View allAll Photos Tagged Role
Rewire Festival 2016
Prins27, Den Haag
UK-based producer Roly Porter creates futuristic ambient music. His work fuses his background, as part of renowned dubsteb group Vex’d, with contemporary classical composition: focussing on sound design and resulting in a singular and often harrowing sound. Porter’s second full-length album, Life Cycle Of A Massive Star (2013), captures a star’s lifespan in sound. Dreamlike landscapes are alternated by robust dynamic contrasts and often symphonic, volcanic textures.
Porter’s Rewire-performance will be accompanied by visuals made by renowned visual-artist MFO (Marcel Weber). He has been creating and directing audiovisual performances, installations and video works since 2001, previously working with Tim Hecker, Kode9, Biosphere and Ben Frost. Weber contributed video design to the Opera National de Paris, the Academy of Arts Berlin and the Brut Theatre in Vienna. Expect a cosmos made out of textures and distortions, a magical experience of surreal moments: stimuli for the subconscious.
40106 is now on the rear with a pair of 20's [20189 20142] now leading as it departs Highley on 18-5-24.
The working is the 13.15 Highley to Kidderminster service.
Ref: IMG_9336 SVR 18-5-24
Yahooo.. am back to combat for 4 hours everyday :D and this is my new cafe in the RP zone, Still in the building mode..
Credits@
Furniture by Sooth.. thank you <3
American postcard.
American actress June Lockhart was born on 25 June 1925. She is primarily known for her roles on television in the 1950s and 1960s television, but she also acted on stage and in films. Lockhart played mother roles in the TV series, Lassie and Lost in Space, and also portrayed Dr. Janet Craig on the sitcom Petticoat Junction (1968–1970). She is a two-time Emmy Award nominee and a Tony Award winner.
June Lockhart was born in 1925, in New York City. She is the daughter of Canadian-born actor Gene Lockhart, who came to prominence on Broadway in 1933 in 'Ah, Wilderness!', and English-born actress Kathleen Lockhart. Lockhart debuted on stage at the age of eight, playing Mimsey in the dream sequence in 'Peter Ibbetson', presented by the Metropolitan Opera. In the mid-1930s, the Lockharts relocated to California, where father Gene enjoyed a long career as one of the screen's great character actors. She attended the Westlake School for Girls in Beverly Hills, California. Lockhart made her film debut opposite her parents in a film version of A Christmas Carol (Edwin L. Marin, 1938), based on Charles Dickens's 1843 novella. She also played supporting parts in films including the drama All This, and Heaven Too (Anatole Litvak, 1940), Sergeant York (Howard Hawks, 1941), the musical Meet Me in St. Louis (Vincente Minnelli, 1944), and The Yearling (Clarence Brown, 1946). She starred in the horror film She-Wolf of London (Jean Yarbrough, 1946). She made her Broadway debut as the ingénue in the comedy 'For Love or Money' with John Loder. Tom Weaver at IMDb: "She got a standing ovation on opening night; one critic compared her debut to the first big hits of Helen Hayes and Margaret Sullavan. The overnight toast of Broadway, she went on to win a Tony Award, the Donaldson Award, the Theatre World Award and the Associated Press citation for Woman of the Year for Drama for her work in that play. " In 1951, Lockhart starred in Lawrence Riley's biographical play 'Kin Hubbard' opposite Tom Ewell. In 1955, June Lockhart appeared in an episode of the TV series Appointment with Adventure. About this time, she also made several appearances on the legal drama series Justice, based on case files of the Legal Aid Society of New York. In the late 1950s, Lockhart guest-starred in several popular television Westerns including Wagon Train, Cimarron City, Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, and Rawhide. In 1958, she was the narrator for Playhouse 90 's telecast of the George Balanchine version of Tchaikovsky's 'The Nutcracker', featuring Balanchine himself as Drosselmeyer, along with the New York City Ballet.
June Lockhart is best known for her roles as TV mothers, first as Ruth Martin, the wife of Paul Martin (Hugh Reilly) and the mother of Timmy Martin (Jon Provost) in the series Lassie (1958-1964). She replaced actress Cloris Leachman, who, in turn, had replaced Jan Clayton. Following her five-year run on Lassie, Lockhart made a guest appearance on Perry Mason as defendant Mona Stanton Harvey in 'The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor.' Lockhart then starred as Dr. Maureen Robinson in the classic Sci-Fi series Lost in Space (1965-1968). Next, she appeared as Dr. Janet Craig on the final two seasons of the sitcom Petticoat Junction (1968–1970), her character being brought in to fill the void created after Bea Benaderet died during the run of the show. During the 1980s and 1990s, she was a regular in the soap opera General Hospital and was also a voice actor, providing the voice of Martha Day, the lead character in the Hanna-Barbera animated series These Are the Days during the 1970s. In 1986, she appeared in the fantasy film, Troll (John Carl Buechler, 1986). The younger version of her character in that film was played by her daughter, Anne Lockhart. In 1991, Lockhart appeared as Miss Wiltrout, Michelle Tanner's kindergarten teacher on the TV sitcom Full House. She also had a cameo in the film Lost in Space (Stephen Hopkins, 1998), based on the television series she had starred in thirty years earlier. In 2002, she appeared in two episodes of The Drew Carey Show as Lewis's mother, Misty Kiniski, alongside fellow TV mom Marion Ross, who played Drew's mother. In 2004, she voiced the role of Grandma Emma Fowler in Focus on the Family's The Last Chance Detectives audio cases. Lockhart guest-starred as James Caan's mother in an episode of Las Vegas (2004), and in episodes of Cold Case and Grey's Anatomy. She also appeared in the feature film Wesley (John Hackman, 2007), a biopic about John Wesley and Charles Wesley, the founders of the Methodist movement, and in Tesla Effect (2014), a video game that combines live-action footage with 3D graphics. Since 1960, she has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, one for motion pictures (6323 Hollywood Boulevard) and one for television (6362 Hollywood Boulevard). In 1951, Lockhart married John F. Maloney. They had two daughters, Anne Kathleen Lockhart (1953) and June Elizabeth Maloney (1956). The couple divorced in 1959. She married architect John Lindsay that same year, but they divorced in 1970 and she has not remarried since.
Sources: Tom Weaver (IMDb), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
Church of St. Giles in Kraków (Polish: Kościół św. Idziego w Krakowie) is a Roman Catholic church of the Dominican Order located on Grodzka Street in Kraków. Its history dates to 11th century; it has been rebuilt many times since.
This is the only Roman Catholic church in Krakow with Holy Mass in English every Sunday. Thus, it caters to foreigners living in Krakow and tourists visiting the city.
Grodzka Street (Polish: Ulica Grodzka, lit. Gord Street) - one of the oldest streets in Kraków, Poland. Grodzka was part of a former north-south trade route. The street is part of the Royal Route, used by Polish kings to reach Wawel Castle. The earliest documents referencing its name date from the thirteenth century.
Part of the street was destroyed by the Kraków Fire of 1850. In the later half of the 19th century, a tramway track was laid on Grodzka Street
Kraków, also seen spelled Cracow or absent Polish diacritics as Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Old Town with Wawel Royal Castle was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second-most-important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was reported by Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, a 10th-century merchant from Córdoba, as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. As of 2023, the city has a population of 804,237, with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km (62 mi) radius of its main square.
After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II, the newly defined Distrikt Krakau (Kraków District) became the capital of Germany's General Government. The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto, from where they were sent to Nazi extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz, and Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów. However, the city was spared from destruction and major bombing.
In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, archbishop of Kraków, was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II—the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. Also that year, UNESCO approved Kraków's entire Old Town and historic centre and the nearby Wieliczka Salt Mine as Poland's first World Heritage Sites. Kraków is classified as a global city with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture includes Wawel Cathedral and Wawel Royal Castle on the banks of the Vistula, St. Mary's Basilica, Saints Peter and Paul Church and the largest medieval market square in Europe, Rynek Główny. Kraków is home to Jagiellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world and traditionally Poland's most reputable institution of higher learning. The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance such as the National Museum, Kraków Opera, Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, National Stary Theatre and the Jagiellonian Library. The city is served by John Paul II International Airport, the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland.
In 2000, Kraków was named European Capital of Culture. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a UNESCO City of Literature. The city hosted World Youth Day in 2016 and the European Games in 2023.
Kraków is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with the urban population of 804,237 (June, 2023). Situated on the Vistula river (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918, and the capital of Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
Timeline of Kraków
Historical affiliations
Vistulans, pre X century
Duchy of Bohemia, X century–ca. 960
Duchy of Poland, ca. 960–1025
Kingdom of Poland, 1025–1031
Duchy of Poland, 1031–1320
∟ Seniorate Province, 1138–1227
Duchy of Kraków, 1227–1320
Kingdom of Poland, 1320–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795
Austrian Empire, 1795–1809
∟ Galicia
Duchy of Warsaw, 1809–1815
Free City of Cracow, 1815–1846
Austrian Empire, 1846–1867
Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918
∟ Grand Duchy of Kraków (subdivision of Galicia)
Republic of Poland, 1918–1939
General Government, 1939–1945 (part of German-occupied Europe)
Provisional Government of National Unity, 1945–1947
Polish People's Republic, 1947–1989
Poland, 1989–present
Early history
The earliest known settlement on the present site of Kraków was established on Wawel Hill, and dates back to the 4th century. Legend attributes the town's establishment to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a ravenous dragon, Smok Wawelski. Many knights unsuccessfully attempted to oust the dragon by force, but instead, Krakus fed it a poisoned lamb, which killed the dragon. The city was free to flourish. Dragon bones, most likely that of mammoth, are displayed at the entrance of the Wawel Cathedral. Before the Polish state had been formed, Kraków was the capital of the tribe of Vistulans, subjugated for a short period by Great Moravia. After Great Moravia was destroyed by the Hungarians, Kraków became part of the kingdom of Bohemia. The first appearance of the city's name in historical records dates back to 966, when a Sephardi Jewish traveller, Abraham ben Jacob, described Kraków as a notable commercial centre under the rule of the then duke of Bohemia (Boleslaus I the Cruel). He also mentioned the baptism of Prince Mieszko I and his status as the first historical ruler of Poland. Towards the end of his reign, Mieszko took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty.
By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading center of trade. Brick buildings were being constructed, including the Royal Wawel Castle with the Rotunda of Sts. Felix and Adauctus, Romanesque churches, a cathedral, and a basilica. Sometime after 1042, Casimir I the Restorer made Kraków the seat of the Polish government. In 1079 on a hillock in nearby Skałka, the Bishop of Kraków, Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów, was slain by the order of the Polish king Bolesław II the Generous. In 1138, the Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth came into effect upon his death. It divided Poland into five provinces, with Kraków named as the Seniorate Province, meant to be ruled by the eldest male member of the royal family as the High Duke. Infighting among brothers, however, caused the seniorate system to soon collapse, and a century-long struggle between Bolesław's descendants followed. The fragmentation of Poland lasted until 1320.
Kraków was almost entirely destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1241, after the Polish attempt to repulse the invaders had been crushed in the Battle of Chmielnik. Kraków was rebuilt in 1257, in a form which was practically unaltered, and received self-government city rights from the king based on the Magdeburg Law, attracting mostly German-speaking burgers. In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols, 18 years after the first raid. A third attack, though unsuccessful, followed in 1287. The year 1311 saw the Rebellion of wójt Albert against Polish High Duke Władysław I. It involved the mostly German-speaking burghers of Kraków who, as a result, were massacred. In the aftermath, Kraków was gradually re-Polonized, and Polish burghers rose from a minority to a majority.
Further information: History of Poland in the Middle Ages
Medieval Kraków was surrounded by a 1.9 mile (3 km) defensive wall complete with 46 towers and seven main entrances leading through them (see St. Florian's Gate and Kraków Barbican). The fortifications were erected over the course of two centuries. The town defensive system appeared in Kraków after the city's location, i.e. in the second half of the 13th century (1257). This was when the construction of a uniform fortification line was commenced, but it seems the project could not be completed. Afterwards the walls, however, were extended and reinforced (a permit from Leszek Biały to encircle the city with high defensive walls was granted in 1285). Kraków rose to new prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the Cracow Academy, the second university in central Europe after the University of Prague. There had already been a cathedral school since 1150 functioning under the auspices of the city's bishop. The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty (1386–1572). As the capital of a powerful state, it became a flourishing center of science and the arts.
Kraków was a member of the Hanseatic League and many craftsmen settled there, established businesses and formed craftsmen's guilds. City Law, including guilds' depictions and descriptions, were recorded in the German language Balthasar Behem Codex. This codex is now featured at the Jagiellonian Library. By the end of the thirteenth century, Kraków had become a predominantly German city. In 1475 delegates of the elector George the Rich of Bavaria came to Kraków to negotiate the marriage of Princess Jadwiga of Poland (Hedwig in German), the daughter of King Casimir IV Jagiellon to George the Rich. Jadwiga traveled for two months to Landshut in Bavaria, where an elaborate marriage celebration, the Landshut Wedding took place. Around 1502 Kraków was already featured in the works of Albrecht Dürer as well as in those of Hartmann Schedel (Nuremberg Chronicle) and Georg Braun (Civitates orbis terrarum).
During the 15th century extremist clergymen advocated violence towards the Jews, who in a gradual process lost their positions. In 1469 Jews were expelled from their old settlement to Spiglarska Street. In 1485 Jewish elders were forced into a renunciation of trade in Kraków, which led many Jews to leave for Kazimierz that did not fall under the restrictions due to its status as a royal town. Following the 1494 fire in Kraków, a wave of anti-Jewish attacks took place. In 1495, King John I Albert expelled the Jews from the city walls of Kraków; they moved to Kazimierz (now a district of Kraków).
Renaissance
The Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, arrived in Kraków in the late 15th century, along with numerous Italian artists including Francesco Fiorentino, Bartolommeo Berrecci, Santi Gucci, Mateo Gucci, Bernardo Morando, and Giovanni Baptista di Quadro. The period, which elevated the intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus who studied at the local Academy. In 1468 the Italian humanist Filip Callimachus came to Kraków, where he worked as the teacher of the children of Casimir IV Jagiellon. In 1488 the imperial Poet Laureate and humanist Conrad Celtes founded the Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana ("Literary Society on the Vistula"), a learned society based on the Roman Academies. In 1489, sculptor Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz) of Nuremberg finished his work on the high altar of St. Mary's Church. He later made a marble sarcophagus for his benefactor Casimir IV Jagiellon. By 1500, Johann Haller had established a printing press in the city. Many works of the Renaissance movement were printed there during that time.
Art and architecture flourished under the watchful eye of King Sigismund I the Old, who ascended to the throne in 1507. He married Bona Sforza of a leading Milan family and using his new Italian connections began the major project (under Florentine architect Berrecci) of remaking the ancient residence of the Polish kings, the Wawel Castle, into a modern Renaissance palace. In 1520, Hans Behem made the largest church bell, named the Sigismund Bell after King Sigismund I. At the same time Hans Dürer, younger brother of Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter. Around 1511 Hans von Kulmbach painted a series of panels for the Church of the Pauline Fathers at Skałka and the Church of St. Mary. Sigismund I also brought in Italian chefs who introduced Italian cuisine.
In 1558, a permanent postal connection between Kraków and Venice, the capitals of the Kingdom of Poland and the Republic of Venice respectively, was established and Poczta Polska was founded. In 1572, King Sigismund II died childless, and the throne passed briefly to Henry of Valois, then to Sigismund II's sister Anna Jagiellon and her husband Stephen Báthory, and then to Sigismund III of the Swedish House of Vasa. His reign changed Kraków dramatically, as he moved the government to Warsaw in 1596. A series of wars ensued between Sweden and Poland.
After the partitions of Poland
In the late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was partitioned three times by its expansionist neighbors: Imperial Russia, the Austrian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia. After the first two partitions (1772 and 1793), Kraków was still part of the substantially reduced Polish nation. In 1794 Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated a revolt against the partitioning powers, the Kościuszko Uprising, in Kraków's market square. The Polish army, including many peasants, fought against the Russian and Prussian armies, but the larger forces ultimately put down the revolt. The Prussian army specifically took Kraków on 15 June 1794, and looted the Polish royal treasure kept at Wawel Castle. The stolen regalia, valued at 525,259 thalers, was secretly melted down in March 1809, while precious stones and pearls were appropriated in Berlin. Poland was partitioned for the third time in 1795, and Kraków became part of the Austrian province of Galicia.
When Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Empire captured part of what had once been Poland, he established the Duchy of Warsaw (1807) as an independent but subordinate state. West Galicia, including Kraków, was taken from the Austrian Empire and added to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809 by the Treaty of Schönbrunn, which ended the War of the Fifth Coalition. The Congress of Vienna (1815) restored the partition of Poland, but gave Kraków partial independence as the Free City of Cracow.
The city again became the focus of a struggle for national sovereignty in 1846, during the Kraków Uprising. The uprising failed to spread outside the city to other Polish lands, and was put down. This resulted in the annexation of the city state to the Austrian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Cracow, once again part of the Galician lands of the empire.
In 1850 10% of the city was destroyed in the large fire.
After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Austria granted partial autonomy to Galicia, making Polish a language of government and establishing a provincial Diet. As this form of Austrian rule was more benevolent than that exercised by Russia and Prussia, Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a center of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny) or "Polish Mecca" to which Poles would flock to revere the symbols and monuments of Kraków's (and Poland's) great past. Several important commemorations took place in Kraków during the period from 1866–1914, including the 500th Anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald in 1910, in which world-renowned pianist Ignacy Paderewski unveiled a monument. Famous painters, poets and writers of this period, living and working in the city include Jan Matejko, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Jan Kasprowicz, Juliusz Kossak, Wojciech Kossak, Stanisław Wyspiański and Stanisław Przybyszewski. The latter two were leaders of Polish modernism.
The Fin de siècle Kraków, even under the partitions, was famously the center of Polish national revival and culture, but the city was also becoming a modern metropolis during this period. In 1901 the city installed running water and witnessed the introduction of its first electric streetcars. (Warsaw's first electric streetcars came in 1907.) The most significant political and economic development of the first decade of the 20th century in Kraków was the creation of Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków), the incorporation of the surrounding suburban communities into a single administrative unit. The incorporation was overseen by Juliusz Leo, the city's energetic mayor from 1904 to his death in 1918 (see also: the Mayors of Kraków).
Thanks to migration from the countryside and the fruits of incorporation from 1910 to 1915, Kraków's population doubled in just fifteen years, from approx. 91,000 to 183,000 in 1915. Russian troops besieged Kraków during the first winter of the First World War, and thousands of residents left the city for Moravia and other safer locales, generally returning in the spring and summer of 1915. During the war Polish Legions led by Józef Piłsudski set out to fight for the liberation of Poland, in alliance with Austrian and German troops. With the fall of Austro-Hungarian Empire, Poles liberated the city and it was included with the newly reborn Polish state (1918). Between the two World Wars Kraków was also a major Jewish cultural and religious center (see: Synagogues of Kraków), with the Zionist movement relatively strong among the city's Jewish population.
World War II
Poland was partitioned again at the onset of the Second World War. The Nazi German forces entered Kraków on September 6, 1939. The residents of the city were saved from German attack by the courageous Mayor Stanisław Klimecki who went to meet the invading Wehrmacht troops. He approached them with the call to stop shooting because the city was defenseless: "Feuer einstellen!" and offered himself as a hostage. He was killed by the Gestapo three years later in the Niepołomice Forest. The German Einsatzgruppen I and zbV entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles. On September 12, the Germans carried out a massacre of 10 Jews. On November 4, Kraków became the capital of the General Government, a colonial authority under the leadership of Hans Frank. The occupation took a heavy toll, particularly on the city's cultural heritage. On November 6, during the infamous Sonderaktion Krakau 184 professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University (including Rector Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński among others) were arrested at the Collegium Novum during a meeting ordered by the Gestapo chief SS-Obersturmbannführer Bruno Müller. President of Kraków, Klimecki was apprehended at his home the same evening. After two weeks, they were sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and in March 1940 further to Dachau. Those who survived were released only after international protest involving the Vatican. On November 9–10, during the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of 120 Poles, including teachers, students and judges. The Sicherheitspolizei took over the Montelupich Prison, which became one of the most infamous in German-occupied Poland. Many Poles arrested in Kraków, and various other places in the region, and even more distant cities such as Rzeszów and Przemyśl, were imprisoned there. Over 1,700 Polish prisoners were eventually massacred at Fort 49 of the Kraków Fortress and its adjacent forest, and deportations of Polish prisoners to concentration camps, incl. Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, were also carried out. The prison also contained a cell for kidnapped Polish children under the age of 10, with an average capacity of about 70 children, who were then sent to concentration camps and executed. From September to December 1939, the occupiers also operated a Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war.
Many relics and monuments of national culture were looted and destroyed (yet again), including the bronze statue of Adam Mickiewicz stolen for scrap. The Jewish population was first ghettoized, and later murdered. Two major concentration camps near Kraków included Płaszów and the extermination camp of Auschwitz, to which many local Poles and Polish Jews were sent. Specific events surrounding the Jewish ghetto in Kraków and the nearby concentration camps were famously portrayed in the film Schindler's List, itself based on a book by Thomas Keneally entitled Schindler's Ark. The Polish Red Cross was also aware of over 2,000 Polish Jews from Kraków, who escaped from the Germans to Soviet-occupied eastern Poland, and then were deported by the Soviets to the USSR.
The Polish resistance movement was active in the city. Already in September 1939, the Organizacja Orła Białego resistance organization was founded. Kraków became the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland (alongside Warsaw, Poznań, Toruń, Białystok and Lwów). A local branch of the Żegota underground Polish resistance organization was established to rescue Jews from the Holocaust.
The Germans operated several forced labour camps in the city, and in 1942–1944, they also operated the Stalag 369 prisoner-of-war camp for Dutch, Belgian and French POWs. In 1944, during and following the Warsaw Uprising, the Germans deported many captured Poles frow Warsaw to Kraków.
A common account popularized in the Soviet-controlled communist People's Republic of Poland, held that due to a rapid advance of the Soviet armies, Kraków allegedly escaped planned destruction during the German withdrawal. There are several different versions of that account. According to a version based on self-written Soviet statements, Marshal Ivan Konev claimed to have been informed by the Polish patriots of the German plan, and took an effort to preserve Kraków from destruction by ordering a lightning attack on the city while deliberately not cutting the Germans from the only withdrawal path, and by not aiding the attack with aviation and artillery. The credibility of those accounts has been questioned by Polish historian Andrzej Chwalba who finds no physical evidence of the German master plan for demolition and no written proof showing that Konev ordered the attack with the intention of preserving the city. He portrays Konev's strategy as ordinary – only accidentally resulting in little damage to Kraków – exaggerated later into a myth of "Konev, savior of Kraków" by Soviet propaganda. The Red Army entry into the city was accompanied by a wave of rapes of women and girls resulting in official protests.
Post-war period
After the war, the government of the People's Republic of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest steel mill in the suburb of Nowa Huta. This was regarded by some as an attempt to diminish the influence of Kraków's intellectual and artistic heritage by industrialization of the city and by attracting to it the new working class. In the 1950s some Greeks, refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in Nowa Huta.
The city is regarded by many to be the cultural capital of Poland. In 1978, UNESCO placed Kraków on the list of World Heritage Sites. In the same year, on October 16, 1978, Kraków's archbishop, Karol Wojtyła, was elevated to the papacy as John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.
Kraków's population has quadrupled since the end of World War II. After the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the subsequent joining of the European Union, Offshoring of IT work from other nations has become important to the economy of Kraków and Poland in general in recent years. The city is the key center for this kind of business activity. There are about 20 large multinational companies in Kraków, including centers serving IBM, General Electric, Motorola, and Sabre Holdings, along with British and German-based firms.
In recent history, Kraków has co-hosted various international sports competitions, including the 2016 European Men's Handball Championship, 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship and 2023 World Men's Handball Championship.
GB Railfreight's Class 92, 92028 prepares to depart Crewe with GBRf's remaining original Railfreight grey 92, 92044 "Couperin".
92044 had come into the station from the ETD having dropped off 023 earlier in the afternoon. 044 was originally planned to tow 028 to Wembley, but the Grey One was being a bit cantankerous, so the driver opted to lead with 028 instead - once he'd collected it from the short neck siding.
The move back to the capital was running - thanks to the campaign for proper headcodes(!) - as 0A50 16:24 Crewe Electric Traction Maintenance Depot to Wembley Inter City Depot.
Couperin is now without its original Channel Tunnel 'rings' after these were removed during its F Exam (overhaul) at Brush Traction, Loughborough, which occurred during 2020.
I meet this guy at the foot of Empress Falls back in April and took a few impromptu flicks of him (which I sent to him later). He seemed like a nice guy enjoying the Blue Mountains experience.
Happy Waterfall Wednesday!
Heading a diverted 4S43 via the G&SW, 88002 leads 68002 onj the appriahces to Newlands Viaduct, Thornhill. Usually the 68 is attached to the front so how they ended up in this order I don't know!
Dash 8-32BWH AMTK 507 on the point of the Coast Starlight as it heads south into Eugene. I can't recall ever seeing one of those units leading a train. Shot with my Nikkor-S 50mm f/1.4 lens.
In the last 2 nights of my trip to the Peruvian Amazon organized by Rainforest Expeditions, I photographed 2 rare specimens of the Roly Poly Orb Weaver - Xylethrus scrupeus Simon, 1895. This spider tends to drop from its web when approached and rolls up into a cute ball when it hits the forest floor. When I picked it up on a leaf, it would just roll off and disappear into the leaf litter again. It would remain motionless and camouflaged in the leaf litter like a ball of poop for a period of time, and return to its web after it was deemed safe enough.
Read the full post here:
sgmacro.blogspot.com/2015/08/peruvian-amazon-roly-poly-sp...
Rewire Festival 2016
Prins27, Den Haag
UK-based producer Roly Porter creates futuristic ambient music. His work fuses his background, as part of renowned dubsteb group Vex’d, with contemporary classical composition: focussing on sound design and resulting in a singular and often harrowing sound. Porter’s second full-length album, Life Cycle Of A Massive Star (2013), captures a star’s lifespan in sound. Dreamlike landscapes are alternated by robust dynamic contrasts and often symphonic, volcanic textures.
Porter’s Rewire-performance will be accompanied by visuals made by renowned visual-artist MFO (Marcel Weber). He has been creating and directing audiovisual performances, installations and video works since 2001, previously working with Tim Hecker, Kode9, Biosphere and Ben Frost. Weber contributed video design to the Opera National de Paris, the Academy of Arts Berlin and the Brut Theatre in Vienna. Expect a cosmos made out of textures and distortions, a magical experience of surreal moments: stimuli for the subconscious.
www.blurb.com/user/store/ARMNstalker
This photo is part of the SPF Archive and was either taken by me or acquired in a trade...
Unknown person (possibly Winifred) and Olive Turney, role playing as a married, pregnant couple, in a greenhouse, possibly in England.
Masculinity in medieval times
The role of the male has changed significantly since medieval times although there are several similarities. Men were considered the breadwinners and the most important people in the family unit. Women endeavoured to please the men around them and were often subservient to their needs. Men were considered the most important members of society and were treated with respect and admiration. Men were not expected to tend to their home or their children; this was the work of women.
Male employment in medieval times
The social status of a man was determined by his wealth and the amount of land he owned; life for peasant males was often difficult and they were often employed as servants of richer men. Peasants were also required to fight in times of war. Wealthier men often owned vast amounts of land and employed peasants or women to look after it; most rich men didn’t work as such and relied on the money generated by their land or an inheritance from their ancestors to make up their income. Common jobs for poorer men included farming and working the land, while richer men were often employed in the Courts or as Knights.
Men’s rights
Wealthy men had more rights than both poorer men and women. Wealthy men often played a part in the regulation of society and had a voice in major decisions and votes. Men had the right to choose a wife and decide when they wanted children.
Noblemen
Noblemen had all the rights in medieval Europe. They owned land, had subservient peasants, and were in legal possession of their wives. Sons of noblemen could marry into new land, take over their father's estate, or join the knighthood and serve a lord, often their own fathers. Noblemen had to deal with all problems, concerns and defense of the land they owned and the people who inhabited it.
Peasant Men
A peasant man in medieval Europe basically had his life planned for him. Around age 7, a boy would attend school -- a luxury not extended to girls -- but only until he was old enough to be of use to his father in his trade. This usually meant work in the fields as a farmer, though many were also millers, blacksmiths and tavern owners. His marriage would be arranged for him, and when his father died he would take over his work. Men legally owned their wives and children, and were considered the final authority in any dispute.
Merseyside Police
Dept: Local Policing - Community
Roof Code: 467
Role: Cell Van
Make: Ford Transit
Station: Wallasey
www.youtube.com/channel/UCTWHJN4C_SWS-PLPDFt9LDg/featured... ift.tt/2gHOOF4 ift.tt/2fB3QQM ift.tt/2gHI89M twitter.com/Bollywoodmoviet ift.tt/2fH2Bzv ift.tt/2gNlWeE ift.tt/2fRKfac ift.tt/2gNcYxQ ift.tt/2fGZ8B8 ift.tt/2gNlLjp ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Mahira Khan's role chopped in big Bollywood debut 'Raees'—Here's all you need to know"-"Mahira Khan's role chopped" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ❂❂❂Please Subscribe & Share And Like Comment Please❂❂❂ #Mahira Khan's role #Raees #Shahrukh khan