with the ultimate luxury - segregation from other passengers. sort of like a high-end train compartment. think "darjeeling express" with better-looking attendants.
Joshua E. Blumenstock and Ott Toomet.
We analyze the ethnic composition of social networks using cellphone data from Estonia. Using information on ethnic background (Estonian or Russian) and place of residence, we find that the probability to communicate is 4x lower across the ethnic groups, and it is inversely related to geographic distance. In order to make interethnic links as likely as coethnic ones, one has to bring the outgroup members 10x closer geographically than ingroup members. In typical urban areas, the ethnic effect clearly dominates the geographic one, suggesting that residential desegregation will have a limited impact on social segregation.
Schools Reflect Segregation in Chile’s Educational System
VALPARAÍSO/VIÑA DEL MAR, Chile (IPS) – The decentralisation of Chile’s public schools, which were handed over to the municipalities to run in 1981, gave rise to a de facto segregation that has cast a shadow over several generations of Chileans.
A few miles from the Tule Lake Segregation (internment) camp, Camp Tulelake was first built as a Civilian Conservation Corps camp. During WWII, the camp was used to imprison several hundred Japanese American men who protested and refused to answer the loyalty questionnaire. It was used again to house Japanese American strikebreakers brought in from other internment camps to harvest the crops that Tule Lake strikers were leveraging to demand better living and working conditions. Between 1944 and 1946 the camp housed German and Italian Prisoners of War who worked for local farmers.
www.visitsiskiyou.org/culturehistorical/wwii-valor-in-the...
A restaurant in this parking garage, the Eagle Coffee Shoppe, was the subject of the Supreme Court case on segregation, Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority 365 US 715 (1961)
The Lorraine Motel is the site of the assassination of civil rights leader, Martin Luther King, Jr. and now home to the National Civil Rights Organization.
In the days of legal segregation, the Lorraine was one of the few hotels in Memphis open to black guests. Its location, walking distance from Beale Street, the main street of Memphis' black community, made it attractive to visiting celebrities. When Louis Armstrong, Sarah Vaughan, or Nat Cole, came to town, they stayed at the Lorraine.
In March 1968, the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King visited Memphis to support the city's striking garbage collectors. He checked into the Lorraine, and led a march that, despite his policy of non-violence. turned violent. A second march was then planned.
On April 3, in a speech at Memphis Mason Temple, Dr. King said "We've got some difficult days ahead. But it really doesn't matter with me now, because I've been to the mountain top. I won't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life."
Dr. King was assassinated at the Lorraine the next night, as he stood on the balcony outside room 306, on the motel's second floor.
The official account of the shooting named a single assassin, James Earl Ray, who fired one shot from the top floor of a rooming house whose rear windows overlooked the motel.
Many believed that Dr. King was the victim of a conspiracy involving the Memphis police department, the FBI, and the U.S. Army. His opposition to American involvement in the Vietnam war, and plans for massive protests, in the name of his Poor People's Campaign, calling attention to poverty in America, have been cited as reasons.
(excerpted from Tom Sanders, voices.yahoo.com/the-story-lorraine-motel-memphis-14303.h...)
Well we think it's Needle Ice, awaiting confirmation. It's another first for us which also means another tick off the lifetime bucket list. Found on the South Downs in West Sussex near a small stream which had overflowed and flooded the area, then it froze overnight, possibly over two nights or more given they all seem to look of being two tiered. This phenomena is known as Ice Segregation, when we found Frost Flowers back in 2017 in Decatur Alabama we made contact with Dr. Carter and he sent us this article which he had published a few years prior, it's probably the best explanation we've found for all the forms of Ice Segregation.
link to Dr. Carter's article
www.jrcarter.net/ice/segregation/?fbclid=IwAR2Xy8AShWF9Pc...
on the South Downs, South Downs National Park, West Sussex England
b: 1907 d:1993
Janet Harmon Bragg was an African-American aviator, nurse, and nursing home proprietor.
Born Janet Harmon in Griffin, Georgia, 24 Marhc 1907. She was the daughter of Cordia Batts Harmon and Samuel Harmon, a brick contractor. Harmon’s maternal grandfather was a freed slave of Spanish descent, and her maternal grandmother was a Cherokee. Harmon, the youngest of seven children transferred from public elementary school to St. Stephens Episcopal School, a better learning environment in those days of strict segregation. She also attended Fort Valley Episcopal High School, in Fort Valley, Georgia. Harmon next went to Spelman Seminary (now Spelman College) in Atlanta, Georgia majoring in nursing.
Her training took place at MacBicar Hospital on the campus where she was one of two out of an entering class of twelve who survived the probationary period. The hospitals nursing students assisted in operations and performed other procedures customarily handled by interns. As a result they received first-rate training. Harmon received her registered nurse (R.N.) degree in 1929. After her graduation from Spelman, she moved to Rockford, Illinois, to live with a sister. While there, Harmon passed the Illinois nurses’ license test.
Unable to find professional employment in Rockford, she moved to Chicago, where she became a nurse at Wilson Hospital. About 1931, while working at Wilson, she met and married Evans Waterford; which lasted only a few years but she kept the name Waterford until she married again. In 1933, she enrolled in Aeronautical University ground school. Her education was in meteorology, aeronautics, and aircraft mechanics. Because the school owned no airplanes, it could not provide actual flight instruction, so she decided it made more sense financially to purchase her own plane, which she could rent out. The plane, costing $600, was the first of three she would own. Finding an airfield where she could learn to learn to fly proved impossible. Black pilots were not allowed to fly out of airports used by whites. The class at the ground school, with the aid of their instructors, formed the Challenger Aero Club. The group purchased land and built an airfield in the small, all-Black town of Robbins, Illinois.
In the spring of 1934, after thirty-five solo hours, she passed the test for the private pilot’s license. Also during the 1930s, she wrote a weekly column, "Negro Aviation," in the Chicago Defender under the byline Janet Waterford. In 1943, during World War II, Waterford and several other Black women applied for appointments with the Women’s Auxiliary Service Pilots (WASPS). The interviewer rejected her and her appeal was unsuccessful. She then applied to the military nurse corps but was informed that the quota for Black nurses was filled. Waterford went to the CPTP School at Tuskegee, Alabama, to obtain her commercial pilot’s license. After successfully completing her written work, she took and passed her flight test, but a bigoted instructor refused to issue her license. She returned to Chicago, where she passed the test with ease, the first Black woman to do so. Waterford continued to work as a health inspector with an eye to start her own business. Along with her brother, they’d purchased property for a health care facility for patients on welfare.
The venture grew into a nursing home business that eventually housed sixty patients. She married Sumner Bragg late in 1951, and he joined her in running the business. They had no children. Bragg befriended several Ethiopian students studying in the United States and she was invited to Ethiopia to meet the emperor, Haile Selassie, in 1955. They operated several nursing homes successfully until 1972. Later in the 70’s, she traveled widely in Africa, leading tour groups. In 1986, after her husband’s death, she moved to Arizona. She was active in such civic organizations as the Tucson Arizona Urban League, Habitat for Humanity, and the Adopt-a-Scholar Program at Pima College in Tucson.
Bragg’s achievements were eventually recognized. Invited to appear at aviation events around the country, she received many awards and honors. Janet Bragg died in Blue Island, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago on April 11, 1993.
Reference:
Black Women in America An Historical Encyclopedia
Volumes 1 and 2, edited by Darlene Clark Hine
Copyright 1993, Carlson Publishing Inc., Brooklyn, New York
ISBN 0-926019-61-9
marabastad, pretoria. old polaroids and slide scans, around 1980
Marabastad was a culturally diverse community, with the Hindu Mariamman Temple arguably being its most prominent landmark.
Like the residents of other racially diverse areas in South Africa, such as District Six, "Fietas" and Sophiatown, the inhabitants of Marabastad were relocated to single-race townships further away from the city centre.
These removals were due to Apartheid laws like the Group Areas Act. Unlike Sophiatown, Fietas and District Six, it was not bulldozed, but it retained many of its original buildings, and became primarily a business district, with most shops still owned by the Indians who had also lived there previously.
Some property was however owned by the city council and the government, resulting in limited development taking place there. In addition, a large shopping complex was built to house Indian-owned shops.
The black residents of Marabastad were relocated to Atteridgeville (1945),
the Coloured residents to Eersterus (1963), and the Indian residents to Laudium (1968).
There are plans to revive once-picturesque Marabastad, and to reverse years of urban decay and neglect, although few seem to have been implemented as of 2005.
History[edit]
Marabastad was named after the local headman of a village to the west of Steenhoven Spruit. During the 1880s he lived in Schoolplaats and acted as an interpreter.
During this period some Africans lived on the farms where they were being employed and also chose to live on other, undeveloped land. Schoolplaats could also not accommodate all the migrants and this resulted in squatting.
An overflow from Schoolplaats to the north-west and Maraba’s village occurred and in August 1888 the land was surveyed by the government. The location Marabastad was established and was situated between the Apies River in the north, Skinner Spruit in the west, Steenhoven Spruit in the east and De Korte Street in the south.
There were 67 stands varying between 1400 and 2500 square meters each. Residents were not allowed to own stands, but had to rent them from the government at 4 pounds a year.
They were allowed to build their own houses and to plant crops on empty plots. Water was acquired from the various bordering rivers and 58 wells situated in the area.
The township was not private owned and was managed by the Transvaal Boer Republic. At the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 there were no rules and regulations with regard to Marabastad.
Africans who streamed to Pretoria during the war were living in squatter camps near the artillery barracks, the brickworks and the railway stations at Prinshof.
This resulted in the development of ‘New Marabastad’ in the area between Marabastad and the Asiatic Bazaar in 1900 by the British military authorities. They had been occupying the city since June 1900 and resettled refugees in the area. By 1901 there were 392 occupied stands in the New Marabastad and there was no real segregation between Africans, Asians and Coloured people.
Although New Marabastad was intended as a temporary settlement the military authorities granted permission for in their employ to erect brick houses. This resulted in the erection of other permanent structures like schools and churches.
The new Town Council was established in 1902 and it was accepted that the residents of New Marabastad would be moved to other, planned townships.
In 1903 New Marabastad had grown to 412 stands while Old Marabastad still only had 67. Along with the Cape Location, which was situated in the southern part of the Asiatic Bazaar, it fell under the jurisdiction of the City Council of that year.
The greatest problem was the provision of water and this was only addressed after the war. Due to the fear of epidemic all wells in the area had been filled during the war, and a single public tap had replaced the entire system.
New Marabastad didn’t have any wells or taps. There was an attempt to rectify this in 1903 by providing more taps, but the number was still inadequate.
In 1906 New and Old Marabastad became one location.
Rates were determined and sanitary and building regulations came into effect. These regulations didn’t achieve their objections as a result of municipal maladministration and the fact that Africans could not own land and afford well-built permanent houses.
Streets remained unpaved, the water supply was inadequate and there were no sanitary facilities worth mentioning. More and more shacks appeared. By 1907 conditions improved marginally, but the streets were left in their unkempt state and by 1910 this had still not been addressed.
The Native Affairs Department accused the Pretoria Town Council of inefficient administration, which had led directly to this situation.
Removals[edit]
South Africa portal
The relocation of residents of Old Marabastad had been on the agenda of the town council since 1903 and in 1907, when the council decided to build a new sewage farm, it became a reality.
It was decided to remove all residents of the area to a new location further away from the city centre and to demolish the old township. Now followed the struggle of finding a suitable site.
The site on the southern slope of Daspoortrand was decided on in 1912 and in January planning for the ‘New Location’ started. It would include a number of brick houses that could be rented from the municipality.
By September of the same year the first relocations were taking place and demolishing of old structures commenced. It was a slow process and Old Marabastad was only completely destroyed by 1920.
The lack of space remained a problem and New Marabastad was experiencing severe overcrowding.
By 1923 the last houses of the second municipal project was completed in New Location and Marabastad residents who had been exposed to the worst conditions were allowed to move in first.
In 1934 part of the Schoolplaats population was moved to Marabastad and the squatter problem became more severe.
There was no room for expansion due to a lack of space.
An attempt to solve these problems manifested itself in the establishment of Atteridgeville in 1939. The Marabastad community would be moved here and compensation was offered to previous owners of property in the form of new houses they could rent, but not own.
The war slowed down the process considerably, but 1949 had moved three quarters of the population of Marabastad to Atteridgeville, and by 1950 the transition was complete
On the winding roads of Route 20 in Orange County, Virginia stands a century-old train depot, home to the local Montpelier Station, Virginia post office. On February 21, 2010, it became the home of James Madison’s Montpelier’s newest exhibit— The Montpelier Train Depot: In the Time of Segregation.
Workers laid the first tracks for the railroad line that runs past the Depot circa 1880. This was a time when trains were the fastest way to get anywhere, for both freight and passengers. In 1910,William duPont, owner of Montpelier, built the Depot to upgrade passenger and freight service. The Depot was constructed using plans from Southern Railway, with two waiting rooms – one for “white” passengers and one for “colored” passengers. Note the signs above the doors. Segregation was required by Virginia law.
In addition to serving passengers, the Depot was home to the Montpelier Station post office which served the local community. Although passenger and freight services declined over the years, the post office remained open. The 1960s saw the end of passenger service and regular freight service, and by 1974 the depot was closed. The post office remained; in 1974, the year the trains no longer stopped at Montpelier Station, you could still mail a letter there for only 10 cents for first-class postage.
In 2008, the Montpelier Foundation undertook a one-year renovation of the Depot. The Depot was restored to the way it was in the 1910s in order to document a time of legalized segregation in Virginia and throughout the United States.
Montpelier dedicated The Montpelier Train Depot: In the Time of Segregation to the memory of Russell Coffin Childs, a former Montpelier special projects director. It was his vision to restore the Montpelier Train Depot to educate the public about the “Jim Crow” era. Thanks to Childs’ vision and dedication, Montpelier will be able to share the truth of all of our American history with generations to come.
About James Madison
James Madison, Jr. (March 16, 1751– June 28, 1836) was the fourth President of the United States. He is widely regarded as the “Father of the Constitution” and the author of the United States Bill of Rights. He has been called the chief architect of the most important political experiment in human history.
As with his good friend and political ally Thomas Jefferson, his most significant contributions to American history came before his presidency. The United States Constitution is the world’s oldest written constitution, and is considered to be the most important document ever written in the history of freedom.The Constitution has been a model for other constitutions around the world ever since, and many of them read remarkably like America’s Constitution.
the language or the people? hmmm.... it's ok. i didn't want a handjob anyway! shibuya-ku, tokyo, japan.
A restaurant in this parking garage, the Eagle Coffee Shoppe, was the subject of the Supreme Court case on segregation, Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority 365 US 715 (1961)
A profile view of my cousin Natasha, one of the pawns to my chess game. (made with air-drying clay).
Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark are shown in a photograph circa 1945 during the period they were conducting research into the effects of Jim Crow on African American children.
The couple were African-American psychologists who as a married team conducted important research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement.
They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU).
Kenneth Clark also was an educator and professor at City College of New York, and first black president of the American Psychological Association.
They were known for their 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race. The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in Briggs v. Elliott (1952), one of five cases combined into Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
The Clarks' work contributed to the ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court in which it determined that de jure racial segregation in public education was unconstitutional.
Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote in the Brown v. Board of Education opinion, "To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely to ever be undone.”
Clark became a life long civil rights activist and practitioner while a student at Howard University.
In 1934 Clark and several others led 30 Howard University students to conduct direct action at the U.S. Capitol attempting to desegregate the House and Senate public restaurants.
The demonstrations were prompted by the barring of Morris Lewis, an aide to the only African American U.S. representative Oscar DePriest, from the public House restaurant in January and the subsequent forcible removal of Mabel Byrd, a civil rights activist, from the Senate restaurant in February of 1934.
DePriest sought a resolution in the House that barred discrimination.
The students acted after a number of small interracial groups organized by the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom began taking seats in the restaurants and demanding to be served after the Lewis and Byrd incidents. This campaign marked the first ongoing, organized sit-ins in the city.
After an interracial group was barred from service at the House restaurant, Afro American reporter Frederick Weaver was invited by waiter Harold Covington into the restaurant where Weaver was served a bowl of soup. Both were also Howard University students.
Covington was fired for the incident and word spread quickly to the Howard campus.
Clark wrote an editorial for The Hilltop, Howard’s student newspaper.
The next day Clark, Weaver and a few others organized thirty students, most dressed in suits, to attempt to obtain service at the House restaurant, but were barred by police. The Senate closed the restaurant in anticipation of the demonstration before the students arrived.
A second attempt to enter the House restaurant resulted in a scuffle between Covington and a doorman and Covington was arrested.
When the students went to the police station, four of their leaders, including Clark, were arrested for blocking the sidewalk.
The precinct captain quickly dismissed the charges against the four and expunged their records.
Newspapers ran sensational headlines about the demonstration and DePriest distanced himself from the ongoing protests
There were calls from Congress to expel the students and university president Mordecai Johnson followed up by asking for expulsions or suspensions for the participants.
However faculty disciplinary committee chair Ralph Bunche, a future Nobel Prize winner, argued that the students should be given medals and not discipline. The decision was no discipline
The charges against Covington were ultimately dropped with the prosecutor determining that Covington had not struck the doorman first. While the students’ versions of events were vindicated, the protests were effectively ended at that point.
DePriest attempted almost from the beginning to run an inside legislative game to end Jim Crow in the building, but was easily defeated by Democratic Speaker of the House Thomas Rainey.
DePriest was defeated in the next election and his successor, Arthur Mitchell, was not interested in the cause. The restaurants remained Jim Crow until the early 1950s.
However, the ten days of sit-ins and demonstrations in 1934 won some small victories in getting some of the interracial groups waited on at the restaurants and served as a tactical model to be refined later.
Howard students would conduct sit-ins at Washington, D.C. restaurants again in 1942 and 1943 with the Howard administration again threatening to discipline the students effectively ending the movement.
The use of the tactic would not become widespread until the Greensboro, N.C. sit-in of 1960. Within months of the Greensboro sit-ins, Howard University students utilized the tactic to desegregate restaurants in Arlington, Va., Montgomery County, Md. and Prince George’s County, Md.
For a detailed account of the campaign against Jim Crow in the Capitol, see washingtonspark.wordpress.com/2018/02/26/origins-of-the-c...
For related photos, see flic.kr/s/aHsmcArGZz
The photographer is unknown. The image is from the website “Vintage everyday.”
Montgomery County police lieutenant Joseph Hawkins informs sit-in participants at the Hi Boy restaurant at North Washington Street and Frederick Avenue in Rockville, Maryland that they are under arrest July 10, 1960.
A group, led by Rev. Cecil Bishop, pastor of the Clinton A.M.E. Zion Church in Rockville, entered the dining area while another group led by Non-Violent Action (NAG) group member Dion Diamond entered the donut shop area.
The Hi Boy manager closed both sections and ordered everyone to leave. When sit-in participants refused, the manager went to the police station and swore out warrants for their arrest for trespassing. Montgomery County police arrived and placed 25 people under arrest.
George Abraham, vice president of the Hi Boy chain, was quoted in the Washington Post saying, “We’re more than glad to serve these people on the outside or for carryout. That’s been our policy since we opened. They’ve known that. They’ve come in here many times.”
Flyers advertising the Hi Boy were regularly distributed in the predominantly African American Lincoln Park section of Rockville, while the restaurant refused to seat African Americans inside.
A daily picket line, composed largely of residents of nearby Lincoln Park, was set up at the restaurant following the arrests. Students from NAG also helped with the picketing.
The Rockville mayor and council voted to recommend the restaurant desegregate on July 25 and chain agreed to voluntarily comply.
Pickets continued during 1960 at the Hiser Theater and the Glen Echo Amusement Park in Montgomery County. The owner of the Hiser sold the theater in September rather than desegregate and the new owners ended the racist policy. Glen Echo closed for the year in September, but opened in the Spring of 1961 as a desegregated park.
For more information and additional photos of the Hi Boy sit-in, see flic.kr/s/aHsjEAwAGM
Photo by Gene Abbott. Courtesy of the D.C. Public Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
A restaurant in this parking garage, the Eagle Coffee Shoppe, was the subject of the Supreme Court case on segregation, Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority 365 US 715 (1961)
Replica of an apartment in the Abraham Lincoln Tower, Rio de Janeiro.
The Ideal Place
Nest, Den Haag 2012
A campaign to counter the social segregation of Barra da Tijuca, a neighborhood in the south west of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
This project is focussed on what used to be called ‘Athaydeville’ an area in Barra da Tijuca that nowadays is called Centro da Barra. Barra da Tijuca in Rio de Janeiro is known as an area for the rich, the fortress of the ‘nouveau riche’, providing a way to escape from the violence and unsafety in the city. Barra is often characterized as the ‘new Miami’, with distances requiring the use of cars and a landscape defined by its shoppingmalls, condominiums and gated communities. Barra da Tijuca represents the mentality of a city in which people, if they are able to afford, prefer to withdraw themselves behind the walls of gated communities. We believe that these places create a bigger segregation and therefor a greater social injustice.
In order to understand Barra da Tijuca we focussed our project on the early urban devellopment. In the sixties Barra was still underdeveloped. It was a beautiful natural reserve with clean and quiet beaches, swamps and a big variation of vegetation and animals. The city of Rio de Janeiro needed to expand its borders because of population growth and Barra provided the space. In the early adds of the new developments, Barra was promoted like: ‘O paraiso existe: este aqui!’ (Paradise exists: it is here!) or ‘Viva no paraiso: a nova forma de viver’ (Living in paradise: a new way of living). Most of these new projects would be constructed in urban islands, like Athaydeville. In the late sixties the main devellopments started and the open fields, swamps and dunes soon became an urban eldorado for real estate developers and the paradise got occupied.
It is said that when Rio de Janeiro ceased to be Brazil’s capital in 1960, the city government wanted to compromise this loss of importance by competing with Brasilia’s ambitious modernistic urban planning and architecture. Rio needed to invest in an urban development that was similair spectacular. So they asked Lucio Costa to design a masterplan for the urban expansions towards the SouthWest of the city, that was bigger than the master plan of Brasilia. But unlike Brasilia, Costa could not start from scratch; the land in Barra was already divided by a lot of different private investors who had speculated with the land during the sixties. The political situation was very unstable. Some years before the developments in Barra started, the coup took place that resulted in a military regime. The dictatorship stimulated capitalist industrialization. In 1967 the economy began an impressive climb. Sadly, in those years of the supposed “economic miracles,” criticism and labor unrest were suppressed with arrests, torture, and censorship. This political climate gave space for speculation and corruption. One of the people that took full advantage of it was Mucio Athayde.
Mucio Athayde, the developer that worked together with Oscar Niemeyer created a plan for Centro da Barra. This plan was called Athaydeville and it would include 76 residential towers, with sophisticated names like: Torre Abraham Lincoln, Torre Charles de Gaulle, Torre Ernst Hemmingway and Torre Jean Jaques Rousseau. In the promised plans the towers would be accompanied with public community services like a school, a club, parks etc. The municipality was afraid of an uncontrolled urban sprawl of hundreds of these towers, so they commissioned Lucio Costa to regulate the urban growth in the region. Lucio Costa liked Niemeyers design and based his Master plan of Barra on the design of Niemeyer. The original plan of Lucio Costa included several ‘islands’ of circular towers for different social classes with in between the preservation of the natural landscape. Lucio Costa’s master plan was supposed to be used as an open grid; the architects should have had the artistic freedom to experiment and use their own signature. Also he wanted to leave parts of the region open, in order to plan these parts in a later phase. Lucio Costa needed the control of a powerful municipality that would support this approach, but instead the local politicians seemed to be more in favor of the private sector that proposed clear money-making plans. This frustrated Costa so much, that he disconnected himself from the project. Despite all the advertisement campaigns the circular towers of Mucio Athayde didn’t become very successful either. Due to construction flaws and bad design the project failed completely. People didn’t want to live inside tiny apartments that looked like pizza slices. This failure gave way to other developers that started building more successful condominiums, with less sophisticated names like: Sun Coast, Costa Blanca, Sunset, Aloha and Barra Summer Dream.
Our research is concentrated on one of the circular towers, called the Abraham Lincoln tower. ‘Desenvolvimento e Engenharia’ (Mucio’s company) pretended for almost 35 years to strive for completion of the Abraham Lincoln tower, but in fact nothing happened. In 2005 the company got bankrupt. The original buyers of the apartments never got what they paid for. At least 250 of the 454 apartments in tower H do have owners. Some of them are waiting 41 years, some inherited an apartment and some bought one in the late eighties when Mucio started a new advertisement campaign. It’s questionable if Mucio Athayde ever aimed to finish the tower – we read somewhere that he invented the trick of leaving buildings unfinished – a trick that has been used by other developers as well, like Encol. Some speculate that the bankruptcy of Dessevolvimento was self-inflicted. In 2004 the tower got squatted by more than 400 people from the surrounding favelas. They say that this invasion of tower H was set up by the developing company itself, in order to receive an official complain of the owners. These complain eventually led to their bankruptcy. This bankruptcy. freed Mucio Athayde from further responsibility.
The invasion and the lawsuit brought the owners together for the first time in four decades. ‘Associação de Adquirentes da Torre H’ started to work on plans for the completion of their tower. They are looking for a developer who wants to finish the tower and sell the rest of the apartments The lawyer of the Association told us that if the association doesn’t succeed within two years, the tower will be imploded. The landmark that reminds us of the failure of the plano piloto for Barra and the golden age of real estate scams, will be changed soon. It will either be finished or demolished.
The stories related to the failure of Torre Abraham Lincoln should not be forgotten. In 2004 the name ‘Athaydeville’ officially changed. Many people agreed with the name-change and interpreted this as an indication of a better future for Centro da Barra. Some were more critical they may agreed with the necessity of changing the name of the area but they warned for the negative consequence of erasing the past too suddenly. According to the critics changing the name is an example of how the country deals with the remembrance of the years of the repression and the golden age of the corruption scams.
Remember - Right out of my camera from my recent FL trip. This Florida Heritage Site sign states: "The Desert Inn was founded as a trading post in the late 1880's. The present building dates before 1925 and served as a supply and recreational center for cattle drovers, lumber men and tourists during the era when much of Osceola County was still undeveloped wilderness. Cowmen working the free ranging cattle on the palmetto prairie and lumber men cutting timber in the nearby pine lands came to the Desert Inn to eat, drink, and dance at this "oasis" where they could enjoy some relief from their arduous labors. Local patrons of the trading post and restaurant included African Americans and Seminoles, who had separate dining facilities in the era of segregation...." This is Yeehaw Junction, intersection of US 441 & 60 in the middle of less known Florida.
The demonstration against segregated buses that took place near the Supreme Court building in Jerusalem on October 27, 2009. The woman is carrying a sign that reads: "A woman does not have to hide!"
A restaurant in this parking garage, the Eagle Coffee Shoppe, was the subject of the Supreme Court case on segregation, Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority 365 US 715 (1961)
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t ana1patterns ofgender Inequality and female subordination. The economic and social disadvantages of.
is yet to overcome trad'tl .
women In Indian society reflect a whole gamut of patriarchal norms and practices such as patr/1/nea//nherftance, patrilocal resi-.
dence, the gender division of labour, the gender segregation of public spaces, and the discouragement of widow remarriage." .
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In the IWD Centenary year, the time Is ripe to intensify the women's struggles against land grab, for sharecroppers' rights and ~omestead land, and, as part of the struggle for land reform and redistribution of land to the landless, to fight for women's equality .
tn access to land. Bread The question of bread ('roti') assumes explosive proportions this March, as prices of food break all records. .
According to the Global Hunger Index and the India Hunger Index released by the International Food Polley Research Institute in October 2008, India's record on hunger is worse than that of nearly 25 sub Saharan African countries and all ofSouth Asia. except Bangladesh. The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 had ranked India IJottom {134th among 134countries) In terms ofthe 'women's health and survival' Index-i.e. Indian women suffer worse hun"' r malnutrition and maternal mortality than women in the poorest of the world's countries. According to the National Family Health Survey 2005-06, more than half of lndta's women are anaemic. What will be the Impact of steep (nearly 20%) rise in food prices on women who are already hungry and under-nourished? .
Is it not the responsibility of the government to ensure subsidized food and other essentials to the needy, especially women .
and other vulnerable sections? Why, then, Is the UPA Government planning a 'Right to Food Blll' that plans to push out large .
numbers of the poor from the BPL llsts7 Why do Governments turns a blind eye to scams where rations meant for the poor are sold .
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in the open market? .
Peace and Freedom from Violence .
In Iraq, Afghanistan and Gaza, women continue to be devastated by imperialist wars-while women are at the forefront of .
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huge anti-war mobilisations In the US and its allied countries. The image of the women of Manipur in 2004 protesting in the nude w;th the slogan 'Indian Army Rape Us' is a reminder that women are the worst casualties in the state's war on its people. Be it at Bastar, Shopian (Kashmir), Lalgarh (W Bengal) or the North .
East, women suffer brutalities, rape and murder at the hands of security forces. As Lalgarh and NayaranpatPa have reminded us, 'com':>·ng :>p2rattons' for so-called 'insurgents' has invariably meant sexual .
abuse of women, usually adivasi v.. omen, by security forL ~!>. .
In Bastar, Sodl Sambho who recetved a poltce bullet in her leg when she witnessed the Gompad massacre (where 7 were killed, one old woman's breast chopped off, and a baby's fingers and tongue chopped off) by security forces. She and other witnesses have beP-n kept in illegal custody by the Chhattisgarh police and prevented from meeting lawyers or even moving freely. This is obviously to 1ntimidate her into changing her testimony. women raped by Salwa Judum and SPOs have been intimidated by pollee -while the .
accused have not been arrested. Women are also targeted In communal and casteist assaults. In Gujarat 2002, Muslim women were raped en masse. A young college student Ishrat Jehan was killed in cold blood and passed off as a 'terrorist' by the Gujarat police. Incidents like Khalrlanji -where a dalit woman and her daughter e1 e gC::tng raped a'1d brutally killed along with their whole family-are no aberration. .
We have witnessed how a middle class girl like Ruchika found herself helpless in the face of the power mobilised against her by a poltce officer Rathore. What, then, is the fate of women from socially and economically more vulnerable sections? Women llke Sodi and her adivasl sisters, whose accusations against police and security forces In Bastar threaten not just the Individual prestige of a Rathore, but the very legitimacy of an anti-Insurgency war waged by none less than the Government of India? .
The legacy of the slogan of'peace' on Women's Day In lndta can only mean a call fo .. a halt of these wars on people in the name .
of war on terrorism. While the corporate media and conservative state forces try to reduce the significance of International Women's Day to mert symbolism itIs urgent for all progressive forces to uphold the core slogans and concerns that fired the struggle for women's rights ~ddignity a century back and reassert their continuing relevance In the face of the combined assaults of lmperiallsm, .
corporat~capital, state forces and patriarchy. .
Rsdhilla.
Abhisbek .
Jt. Secy, AlSA, JNUVice-President, AlSA, JNU .
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Lightner Arcade (1921)
In the early 1910s, East Hargett Street emerged as the city's business center and social hub for the African-American community during the segregation era — Raleigh's “Black Main Street.” Calvin E. Lightner, prominent Raleigh builder, businessman, and funeral home operator, erected the Lightner Arcade and Hotel at 122 East Hargett Street in 1921.
The Arcade‘s design was typical of urban commercial buildings of the era. The building featured a ballroom, meeting space and hotel rooms on the upper floors, with commercial space at street level. At the time, the Arcade was Raleigh’s only hotel that catered to African-Americans. Among those who stayed there were Cab Calloway, Count Basie, and Duke Ellington, who performed in the upstairs ballroom. Clarence Lightner, Calvin’s son, remembered later that “all the big bands would be at the Arcade. On Saturday you could not get through there. That is where everyone would come and congregate. They would be standing out on the street, socializing.”
Lightner eventually lost ownership of the building. The N.C. Homemakers Association acquired the Arcade in the late 1940s, and changed its name to the Home Eckers Hotel. In the 1960s the Peebles Hotel occupied the building until a fire destroyed it in 1970. Raleigh’s central municipal bus depot now occupies the site.
digital.ncdcr.gov/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p249901co...
(pp.75, 84)
From the General Negatives Collection, State Archives of North Carolina, Raleigh, NC.