Wolseley Six Eighty

 

Everything you want to know:

www.680mo.org.uk/scripts/cars.php?parent=Wolseley&ban...

 

Note: This might be later than 1948, because the first cars did not have chrome headlight retainer rings.

 

This photo was published in the Southern Midlands News, September 2016.

 

A gentle reminder about copyright and intellectual property-

Ⓒ Cassidy Photography (All images in this Flickr portfolio)

 

cassidyphotography.net

 

Aboriginal History of Wilcannia:

 

Wilcannia is located on the Darling River, about halfway between Bourke and Wentworth. The river is known as Barka by the local Aboriginal people or Barkandji, literally people belonging to the Barka, and it is surrounded on all sides by Barkandji speaking people. The people from along the Barka and varying distances either side from near Bourke down to Wentworth all recognised the Barkandji language as their primary language, but they were divided into subgroups with different dialects of this one language. The Barkandji language is very different from all the neighbouring languages including the adjoining Ngiyampaa/Ngemba to the east, the Kulin, and Murray River languages to the south, and the Yardli and Thura-Yura language groups to the west and north.

 

Barkandji have a unique culture and depended heavily on the grinding or pounding of seeds on large grinding dishes or mortars and pestles, such as grass, portulaca, and acacia seeds. In the riverine areas, there is a strong emphasis on aquatic plant food tubers and corms, and fish, yabbies, turtles, mussels, and shrimps as well as water birds and their eggs. Insect foods were also important, such as parti or witchetty grubs along the rivers and creeks, and termite larvae in the Mallee country. Large and small canoes were cut out, necessitating ground edge axes, and string manufacture for fish nets, hunting nets, bags, and belts was an important part of the culture. The Wilcannia area still shows tangible evidence of traditional life in the form of canoe trees, coolamon trees, middens, heat retainer ovens, ashy deposits, stone tool quarries and artefacts.

 

Thomas Mitchell led the first exploring party to reach Wilcannia and gave the Barkandji their first unpleasant taste of what was to come. Mitchell travelled via the Bogan to the Darling River near Bourke and then down the river to Wilcannia then Menindee, reaching it in July 1835. Mitchell was harassed by Barkandji as he did not understand that he had to properly negotiate permission for use of water, grass, land to camp on etc., and in addition his men were abusing women behind his back and breaking all the rules. He gave them names such as the Fire Eaters and the Spitting Tribe as they tried to warn him off. His comments show that the Barkandji groups he met occupied "different portions of the river", and that they owned the resources in their territories including the water in the river. The exclusive possession enjoyed by the Barkandji and the need to obtain permission before using any of their resources is demonstrated by the following comment about the "Spitting Tribe" from the river near Wilcannia:

 

"The Spitting Tribe desired our men to pour out the water from their buckets, as if it had belonged to them; digging, at the same time a hole in the ground to receive it when poured out; and I have more than once seen a river chief, on receiving a tomahawk, point to the stream and signify that we were then at liberty to take water from it, so strongly were they possessed with the notion that the water was their own"

 

A hill 15 kilometres north of Wilcannia was named Mount Murchison by Mitchell and this became the name of the very large original station that included the location that was to become Wilcannia township.

 

In 1862 the area northwest of Mount Murchison Station was still frontier country with continual conflict. Frederic Bonney was based at Mount Murchison homestead and then nearby Momba homestead from 1865 to 1881 and he bluntly states in his notebooks that in this period "natives killed by settlers - shot like dogs"

 

Bonney recorded extensive detail about the lives, language, culture, and personalities of the Aboriginal people at Mount Murchison/Momba and left us with extremely significant series of photos of Aboriginal people taken in this period. He does not elaborate about the way the station was set up except for his comment above. Frederic Bonney not only respected and looked after the local people but he sympathised with them, worked with them, and respected them. The Bonney papers and photographs are a treasure of information about the Aboriginal people living there between 1865 and 1881. Bonney published a paper in 1884 but long after he had returned to England to live he campaigned for the better treatment of the Aboriginal people, and he tried to educate the public about the complexity of Aboriginal culture.

 

Bonney names about 44 individual Aboriginal people living at Momba in this period, and one group photo from the same period shows a total of 38 people. Descendants of some of the people Bonney describes still live in Wilcannia and surrounding areas today.

 

Aboriginal people worked on Moomba and Mount Murchison Station, and from very early times fringe camps grew up around Wilcannia. The land straight across the River from the Wilcannia post office was gazetted as an Aboriginal Reserve, and this became the nucleus of a very large fringe camp that grew into a substantial settlement spaced out along the river bank in the 1930s to the 1970s. By 1953 the Aboriginal Welfare Board had built a series of 14 barrack-like and inappropriately designed houses in an enlarged reserve, now an attractive tree lined settlement known as the Mission (although never a mission it was beside a Catholic School and clinic, thus the name). Today Aboriginal people are the majority of the population of the vibrant, creative, and culturally active town of Wilcannia, and the main users of the post office facilities.

 

Wilcannia History:

 

The first secure pastoralists at Mount Murchison were the brothers Hugh and Bushby Jamieson of Mildura Station on the Murray, who in 1856 took up Tallandra and Moorabin blocks, later extended with other blocks and named Mount Murchison Station. Captain Cadell's paddlesteamer Albury was the first to travel up the Darling, landing flour and other stores for the Jamiesons at Mount Murchison in February 1859. The Albury then loaded 100 bales of wool from their woolshed and brought it down to Adelaide. At this time there were no other stations on the Darling between Mt Murchison and Fort Bourke. A little later:

 

"An enterprising attempt has just been made by Mr. Hugh Jamieson, of Mount Murchison, to bring fat sheep speedily to Adelaide. Mr. Jamieson having chartered Captain Cadell's steamer, Albury, that vessel was prepared, and received on board at Mildura 550 fine fat sheep. These were landed at Moorundee last Tuesday, after a rapid passage of two days, all the sheep being in splendid condition when put ashore"

 

Jamiesons sold in 1864 to Robert Barr Smith and Ross Reid from Adelaide. The brothers Edward and Frederic Bonney were leasing some adjacent blocks and possibly worked at Mount Murchison for these owners. In 1875 they bought the Mount Murchison/Momba complex, one of the largest stations in New South Wale. In 1865 it was known as Mount Murchison, in 1881 it was all known as Momba, later splitting into smaller stations. The original Mount Murchison Station homestead block was also known as Head Station or Karannia, the Barkandji name for the area just north of the town near where the Paroo River comes into the Barka. The original Mount Murchison woolshed was located on what is now Baker Park, Wilcannia, which is adjacent to the current Post Office.

 

The site of Wilcannia was selected on Mount Murchison Station in 1864 by John Chadwick Woore, who was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands of the Albert District in 1863 and was based at Wilcannia. The town was proclaimed in 1866 and in the 1870s it became a coaching centre for prospectors exploiting the region's gold, copper, silver, and opal resources, and the administrative, service, and shipping centre for the pastoral industry. Wilcannia was incorporated as a municipality in 1881, and around this time it became New South Wales biggest inland port and Australia's third largest inland port (after Echuca Victoria and Morgan South Australia). 'The Queen of the River' or 'Queen City of the West'. At the height of its prosperity around 1880, the town boasted a population of 3,000. According to the Register of the National Estate, during 1887 alone, 222 steamers took on 26,550 tonnes of wool and other goods at Wilcannia wharves. The value of goods coming down the Darling River in 1884 was 1,359,786 pounds, and included over 30,000 bales of wool. The customs house, another Wilcannia stone building now demolished, located immediately between the Post office and the river bank and wharfs, took 17,544 pounds in customs duties in 1889. Paddlesteamers gradually declined, particularly after the 1920s, although a few continued to trade up and down the river into the 1940's, still remembered by elderly Wilcannia residents.

 

Wilcannia in the 1870s and into the 1900s was the centre of the pastoral and mining boom of the far west of New South Wales, and it was the centre of the paddlesteamer river trade from the Upper Darling to the Murray River and outlets such as Adelaide and Melbourne. The frequent dry seasons and lack of water in the river led to other methods of transporting goods being used, such as camel trains, but when the water came down the river trade always returned. The river trade built Wilcannia's fine buildings, but it was also its undoing, as the New South Wales government intervened to reduce the river trade because goods were moving to and from Adelaide and Melbourne, not Sydney.

 

Plans to improve navigation on the river were suggested in 1859 after Captain Cadell's first successful voyage up the Darling that was followed by other paddlesteamers. Cadell gave evidence at a New South Wales Select Committee that the Darling would be become reliable for boats if a system of locks were built at very reasonable cost that would hold back water during the drier seasons. The plans to build locks along the Darling River to make navigation more consistent were investigated again and again, but were not realised because the New South Wales government believed trade would benefit Victoria and South Australia.

 

After the opening of the Sydney to Bourke railway line in 1885, Wilcannia lost its status as the major commercial centre of the Darling River. The trade from the far North West New South Wales then tended to go to the railhead at Bourke and straight to Sydney. There were plans in the 1880s for the railway to be run from Cobar to Wilcannia, however this plan was continuously put off. Plans for a railway to Wilcannia continued to be made throughout the 1890's and early 1900's, and including a proposal from Cobar to Broken Hill then linking to South Australia as the Great Western Railway. In 1907 "a large petition was forwarded to Sydney from Wilcannia for presentation to the Premier urging immediate construction of the Cobar-Wilcannia Railway, and subsequent extension to Broken Hill".

 

The New South Wales government attempt to stop trade leaking out of the state resulted in their refusal to build a railway to Wilcannia (as goods tended to go to Wilcannia and down the river), or to extend the railway to South Australia for the same reasons. The bend in the river on the north side of town celebrates this government intransigence by its name "Iron Pole Bend", the iron pole said to have been placed at the surveyed location of the proposed railway bridge. New South Wales eventually built a railway through the low population Ivanhoe route to the south of Wilcannia reaching Broken Hill in 1927, and even then it stopped at Broken Hill and did not join the South Australian line until 1970. The link between Broken Hill and the South Australian railway was provided from 1884 to 1970 by the narrow gauge private railway 'the Silverton Tramway', which also took trade from Wilcannia.

 

The combination of missing out on the railway and locking of the river, the severe drought on 1900 - 1901, and the damage to the pastoral economy by drought, rabbits, and over grazing, led to a down turn in Wilcannia's prospects, leaving the fine stone buildings such as the post office languishing as tangible reminders of a time when Wilcannia was known as the "Queen City of the West" and was the largest inland port in New South Wales and the third largest inland port in Australia.

 

Post Office History:

 

During the 1850s, postal services became more regular, and the great colonial investment in postal infrastructure was underway. From the 1850s, each major rural centre had a postmaster of its own as the post office became a symbol of the presence of civilisation in many outback towns. Government architects built substantial post offices in provincial towns as statements of the authority and presence of the government. The original Wilcannia Post Office was established in 1860 under the name of Mount Murchison, the name was later officially changed to Wilcannia in 1868.

 

The Wilcannia Post Office and Post Master's Residence were designed by the Colonial Architect James Barnet, the signed plan being forwarded to Wilcannia in 1878. The Post Office and Residence were part of an official precinct in Wilcannia, with the courthouse (1880), gaol (1880), and police residence (1880) built across the road and one block south. In 1876 £1,500 was allocated to the post office project. Tenders were called in August 1878 and the builder D. Baillie accepted to erect the post office, and at the same time as the builder for the Court House, Lock-Up Gaol, and Police buildings.

 

A further £3,100 of consolidated revenue was allocated to the post office and £8,200 to the courthouse and watch house in 1879. By March 1979 the post office was "in course of erection". The complex was completed by 1880, succeeding the post office set up on Mount Murchison Station in 1860 and a second weatherboard building that was used from 1866.

 

James Johnstone Barnet (1827 - 1904) was made acting Colonial Architect in 1862 and appointed Colonial Architect from 1865 - 1890. He was born in Scotland and studied in London under Charles Richardson, RIBA and William Dyce, Professor of Fine Arts at King's College, London. He was strongly influenced by Charles Robert Cockerell, leading classical theorist at the time and by the fine arts, particularly works of painters Claude Lorrain and JRM Turner. He arrived in Sydney in 1854 and worked as a self-employed builder. He served as Edmund Blacket's clerk of works on the foundations of the Randwick (Destitute Childrens') Asylum. Blacket then appointed Barnet as clerk-of-works on the Great Hall at Sydney University. By 1859 he was appointed second clerk of works at the Colonial Architect's Office and in 1861 was Acting Colonial Architect. Thus began a long career. He dominated public architecture in New South Wales, as the longest-serving Colonial Architect in Australian history. Until he resigned in 1890 his office undertook some 12,000 works, Barnet himself designing almost 1000. They included those edifices so vital to promoting communication, the law and safe sea arrivals in colonial Australia. Altogether there were 169 post and telegraph offices, 130 courthouses, 155 police buildings, 110 lockups and 20 lighthouses, including the present Macquarie Lighthouse on South Head, which replaced the earlier one designed by Francis Greenway. Barnet's vision for Sydney is most clearly seen in the Customs House at Circular Quay, the General Post Office in Martin Place, and the Lands Department and Colonial Secretary's Office in Bridge Street. There he applied the classicism he had absorbed in London, with a theatricality which came from his knowledge of art.

 

The substantial two storey attached post office residence faces the main street and more than doubles the size of the complex. This is unusual as Barnet tended to have residences on the first floor of the main building or at the rear. It relates to the remoteness and government determination to make the job attractive to the right post master, a government representative who had to be an honest employee and trusted by this remote community. It consists of four rooms on the ground floor; parlour, sitting room, kitchen, and servant's bedroom, and three bedrooms upstairs, plus various storage rooms, and a central staircase.

 

The new post office became the focal point of town, located in the main street and immediately adjacent to the wharves and customs house. In 1896 the iron bridge with lift span over the Darling River was completed and the east-west highway re-routed to go over the bridge and directly past the post office, from then on located on the busy corner of the main street and the highway. Descriptions include:

 

"the post and telegraph offices, together with the master's residence", are "both a substantial and ornamental piece of architecture"; "the post office is a very neat building indeed" with "white stone which seems to finely glisten among the dark foliage of the river timber"; "The colonnade of the post office is the Exchange of the town, and here all the business men meet daily and discuss the news of the district. Mails do not come in every day but when Her Majesty's mail coach is seen in front of the post-office there may all the people be seen gathered together. The Sydney and Melbourne papers are four days old when they reach Wilcannia, as the town is from 24 to 30 hours coaching from any railway terminus".

 

In 1890 the tender from R. B. Spiers to erect a "verandah and balcony etc" at the Post Office and Telegraph office was accepted, referring to the two storey verandah and balcony at the post office residence and possibly the small verandah on the side of the post office as well. Drawings from 1881 and 1888 show the single storey verandah of the residence, but a photo from 1894 clearly shows the two storey verandah. The two-storey verandah was added in response to the extreme climate, the wooden lined ceilings on both levels are an attempt to prevent the heat from penetrating onto the verandah, north facing wall, and windows. The two storey verandah was probably also designed by Barnet as he held the position of government architect until 1890 and its detail is similar to the 1889 Bourke post office verandah.

 

This Post Office building was in continuous use until 1997 as a post office, telegraph, then telephone exchange, and post master's residence. The post office service was then moved and the complex was used as a residence only until 2002. It became the post office again from 2013 and provides both postal and banking services for the town and surrounding stations.

 

The remoteness of Wilcannia also meant that the central post office performed a range of significant peripheral services, such as posting up government edicts and community notices, weather measurements and warnings, flood warnings and river heights, timetables and pick-up and drop-down place for coaches, mail coaches, and later mail trucks and buses. The mail coaches/mail trucks left the post office for the remote outback laden with mail, newspapers, groceries, spare parts, school lessons for outback children, and travellers (workers, family and friends and even occasionally nurses and church people). Mail coaches/mail trucks played a unique role enabling people to exist in the outback that cannot be underestimated. Mail trucks still operate out of Wilcannia delivering mail and parcels to the remote outback stations.

 

Source: New South Wales Heritage Register.

For FGR's I Love Geeks and Picture Yourself in Bed

 

The jacket is a bit tight after twenty years...If only I still had my retainer.

This is a very rare PFM Crown model in HO scale. This represents one of only twenty five models made in the first run (1958). Made under the United Models name plate, the premier Japanese maker, Toby Models, made these semi-hand made models to extreme precision and high quality. For it's time, this was one of the top of the line models. Stamped #10 on the left side of the rear frame rail, this model has many features that the subsequent runs did not have (or, where in various stages of these features). Highly detailed cab interior for one. Other details which point to the run year is the hand built train control box mounted on the boiler, the absence of window sashes (all of the following runs had window sashes), a single generator (although two later runs had a single generator, this combination of details gives it away as the 1958 model.

 

Scale: HO

Category: Steam

Subcategory:

Road: Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (CB&Q)

Whyte: 4-8-4

Description: O-5 NORTHERN

Importer: Pacific Fast Mail (PFM)

Catalog: CROWN

MANUFACTURE

Builder: Toby

Year(s): 1958

Qty Made: 25

 

NOTES: UNPAINTED - SERIAL # ON LEFT REAR OF FRAME - GREEN BOX - NO WINDOW SASHES IN CAB - SINGLE GENERATOR - BUILT-UP ATC BOX ON TOP OF BOILER - UNITED PLATE ON RETAINER PLATE

Old retainer 86614 hauls the 08.19 Crewe Basford Hall - Garston (4F45) Freightliner service through Acton Bridge on 25th July 2014.

 

Not exactly subtle but ......

Church of St Bartholomew, Crewkerne Somerset built of dressed limestone and golden-coloured Ham Hill stone

The present church dates mainly to 15c - early 16c, rebuilt in Perpendicular Gothic style with the riches of the local wool and textile industry , but whose origins date back earlier.

The architect was William Smyth, master of Wells Cathedral from 1475 until his death in 1490 who at least was responsible for the west front & south porch , (He also worked at Sherborne Abbey as well as at St. John's, Glastonbury & while he was at Wells was given the freedom of the city, receiving a retainer of £1.6s.8d yearly and a house rent free, in addition to his fees) . He was responsible for some important fan vaults at a time when the construction of these still lay in the future.

 

It is believed to stand on the site of a church mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Survey dedicated to St. Stephen. All trace of this Saxon church has gone, but masonry from the previous 13c Norman church remains in some of the walls.

The large square font with 6 incised arches on each face, is probably Norman , possibly now standing on a more modern base www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/314Hcj

 

The cruciform building was raised on the late 12c / early 13c Norman foundations of an earlier church, for which the only surviving evidence above ground today is some of the lower stonework of the central tower, including a single blocked Early English window, visible internally to the north.

It consists of a chancel, clerestoried nave of 4 bays, aisles, transepts, south porch and embattled central tower with angle turrets. It seats 800 .

 

No major structural alterations have taken place since the Reformation in the 16c but there have been many changes to the furnishings and fittings to suit the various phases of protestant worship that followed.

The church was restored, with the exception of the chancel, in 1887-9, at a cost of £3,3157, ( Major Sparks, of Crewkerne, contributing £700): in 1893, two readers' stalls and 24 bench ends, all of carved oak, were erected:

The whole chancel was restored and decorated in 1899 by the Hussey family who are remembered in the east window.:

The central section of the west gallery was removed in the late 19c to reveal the great west window. The organ there was relocated to the south transept.

 

in 1904 the carved oak fan vaulting in the tower lantern www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/f4gmCE was presented by an anonymous donor, and in 1906 a new organ costing £2,000 was given by Miss Sparks:

The tower has a chiming clock of 1902 costing £250, and 8 bells, recast and rehung, with 2 new ones added in 1894, at a cost of £600, of which amount C. W. Haslock and Messrs. W. Sparks and G. Joliff contributed £400:

 

The main altar was moved under the tower crossing in the 1960’s and a new altar table, made in burred oak by local craftsmen, was provided in 2003.

 

Narrow and low compared with the nave, the chancel reflects the form of the earlier church. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/f44MLB Behind the high altar there is a carved stone reredos of 1903 given by Miss Hussey depicting the Last Supper. On either side are 15c doorways, now blocked, which led to a former vestry. One door is carved with pigs, the other with angels, signifying which to choose for "clean" Christian living. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/JA5spv

The oldest memorial in the church, on the south wall, is a brass effigy of Thomas Golde who died in 1525. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/5sFo37

Corbels once supported a rood screen at the entrance to the chancel, one of these features a “green man”. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/5ax1a6

 

​The north transept completed c 1530 , with its group of Tudor-style chapels, is architecturally the richest part of the interior and the last part to be completed. The Woolminstone Chapel is flooded with light from the broad flat-arched windows. The tiny former Children’s Chapel contains an imposing 17c memorial to the Merefield family. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/fN61Hr

 

​A room above the stone fan-vaulted ceiling www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/25q12u in the south porch can be reached by a door high up on the wall of the nave. Outside there is a niche with a statue of St Bartholomew above the door and there are many gargoyles and other grotesque carvings decorating the parapet around the building, www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/98x5jP

 

​The west front is considered to be the finest in Somerset after Wells Cathedral. It is suggested that the design with its seven-light window flanked by octagonal stair turrets, was influenced by St George’s Windsor and King’s College Chapel due to royal chaplains present among the rectors at that time. The moulded doorway with adjoining niches, sculpted figures and tracery, although decayed, is of exceptional quality. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/iJ85ku

 

Picture with thanks - copyright Mike Searle CCL www.geograph.org.uk/photo/868366

木遣りとはしご乗り

The history behind Hikeshi is dated as far back as the Edo Tokugawa Shogunate era. In 1650, the Japanese government appointed two Direct Retainer of the Shogun as the first "Hikeshis", they are the founders of "Jyobikeshi" Association.

Furthermore, in 1717 the rein of Shogun Yoshimune, there were two new associations formed. Eleven hereditary feudal lords were appointed the task of organizing the "Daimyobikeshi (Hikeshi for the castles)" and the other one which had a slower start was called "Machibikeshi (Hikeshi for the town)." Till then, the "Jyobikeshi" and "Daimyobikeshi" were responsible for the Edo Castle and Old Samurai residences. The daily fire needs were accommodated by the ordinary construction workers turned Hikeshis, this was supported by the local residents' association. (HP of Japan Hikeshi Preserving Foundation)

After the siege and capture of Ilan castle, the men under the command of prince William Edwaedson and Cassandra Edwaedsdottir had set up camp around the stronghold to await the arrival of reinforcements from the three kingdoms of the northern alliance.

 

“Uuurgh!” Roger moaned. Ranger-captain Martin Godwinson looked up from his book “Anything wrong?” the gnome stood up from his bedroll inside their tent. “Nothing, It’s just, I’m bored alright. We’ve been stuck here for almost a week already. Hell, I almost wish we were raiding supply lines again.” “You could have gone with Thirn.” Martin suggested. Roger gave him a sarcastic glare. “Really, me, a three-foot-tall gnome in a drinking competition with dwarfs? I’m flattered about your faith in me mate, but I wouldn’t last a single goddamn minute.” Martin sipped from his yet hot tea “Alright, I can see your point there.” “And I somewhat doubt that Celdric would be overly enjoyed if I busted in during one of his romantic trips with Elana.” He smiled. “Don’t get me wrong, I’m happy for the bloke that he found someone.” He scratched his short beard. “Never thought the elf would be the first of us though.”

 

“Ahum, sir?” They both turned their heads to see the helmeted head of one of Williams huscarls poking through the tent flaps “Aye?” “Captain, the prince has asked for your presence.” Martin rose from his stool “Well, Roger, you wanted something to do.” He winked “you can act as my retainer” “Sure, captain.” He gestured towards the woman “Lead the way.” She saluted and guided them towards the makeshift command post in the middle of the camp. On the way she gave them a few curious glances. Eventually she opened her mouth to ask a question. “Er, Mr…?” “Fellstorm, Magus Roger Fellstorm” “Magus Fellstorm.” She said “If you don’t mind, would like to ask you something.” “Err, sure love, go for it.” “Well, you are clearly a wizard.” The gnome nodded “Yet you serve with the rangers, most wizards tend to stay somewhat at the back.” “Well, the first reason is that I’m a good friend of the captain right here and that he asked me very nicely to join his party of merry men. This seemed like a good idea to me as I was somewhat broke at the time. Also, Martin and friends are a bit shit and would surely die somewhere in the middle of nowhere without yours truly.” But the mage wasn’t done yet “Furthermore, I’m not one of those casters who just locks himself up in tower all day to study, I like the world way too much for that. You might know that not all wizards use the same set of spells, most of us specialise in one or more of the lore’s of magic. These are basically collections of spells that follow the same style. You have the lore of light, the lore of earth, the lore of nature, (which is basically the same thing as druid’s use, except that it isn’t while it kind of is) just to name a few. Pretty much every wizard will learn a few spells from every lore, next to the universal lore. This is a set of basic spells that every wizard should know. Although I have a suspicion that those who classified the spells just couldn’t be bothered to classify them. Some prefer to just lean spells from all lore sans become a jack off all trades, but most will find a particular set of spells that interests them. One of mine is he lore of shadows, a set off spells that specialise in stealth and being all sneaky like. Stuff that is quite useful for the rangers.” Then Martin tipped him on the shoulder “Roger mate, she asked for a short explanation, not for a treatise on magic.” The magus gave a somewhat awkward smile “Sorry Miss, got a bit carried away, I’m afraid.”

 

At this point in time, the three arrived at the command post in the centre of the camp, surrounded by several guards, many of whom Martin recognised as royal huscarls, arguably the finest fighters in the realm, further there was, of course, his friend prince William Edwaedson, the eldest son of jarl Fiona Boldwinsdottir, Bohort Richardson and an unknown person. He had the ears of an elf, yet lacking the refined features of one. Martin therefore concluded he must be a half-elf. Closer inspection also revealed a small silver badge on his chest, bearing the crown of Bregonas. He walked up to his friend “Goodday William, how are things?” to say that this rather simple greeting shook the half-elf is like saying that trolls aren’t very clever: a slight understatement at the best of times. He knew the northerners weren’t massive fans of formality, but this? William noticed this (not that that was particularly difficult.) “Calm down, lord Serelan, Ranger-captain Martin here is one of my oldest friends, he has earned that right.” He turned again to the ranger “Good to see you to mate.” He gestured towards the Bregonian “By the way, meet lord Serelan Sunflare, an observer from the kingdom of Bregonas, here to, well, observery things. Now, you might be curious why I asked you here.” “You wanted someone who didn’t call you ‘your grace’ or ‘my lord’ all the bloody time and who will punch you in the face when you get too drunk?” Martin suggested. William smiled, while the observer became bleaker by the minute. “No mate, I’ve already got Bohort and my sister for that.” Bohort grinned. “You’re perfectly welcome to drink with us in a moment.” “Perhaps later. Something tells me that I have to drag a wasted dwarf back to his tent in a moment.” Bohort first looked like he wanted to make a comment on this, then just murmured a simple “I don’t want to know.” “See you in the evening then. Now, let’s get serious for a moment.” He pointed towards one of the maps on the table before them. “Lately, we are having some issues with our supply lines. Some of them that go through this area, just, disappear, annihilated by raiders.” Martin frowned “But those caravans are usually fairly well guarded.” Bohort nodded “You are right there, but these ain’t your ordinary ruffians anymore. They are led by someone who they refer to as the ‘bandit king’. He has gathered dozens of men under his banner, some even say that some orc and goblin raiders have joined his merry bunch. Long story short, enough men to ambush a few non-suspecting guards.” Martin rubbed his chin. “Grave news indeed, but can’t this be handled by local forces?” “Aye, we tried, but small forces were simply overrun and if we presented them with a superior force, they would simply melt into the forest, leaving nothing in their tracks but cold campfires by the time our forces arrived.” William explained. “In other words, you need the rangers.” “exactly.” “Well, I’m flattered for your faith in me, but gathering from your words we are facing at least a hundred men, probably more, while I have something like thirty-odd men and I have more rangers than anybody here.” “Don’t worry, we’ve thought of that.” The prince picked up a scroll from the table and handed it over to the ranger-captain “A letter off attorney, signed by yours truly. It will allow you to pick up some regular soldiers from around here, furthermore, it will also ensure the cooperation of local lords and ladies or their representatives. The first part though is more of a request and a sign of my permission than a direct order. So if I were you, I’d mainly ask friendly lords or other people who still owe you one. Besides you don’t even have to take them out immediately, as long as keep them busy.” After this, the three chatted onwards for a while, before Martin returned to Roger, who had been waiting at a respectful distance, chatting away with a minotaur. The ranger explained their new task to the gnome, who thought about it for a while “You know, I think I know some fellas who’d wile to tag along. The first candidate besides the others of the company is going to be fairly obvious, isn’t it? Unless you Celdric to be pissed for the entire bloody way.” Martin nodded and noted the name ‘Elana Goodwind on the parchment. “Alright then, anyone else?” “Sure, just follow me.” He said as he guided him through the camp “the next candidate is one of my best and oldest friends besides you lot, remember Sarah Brightspark?” “the engineer?” “Aye, that one.” Roger said as the arrived by a tent with a make-shift workbench in front of it. Next to it, sat a female gnome, bent over some project. She had put her long, red hair in a ponytail, with a pair of welding goggles pulled over, acting as a hairband, further, she wore an orange jacket, with brown trousers, held up by a large tool belt. “Oi, Sarah!” Roger yelled. “Oh hi Roger.” She said “How you doing?” “Fine, thank you very much. Say, how would you like to get out of this rather boring place.” The wizard say a slight sparkle appear in hear eyes. “Go on then.” “how would you like to go with us on a personal mission of the prince?” “Sounds interesting” she said “I had to resolve to reassembling my guns again to keep me busy. I’ll get packing. I assume you will resolve this with master engineer Copperclip?” “Wonderful, knew I could count on you, I’ll fill you in on the details later.” “sure, see you later.”

 

“Any more suggestions?” Martin asked “a few yes. I’ll go to the later. You?” “I think I’m going to see jarl James Williamson, he owes me one, so let’s see if we can relieve him of some of his gallowglasses.” Roger laughed “lead the way mate.”

High-line transfer with RFA Retainer (A329). Retainer was launched on Jan 19th 1950 as a liner and then later sold for use as an RFA. De-commissioned April 1978 and Scrapped in Spain 1979

Katsukawa Shunsho 1726-1793

Ichikawa Masugoro as Kempei (left) in act V of a Treasury of Loyal Retainers, about 1780

Summicron-R 50

The train stopped here, I assume, to set the brake retainers for the grade down to the Wabash river, just ahead. Off to the left is Purdue's Zucrow Laboratory where I did my graduate engineering research way back when,

DayPrime2019_cw15_OMZuiko100F28_04

This masterpiece of Gothic architecture is one of the finest in England – it’s certainly my favourite of those that I’ve visited. Construction began in 1175 on the site of an earlier cathedral and an even earlier church dating from 705AD. The main part of the cathedral was finished in 1306 although additions continued until the 15th century. In the 14th century, the central pillars were found to be sinking under the weight of the main tower which had been damaged by an earthquake in the previous century. Scissor arches were inserted to brace and stabilise these pillars supporting the tower. These elegant arches form a very unusual, but very beautiful, centre to the cathedral.

This is a very rare PFM Crown model in HO scale. This represents one of only twenty five models made in the first run (1958). Made under the United Models name plate, the premier Japanese maker, Toby Models, made these semi-hand made models to extreme precision and high quality. For it's time, this was one of the top of the line models. Stamped #10 on the left side of the rear frame rail, this model has many features that the subsequent runs did not have (or, where in various stages of these features). Highly detailed cab interior for one. Other details which point to the run year is the hand built train control box mounted on the boiler, the absence of window sashes (all of the following runs had window sashes), a single generator (although two later runs had a single generator, this combination of details gives it away as the 1958 model.

 

Scale: HO

Category: Steam

Subcategory:

Road: Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (CB&Q)

Whyte: 4-8-4

Description: O-5 NORTHERN

Importer: Pacific Fast Mail (PFM)

Catalog: CROWN

MANUFACTURE

Builder: Toby

Year(s): 1958

Qty Made: 25

 

NOTES: UNPAINTED - SERIAL # ON LEFT REAR OF FRAME - GREEN BOX - NO WINDOW SASHES IN CAB - SINGLE GENERATOR - BUILT-UP ATC BOX ON TOP OF BOILER - UNITED PLATE ON RETAINER PLATE

I guess all babies need naps & it was hot. It was funny to see this baby suddenly sit down and wiggle, wiggle, wiggle until it had made a little hollow nest for itself in the cool loose dirt and bird feeder debris. It would close one eye at a time, resting and cooling off, while keeping watch with the other eye. Good survival skills.

Juvenile American Robin (Turdus migratorius)

My photos can also be found at kapturedbykala.com

Canadian Pacific's train 281, muscles out of Reeseville after checking their train for a set retainer just east of town.

The walls were made of bamboo and mud, so the rooves and straw on the sides are needed to protect them from the elements. One disadvantage of the watering system on the streets to melt the snow: you have to shovel heavy slush instead of light snow.

Number 7 for 115 Pictures in 2015 : The Number Seven

 

Most of these newish huts at Alum Chine don't have a view of the beach.

They have what estate agents describe as 'sea glimpses'.

 

My beachhut has a view of the sea much impaired this season by the placing of two industrial bin retainers right opposite.

The council moved the bins but the metal remains,

I don't really want to sit there any more, so I shall remind the powers that be that they promised to remove it !

House Stonmer is one of the younger houses of Roawia.

 

The Lords of Stonmer moved their estate from Loreos to Lenfald only a few generations ago. While their loyalty to Lenfald is not in question, they still keep with the traditions of their former home province: their house colours are read and gold their emblem is the Loreesi gilded falcon.

 

--

 

This build is an entry for the Mini Global Challenge III "Noble Houses of Roawia" for the Lands of Roawia Lego RPG at the merlins-beard.com forum.

Might delete later...

 

I have to go to bed now. I'm exhausted and tired of seeing men in too-tight outfits flaunting their armpit hair (haha olympics).

 

Ummm I'm going to Lillie's to stay for a few days and then going camping depending on the condition of Wendy's ankle (just found out it's been broken since our beach trip...OUCH poor Wendy), but I'll be back for postivers sometime next week and Lillie and I will have shoots if we go camping at TIMOTHY LAKE. Whoop whoop! So bye bye until soon, loves.

 

I HATE CLEAR RETAINERS.

 

Explored #217.

Time to photograph this ancient beech tree for my year-long challenge. The buds are not much more advanced than this time last month. There has been a lot of rain lately and more came this evening.

The samurai houses had walls between them made of adobe and bamboo, so a roof let them last longer in a rainy climate. In Kanazawa, the snow is cleared from the streets by pouring water on the snow. A constant flow keeps it from freezing. The adobe also has bamboo mats on the sidewalls protecting them from ice forming and breaking it apart.

"Your everlasting summer you can see it fading fast

So you grab a piece of something that you think is gonna last"

  

By Steely Dan, (from 1972),

  

The glass retainer/fastener at bottom right of the image, is largely responsible for this image, i thought it resembled a Fishing reel, and that set a thought chain in motion. ;-))

 

Bludd is a hitman and bounty hunter that Cobra Commander had on retainer to solve problems he couldn't solve on his own.

Selkirk RFC(20) v Edinburgh Accies (24)

I wear a retainer at night. haha

The naval vessels HMS ARK ROYAL , RFA RETAINER and HMS SALISBURY in company in the Far East, in the Singapore region in August 1963.

HMS ARK ROYAL had arrived at Singapore on the 11 July 1963 in preparation for the FOTEX 63 (Flag Officers Tactical Exercise) exercise. She left Singapore for the exercise on 25 July, returning on the 6 August. She also conducted further exercises off Singapore in August.( Information from www.axfordsabode.org.uk/pdf-docs/arkroy17.pdf)

HMS ARK ROYAL was on her Forth Commission (1962-64) and one note worthy item was that in January 1963 she conducted the first landing on of the Hawker P1127 (Sea Harrier trial aircraft) on her flight deck. This occurred in the Lyme Bay area while Ark Royal was working up prior to her trip to the Far East.

 

Some places encourage quiet contemplation. The people in this photo scarcely moved during the six second exposure.

There are plans afoot to demolish this and replace it all with an exclusive five star hi-rise hotel. There are rumours afoot some on the Town Council are being paid a retainer by a rival seaside town to the east.

It was in the Pavilion shown here that Archie Christie first proposed to the young Agatha Miller. Two years later he was a Royal Flying Corps pilot home on a short leave and they married on Christmas eve 1914. Archie returned to France on Boxing Day.

This grand old Beech tree in Shireoaks park is still looking alright and so far hasn't lost any limbs this winter.

Church of St. Mary & St. Gregory, Frithelstock Devon stands next to the ruins of the earlier 13c Augustinian priory of St Gregory founded c1220 for the repose of his soul by Sir Roger de Beauchamp (or Sir Robert de Bello Campo ) and endowed for a small community of Augustinian Canons. In c 1229 he donated a large part of it to Hartland Abbey in North Devon (These are the only substantial remains of a monastic house in Devon) Bishop Walter de Stapledon who was born at Annery, the great house near Monkleigh, increased the endowments and is considered a co-founder with Sir Robert.

The church building that followed was probably built for the families of the Priory retainers and the inhabitants of the village which grew up nearby.

The village name derives from the Anglo-Saxon Frithulac's Stocc.

The church was enlarged in the 15c and restored c1870.

Built of coursed rubble, it comprises a chancel, nave, west tower south aisle , south chapel / vestry and south porch.

The north wall survives from the 13c lit with early 14c windows

The chancel was rebuilt in the early 14c when the south aisle was added.

 

The four stage tower with studded door dated 1676 & topped with 18c pinnacles, was rebuilt in 15c . It has 6 medieval bells , one dedicated to the Archangels Michael and Gabriel.

The porch followed in the late 15c - it has a reset 12c stoup and 1741 sundial with the message "Umbra Sumus" - " we are shadows".- www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/T9jfV1tU68 Its 18c panelled door has a 14c sanctuary knocker.

 

The 1086 Domesday Survey lists Frelelestoch as one of the 79 Devonshire holdings of Robert, Count of Mortain half-brother of William the Conqueror. His tenant was Robert FitzIvo.

At the 16c dissolution of the monasteries, the prior relinquished possession of the priory and its demesne lands on 27 August 1536. and these passed through the hands of John Wynslade, Sir George Carew of Mohuns Ottery, and Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle being later owned by Robert Walpole, 2nd Earl of Orford, (son of the 1st prime minister), whose wife was Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton 1781, daughter and sole heiress of Samuel Rolle 1719 of nearby Heanton Satchville, Petrockstowe. The lands later descended to Margaret Rolle's heirs, the Barons Clinton.

Henry Stevens 1748 of the wealthy and influential family of Little Torrington, lived at Smythacott in the parish. He married Christiana Maria Rolle 1780 a sister of Henry Rolle, 1st Baron Rolle.1759 of Stevenstone. Their inscribed ledger stone survives in the floor of the south aisle

 

The 16c plank and studded priest' s door in the south wall is set in a chamfered pointed arch

The interior 15c waggon roofs have moulded ribs and floral-carved bosses. three early 14c bays to the west, between the nave and south aisle, have crocketed canopies over image niches, www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/X2223120dp and foliate-carved capitals including Green Man and vine trail. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/Z69Ci0Es30

The plasterwork Royal Arms of Charles ll on the north nave wall, framed by Corinthian columns are by John Abbot of Culleigh and dated 1677 www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/A10wDt5r9Q

The late 15c / early 16c bench ends and fronts in choir and south east chapel; are carved with tracery patterns, foliate ribs, heraldry, which include the arms of Hartland Abbey (owner of the Priory) and crowned double-rose of Henry VII, Instruments of the Passion, crown of thorns figures including man with liripipe; There is also the figure of a hart which recalls our connection with Hartland Abbey and the two heads of ecclesiastics facing each other with their tongues out. This is said to be an allusion to a dispute between the Bishop of Exeter and the Prior of Frithelstock in the Middle Ages. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/vde86J2L9x

 

The late 17c Jacobean pulpit may have been brought here from another church. - it has reeded pilasters framing blind arches with egg and dart carving to architraves, reset on late 19c base. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/2rs1VDYJvN

The 13c quatrefoil-shaped font with cabled herringbone decoration to stem; reset on late 19c base. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/42K74LcDZF

The late 18c west screen to the tower has 3 pointed-arched doorways and panelled doors. www.flickr.com/gp/52219527@N00/16C1T2Q4G9

2025 UPDATE - FUNDRAISING IS ONGOING FOR REPAIRS TO THE TOWER (ABOUT £300,.000 IS NEEDED)

Roger A Smith CCL www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5350535

Trondheim (UK: /ˈtrɒn(d)haɪm/ TRON(D)-hyme, US: /ˈtrɒnheɪm/ TRON-haym, Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪm]; Southern Sami: Tråante), historically Kaupangen, Nidaros, and Trondhjem (local pronunciation: [ˈtrɔ̂nːjæm]), is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. As of 2022, it had a population of 212,660. Trondheim is the third most populous municipality in Norway, and is the fourth largest urban area. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva. Among the significant technology-oriented institutions headquartered in Trondheim are the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), and St. Olavs University Hospital.

 

The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post and served as the capital of Norway from the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros; it then became, and has remained, the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the site of the Nidaros Cathedral. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality was formed in 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda, and Tiller, and further expanded on 1 January 2020, when Trondheim merged with Klæbu.

 

Trondheim has a mild climate for its northerly latitude, resulting in moderate summers and winters that often remain above the freezing point in seaside areas. At higher elevations, though, the microclimate is colder and snowier.

 

The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Trøndelag county but not as its administrative centre (which is Steinkjer). This is designed to avoid making the county administration too centralized.

 

Trondheim is home to football club Rosenborg, Norway's most successful football club, and Granåsen Ski Centre, which has hosted the World Championship in Nordic Skiing.

 

Names and etymology

 

The city was established in 997 by Olav Tryggvason and it was originally named Nidaros (Old Norse: Niðaróss). The first element of the name was the local river Nid. The last element of the name was óss which meant "the mouth of a river". Thus the name meant "the outlet of the river Nid". Although the formal name was Nidaros, the city was commonly known as kaupangr, which means "city" or "marketplace", or more specificially kaupangr í Þróndheimi which means "the city in Trondheim". Trondheim (Old Norse: Þróndheimr) was the historic name for the whole district which is now known as Trøndelag. This is the area where the people were known as Trønder (þróndr). This district name Trondheim meant "the home of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-home") and Trøndelag (Old Norse: Þrǿndalǫg) originally meant the "law area of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-law"). The name of the Trønder people derives from the Old Norse word þróndr which is an old present participle of the verb þróask which means "to grow" or "to thrive".

 

During the late Middle Ages, the city name was commonly shortened to Þróndheimr, dropping the kaupanger part, and over time the name became Trondhjem, using the Dano-Norwegian spelling rather than the Old Norse spelling since the city was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway for centuries.

 

On 21 December 1917, a royal resolution enacted the 1917 Norwegian language reforms. Around the time, many municipalities and cities had their names changed to "Norwegianize" the spelling and make them look less Danish. On 1 January 1919, the name of the local Church of Norway diocese was changed from Trondhjem stift to Nidaros bispedømme (English: Diocese of Nidaros). In 1924, the name of the Norwegian capital city was changed from Kristiania to Oslo, removing the name referencing a Danish King in favor of the very old name Oslo. In 1928, a referendum in Trondhjem was held on whether to keep the current name or to bring back the original name of Nidaros. The vote resulted in 17,163 votes in favour of Trondhjem and only 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros. Despite this result, the Storting voted in 1929 to make some changes. The Trondhjem Cathedral would be changed to Nidaros Cathedral effective on 1 July 1929 and the name of the city would change to Nidaros starting on 1 January 1930. This change caused public outrage and even riots during 1930. This forced the Storting to reconsider this change. On 6 March 1931, the name was formally changed to Trondheim, using the medieval Norwegian spelling instead of the Danish version Trondhjem. The name of the diocese and cathedral, however, continued using the name Nidaros.

 

Trondheim was briefly named Drontheim during the Second World War as a German exonym.

 

History

 

Trondheim was named Kaupangen (English: market place or trading place) by Viking King Olav Tryggvason in 997 CE.[ Shortly after that, it came to be called Nidaros. Initially, it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse: "hird"-man) of King Olav I. It was also frequently used as the king's seat and was Norway's capital until 1217.

 

People have lived in the region for thousands of years, as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway, the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures, and the Corded Ware culture. In ancient times, the kings of Norway were hailed in Trondheim at Øretinget, the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the River Nidelva. Harald Fairhair (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I, called 'the Good.' The battle of Kalvskinnet took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his Birkebeiner warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke (a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen, 12th-century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory that were found in the Hebrides and are now at the British Museum, may have been made in Trondheim.

 

From 1152, Trondheim was the seat of the Archbishop of Nidaros for Norway, which operated from the Archbishop's Palace. Due to the introduction of Lutheran Protestantism in 1537, the last archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, had to flee from the city to the Netherlands; he died in what today is Lier, Belgium.

 

From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the city was repeatedly ravaged by fires that caused widespread damage since many of its buildings were made of wood. The worst occurred in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, 1717 (twice), 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. After the "Horneman Fire" in 1681, there was an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon, originally from Luxembourg. Broad avenues, such as Munkegata, were created, without regard for private property rights, to limit the damage from future fires. At the time, the city had a population of under 10,000 inhabitants, with most living in the downtown area.

 

After the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Trøndelag became Swedish territory briefly. However, the area was reconquered 10 months later. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660.

 

During the Second World War, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway, until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945. The German invasion force consisted of the German cruiser Admiral Hipper, 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Except for a coastal battery that opened fire, there was no resistance to the invasion, which began on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in a failed attempt to liberate Trondheim, as part of the Namsos Campaign. During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan, who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian resistance groups. The city and its citizens were subjected to harsh treatment by the occupying power, including the imposition of martial law in October 1942. During this time, the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunker DORA I), and contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 kilometres (9 miles) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of Øysand on the outskirts of Melhus municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the future primary stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine. A start was made on this enormous construction project, but it was far from completed when the war ended, and today, there are few physical remains of it.

 

Municipal history

 

The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda (population: 1,229) was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Byneset (population: 2,049), Strinda (population: 44,600), and Tiller (population: 3,595) were all merged with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality.[21] On 1 January 2020, the neighboring Klæbu Municipality (population: 6,050) was merged with Trondheim Municipality.

 

Geography

 

Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meets Trondheim Fjord with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. In the Middle Ages the river was deep enough to be navigable by most boats. However, in the mid-17th century, an avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable, and partly ruined the harbour. The municipality's highest elevation is the Storheia hill, 565 metres (1,854 ft) above sea level. At the summer solstice, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon. Between 23 May and 19 July, when the sky is cloud-free, it remains light enough at night that no artificial lighting is needed outdoors. At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31.

 

Cityscape and sites

 

Most of Trondheim city centre is scattered with small speciality shops. However, the main shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrianised streets Nordre gate (English: Northern street), Olav Tryggvasons gate and Thomas Angells gate even though the rest of the city centre is provided with everything from old, well-established companies to new, hip and trendy shops.

 

In the mid-to-late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn was renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping centre was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people.

 

DORA 1 is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the Second World War occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue.

 

Kristiansten Fortress, built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east of Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John.

 

A statue of Olav Tryggvason, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central square, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer.

 

The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery, a fortress, prison, and a Second World War anti-aircraft gun station.

 

Stiftsgården is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Schøller. At 140 rooms constituting 4,000 square metres (43,056 sq ft), it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800.

 

A statue of Leif Ericson is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina.

 

In popular culture

 

Trondheim culture is parodied on the Monty Python album Another Monty Python Record in the form of the fictitious Trondheim Hammer Dance.

 

Trondheim is also a key location in the Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun universe, as it is a critical battleground for both factions.

 

Trondheim was the name of a planet in the Hundred Worlds of the Ender's Game novel series.

 

Trondheim likely serves as an inspiration for the fictional city Tronjheim in The Inheritance Cycle.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Trondheim [ˈtrɔnhajm] oder [ˈtrɔnjæm] Audiodatei abspielen (früher Trondhjem geschrieben, deutsch veraltet Drontheim) liegt an der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva in der Provinz (Fylke) Trøndelag in Norwegen und wurde 997 als Nidaros gegründet. Trondheim ist mit 214.565 Einwohnern (Stand 1. Januar 2024) nach Oslo und Bergen die drittgrößte Kommune des Landes. Mit einer Gesamtfläche von 529 Quadratkilometern umfasst sie neben dem Stadtgebiet seit 1964 die umliegenden Siedlungen.

 

Trondheim ist Sitz der Provinzregierung für Trøndelag und des Bistums Nidaros, in dem auch der Präses der Norwegischen Kirche angesiedelt ist. Ein großer Teil der 30.000 in Trondheim lebenden Studenten ist an der Technischen Universität Trondheim NTNU immatrikuliert. Das Universitätskrankenhaus St. Olavs Hospital beschäftigt etwa 10.000 Personen und hat eine Reihe von nationalen Spezialistenfunktionen.

 

Trondheim ist das Zentrum für den Einzelhandel und für die öffentliche Verwaltung von ganz Mittelnorwegen. Viele Betriebe in der Stadt bauen auf Technologie, die in Zusammenarbeit mit den Forschungsgemeinschaften an der Technischen Universität entwickelt worden ist.

 

Mit dem Flugplatz Værnes, mit Bahnverbindungen von Vy in Richtung Oslo, Bodø und Schweden und mit dem Hurtigruten-Kai ist Trondheim ein wichtiger Verkehrsknotenpunkt für den ganzen nördlichen Teil von Norwegen.

 

Die Stadt hat ein reiches Kulturangebot und ist unter anderem Sitz des Trøndelag-Symphonieorchesters, des Trøndelag-Theaters und der regionalen Jazzszene Dokkhuset. Eine Reihe von Museen und Galerien vermittelt bildende Kunst und Geschichte. Der in Trondheim ansässige Fußballklub Rosenborg Ballklub hat sich mehrmals für die UEFA Champions League qualifiziert.

 

Name

 

Der mittelalterliche Name der Stadt Niðaróss ist aus dem Flussnamen Nið und altwestnordisch óss „Mündung“ zusammengesetzt und bedeutet also „Mündung des Nið“. Im Spätmittelalter verbreitete sich der Name Kaupangen i Trondheimen „Handelsplatz in Trondheim“, was in der offiziell gebräuchlichen dänischen Sprache zu Trondhjem verkürzt und danisiert wurde. Daneben war nach den Münzinschriften auch der Name Nidernes in Gebrauch.

 

Seit Erlangung der vollständigen norwegischen Unabhängigkeit im Jahr 1905 bemühten sich nationalistische Kreise überall im Land darum, dänische Namen durch die mittelalterlichen norwegischen Formen zu ersetzen (so geschehen im Fall von Oslo). Auf Betreiben des Kulturvereins Noregs Ungdomslag („Norwegische Jugendgruppe“) verabschiedete das norwegische Parlament schließlich 1929 ein Gesetz, wonach die Stadt zum 1. Januar 1930 in Nidaros zurückbenannt wurde. Diese ohne Einbindung der direkt Betroffenen vollzogene Umbenennung führte in Trondheim zu einem Proteststurm bei Bevölkerung und Stadtregierung. Es kam zudem zu einem Pressekrieg zwischen der neu gegründeten Zeitung Nidaros unter Håkon Løken und dem traditionsreichen Adresseavisen.

 

Das Parlament sah sich gezwungen, seine ursprüngliche Entscheidung zu modifizieren, und stimmte schließlich einem Kompromissvorschlag des Trondheimer Kaufmanns Ivar Lykke zu. Statt des danonorwegischen Namens Trondhjem plädierte Lykke für die neunorwegisierte Form Trondheim (mit dem für das Nynorsk typischen Diphthong -ei-). Die Niederlage von Nidaros führte zu einem Anzeigenboykott, der bis zur deutschen Besatzung 1940 andauerte. Der Name Trondheim gilt offiziell seit dem 6. März 1930, doch ist bis heute auch das ältere Trondhjem in Gebrauch.

 

Geografie

 

Trondheim liegt an der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva auf der Position 63 Grad 25' nördlicher Breite und 10 Grad 24' östlicher Länge. Der Stadtkern liegt auf einer Halbinsel, die im Norden vom Trondheimsfjord und im Osten und Süden von der Nidelva begrenzt ist. Der Innenstadtbereich liegt auf einer nach Norden offenen Ebene, die im Osten und Westen von Hügelland mit Gipfeln von 250 bis 550 Metern Höhe abgegrenzt wird. Im Süden steigt die Ebene zum höher gelegenen Heimdalsplateau an.

 

Der Stadtkommune Trondheim wurden im Jahre 1964 die Landgemeinden Strinda, Byneset, Tiller und Leinstrand, die im Laufe der Jahre zu einem Teil des Stadtgebietes wurden, angegliedert. 2020 kam die Gemeinde Klæbu hinzu. Die Fläche der heutigen Kommune Trondheim umfasst 342,4 Quadratkilometer. In den Randbezirken der Kommune liegen große Flächen, die landwirtschaftlich genutzt werden, insgesamt etwa 17 % des Gesamtareals. Ungefähr 33 % des Gesamtareals der Kommune sind Waldbestände.

 

Die Einwohnerzahl beträgt 214.565 (Stand 1. Januar 2024) und lag am 1. Januar 2001 bei 150.166 (noch ohne das zu 2020 eingegliederte Klæbu). Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung erklärt sich aus der guten Arbeitsmarktlage in der Stadt und dem Wunsch der Bevölkerung nach einem vielseitigen Dienstleistungs- und Kulturangebot. Zu der gemeldeten Einwohnerzahl kommen noch etwa 15.000 Studenten, die in anderen Kommunen gemeldet sind. Insgesamt studieren etwa 30.000 Studenten in Trondheim, sodass etwa jeder sechste Einwohner der Stadt Student ist.

 

Klima

 

Das Klima in Trondheim ist im Verhältnis zum übrigen Mittelnorwegen mild und feucht. Die Stadt liegt unter dem Einfluss der Polarklimazone im Norden und der gemäßigten Klimazone im Süden. Von Westen her liegt die Stadt unter Einfluss des Westwindgürtels der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Auf diese Weise ist das Wetter in Trondheim wenig stabil.

 

Die Jahresmitteltemperatur liegt bei 5,3 Grad, im Januar bei −3,1 und im Juni bis August bei 13,7 Grad. Der Tiefstwert der Temperatur wurde 1899 mit −26,1 und der Höchstwert 1901 mit 35,0 Grad gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Jahresniederschlag beträgt 892 mm (1961–1990) und die Stadt hat im Durchschnitt 200 Tage mit Niederschlägen. Etwa 70 bis 100 Tage liegt in Trondheim Schnee.

 

Geschichte

 

Mittelalter

 

Etwa ab dem Jahr 950 gibt es Spuren eines Handelsplatzes auf der Halbinsel zwischen dem Fjord und der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva. Im Jahre 997 wurde Trondheim dort von König Olav I. Tryggvason als Stadt gegründet. Durch die günstige, leicht zu verteidigende Lage und den natürlichen Hafen an der Flussmündung konnte sich die Stadt zu einem blühenden Handelszentrum für die Region Trøndelag entwickeln. Trondheim war im Mittelalter Sitz des Königs und damit Hauptstadt Norwegens.

 

Trondheim war im Mittelalter auch das religiöse Zentrum des Landes und ein wichtiger Wallfahrtsort für Nordeuropa. Die Grundlage für die Wallfahrten war die Olavs-Tradition. Olav II. Haraldsson hatte versucht, das Land unter sich als christlichem König zu einigen, war aber im Jahre 1030 bei der Schlacht bei Stiklestad (im heutigen Verdal) geschlagen und tödlich verletzt worden. Schon im darauffolgenden Jahr wurde er heiliggesprochen und Wallfahrten zu seinem Schrein begannen. Seine Anhänger hatten seine sterblichen Überreste in das etwa 70 km südwestlich gelegene Trondheim überführt. Sie wurden zuerst in der von Olav Trygvasson gebauten Klemenskirche aufbewahrt und kurz darauf in die Christuskirche, den späteren Nidarosdom, überführt. 2016 fand ein Archäologenteam des Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU) die Reste der Klemenskirche, in der Olav heiliggesprochen wurde. Adam von Bremen schrieb, der Pilgerweg zum Nidarosdom habe im Oslofjord begonnen. Man sei von dort entweder mit dem Schiff nach Trondheim gefahren oder habe den beschwerlicheren Landweg genommen.

 

Im Jahre 1050 wurde Trondheim Bischofssitz unter dem Erzbistum Bremen. Die Kirche hatte nun bedeutende Einnahmen durch den Kirchenzehnten und eigenen Landbesitz. Zum Umsatz dieser Waren baute man die Handelsverbindungen von Trondheim nach Nordeuropa aus. Dies führte zu einem ständigen Wachstum der Stadt.

 

Im Jahre 1152 sandte Papst Anastasius IV. den Kardinalbischof Nikolaus Breakspear als Bevollmächtigten nach Norwegen. Dort errichtete dieser in Nidaros eine norwegische Kirchenprovinz mit einem Erzbischof. Norwegen war in vier Bistümer aufgeteilt; hinzu kamen die Bistümer auf den Färöern und auf Grönland.

 

Øystein war der zweite Erzbischof der norwegischen Kirchenprovinz. Er hatte eine Zeit lang im Exil in England gelebt und war dort mit der englischen Kirchenarchitektur bekannt geworden. Zurück in Trondheim begann er den Bau einer gotischen Kathedrale, die im Laufe des 13. Jahrhunderts weitgehend fertiggestellt war. Er errichtete auch einen befestigten Hof als Bischofsresidenz direkt bei der Kirche (norwegisch Erkebispegården). Eine Pest-Epidemie im Jahre 1349 führte dazu, dass ein Großteil der Bevölkerung starb. Damit stagnierte auch die Wirtschaft in der Stadt und im Umland.

 

Im Spätmittelalter änderte sich die Machtverteilung zwischen Kirche und Königsmacht. Mit der Reformation übernahm die Krone die Herrschaft über den Grundbesitz und damit die Einnahmen der Kirche. Norwegen und damit auch Trondheim verloren ihre Selbstständigkeit und wurden ein Teil des dänisch-norwegischen Reiches. Trondheim wurde Sitz des Statthalters der dänischen Krone. Seine Residenz war im früheren Hof des Erzbischofs.

 

17. und 18. Jahrhundert

 

Die Stadt Trondheim erlebte im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert eine wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Blütezeit. Grundlage des Wachstums war der Holz- und Fischhandel mit den nordeuropäischen Ländern. Auch der Export von Kupfer, das im Bergwerk und in der Hütte der Bergstadt Røros gewonnen wurde, trug zum wirtschaftlichen Wachstum bei.

 

Eine kleine Gruppe von Kaufmannsfamilien stand an der Spitze dieses Handels. Viele von ihnen waren im 17. Jahrhundert aus Südschleswig (besonders Flensburg) nach Trondheim ausgewandert, denn das Herzogtum Schleswig war auch ein Teil des dänisch-norwegischen Reiches. Der Reichtum dieser Epoche ist noch heute an den prächtigen Bauten dieser Zeit sichtbar. Ein Beispiel ist der sog. Stiftshof (norw. Stiftsgården), das größte aus Holz gebaute Palais Skandinaviens.

 

Weiterhin wurde die Stadt oft von verheerenden Bränden heimgesucht. Bei einem Brand im Jahre 1681 brannte die Innenstadt bis auf die zwei größten Kirchen ab. Dies führte dazu, dass der König einen Generalplan für die Stadt festlegte. Er wurde nach kontinentalem Vorbild von General Caspar Cicignon entwickelt. Der Plan legte zwei breite Hauptachsen fest, die sich auf dem Markt kreuzten. Der Rest der Straßen wurde in einem Schachbrettmuster angelegt. Cicignons Stadtplan hat sich nie vollständig durchsetzen können, sodass es auch heute noch kleine Stadtviertel mit verwinkelten Gassen (norw. veiten) gibt, die dem Straßenverlauf des Mittelalters folgen.

 

Neben der Sicherung vor Bränden war auch die Verteidigung der Stadt ein wichtiger Gesichtspunkt für die Stadtplanung. Im 17. Jahrhundert stand Dänemark-Norwegen im Konflikt mit Schweden. So entstand nach dem Stadtbrand von 1681 auf einer Anhöhe außerhalb des Stadtzentrums die Festung Kristiansten, um die Stadt vor Angriffen aus dem Osten verteidigen zu können. Als Verbindung von den Kasernen in der Innenstadt zur Festung wurde eine neue Stadtbrücke über den Fluss Nidelva angelegt.

 

Moderne

 

Im 19. Jahrhundert begann auch in Trondheim eine industrielle Entwicklung. Das erste Industriegebiet lag auf der Ostseite des Flusses Nidelva. Wichtige Betriebe waren Ziegeleien, mechanische Betriebe und Werften. In der nahen Umgebung entstanden Wohngebiete für Arbeiter. Einer dieser Stadtteile, Bakklandet, war lange Jahre dem Verfall ausgesetzt, wurde aber in den 1960er Jahren unter Schutz gestellt. Nach langjährigen Restaurierungsarbeiten kann man heute das Stadtbild des 19. Jahrhunderts hier wieder erleben. Eine wirtschaftliche Blüte erlebte auch der Stadtteil Fossegrenda.

 

Die Werft Trondhjems Mekaniske Værksted TMV war lange Jahre der größte Arbeitsplatz der Stadt, mit bis zu 700 Mitarbeitern. Sie wurde 1872 am Ostufer der Nidelva gegründet, aber schon wenige Jahre später aus Platzmangel an die Mündung des Flusses umgesiedelt. Der Betrieb musste 1982 auf Grund mangelnder Wirtschaftlichkeit geschlossen werden. Das Betriebsgelände wurde ab Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts zum Stadtteil Nedre Elvehavn umfunktioniert, mit Restaurants, Einkaufszentrum und Wohnungen.

 

Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wuchs die Stadt weiter. Grund war der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung nach Anschluss an das norwegische (1877) und das schwedische Eisenbahnnetz (1881).

 

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs war Trondheim durch das Unternehmen Weserübung von April 1940 bis zum Ende im Mai 1945 von deutschen Truppen besetzt. Bereits vor dem Krieg wurde von deutschen Strategen die militärische Bedeutung der Städte an der norwegischen Küste diskutiert, und bald nach Kriegsbeginn gab es Pläne für eine Marinebasis „Neu Drontheim“. Von dieser Zeit zeugen noch zum Beispiel Fundamente von Fliegerabwehrkanonen sowie die beiden U-Boot-Bunker Dora 1 und Dora 2. Die Festung Kristiansten wurde als Hinrichtungsstätte für Widerstandskämpfer genutzt.

 

Im Zuge der Kommunalreform in Norwegen wurde Klæbu zum 1. Januar 2020 mit Trondheim zusammengelegt.

 

Kulturhistorische Gebiete und Sehenswürdigkeiten

 

Kanalhafen

 

Der Kanalhafen (norw. Kanalhavna) grenzt die Innenstadthalbinsel in Richtung Norden ab. Er wurde Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts im Rahmen eines neuen Hafenplans für die Stadt geschaffen. An der Südseite des Kanalhafens findet man eine Reihe der für Trondheim typischen Lagerhäuser, die direkt am Wasser liegen. Auf der nördlichen Seite des Kanalhafens befindet sich der Hauptbahnhof, der die Meråkerbahn (Schweden) und die Nordlandsbahn (Bodø) mit der Rørosbahn und der Dovrebahn (Oslo) verbindet.

 

Bis Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts war der westliche Teil des Kanalhafens Anlaufstelle für Fähren zur Halbinsel Fosen und damit ein wichtiger Verkehrsknotenpunkt. Weiter westlich im Kanalhafen befindet sich der alte Fischmarkt Ravnkloa, der auch Anlegestelle für die Personenfähre zur Insel Munkholmen ist (Saisonbetrieb). Die Klappbrücke Skansenbrua, die Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts von dem amerikanischen Architekten Joseph B. Strauss konstruiert wurde, ermöglicht die Einfahrt von Schiffen in die westliche Einfahrt des Kanalhafens.

 

Gassen

 

Nach dem großen Stadtbrand von 1681 wurde die Innenstadt grundlegend umstrukturiert. Breite Avenuen und Straßen ersetzten die schmalen Gassen, die teilweise auf das Straßenmuster im Mittelalter zurückgingen. Auf diese Weise sollten neue Brände verhindert werden. Doch in einigen Vierteln hielten die alten Gassen stand. Noch heute findet man solche Viertel südlich des Kanalhafens.

 

Der norwegische Name Veite spielt auf die alte Funktion der Gassen als Kloake an, in einer Zeit, in der es noch keine Kanalisation gab. Ein Grund für den Bestand der Veiten waren die brandsicheren Keller, mit denen viele Häuser ausgestattet waren. Hier lagerte man sein Hab und Gut im Falle eines Brandes. Nach einem Brand wurde ein Haus deshalb gern wieder auf seinem alten Fundament aufgebaut.

 

Stiftsgården

 

Stiftsgården (Hof des Stiftsamtsmanns) ist das größte Holzpalais Skandinaviens und wurde in den 1770er Jahren im Auftrag der Geheimrätin Cecilie Christine Schøller errichtet. Sie war Generalstochter und hatte in eine reiche Kaufmannsfamilie geheiratet. Der Stiftsgården wurde nicht als Wohnung, sondern als Treffpunkt für die führende Schicht der Stadt gebaut, unter ihnen die Kaufmannsfamilien, die zu dieser Zeit das Wirtschaftsleben in der Region beherrschten. Als Architekt, zumindest aber stilistischer Anreger, wird der außerordentlich vielseitige Johan Daniel Berlin erwähnt.

 

Der Bau im klassizistischen Stil wurde nach dänischen Vorbildern entworfen. Das Haupthaus hat eine Breite von 58 Metern und wird von zwei Flügeln flankiert. Die Deckenhöhe im Haupthaus beträgt 4,3 Meter. Zwischen den zwei Hauptetagen ist eine Zwischendecke eingezogen, um den Schall zu dämmen. Die Gesamtgrundfläche des Gebäudes beträgt 4000 Quadratmeter, verteilt auf 140 Räume. Das Innere des Hauptgebäudes ist im Barockstil gehalten und durchgehende Flügeltüren verleihen ihm das Gepräge eines Schlosses. 1906 wurde der Stiftsgården zur offiziellen Residenz des Königs in Trondheim.

 

Marktplatz

 

Der Marktplatz (norw. Torget) war das Zentrum der neuen Innenstadt, die im 17. Jahrhundert auf Grundlage des Stadtplans von General Caspar Cicignon geschaffen wurde. Hier treffen sich die beiden Hauptachsen des Stadtplans: In Ost-West-Richtung führt die Kongens gate an der mittelalterlichen Marienkirche Vår Frue kirke vorbei. Die kreuzende Munkegata ist in Richtung Süden auf den Nidarosdom und in Richtung Norden auf die sich im Fjord befindende Insel Munkholmen ausgerichtet. Die breiten Straßen sollten die Innenstadt in Viertel teilen und damit einen neuen verheerenden Brand wie im Jahre 1681 verhindern. Eine Bepflanzung mit Bäumen entlang der Straßen sollte einen Überschlag von Funken verhindern.

 

Im Jahre 1920 wurde in der Mitte des Markts eine 17 Meter hohe Säule mit einer überlebensgroßen Statue des Stadtgründers und Wikingerkönigs Olav I Trygvason aufgestellt. Sie bildet zusammen mit der Pflasterung des Platzes eine riesige Sonnenuhr. Die Pflasterung hat zusätzlich die Form einer Kompassrose und erinnert damit an die Navigationskunst der Wikinger.

 

Nidarosdom und Bischofsresidenz

 

Das Gebiet um den Nidarosdom war seit der Zeit der Stadtgründung das Gebiet des Königs. Lange Zeit lag es außerhalb des mittelalterlichen Stadtkerns auf einer kleinen Anhöhe, die sich entlang des Flusses Nidelva im Norden der Zentrumshalbinsel erstreckte. Im Zuge der Christianisierung wurde in der Nähe des alten Königshofes eine kleine Holzkirche errichtet, die Christuskirche. Sie wurde im 11. Jahrhundert durch eine Steinkirche ersetzt, als der Kultus um den Schrein des Heiligen Olav (Olav II. Haraldson) ständig mehr Pilger anzog. Die Kirche bildete den Ausgangspunkt der erst romanischen und später gotischen Kathedrale, die heute Nidarosdom genannt wird. Sie erreichte ihre größte Ausdehnung im 13. Jahrhundert, als Trondheim Bischofssitz geworden war.

 

Zu dieser Zeit wurde auch die Bischofsresidenz (norw. Erkebispegården) stark erweitert. Der Gebäudekomplex zählt zu den besterhaltenen seiner Art in Europa und ist zudem das älteste weltliche Gebäude in ganz Skandinavien. Sie wurde im Laufe des Spätmittelalters zu einer geschlossenen Burg ausgebaut. Hier lag das Verwaltungszentrum des Bistums und die Einnahmen des Bischofs aus dem Zehnten und den Abgaben der Verpächter wurden hier entgegengenommen, registriert und umgesetzt. Der Westflügel, der dem Nidarosdom am nächsten steht, entstand im 15. Jahrhundert. Das sogenannte Waagenhaus, mit dem Tor zum Innenhof, enthält Kellergewölbe, welche jetzt die Kronjuwelen des norwegischen Königshauses beherbergen. Im ersten Stock befindet sich die große Festhalle.

 

Gamle Bybroen und Bakklandet

 

Die „alte Stadtbrücke“ (norw. Gamle bybroen) aus dem Jahre 1862 verbindet die Zentrumshalbinsel mit dem Stadtteil Bakklandet, der für seine kleinen Holzhäuser bekannt ist, die heute Cafés, Werkstätten und Boutiquen beherbergen. Der Stadtteil entstand im 17. Jahrhundert mit dem Bau der ersten neuen Stadtbrücke, die das Zentrum mit der Festung Kristiansten verband. Sie war Teil des von Caspar Cicignon geschaffenen Stadtplanes.

 

Am Ostufer des Flusses entstand das Industrieviertel der Stadt. Südlich der Stadtbrücke befand sich seit dem 13. Jahrhundert eine Ziegelei, die bis ins 20. Jahrhundert in Betrieb war. Das Hauptgebäude ist heute in ein Wohngebäude umgewandelt. Weiter in Richtung Flussmündung wurden Werften für den Neubau und die Reparatur von Schiffen gebaut. Hiervon zeugt heute noch der alte Kranplatz (norw. Krana) direkt unterhalb der alten Stadtbrücke. Die Werften wurden auf Grund von Platzmangel später weiter unten am Fluss angesiedelt.

 

Auch ein Teil des Hafens wurde an der Ostseite des Flusses angesiedelt. Um neue Stadtbrände zu verhindern, lagerte man hier seit dem 18. Jahrhundert brennbare Güter. Schiffe, die Feuer an Bord hatten, mussten hier ihre Waren löschen. Auf diese Weise entstand auch auf dieser Seite des Flusshafens (norw. Elvehavna) eine Reihe von Lagerhäusern.

 

Durch die Industriegründungen entstand an der Ostseite des Flusses das Arbeiterviertel Bakklandet mit Häusern, die ineinander verschachtelt waren und dicht aneinander lagen. Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts gab es Pläne, den Stadtteil zu sanieren. Diese wurden jedoch auf Grund der Proteste der Bakkländer nicht verwirklicht. Viele Häuser sind im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte restauriert und in Geschäfte, Cafés und exklusive Wohnungen umgewandelt worden. Dadurch ist der Stadtteil zu einem Magnet für Einheimische und Touristen geworden.

 

Insel Munkholmen

 

Im Fjord liegt vor der Hafeneinfahrt der Stadt die kleine Insel Munkholmen. Zur Zeit der Christianisierung Norwegens wurde darauf ein Kloster erbaut, das später auch als Munitionslager und Gefängnis benutzt und entsprechend adaptiert wurde. Während der deutschen Besatzung im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden auf der Insel Fliegerabwehrkanonen errichtet, deren Reste und Fundamente heute noch zu sehen sind. Im Sommer fährt halbstündlich ein Ausflugsboot von der Ravnkloa am Ende der Munkegata im Hafen Trondheims zur Insel, die die Norweger gerne zum Sonnenbaden und Schwimmen nutzen.

 

Ringve-Museum

 

Das Ringve-Museum ist Norwegens Nationalmuseum für Musik und Musikinstrumente. Es liegt im Stadtteil Lade vor den Toren der Stadt, in einem Botanischen Garten, der von der Technisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Universität betrieben wird.

 

Andere

 

Weitere Sehenswürdigkeiten sind das Justizmuseum (norw. Justismuseet), der Fernsehturm Tyholttårnet mit einer Aussichtsplattform und einem sich drehenden Restaurant und die Festung Kristiansten auf einer Anhöhe unweit der Altstadt. Die Synagoge von Trondheim zählt zu den nördlichsten der Welt. Im Stadtteil Ranheim kann man den Bautastein von Ranheim finden.

 

Sonstiges

 

Der Trondhjems Adresseavis hoffte zum Verfassungstag 1905, drei Monate vor der Unabhängigkeit, auf „nationale Erhebung und religiöse Erweckung“.

Die 1767 gegründete Lokalzeitung Adresseavisen ist die älteste Tageszeitung Norwegens, die 1768 gegründete Gunnerus-Bibliothek Norwegens älteste wissenschaftliche Bibliothek.

 

Die Technisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Universität Norwegens (norw. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, NTNU) ist mit zirka 20.000 Studenten die wichtigste Universität des Landes und verleiht Trondheim durch den durch sie verursachten niedrigen Altersdurchschnitt der Bevölkerung ein besonderes Flair. Diese Universität, mehrere Hochschulen und Forschungsinstitute wie SINTEF machen Trondheim zu einem der bedeutendsten Forschungs- und Studienorte Skandinaviens. Insgesamt gibt es in Trondheim etwa 30.000 Studenten.

 

Die höchste Erhebung auf dem Gebiet der Kommune Trondheim ist der Berg Storheia mit 565 Metern ü. NN.

 

Das Trinkwasser der Stadt kommt größtenteils aus dem nahen Stausee Jonsvatnet.

 

Nach Trondheim wurde der dem Granit verwandte Naturwerkstein Trondhjemit benannt.

 

Sport

 

Trondheim ist die Heimat des sowohl national als auch international erfolgreichen Fußballvereins Rosenborg. Einmal im Jahr macht hier der Skisprung-Weltcup Station. Die Sprungschanzen sind Teil des Granåsen skisenter, das sich südwestlich der Stadt befindet. 1997 wurde in Trondheim die Nordische Skiweltmeisterschaft ausgetragen.

 

Jährlich im Juni beginnt hier das Fahrradrennen Styrkeprøven, auch bekannt als „Trondheim–Oslo“.

 

Im März 2009 wurde ein Biathlon-Weltcup in Trondheim ausgetragen.

 

Verkehr

 

Das Rückgrat des ÖPNV in Trondheim wird vom Busnetz gebildet, betrieben vom regionalen Verkehrsunternehmen AtB (seit 2009). Im Jahr 2019 wurde sowohl der Fahrzeugpark und das Netz selbst modernisiert, u. a. durch Einführung sogenannter Metrobuslinien mit Doppelgelenkbussen des Typs ExquiCity vom Hersteller Van Hool. Als einzige Straßenbahnlinie existiert die privat betriebene Straßenbahn Gråkallbanen. Trondheim ist Anlegestelle der Schiffe der Hurtigruten und einer Katamaranfähre für den Personentransport, die mehrmals täglich eine schnelle Verbindung nach Kristiansund bietet. Der Flughafen Trondheim-Værnes zählte im Jahr 2018 ca. 4.200.000 Fluggäste. Trondheim ist Endstation der Dovrebahn, die Trondheim mit Oslo verbindet, und der Bahnstrecke Trondheim–Storlien (Meråkerbahn). Züge werden hier von Vy betrieben.

 

Durch den Fluss Nidelva, den Hafen (UN/LOCODE NO TRD) und verschiedene Kanäle hat Trondheim auch eine größere Anzahl von Brücken unterschiedlicher Konstruktion.

 

Trondheim hat einen Fahrradlift, der Radfahrer die anfänglich starke Steigung zur Festung hinauf schiebt. Der innerstädtische Verkehr wird zudem unterstützt durch eine Reihe Stationen für Stadtfahrräder (Bysykkel), ähnlich denen in Helsinki.

 

Für Individualverkehr wird in Trondheim von 6 bis 18 Uhr montag bis freitags eine Citymaut erhoben.

 

(Wikipedia)

Dropping downgrade into Two Harbors, Minnesota a trainload of BFT - blast furnace trim in older 1950 vintage cars smokes it up with retainers set down the 2.9% grade in the last beams of sunlight of the day 10-24-17.

Old Beech tree at Shireoaks park.

Typical rabbit -- Olaf is always #hungry for treats.

This is a very rare PFM Crown model in HO scale. This represents one of only twenty five models made in the first run (1958). Made under the United Models name plate, the premier Japanese maker, Toby Models, made these semi-hand made models to extreme precision and high quality. For it's time, this was one of the top of the line models. Stamped #10 on the left side of the rear frame rail, this model has many features that the subsequent runs did not have (or, where in various stages of these features). Highly detailed cab interior for one. Other details which point to the run year is the hand built train control box mounted on the boiler, the absence of window sashes (all of the following runs had window sashes), a single generator (although two later runs had a single generator, this combination of details gives it away as the 1958 model.

 

Scale: HO

Category: Steam

Subcategory:

Road: Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (CB&Q)

Whyte: 4-8-4

Description: O-5 NORTHERN

Importer: Pacific Fast Mail (PFM)

Catalog: CROWN

MANUFACTURE

Builder: Toby

Year(s): 1958

Qty Made: 25

 

NOTES: UNPAINTED - SERIAL # ON LEFT REAR OF FRAME - GREEN BOX - NO WINDOW SASHES IN CAB - SINGLE GENERATOR - BUILT-UP ATC BOX ON TOP OF BOILER - UNITED PLATE ON RETAINER PLATE

Want to see more of my models? Check out my blog at www.eternalhunt.wordpress.com

 

_____________________________________________________________________________

 

~ The Tunnel ~

 

Zenkai, the son of a samurai, journeyed to Edo and there became the retainer of a high official. He fell in love with the official’s wife and was discovered. In self-defense, he slew the official. Then he ran away with the wife.

 

Both of them later became thieves. But the woman was so greedy that Zenkai grew disgusted. Finally, leaving her, he journeyed far away to the province of Buzen, where he became a wandering mendicant.

 

To atone for his past, Zenkai resolved to accomplish some good deed in his lifetime. Knowing of a dangerous road over a cliff that had caused the death and injury of many persons, he resolved to cut a tunnel through the mountain there.

 

Begging food in the daytime, Zenkai worked at night digging his tunnel. When thirty years had gone by, the tunnel was 2,280 feet long, 20 feet high, and 30 feet wide.

 

Two years before the work was completed, the son of the official he had slain, who was a skillful swordsman, found Zenkai out and came to kill him in revenge.

 

“I will give you my life willingly,” said Zenkai. “Only let me finish this work. On the day it is completed, then you may kill me.”

 

So the son awaited the day. Several months passed and Zenkai kept on digging. The son grew tired of doing nothing and began to help with the digging. After he had helped for more than a year, he came to admire Zenkai’s strong will and character.

 

At last the tunnel was completed and the people could use it and travel in safety.

 

“Now cut off my head,” said Zenkai. “My work is done.”

 

“How can I cut off my own teacher’s head?” asked the younger man with tears in his eyes.

  

_____________________________________________________________________________

 

Thank you, you make me stronger and stronger .....

_____________________________________________________________________________

  

Source: www.101zenstories.com/

Persona Series.

Ivy Retainer set Available at the Cosmopolitan Event in Second Life

and at my store at Overdrive Island when the event ends

Note the door retainer!