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OK! I’ve been dreading doing this since being tagged by Tomi and Andes….I will have my revenge…be assured.
16 Very Specific Things About Me--------UPDATED 1/2011
1) My favorite book of all time is the Webster’s Lexicon Dictionary of the English Language, has been since 7th grade. I have a real love affair with language and words. A very sweet librarian let me actually get away with the outright theft of a very good dictionary in the 8th grade. ( “poor kid…he’s not going to be very popular….“) I still have it.
2) I play the flute (badly), occasionally now. I do not own a single music CD, tape or record….and have never in my life downloaded, purchased (or stolen) any. …but I really like almost all genres of music and like to sing and whistle when I’m alone. I do both pretty well . Silence is good, too! This has changed! I now own some CD's......yay!
3) One of the things that perpetually bothers me most about myself is how I wake up each day KNOWING how naturally selfish and egotistical I am. At least today, after a very late start, I’m beginning to understand the joy and wisdom that comes from actively FORCING myself to do SOMETHING nice for somebody else everyday. I regularly fail at this endeavor, but am also learning not to beat myself up about it. I like myself.
4) I’ve always struggled with the ‘big’ unanswerable questions, a lot. I believe there are many contributing factors to this all-too-human dilemma. 1) I strongly identify with both of my parents’ diametrically opposed views on spirituality. My mom was a catholic, while my dad was “U.S. Navy, Retired”. To be married within the church, was contingent upon his agreement to raise any children (6, I’m #2) produced by this union, within the church. He agreed, and honored his word, but could not help infusing in his children a strong belief in, appreciation for, and a nearly infinite commitment to the wisdom of, well, let’s call it ‘the scientific method”. I grew up eagerly awaiting the next copy of National Geographic and later Scientific American. What is currently the result , (for me), of this ‘experiment’, is that I identify best with the tenets of Zen Buddhism, Deism, and Agnosticism. (Deism holds a slight lead) However, only firmly enough to discuss them intellectually and not with any ‘bedrock’ conviction. I respect sincere spiritual questing, the endplace, of such, is not important to me. Today, for me, “I don’t know” is the only perfectly accurate response to life’s big unanswerables. As a simple day-to-day guide, however, the golden rule serves well.
5) My left foot is fine, but have seven toes on my right. I keep meaning to do something about this. OK... this is a lie, couldn' t help myself. Here's a truth for 'ya. While I love to flirt, I have been celibate for a long time...I'd tell ya', but won't!
6) After many years of being an angry person, for unknown reasons, I realize now that being angry is not a reaction, it is always a choice….and that choosing it is, for me, always completely fruitless and unwise. I have not been angry in over 5 years, ever. It is my greatest gift to myself and those I share my life with. I am working on cynicism, trying not to eliminate my sense of humor in the process.
7) I have three wonderful children whom are the source of my only shameless pride: My beautiful Emily, 25, just graduated from University at 23 with her teaching credential to teach high school biology, YAAAY! EMILY! (UPDATE/2011 And is now teaching her second year at Franklin High School in Stockton, CA.) Nicholas, 22, who is in his third year of college and up to his neck in higher mathematics, engineering, motorcycles and his sweet girlfriend, not in that order, I’m sure, GO NICK!, and Hannah, almost 21, who just wants to be beautiful the rest of her life, has been working towards becoming a pharmacist….WAY TO GO! HANNAH! I was divorced, amicably, from my wife of 24 years, almost four years ago. We actually get along much better now than we ever did when married. I have my doubts as to whether I’m good ‘partner material’ for anyone.
8) While I sincerely like people, I am a loner…..a couple hours, tops, is about all I can seem to comfortably stand in any one day.
9) Though I wore braces for 4 years when young, I, in my infinite youthful wisdom, did not see the sense in wearing my ‘retainer’, and today have a gap between my two front teeth wide enough for an M&M to pass, the skinny way.
10) I am a complete slob….and a collector of things, both ugly and worthless, rare and beautiful.
(UPDATE 1/2011......slightly less of a slob ;^)
11) I smoke like a chimney, and my blood is always at least 50% coffee, I am now a tee-totaller, and no longer use any illicit drugs, (over 5 years now, 6 years in March) though for 34 years was a chronic pothead. (maybe ties into #6?…ya ’ think?)
12) I have pretty bad hearing and should’ve gotten a hearing aid years ago….Huh? What was that?
13) I eat only when hungry, and can eat as much of whatever I want…and remain a constant 165 lbs.
I usually don’t mention this….for some reason most people do not seem to find this interesting, in any way, whatsoever.
I sleep only and freely when tired, usually waking around 1 PM and going to bed around dawn, though for weeks at a time, I have absolutely no set schedule. If I get tired three times a day, I sleep three times day. I can also stay up easily for 30 hours, and do, at least once a month.
14) I work and live by myself and three cats, in my 1925, 1050 square ft. house, which I bought 2 1/2 years ago. About 80% of my commission work is received from small mom & pop jewelry stores whom I hand-pick to work with. These stores are hard to find. The rest of my commissions are from a small group of loyal patrons. I’m working towards a new business model which includes my own designs for sale on sites like Etsy. Commissions are great….but often are sterile in design.
15) I ride a bicycle almost exclusively for local transportation. My only gas-burner is my beloved 1970 Yellow K5 Blazer, which I have owned since 1980. It is a ‘beater’, but I’m attached to it.
16) I do not fear death…..just running out of time. (I'll be 53 next April, 2011)
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukkei-en:
Shukkei-en (縮景園) is a historic Japanese garden in the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The Hiroshima Prefectural Art Museum is located adjacent to the garden.
Construction began in 1620 during the Edo period at the order of Asano Nagaakira, daimyō of the Hiroshima han. Shukkei-en was constructed by Ueda Sōko, who served lord Asano as chief retainer (karō) of the domain and as a tea master.
Since the Meiji period, the garden served as the villa of the Asano family. When under Emperor Meiji the Imperial General Headquarters were relocated to Hiroshima, the emperor briefly lodged at the villa. The gardens were opened to the public, and in 1940 the Asano family donated them to Hiroshima Prefecture. Being a short walk from ground zero of the nuclear attack on Hiroshima, Shukkei-en suffered extensive damage, and then became a refuge for victims of the war. After renovations, it reopened in 1951.
I got my braces off today...they tell you to keep your retainers away from extreme heat, restaurant napkins and pets.....
Sun-rays sneaking through a congested sky.
Cyclists ride right on by, seemingly oblivious to the beauty of the filtered light as it breaks through the cloud work.
Fraser River
BC
Canada
Built for Sir Robert Shirley between 1653 and 1655 in Gothic style, the Chapel of Holy Trinity is the estate church at Staunton Harold, where the Shirleys, their retainers and estate workers lived for generations. It is one of the few churches built between the outbreak of the English Civil War and the Restoration period.
Over the past few years, the National Trust has undertaken essential building and repair works at the church to ensure this place of reflection can be enjoyed for many years to come.
Nikkō Tōshō-gū is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Also part of the beauty is the row of majestic trees lining the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
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Dell is at his favorite place. The place where he can relax and rehash the information and events of the past few days of his case, or cases or ………no case at all. The wheels in his mind spin as he ponders evidence and people, as his hand stays close to a glass of his favorite bourbon. So what's my next move, he ponders.
After meeting up with this somewhat covert, yet stimulating woman named Marceline Duchesne three nights ago at the Dixie bar, Stryker began contemplating his next course of action. His first move was to review his file on Marceline’s friend, Beth Briarson, the person who supposedly referred Marcy to him. Reviewing the matter with his investigator, J. Craig, Stryker was intrigued by the information Craig related to him. As the result of Craig’s tailing Beth’s husband, Edward.
“The guy sure does have something going on, on the side”, reported Craig. “He has been leaving the house in Winnetka the last three nights around eight or nine o”clock. I followed him to the Garden lounge at the Bismarck Hotel and he meets up with good looking blond woman.”
“Well I suppose that confirms his wife’s suspicions”, said Stryker as he glanced at his investigator.
“Well I thought so too”, responded Craig “but here’s the kicker”. “While I waited for the two love bugs to hasten off to a room in the hotel, that never happens. They order cocktails and the woman pulls out what appears to be a map or brochure from a small briefcase she is carrying and lays the items on the bar. The guy, this Edward character leans over and seems to be studying the literature or whatever. They then engage in what appears to be a discussion relating to whatever she laid on the counter. At no time did I observe anything between them that would indicate a romantic relationship. No touching, no holding of hands and definitely no kissing. It appeared to be more of a business discussion between two people. Their interaction appeared to be cordial and after about forty-five minutes, the woman closes her briefcase, leaving some paperwork or perhaps a brochure on the bar which Briarson then picks up. They finish their drinks, shake hands and then depart cordially - no hint of romantics.”
As J. Craig was speaking, Stryker remained silent and focused.
“Well J. this certainly doesn’t sound like a romantic encounter but obviously Edward is engaged in something that he doesn’t want his wife to know about.” Craig simply nodded.
“Okay good work J.. Now could you try to find out what the connection is between her and this Marceline Duchesne? ……but before Craig could answer, Stryker interrupted. “On the second thought, I need to set up a meeting with this Beth Briarson. The dilemma is what do I tell her. It could be a very innocuous thing regarding her husband and this woman he met or meets at the Bismarck. It could be something like a surprise birthday present or a special occasion he’s planning. If that, I wouldn’t want to ruin it for her and gain the wrath of her husband to boot. “You’ve got a point there Dell”, agreed Craig. You might also need to keep privilege in mind.”
“No concern there", responded Stryker. "Marcy hasn’t signed a confidential clause or paid me a retainer yet so no problem with the Marceline Duchesne side of things”.
Satisfied that Stryker had his game together, Craig asked, “So do you need me for anything now? Otherwise, I have an appointment with a guy you might know, Phil Carrington”. Stryker did a fast turn in his seat and exclaimed - "the same Phil Carrington who was my partner when we were in the homicide unit at Summerdale?", exclaimed Stryker. Craig could see he touched a soft spot at the mention of Dell’s old friend and colleague. “Yep, same guy Dell. He’s a lieutenant over at the Austin precinct and is charge of the 28th’s robbery/homicide division. From what I know he's been there a couple of years now. J. got a look of glee on his face that the mention of his old partner had gotten a rise out of Stryker.
“Damn, that’s great news. It was too bad that Carrington and I drifted apart after I left the department. I hav’ta make an effort to contact him. Tell “Carry” I said hi when you see him”. “Will do”, said Craig.
Turning his attention back to the matters at hand, “Now I have to figure out the best approach when I meet with Beth Briarson.
I’ll give ya a call”, Dell said to Craig as Craig turned and moved toward the door. With his back facing Stryker, Craig gave a quick wave and said “Good luck”.
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No AI was used in the writing of this narrative
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............and I have to question. Is this a case of no reward? Should I trudge on? Only your feedback will determine this my Flickr friends.
the newest puppy in not my family but my uncle's family. Shibas are over running our family tree, not like that's a bad thing. ;) Oh, and her name is Luxe and yes...her ears are like that!
well, to sum up my first few days of senior high school...it was plenty awkward and full of surprises. The most embarrassing part was probably when I was called upon to discuss a quote on the board and I totally blanked out for 10 seconds...just total silence in the class waiting for me to respond. I am not the best public speaker and on top of that, I had my retainer on so I was lisping pretty badly. welcome back to high school they said. senior year will be great...they said.
in high school, I just feel like an awkward person. Just call me the typical wallflower.
After a couple days with highs in the 60s yesterday topped out in the mid 80s with no clouds until sunset and today and tomorrow look like more of the same. I'm starting to push towards higher effort (real meaning: more gasoline) as the end is nigh for C40s on CN and now it sounds as though the rest of the captive fleet up here may be reassigned. It's not known yet when the -9AC invasion will start or how long it will take but the number now slated to get straight air (Orinoco retainer system) is officially shocking. The first are in Fort Worth and talk from deep inside the beast just gets worse....for railfans.
I know y'all are hitting MRL hard right now and even I'll be going out late next month but we will be absolutely inundated out here with all you guys next year betcha.
Anywho the train: U789 is rounding the bend off the DM&N and onto the D&IR at North Biwabik
looking North towards SF here...
there is a fisherman, close to the surf close in, couple of people walking in the distance, and the fishing pier can be seen further back... the retainer rocks the right tie in to the photo I posted earlier which I will add in the comments...
other than enlarging the photo, you can further enlarge it by stretching it like on iPhone images...
please see large :)
CSX NF&G mine run R20214 slowly passes downgrade, utilizing assistance from retainers set for the steep grade between Duo and Anjean. The 2 engines have 75 loads of coal from the Clearco Prep Plant owned and operated by South Fork Coal Company. Greenbrier Smokeless, whose tipple is in the background was once a big time loader on the former Rupert Sub but has sat idled since 2019 when mining operations stopped. A combination of management and contractors continued to sporadically load remaining coal from of the pile off into the fall of 2022. There’s a healthy pile of coal still visible beneath the stacker tubes across the street. Perhaps there is hope for the loader reopening sometime in the future.!
I have long wanted to get a train on this rugged piece of railroad and finally managed it earlier this year. The emphasis on that things move "slow" here was an understatement. It took the railroad almost 5 full days to get the 75 cars up from the yard at Meadow Creek, WV, to the mine, loaded and returned. Seeing the big cuts railroads have made in recent years it really is remarkable they continue to load trains on the former C&O Rupert Sub.
Excerpt from the plaque:
Hyakunin-bansho Guardhouse
A bansho was a guardhouse. This was the biggest guardhouse set up in front of the Ote-san-no-mon gate leading to Honmaru (inner citadel) and Ninomaru (second citadel), for inspection of visitors who entered from Ote-mon gate (main entrance) in the Edo Period. One hundred samurai guardsmen, chosen from among the Kinsmen and loyal retainers of each of the four main branches of the Tokugawa clan, had their quarters there and worked in shifts day and night.
Himeji Castle is one of Japan's most important and best-preserved historic castles. It is located in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture, roughly 90 km west of Osaka, 55 km west of Kobe, and about 120 km east of Hiroshima. The site dates back to the early 14th century, with its present form largely completed in 1609, during the early Edo period.
The castle served as the seat of a feudal lord and the administrative center of the surrounding domain. Its most significant resident was Ikeda Terumasa, who oversaw the major reconstruction of the complex following the Battle of Sekigahara. He and his family lived in the innermost compounds, while high-ranking samurai retainers, officials, and servants occupied different parts of the castle grounds according to rank and function.
Unlike many Japanese castles, Himeji Castle was never destroyed by war, fire, or natural disaster. It survived the Meiji Restoration, World War II, and later urban development. As a result, it remains one of the very few castles in Japan that still preserves its original wooden structures. This exceptional state of preservation led to its designation as a National Treasure of Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
The castle complex comprises more than 80 interconnected buildings, connected by a carefully planned system of gates, walls, and winding approach routes. These were designed to slow down and disorient attackers, while giving defenders control from higher ground.
What interested me while photographing Himeji Castle was how the place works. From a distance, it appears calm and balanced, but when walking along the walls and approach paths, the defensive logic becomes clear.
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB:
Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮) is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Cedar trees line the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
Five structures at Nikkō Tōshō-gū are categorized as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties. Additionally, two swords in the possession of the shrine are National Treasures, and many other objects are Important Cultural Properties. Famous buildings at the Tōshō-gū include the richly decorated Yōmeimon (陽明門), a gate that is also known as "higurashi-no-mon". The latter name means that one could look at it until sundown, and not tire of seeing it. Carvings in deep relief, painted in rich colors, decorate the surface of the structure. The next gate is the karamon decorated with white ornaments. Located nearby is a woodcarving of a sleepy cat, "Nemuri-neko", attributed to Hidari Jingorō.
The stable of the shrine's sacred horses bears a carving of the three wise monkeys, who hear, speak and see no evil, a traditional symbol in Japanese culture that is derived from a quote in the Analects.
The original five-storey pagoda was donated by a daimyō in 1650, but it was burned down during a fire, and was rebuilt in 1818. Each storey represents an element–earth, water, fire, wind and aether (or void)–in ascending order. Inside the pagoda, a central shinbashira pillar hangs from chains[3] to minimize damage from earthquakes.
Hundreds of stone steps lead through the cryptomeria forest up to the grave of Ieyasu. A torii at the top bears calligraphy attributed to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. A bronze urn contains the remains of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In 2008, Yuri Kawasaki became the first female Shinto priest ever to serve at Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB:
Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮) is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Cedar trees line the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
Five structures at Nikkō Tōshō-gū are categorized as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties. Additionally, two swords in the possession of the shrine are National Treasures, and many other objects are Important Cultural Properties. Famous buildings at the Tōshō-gū include the richly decorated Yōmeimon (陽明門), a gate that is also known as "higurashi-no-mon". The latter name means that one could look at it until sundown, and not tire of seeing it. Carvings in deep relief, painted in rich colors, decorate the surface of the structure. The next gate is the karamon decorated with white ornaments. Located nearby is a woodcarving of a sleepy cat, "Nemuri-neko", attributed to Hidari Jingorō.
The stable of the shrine's sacred horses bears a carving of the three wise monkeys, who hear, speak and see no evil, a traditional symbol in Japanese culture that is derived from a quote in the Analects.
The original five-storey pagoda was donated by a daimyō in 1650, but it was burned down during a fire, and was rebuilt in 1818. Each storey represents an element–earth, water, fire, wind and aether (or void)–in ascending order. Inside the pagoda, a central shinbashira pillar hangs from chains[3] to minimize damage from earthquakes.
Hundreds of stone steps lead through the cryptomeria forest up to the grave of Ieyasu. A torii at the top bears calligraphy attributed to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. A bronze urn contains the remains of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In 2008, Yuri Kawasaki became the first female Shinto priest ever to serve at Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
I got my septum pierced on April 11th. Since then, I've been wearing a retainer in it (sort of like a staple) so that no one knows. The intention was to wear that until it healed and then change it out with a pincher (kind of like a broken circle, or a C shape) but my piercer never ordered the jewelry for me no matter how many times I asked. Finally, on a trip home to Seattle this August, I got my old piercer at Slave to the Needle to order one for me and it just arrived today.
Finally finally finally I can see myself with my septum ring as it was meant to look. I love it. And that's why I took an absurd number of photos of myself right after I put it in. Deal with it.
Old John, the folly atop the hill in Bradgate Park, Leicester.
Built in 1786, in memory of an estate keeper who died in a fire, the folly was originally built as a viewing tower for horse-racing. The arch which gives the tower it's mug-like shape was build later in memory of a beer-loving family retainer.
Taken with a Pentax Optio S, on a walk with the NTUchaplaincy.
More of my photos can be found here..
A detail from a suit of retainer armour of a Kamon (Heraldic badge) in the form of the Japanese character KI, meaning 'Tree'. The KImura, Aoki, and Tagaki clans all used this mon,thus making it difficult to accurately determine the family heritage of this armour.JAPAN 1850.
Mon (紋?), also monshō (紋章?), mondokoro (紋所?), and kamon (家紋?), are Japanese emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While mon is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device, kamon and mondokoro refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family.
The devices are similar to the badges and coats of arms in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families. Mon are often referred to as crests in Western literature; another European heraldic device similar to the mon in function.
Mon may have originated as fabric patterns to be used on clothes in order to distinguish individuals or signify membership in a specific clan or organization. By the twelfth century, sources give a clear indication that heraldry had been implemented as a distinguishing feature, especially for use in battle. It is seen on flags, tents, and equipment.
Like European heraldry, mon were initially held only by aristocratic families, and were gradually adapted by commoners. On the battlefield, mon served as army standards, even though this usage was not universal and uniquely designed army standards were just as common as mon-based standards. (cf. sashimono, uma-jirushi) Mon were also adapted by various organizations, such as merchant and artisan guilds, temples and shrines, theater troupes and even criminal gangs. In an illiterate society, they served as useful symbols for recognition.
Japanese traditional formal attire generally displays the mon of the wearer. Commoners without mon often used those of their patron or the organization they belonged to. In cases when none of those were available, they sometimes used one of the few mon which were seen as "vulgar", or invented or adapted whatever mon they wished, passing it on to their descendants. It was not uncommon for shops, and therefore shop-owners, to develop mon to identify themselves.
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Okazaki Castle was originally constructed as a wooden fort in 1455 by the shugo-dai (deputy military governor) of Mikawa, Saigō Tsugiyori ,on a different spot from where the current castle keep stands today. Eventually, Mikawa fell into the hands of the Matsudaira clan, and Ieyasu's grandfather, Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, rebuilt the castle in it's current location. After Ieyasu's father, Hirotada was killed, young Ieyasu became a hostage of the Imagawa clan and they took control of Okazaki Castle. After the battle of Okehazama in 1560, Ieyasu regained his freedom and possession of his family's castle until 1590, when Ieyasu was granted the 5 provinces of the Kanto region by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
Following Ieyasu's move to Edo, Okazaki was given in fief to Tanaka Yoshimasa, an ally of Hideyoshi. However, after the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603, the castle and 50,000 koku (unit of wealth measured in rice) domain of Okazaki was awarded to the Honda Yasushige, who was a direct retainer of the Tokugawa. The Honda clan held the castle for 44 years until it was handed to the Mizuno clan for a 117 year duration. After that, one of the Matsudaira clans held it for 8 years until the castle was again awarded it to the Honda clan, who held it for the remaining 102 years of the feudal system in Japan.
Tanaka added the moats, established the castle town, and built a road with many turns in it for defensive purposes. Honda Yasushige extended the road, which became part of the Tōkaidō, and his successor, Yasunori, built the castle's 3 story tenshu (keep) and added a basement.
When the feudal era officially came to an end in the 1870s, the Meiji government ordered the castle destroyed as it was a symbol of feudal power. However, in 1959, Okazaki Castle was reborn in the form of concrete.
A loaded & heavy grain train arrives at the Nuevo Carnero Yard after going down the steep 3.7% EA Line; the yard crew will help them remove the retainers from all the hoppers so they can be set-off before proceeding to the Tehuacan yard as light power.
Nuevo Carnero, Puebla.
So yeah, I got my Dahlias done about...3 weeks ago and then I got my job at Walmart and lost my other job..walmart wouldn't let me use retainers and they closed up, so...I'm sad once again, but they were crooked anyways :/
Here we will jump ahead to the town of LaVeta - After descending the east slope of the pass the eastbound Walsenburg Turn stopped short of the North Aspen grade crossing, cut the train, pulled forward with a few cars, then backed up and reconnected with the rest of the train before continuing east. We saw a similar move on the next run two days later. I'm guessing it had something to do with the retainers/braking system.
On either bank of the River Leach in the English Cotswolds are two Norman churches. A medieval footbridge, a Clapper Bridge, and a 19th Century stone bridge spans the divide with the settlement of Eastleach Martin on the east and the village of Eastleach Turville on the west side of the river.
One of two Eastleach churches that face each other on opposite banks of the River Leach in the heart of the Gloucestershire Cotswolds, St Andrew's is a lovely country church dating to the early 12th century and on the west side of the river in the village of Eastleach Turville.
An apocryphal tale suggests that the churches were built by two sisters who argued, and each put up their own church. Unfortunately, the truth is less dramatic. The estates of Eastleach Martin and Eastleach Turville were always separate, and each church was built by the lord of the manor for use by his family and retainers.
The most striking exterior feature of Eastleach church is the saddleback west tower, built in the late 13th or early 14th century, with finely shaped windows. In the churchyard is the base of a medieval cross.
...but it stays for the faves. No rebloggin', please.
Originally:
[60/365] What (used to be) In My Bag
(8/17/2008)
I've always loved the idea of those photos where all of the contents of your bag are presented. I just decided that mine should be taped to my wall, because I'm cool like that.
Completing a short servicing stop at the 10,015 ft. high Cumbres Station (MP 330.60), Denver & Rio Grande Western K-36 #488 eases her train off the summit to being a 13.5-mile drift down the 4% grade to her final destination in Chama, NM. This steep mountain grade is every bit as challenging for the crew going downhill as it is coming up, but the challenges are very different ones. Before departing Cumbres, the crew will have set brake retainers on some of the cars. These devices maintain some brake pressure in between train brake applications by the engineer, keeping the train at a constant, controlled speed and allowing precious time for the locomotive's air compressor to keep the brake reservoir charged. Needless to say, the crew will be constantly vigilant for any frozen or stuck brakes, as well as any hot bearings. If the trainmen are out on the platforms, they'll be breathing a lot of brake dust over the next hour or so. The engineer will maintain what's known as a drifting throttle, ensuring that just enough steam is added to the cylinders to keep things cool and lubricated.
This image was captured during a 5-day photo shoot on the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad in October of 2012, organized by Lerro Photography and Far Rail Tours.
Visit to Minster Lovell.
A bit of a salvage job. The original picture was a disaster and no amount of photo-shopping could get the building clearly defined from the background. I transferred it to my iPad and had a bit more success using the Enlight app.
I opted for this version because it looked old and bleak. Also using black and white disguises the bright red dog pooh bin which is in there somewhere.
This early 19th Century ballad by Thomas Haynes Bayley is based on a legend of this house....
The mistletoe hung in the castle hall;
The holly branch shone on the old oak wall.
The Baron's retainers were blithe and gay,
Keeping the Christmas holiday.
The Baron beheld with a father's pride
His beautiful child, Lord Lovell's bride.
And she, with her bright eyes seemed to be
The star of that goodly company.
Oh, the mistletoe bough.
"I'm weary of dancing, now," she cried;
"Here, tarry a moment, I'll hide, I'll hide,
And, Lovell, be sure you're the first to trace
The clue to my secret hiding place."
Away she ran, and her friends began
Each tower to search and each nook to scan.
And young Lovell cried, "Oh, where do you hide?
I'm lonesome without you, my own fair bride."
Oh, the mistletoe bough.
They sought her that night, they sought her next day,
They sought her in vain when a week passed away.
In the highest, the lowest, the loneliest spot,
Young Lovell sought wildly, but found her not.
The years passed by and their grief at last
Was told as a sorrowful tale long past.
When Lovell appeared, all the children cried,
"See the old man weeps for his fairy bride."
Oh, the mistletoe bough.
At length, an old chest that had long laid hid
Was found in the castle; they raised the lid.
A skeleton form lay mouldering there
In the bridal wreath of that lady fair.
How sad the day when in sportive jest
She hid from her lord in the old oak chest,
It closed with a spring and a dreadful doom,
And the bride lay clasped in a living tomb.
Oh, the mistletoe bough
The legend of the Old Boatman of Cruggleton is set in the years following the death of David I in 1153, when the Norsemen tried to recover their supremacy in Galloway.
This is a story of an attempt to recapture the castle by supernatural means. Knowledge of the intended attempt had been received by the MacCairills through a retainer, once a prisoner in Norway and familiar with the language. He had discovered the plot during his diplomatic errands between the Chief of the MacCairills and King Haco of Norway.
The dreaded Reafen, an enchanted standard woven out of a lions mane, with a raven on its field and supplied with blood at midnight to preserve its terrible powers, was entrusted to an old Norse Boatman, who arrived at night at the foot of the cliffs below the castle. He began his ascent of the path up to the castle. The success of his mission depended on him gaining entrance within the walls to unfurl the Reafen, when the castle would revert to his nation, and, amid the astonishment, and doubtless the terror of its holders, the prepared ambush would rush in and complete the conquest by massacre.
Forewarned, the MacCairils, strong in Christian faith, were prepared. They watched the Boatman climbing towards the castle. When a challenge was shouted out, the Boatman replied he was the bearer of a message for the Chief of the MacCairills from King Haco. Permitted to enter he was seized, the standard wrenched from him and dragged to the gallows awaiting him.
The prisoner declared his allegiance to Norway and the subjugation of the castle by the presence of the standard within. Then, with an invocation to the Scandinavian deities, he ended with the prophecy that on every anniversary, to the end of time, he would return with the standard to unfurl it over the castle walls. Wrestling a hand free, he took a dagger and plunged it into his own chest before his captors could hang him. The ambush failed and the Norsemen left, never to return.
The terrifying standard remained in the castle until it was decided that it should be burned in the courtyard. A peal of thunder shook the castle and a female form of ‘gigantic proportions’ snatched it from the pyre, and soaring aloft, was lost in the bosom of the clouds. The Boatman is said to have lived up to his promise and continued to his annual visit, the last recorded being in the eighteenth century.
This story is a short extract from a longer article on the history of Cruggleton Castle, which can be found on our website here: darkgalloway.wordpress.com/2022/11/06/cruggleton-castle-t...
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This is where the 47 Rōnin of Akō, along with their lord, Asano Naganori, are interred. Sengaku-ji is located in the Takanawa are of Minato-ku, Tokyo, near Shinagawa Station.
Ōishi Kuranosuke was the chief retainer of the Asano clan during the turmoil associated with the 47 Rōnin incident, in which the feudal lord, Asano Naganori, attacked and wounded Kira Yoshinaka within Edo Castle. As drawing a weapon within the shogun's castle was a capital offence, Asano was sentenced to commit seppuku the same day.
As a result of Asano's impulsive behavior, the Shogunate disbanded the Asano clan and seized their lands. Ōishi and 46 other former Asano retainers waited and unleashed their misguided revenge on Kira, attacking his home in the dead of night in December 1703, killing his body guards as well as taking his head and placing it in front of Asano's tomb in Sengaku-ji Temple in Takanawa, Tokyo.
All the Akō rōnin were sentenced to death by seppuku (harakiri). Actually, recent scholarship is saying that the rōnin may have not been allowed the honor of death by seppuku, but were actually beheaded like common criminals. The promise of the right of death by seppuku may have been a sugar-coated lie told by the shogunate to help the public more easily swallow the death sentence imposed on the Akō rōnin.
Anyway, the loyalty that these guys showed to their foolish lord by committing what can only be described as what me and some of my friends refer to as a feudal "drive-by"- Japanese style, has been lauded by the Japanese public ever since. The facts behind the actual events have been buried in the countless puppet and kabuki plays as well as movies that have been made about this.
I'm not a terribly big fan of Asano Naganori, nor do I think the Akō rōnin were particularly "brave" by carrying out a night attack after a party and fighting a small group of drunk bodyguards and taking the head of a feeble old man. But, this perspective is from modern, western eyes. In reality, night attacks of this nature have always been a staple of samurai warfare, being documented since the Heian period. As much as I don't partake in the 47 Rōnin Kool Aid drinking parties, I do admit to enjoying watching a good fictional film or kabuki play about these guys.
Happō-en, located in the Shirokane area of Minato-ku, Tokyo, is a beautiful place known more for hosting an endless stream of weddings and formal banquets. Happō-en has a history dating to the early 1600s, when it was the villa for Okubo Hikozaemon, a trusted confidant and retainer of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, who unified Japan, as well as his two successors. Afterwards, the villa served as a residence for the Shimazu clan from the domain of Satsuma in Kyushu and then served as a villa for Saigō Takamori for a period of time. Happō-en means “eight gardens” in Japanese and its main garden is truly a delight, especially in early April, when the cherry trees are in bloom.
You like to play house
You like to make out
When I put in my retainer
You still lay me down
Put on a vinyl
You look delightful
There's no need to hit the town
When we play house
Baby let's play play play house
~Devon Cole
When I rode bikes I always had a spare chain link in the toolkit because I was caught out once. When fitting the spring retainer the closed end must point in the direction of drive, but I'm sure some will know that already!
As you can tell from the condition of the link I haven't been using it for quite a while!
The link is 29mm long and 15mm wide and high, and was composed of three stacked images merged in photoshop, but looking at it here I should have taken a few more shots particularly for the bottom edge which is a little soft! Will do better the next time!
Architect : - (設計：－).
Completed : 1597 (竣工：1597年).
Height : 190ft (高さ：58m).
Location : 1-1 Osakajo, Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan (所在地：日本国大阪府大阪市中央区大阪城1-1).
Hideyoshi Toyotomi's retainers was constructed a big castle Osaka-jo. It is held many events in now. It is popular one, 3D projection mappings.
A trio of Ferrosur B23-7's get a quick rest in the middle of switching the Nuevo Carnero yard as they wait for the arrival of a loaded unit grain train that would soon block the entire yard.
The yard crew will help them set off retainers on all the hoppers and setting off the DPU's so the road crew can proceed light power to the Tehuacan yard.
Nuevo Carnero, Puebla
With retainers set, a pair of CN SD40-2Ws leads U736 down the grade and towards Two Harbors on the evening of July 7, 2015. While the SD40-2Ws are old, the real relics here are the Missabe ore cars trailing behind carrying BFT (Blast Furnace Trim) from Minntac. While the SDs are about 35 years old, they have nothing on the ancient ore cars that are almost twice their age.
These ore cars have to be the oldest cars serving on a Class I in revenue service. I didn't think CN was still using these, but this train was all old DM&IR regular ore cars, most with build dates of 1948, making the cars 67 years old. Amazing to think they were pulled by Missabe steam engines for over a decade when they were delivered, but still survive running revenue miles for successor CN on the original tracks they plied. Quite the bit of rolling Minnesota rail history.
CN 5317 and CN 5362, on U736, pulling 65 cars, at MP6, Stewart, MN.
CSX mine run R202 has 60 loads of fresh coal from Clearco Mine making the steep descent towards the New River mainline at Meadow Creek, WV. Along with setting retainers on 30% of the train and using two horseshoes in an attempt to ease the gradient its still a stiff slope that reaches 3.8% in places.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
The shrine is an UNESCO world heritage site.
location : Rakuhoku Renge-ji temple Kyoto city,Kyoto prefecture,Japan
京都 洛北 蓮華寺
Rakuhoku Renge-ji temple :
This temple belongs to the Tendai sect of Buddhism cowned with the mountain name of Kinyozan.
Shigenao imaeda( 今枝重直),a retainer of the Maeda Clan in Kaga,present Ishikawa pref.,entered the priesthood around period from 1661 to 1673. He built a residence here and spent his later years associating with such people as Jozan Ishikawa 石川丈山and Tanyu Kano狩野探幽.His groundson Chikayoshi今枝民部近義,who admire the virtuous Shigenao, transfered a temple from Hachijo-Shiokoji(元西八条塩小路附近)to this place in order to pray for the repose of his grandfather. He made it as a sub-temple of the Enryakuji Jitsuzobo Temple延暦寺実蔵坊.
The principal statue enshrined in main hall is of Shakamuni Tothagata.Unique Rengeji temple-style tone lanterns with hexagonal shades and a monument commemorating Shigenao inscribed Tehsho-style calligraphy written by Jozan Ishikawa on top and passage composed by Jun-an Kinoshita are found on the grounds beautifully covered with moss.
The garden woth crane stone and turtle islands in the lake,an excellent example from Edo period(1603-1867) -Kyoto city
以下パンフレットより抜粋
蓮華寺は、元西八条塩小路附近（今の京都駅附近）にあった浄土教系の古寺で、応仁の乱後荒廃していたのを１６６２年（寛文2年）加賀前田家の老臣今枝民部近義が祖父今枝重直の菩提の為に、この地に移し再興したものである。(蓮華寺造営記、帰命山寺記）
再興の際に、石川丈山、狩野探幽、木下順庵、黄檗の隠元禅師木庵禅師等の著名文化人が協力している。（諸堂の様式碑文、什物等）
尚、本堂、鐘楼堂、井戸屋形、庭園は創建当時のままであり、小規模であるあがいずれも文人の残した貴重な文化遺産である。
Canon EOS M5/ EF-M22mm f/2 STM/ƒ/8.0 22.0 mm 1/15sec ISO200/handheld/ manual exposure/auto white balance /manual focus
This temple has an explicit no-tripod policy, so tripods, including monopods, are usually prohibited.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
The shrine is an UNESCO world heritage site.
The firts Kakegawa Castle was built by Asahina Yasuhiro in the Bunmei era [1469-1487] , a retainer of the warlord Imagawa Yoshitada to consolidate his holdings over Totomi Province .The castle remained in the hands of the succeeting generations of the Asahina clan .Afther the defeat of the Imagawa clan at the Battle of Okehazama , the former Imagawa territories were divided between Takeda Shingen of Kai and Tokugawa Leyasu of Mikawa.Kakegawa Castle was surrendered to Tokugawa forces in 1568 by Asahina Yasutomo without resistance .The surrounding area remained a territory contested between the Tokugawa and Takeda for many years ,however ,Kakegawa Castle remained in Tokugawa hands until the fall of the Takeda clan .
After stopping to set retainers on their train of loaded LPG tanks, T59 begins the trek down Balsam Mountain
We have some really great flowers around my house.
Today is weird, I woke up at 3!
I'm kinda nocturnal now.
And it's not even that i stay up all night on the computer or watching tv,
I usually stay up reading or something. haha.
Last night actually I tried on this really great dress my mom bought me.
Idk why she bought it.
I want to go somewhere really fancy now!
enjoy the day :)
p.s I still haven't found my retainer =(
**edit: I found my retainer and life is good.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
The shrine is an UNESCO world heritage site.
Eilean Donan is a small tidal island where three sea lochs meet, Loch Duich, Loch Long and Loch Alsh, in the western Highlands of Scotland. A picturesque castle that frequently appears in photographs, film and television dominates the island, which lies about 1 kilometre from the village of Dornie. Since the castle's restoration in the early 20th century, a footbridge has connected the island to the mainland.
Eilean Donan is part of the Kintail National Scenic Area, one of 40 in Scotland.
Eilean Donan, which means simply "island of Donnán", is named after Donnán of Eigg, a Celtic saint martyred in 617. Donnán is said to have established a church on the island, though no trace of this remains.
The castle was founded in the thirteenth century, and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan MacRae. In the early eighteenth century, the Mackenzies' involvement in the Jacobite rebellions led in 1719 to the castle's destruction by government ships. Lieutenant-Colonel John Macrae-Gilstrap's twentieth-century reconstruction of the ruins produced the present buildings.It is possible that an early Christian monastic cell was founded on the island in the 6th or 7th century, dedicated to Donnán of Eigg, an Irish saint who was martyred on Eigg in April 617. No remains of any Christian buildings survive, though fragments of vitrified stone, subjected to very high temperatures, have been discovered indicating the presence of an Iron Age or early medieval fortification.
In the earlier thirteenth century, during the reign of Alexander II (ruled 1214–1249), a large curtain-wall castle (wall of enceinte) was constructed that enclosed much of the island. At this time the area was at the boundary of the Norse-Celtic Lordship of the Isles and the Earldom of Ross: Eilean Donan provided a strong defensive position against Norse expeditions. A founding legend relates that the son of a chief of the Mathesons acquired the power of communicating with the birds. As a result, and after many adventures overseas, he gained wealth, power, and the respect of Alexander II, who asked him to build the castle to defend his realm.
At a later date, the island became a stronghold of the Mackenzies of Kintail, originally vassals of William I, Earl of Ross. At this early stage, the castle is said to have been garrisoned by Macraes and Maclennans, both clans that were later closely associated with the Mackenzies. Traditional Mackenzie clan histories relate that Earl William sought advantage from the Treaty of Perth of 1266, by which King Magnus VI of Norway ceded the Hebrides to Scotland, and demanded that his kinsman Kenneth Mackenzie return the castle to allow his expansion into the islands. Mackenzie refused, and Earl William led an assault against Eilean Donan that the Mackenzies and their allies repulsed.
The Mackenzie clan histories also claim (with little, if any, supporting contemporary evidence), that Robert the Bruce sheltered at Eilean Donan during the winter of 1306 to 1307; the castle escaped any other involvement in the Wars of Scottish Independence. In 1331 Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, sent an officer to Eilean Donan to warn the occupants of his forthcoming visit. In preparation 50 wrongdoers were rounded up and executed, their heads being displayed on the castle walls to Moray's approval. By the middle of the 14th century the Mackenzies are said to have been on the losing side in the ongoing feuding with the Earls of Ross. William III, Earl of Ross granted Kintail to Raghnall Mac Ruaidhrí in 1342. With the assistance of Leod Macgilleandrais, the Earl allegedly apprehended Kenneth Mackenzie, 3rd of Kintail, and had him executed in 1346 at Inverness. Through this period Eilean Donan is said to have been held by Duncan Macaulay for the Mackenzies, against the Earl and his allies. Kenneth's young son Murdo Mackenzie supposedly evaded the Earl's attempts to eliminate him, and on the return of David II from exile Murdo Mackenzie was allegedly confirmed in the lands of Kintail and Eilean Donan by a charter of 1362 (of which, however, no trace survives to the present day). At some point in the earlier 14th century it is thought that the Clan Macrae began to settle in Kintail as a body, having migrated from the Beauly Firth, and there gained the trust of the Mackenzie lairds through possible kinship and an advantageous marriage. The Macraes began to act as Mackenzie's bodyguards, acquiring the soubriquet "Mackenzie's shirt of mail".
James I, determined to pacify the Highlands, journeyed to Inverness in 1427 and invited the principal chiefs to meet him there. Allegedly among them was the young Alexander Mackenzie, 6th Earl of Kintail. James then arrested him, along with the other chiefs, on their arrival. Mackenzie clan histories relate that, although several chiefs were executed or imprisoned, Alexander, due to his youth, was instead sent to Perth to attend school. Alexander's uncles attempted to seize control of Kintail, but the constable Duncan Macaulay continued to hold Eilean Donan on his behalf. Fionnla Dubh mac Gillechriosd, considered by clan historians to be the founder of the Clan Macrae in Kintail, was dispatched to fetch the young laird back. During his lairdship Alexander appears to have supported the monarchy against the MacDonald Lords of the Isles and was allegedly rewarded by another charter of Kintail in 1463. Alexander died in about 1488 at a great age, and was succeeded by Kenneth Mackenzie, 7th of Kintail who won the Battle of Blar Na Pairce against the MacDonalds. Kenneth died a few years later and was succeeded first by his eldest son, then on his death in 1497 by his second son, John of Killin, who was still a minor. His uncle, Hector Roy Mackenzie, attempted to usurp the Mackenzie lands and installed his own constable in Eilean Donan, Malcolm Mac Ian Charrich Macrae. Hector's lawless activities caused the Mackenzies to be branded rebels, and in 1503 the Earl of Huntly offered to deliver Eilean Donan to the king, and to hold it on his behalf. James IV supplied a ship to support the enterprise. Eventually, John compelled his uncle to relinquish his claim, and Hector agreed to hand over Eilean Donan. The constable refused however, and John's supporters laid siege. Malcolm Mac Ian Charrich was eventually persuaded by Hector to relinquish the castle, after which he was dismissed as constable and Christopher Macrae (Gillechriosd Mac Fionnlagh Mhic Rath) was appointed in his place in around 1511. John of Killin obtained a further charter of Kintail and Eilean Donan in 1509.
In 1539, Donald Gorm Macdonald of Sleat ravaged the lands of MacLeod of Dunvegan on Skye, and then attacked the Mackenzie lands of Kinlochewe, where Miles (Maolmure), brother of Christopher Macrae, was killed. After a series of retaliatory raids, Donald Gorm learned that Eilean Donan was weakly garrisoned and launched a surprise attack. In fact, only two people were in the castle: the recently appointed constable Iain Dubh Matheson and the warden. Duncan MacGillechriosd of the Clan Macrae, son of the former constable, arrived at the start of the attack and killed several MacDonalds at the postern gate. Arrows launched by the attackers killed Matheson and the warden, but MacGillechriosd managed to hit Donald Gorm with his last arrow, fatally wounding Gorm, and the Macdonalds retreated. Duncan MacGillechriosd expected to be appointed as the new constable but was considered too headstrong: the local clergyman John MacMhurchaidh Dhuibh (John Murchison) was appointed as a compromise between rival Macrae and Maclennan interests. Furious at this treatment, MacGillechriosd left Kintail and joined the service of Lord Lovat, though he eventually returned to settle at Inverinate. Meanwhile, an aggrieved Maclennan apparently shot MacMhurchaidh in the buttocks with an arrow.
MacGillechriosd's son Christopher Macrae became constable of Eilean Donan in turn, and held the castle during yet another clan feud, this time between the Mackenzies and the MacDonalds of Glengarry. Feuding broke out in 1580 and continued for almost 25 years. In around 1602 Eilean Donan was the base for a sea skirmish at the narrows of Kyle Rhea led by Christopher's son Duncan. During the action the MacDonalds were driven on to the Cailleach Rock at the eastern tip of Skye and Angus, son of MacDonald of Glengarry, was killed. Christopher was succeeded as constable by the Rev. Murdoch Murchison, minister of Kintail.
Kenneth Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Seaforth, was brought up at Eilean Donan by Rev. Farquhar Macrae
The Rev. Farquhar Macrae, son of Christopher Macrae, was born at the castle in 1580. After attending Edinburgh University and taking holy orders, in 1618 he was appointed constable of the castle and minister of Kintail on the death of Murdoch Murchison. Colin Mackenzie of Kintail was created Earl of Seaforth in 1623. He lived mainly at Chanonry of Ross in Fortrose, but made regular visits to Eilean Donan where the constable was required to entertain him and his retinue of between 300 and 500 retainers, as well as the neighbouring lairds. In 1635 George Mackenzie, 2nd Earl of Seaforth, appointed Farquhar as tutor to his six-year-old son Kenneth, who was subsequently raised at Eilean Donan.
In the civil wars of the mid 17th century, the Earl of Seaforth sided with Charles I. In 1650, after the king's execution, the Parliament of Scotland ordered a garrison to Eilean Donan. The local people did not welcome the garrison. When a party of 30 soldiers came out from the castle to request provisions from the local people, a band of 10 men who opposed their demands met the occupiers. An argument broke out, which led to the garrison men being driven off with several casualties. Shortly thereafter the garrison departed. The following year the Earl's brother, Simon Mackenzie of Lochslin, gathered troops for the royalist cause around Eilean Donan. For reasons unrecorded, he fell out with Farquhar Macrae and demanded his removal from the castle. Farquhar initially resisted, and despite interventions by the young Kenneth, had to be marched out by Lochslin and George Mackenzie (later Earl of Cromartie). He was finally persuaded to leave without violence, stating that he was too old to dwell in the cold castle. Farquhar was thus the last constable to dwell in Eilean Donan until its reconstruction, although he retained the ministry of Kintail until his death in 1662, at the age of 82.
After this time, the castle was briefly occupied by the Earl of Balcarres and his wife, who were in the Highlands in support of the Earl of Glencairn's royalist uprising, although Balcarres later disagreed with Glencairn and departed. In June 1654 General Monck, Oliver Cromwell's military governor in Scotland, marched through Kintail while suppressing the uprising. His troops destroyed much property, and stole 360 of Farquhar Macrae's cattle, though only one man was killed.
In 1689, King James VII of the House of Stuart was declared to have to forfeit the throne, and the crown was offered to William of Orange, in the so-called "Glorious Revolution". The revolution also established Presbyterianism in Scotland, although the Highlands generally remained Roman Catholic and loyal to the Stuarts. A series of Jacobite risings followed, leading to an increased military presence in Scotland as government forces attempted to penetrate and subdue the Highlands. In 1714 while surveying fortifications for the government, the military engineer Lewis Petit made the only surviving drawing of Eilean Donan. The sketch-elevation and carefully drawn plan show a dilapidated castle, largely roofless but for a small building by the entrance.
A major Jacobite uprising took place in 1715. Led by the Earl of Mar, it was an attempt to restore the exiled James Stuart, the "Old Pretender", to the throne. William Mackenzie, 5th Earl of Seaforth, joined the Jacobite army, leading out men of the Clan Mackenzie and Clan Macrae. The Macraes mustered at Eilean Donan, and are said to have danced on the roof of the castle before setting out to the Battle of Sheriffmuir where 58 Macraes were among the Jacobite dead. The battle was indecisive and the rising collapsed soon after.
Following the failure of the rising of 1715, the Jacobites found new support from Spain, now opposing both Britain and France in the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The Duke of Ormonde led the main invasion fleet from Spain, while an advance party of 300 Spanish soldiers under George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal, arrived in Loch Duich in April 1719, and occupied Eilean Donan Castle. The expected uprising of Highlanders did not occur, and the main Spanish invasion force never arrived. At the beginning of May, the Royal Navy sent ships to the area. Early in the morning on Sunday 10 May 1719 HMS Worcester, HMS Flamborough and HMS Enterprise anchored off Eilean Donan and sent a boat ashore under a flag of truce to negotiate. When the Spanish soldiers in the castle fired at the boat, it was recalled and all three ships opened fire on the castle for an hour or more. The next day the bombardment continued while a landing party was prepared. In the evening under the cover of an intense cannonade, a detachment went ashore in the ships' boats and captured the castle against little resistance. According to Worcester's log, in the castle were "an Irishman, a captain, a Spanish lieutenant, a serjeant, one Scotch rebel and 39 Spanish soldiers, 343 barrels of powder and 52 barrels of musquet shot." The naval force spent the next two days and 27 barrels of gunpowder demolishing the castle. Flamborough then took the Spanish prisoners to Edinburgh. The remaining Spanish troops were defeated on 10 June at the Battle of Glen Shiel.
Between 1919 and 1932, the castle was rebuilt by Lt. Col. John MacRae-Gilstrap. The restoration included the construction of an arched bridge to give easier access to the island. Macrae-Gilstrap also established a war memorial dedicated to the men of the MacRae clan who died in the First World War. The memorial is adorned with lines from John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields", and is flanked by grey field guns from the war. Eilean Donan was opened to the public in 1955, and has since become a popular attraction: over 314,000 people visited in 2009, making it the third-most-visited castle in Scotland. In 1983 ownership of the castle was transferred to the Conchra Charitable Trust, established by the Macrae family to maintain and restore the castle, and a purpose-built visitor centre was opened on the landward side of the bridge in 1998.
Clan MacRae Roll of Honour inside Eilean Donan Castle grounds, added during the restoration.
The castle is regularly described as one of the most photographed monuments in Scotland, and is a recognised Scottish icon, frequently appearing on packaging and advertising for shortbread, whisky and other products. Eilean Donan has made several appearances in films, beginning with Bonnie Prince Charlie in 1948 and The Master of Ballantrae in 1953. The castle was the setting for the 1980 short film Black Angel, filmed to accompany screenings of The Empire Strikes Back in cinemas. It featured prominently in Highlander (1986) as the home of Clan MacLeod, was backdrop to a dance scene in the Bollywood movie Kuch Kuch Hota Hai in 1998, and served as the Scottish headquarters of MI6 in The World Is Not Enough in 1999. In Elizabeth: The Golden Age Eilean Donan stood in for Fotheringhay Castle in England. In the movie Made of Honor Eilean Donan can be seen as home of the groom's family.
After conquering a 3.7% maximum downgrade on Linea EA, 4547 and sister 4535 notch up to pull it's loaded grain train into the Nuevo Carnero yard so the yard crew can help them set off retainers and start un-building their DPU consist and train.
The 4 AC4400CW's will run light power to Tehuacan for a short rest before being called to return to the Veracruz ports with a fresh crew later in the day.
Nuevo Carnero, Puebla
Trondheim (UK: /ˈtrɒn(d)haɪm/ TRON(D)-hyme, US: /ˈtrɒnheɪm/ TRON-haym, Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪm]; Southern Sami: Tråante), historically Kaupangen, Nidaros, and Trondhjem (local pronunciation: [ˈtrɔ̂nːjæm]), is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. As of 2022, it had a population of 212,660. Trondheim is the third most populous municipality in Norway, and is the fourth largest urban area. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva. Among the significant technology-oriented institutions headquartered in Trondheim are the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), and St. Olavs University Hospital.
The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post and served as the capital of Norway from the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros; it then became, and has remained, the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the site of the Nidaros Cathedral. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality was formed in 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda, and Tiller, and further expanded on 1 January 2020, when Trondheim merged with Klæbu.
Trondheim has a mild climate for its northerly latitude, resulting in moderate summers and winters that often remain above the freezing point in seaside areas. At higher elevations, though, the microclimate is colder and snowier.
The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Trøndelag county but not as its administrative centre (which is Steinkjer). This is designed to avoid making the county administration too centralized.
Trondheim is home to football club Rosenborg, Norway's most successful football club, and Granåsen Ski Centre, which has hosted the World Championship in Nordic Skiing.
Names and etymology
The city was established in 997 by Olav Tryggvason and it was originally named Nidaros (Old Norse: Niðaróss). The first element of the name was the local river Nid. The last element of the name was óss which meant "the mouth of a river". Thus the name meant "the outlet of the river Nid". Although the formal name was Nidaros, the city was commonly known as kaupangr, which means "city" or "marketplace", or more specificially kaupangr í Þróndheimi which means "the city in Trondheim". Trondheim (Old Norse: Þróndheimr) was the historic name for the whole district which is now known as Trøndelag. This is the area where the people were known as Trønder (þróndr). This district name Trondheim meant "the home of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-home") and Trøndelag (Old Norse: Þrǿndalǫg) originally meant the "law area of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-law"). The name of the Trønder people derives from the Old Norse word þróndr which is an old present participle of the verb þróask which means "to grow" or "to thrive".
During the late Middle Ages, the city name was commonly shortened to Þróndheimr, dropping the kaupanger part, and over time the name became Trondhjem, using the Dano-Norwegian spelling rather than the Old Norse spelling since the city was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway for centuries.
On 21 December 1917, a royal resolution enacted the 1917 Norwegian language reforms. Around the time, many municipalities and cities had their names changed to "Norwegianize" the spelling and make them look less Danish. On 1 January 1919, the name of the local Church of Norway diocese was changed from Trondhjem stift to Nidaros bispedømme (English: Diocese of Nidaros). In 1924, the name of the Norwegian capital city was changed from Kristiania to Oslo, removing the name referencing a Danish King in favor of the very old name Oslo. In 1928, a referendum in Trondhjem was held on whether to keep the current name or to bring back the original name of Nidaros. The vote resulted in 17,163 votes in favour of Trondhjem and only 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros. Despite this result, the Storting voted in 1929 to make some changes. The Trondhjem Cathedral would be changed to Nidaros Cathedral effective on 1 July 1929 and the name of the city would change to Nidaros starting on 1 January 1930. This change caused public outrage and even riots during 1930. This forced the Storting to reconsider this change. On 6 March 1931, the name was formally changed to Trondheim, using the medieval Norwegian spelling instead of the Danish version Trondhjem. The name of the diocese and cathedral, however, continued using the name Nidaros.
Trondheim was briefly named Drontheim during the Second World War as a German exonym.
History
Trondheim was named Kaupangen (English: market place or trading place) by Viking King Olav Tryggvason in 997 CE.[ Shortly after that, it came to be called Nidaros. Initially, it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse: "hird"-man) of King Olav I. It was also frequently used as the king's seat and was Norway's capital until 1217.
People have lived in the region for thousands of years, as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway, the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures, and the Corded Ware culture. In ancient times, the kings of Norway were hailed in Trondheim at Øretinget, the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the River Nidelva. Harald Fairhair (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I, called 'the Good.' The battle of Kalvskinnet took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his Birkebeiner warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke (a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen, 12th-century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory that were found in the Hebrides and are now at the British Museum, may have been made in Trondheim.
From 1152, Trondheim was the seat of the Archbishop of Nidaros for Norway, which operated from the Archbishop's Palace. Due to the introduction of Lutheran Protestantism in 1537, the last archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, had to flee from the city to the Netherlands; he died in what today is Lier, Belgium.
From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the city was repeatedly ravaged by fires that caused widespread damage since many of its buildings were made of wood. The worst occurred in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, 1717 (twice), 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. After the "Horneman Fire" in 1681, there was an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon, originally from Luxembourg. Broad avenues, such as Munkegata, were created, without regard for private property rights, to limit the damage from future fires. At the time, the city had a population of under 10,000 inhabitants, with most living in the downtown area.
After the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Trøndelag became Swedish territory briefly. However, the area was reconquered 10 months later. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660.
During the Second World War, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway, until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945. The German invasion force consisted of the German cruiser Admiral Hipper, 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Except for a coastal battery that opened fire, there was no resistance to the invasion, which began on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in a failed attempt to liberate Trondheim, as part of the Namsos Campaign. During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan, who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian resistance groups. The city and its citizens were subjected to harsh treatment by the occupying power, including the imposition of martial law in October 1942. During this time, the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunker DORA I), and contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 kilometres (9 miles) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of Øysand on the outskirts of Melhus municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the future primary stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine. A start was made on this enormous construction project, but it was far from completed when the war ended, and today, there are few physical remains of it.
Municipal history
The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda (population: 1,229) was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Byneset (population: 2,049), Strinda (population: 44,600), and Tiller (population: 3,595) were all merged with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality.[21] On 1 January 2020, the neighboring Klæbu Municipality (population: 6,050) was merged with Trondheim Municipality.
Geography
Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meets Trondheim Fjord with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. In the Middle Ages the river was deep enough to be navigable by most boats. However, in the mid-17th century, an avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable, and partly ruined the harbour. The municipality's highest elevation is the Storheia hill, 565 metres (1,854 ft) above sea level. At the summer solstice, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon. Between 23 May and 19 July, when the sky is cloud-free, it remains light enough at night that no artificial lighting is needed outdoors. At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31.
Cityscape and sites
Most of Trondheim city centre is scattered with small speciality shops. However, the main shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrianised streets Nordre gate (English: Northern street), Olav Tryggvasons gate and Thomas Angells gate even though the rest of the city centre is provided with everything from old, well-established companies to new, hip and trendy shops.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn was renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping centre was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people.
DORA 1 is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the Second World War occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue.
Kristiansten Fortress, built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east of Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John.
A statue of Olav Tryggvason, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central square, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer.
The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery, a fortress, prison, and a Second World War anti-aircraft gun station.
Stiftsgården is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Schøller. At 140 rooms constituting 4,000 square metres (43,056 sq ft), it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800.
A statue of Leif Ericson is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina.
In popular culture
Trondheim culture is parodied on the Monty Python album Another Monty Python Record in the form of the fictitious Trondheim Hammer Dance.
Trondheim is also a key location in the Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun universe, as it is a critical battleground for both factions.
Trondheim was the name of a planet in the Hundred Worlds of the Ender's Game novel series.
Trondheim likely serves as an inspiration for the fictional city Tronjheim in The Inheritance Cycle.
(Wikipedia)
Trondheim [ˈtrɔnhajm] oder [ˈtrɔnjæm] Audiodatei abspielen (früher Trondhjem geschrieben, deutsch veraltet Drontheim) liegt an der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva in der Provinz (Fylke) Trøndelag in Norwegen und wurde 997 als Nidaros gegründet. Trondheim ist mit 214.565 Einwohnern (Stand 1. Januar 2024) nach Oslo und Bergen die drittgrößte Kommune des Landes. Mit einer Gesamtfläche von 529 Quadratkilometern umfasst sie neben dem Stadtgebiet seit 1964 die umliegenden Siedlungen.
Trondheim ist Sitz der Provinzregierung für Trøndelag und des Bistums Nidaros, in dem auch der Präses der Norwegischen Kirche angesiedelt ist. Ein großer Teil der 30.000 in Trondheim lebenden Studenten ist an der Technischen Universität Trondheim NTNU immatrikuliert. Das Universitätskrankenhaus St. Olavs Hospital beschäftigt etwa 10.000 Personen und hat eine Reihe von nationalen Spezialistenfunktionen.
Trondheim ist das Zentrum für den Einzelhandel und für die öffentliche Verwaltung von ganz Mittelnorwegen. Viele Betriebe in der Stadt bauen auf Technologie, die in Zusammenarbeit mit den Forschungsgemeinschaften an der Technischen Universität entwickelt worden ist.
Mit dem Flugplatz Værnes, mit Bahnverbindungen von Vy in Richtung Oslo, Bodø und Schweden und mit dem Hurtigruten-Kai ist Trondheim ein wichtiger Verkehrsknotenpunkt für den ganzen nördlichen Teil von Norwegen.
Die Stadt hat ein reiches Kulturangebot und ist unter anderem Sitz des Trøndelag-Symphonieorchesters, des Trøndelag-Theaters und der regionalen Jazzszene Dokkhuset. Eine Reihe von Museen und Galerien vermittelt bildende Kunst und Geschichte. Der in Trondheim ansässige Fußballklub Rosenborg Ballklub hat sich mehrmals für die UEFA Champions League qualifiziert.
Name
Der mittelalterliche Name der Stadt Niðaróss ist aus dem Flussnamen Nið und altwestnordisch óss „Mündung“ zusammengesetzt und bedeutet also „Mündung des Nið“. Im Spätmittelalter verbreitete sich der Name Kaupangen i Trondheimen „Handelsplatz in Trondheim“, was in der offiziell gebräuchlichen dänischen Sprache zu Trondhjem verkürzt und danisiert wurde. Daneben war nach den Münzinschriften auch der Name Nidernes in Gebrauch.
Seit Erlangung der vollständigen norwegischen Unabhängigkeit im Jahr 1905 bemühten sich nationalistische Kreise überall im Land darum, dänische Namen durch die mittelalterlichen norwegischen Formen zu ersetzen (so geschehen im Fall von Oslo). Auf Betreiben des Kulturvereins Noregs Ungdomslag („Norwegische Jugendgruppe“) verabschiedete das norwegische Parlament schließlich 1929 ein Gesetz, wonach die Stadt zum 1. Januar 1930 in Nidaros zurückbenannt wurde. Diese ohne Einbindung der direkt Betroffenen vollzogene Umbenennung führte in Trondheim zu einem Proteststurm bei Bevölkerung und Stadtregierung. Es kam zudem zu einem Pressekrieg zwischen der neu gegründeten Zeitung Nidaros unter Håkon Løken und dem traditionsreichen Adresseavisen.
Das Parlament sah sich gezwungen, seine ursprüngliche Entscheidung zu modifizieren, und stimmte schließlich einem Kompromissvorschlag des Trondheimer Kaufmanns Ivar Lykke zu. Statt des danonorwegischen Namens Trondhjem plädierte Lykke für die neunorwegisierte Form Trondheim (mit dem für das Nynorsk typischen Diphthong -ei-). Die Niederlage von Nidaros führte zu einem Anzeigenboykott, der bis zur deutschen Besatzung 1940 andauerte. Der Name Trondheim gilt offiziell seit dem 6. März 1930, doch ist bis heute auch das ältere Trondhjem in Gebrauch.
Geografie
Trondheim liegt an der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva auf der Position 63 Grad 25' nördlicher Breite und 10 Grad 24' östlicher Länge. Der Stadtkern liegt auf einer Halbinsel, die im Norden vom Trondheimsfjord und im Osten und Süden von der Nidelva begrenzt ist. Der Innenstadtbereich liegt auf einer nach Norden offenen Ebene, die im Osten und Westen von Hügelland mit Gipfeln von 250 bis 550 Metern Höhe abgegrenzt wird. Im Süden steigt die Ebene zum höher gelegenen Heimdalsplateau an.
Der Stadtkommune Trondheim wurden im Jahre 1964 die Landgemeinden Strinda, Byneset, Tiller und Leinstrand, die im Laufe der Jahre zu einem Teil des Stadtgebietes wurden, angegliedert. 2020 kam die Gemeinde Klæbu hinzu. Die Fläche der heutigen Kommune Trondheim umfasst 342,4 Quadratkilometer. In den Randbezirken der Kommune liegen große Flächen, die landwirtschaftlich genutzt werden, insgesamt etwa 17 % des Gesamtareals. Ungefähr 33 % des Gesamtareals der Kommune sind Waldbestände.
Die Einwohnerzahl beträgt 214.565 (Stand 1. Januar 2024) und lag am 1. Januar 2001 bei 150.166 (noch ohne das zu 2020 eingegliederte Klæbu). Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung erklärt sich aus der guten Arbeitsmarktlage in der Stadt und dem Wunsch der Bevölkerung nach einem vielseitigen Dienstleistungs- und Kulturangebot. Zu der gemeldeten Einwohnerzahl kommen noch etwa 15.000 Studenten, die in anderen Kommunen gemeldet sind. Insgesamt studieren etwa 30.000 Studenten in Trondheim, sodass etwa jeder sechste Einwohner der Stadt Student ist.
Klima
Das Klima in Trondheim ist im Verhältnis zum übrigen Mittelnorwegen mild und feucht. Die Stadt liegt unter dem Einfluss der Polarklimazone im Norden und der gemäßigten Klimazone im Süden. Von Westen her liegt die Stadt unter Einfluss des Westwindgürtels der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Auf diese Weise ist das Wetter in Trondheim wenig stabil.
Die Jahresmitteltemperatur liegt bei 5,3 Grad, im Januar bei −3,1 und im Juni bis August bei 13,7 Grad. Der Tiefstwert der Temperatur wurde 1899 mit −26,1 und der Höchstwert 1901 mit 35,0 Grad gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Jahresniederschlag beträgt 892 mm (1961–1990) und die Stadt hat im Durchschnitt 200 Tage mit Niederschlägen. Etwa 70 bis 100 Tage liegt in Trondheim Schnee.
Geschichte
Mittelalter
Etwa ab dem Jahr 950 gibt es Spuren eines Handelsplatzes auf der Halbinsel zwischen dem Fjord und der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva. Im Jahre 997 wurde Trondheim dort von König Olav I. Tryggvason als Stadt gegründet. Durch die günstige, leicht zu verteidigende Lage und den natürlichen Hafen an der Flussmündung konnte sich die Stadt zu einem blühenden Handelszentrum für die Region Trøndelag entwickeln. Trondheim war im Mittelalter Sitz des Königs und damit Hauptstadt Norwegens.
Trondheim war im Mittelalter auch das religiöse Zentrum des Landes und ein wichtiger Wallfahrtsort für Nordeuropa. Die Grundlage für die Wallfahrten war die Olavs-Tradition. Olav II. Haraldsson hatte versucht, das Land unter sich als christlichem König zu einigen, war aber im Jahre 1030 bei der Schlacht bei Stiklestad (im heutigen Verdal) geschlagen und tödlich verletzt worden. Schon im darauffolgenden Jahr wurde er heiliggesprochen und Wallfahrten zu seinem Schrein begannen. Seine Anhänger hatten seine sterblichen Überreste in das etwa 70 km südwestlich gelegene Trondheim überführt. Sie wurden zuerst in der von Olav Trygvasson gebauten Klemenskirche aufbewahrt und kurz darauf in die Christuskirche, den späteren Nidarosdom, überführt. 2016 fand ein Archäologenteam des Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU) die Reste der Klemenskirche, in der Olav heiliggesprochen wurde. Adam von Bremen schrieb, der Pilgerweg zum Nidarosdom habe im Oslofjord begonnen. Man sei von dort entweder mit dem Schiff nach Trondheim gefahren oder habe den beschwerlicheren Landweg genommen.
Im Jahre 1050 wurde Trondheim Bischofssitz unter dem Erzbistum Bremen. Die Kirche hatte nun bedeutende Einnahmen durch den Kirchenzehnten und eigenen Landbesitz. Zum Umsatz dieser Waren baute man die Handelsverbindungen von Trondheim nach Nordeuropa aus. Dies führte zu einem ständigen Wachstum der Stadt.
Im Jahre 1152 sandte Papst Anastasius IV. den Kardinalbischof Nikolaus Breakspear als Bevollmächtigten nach Norwegen. Dort errichtete dieser in Nidaros eine norwegische Kirchenprovinz mit einem Erzbischof. Norwegen war in vier Bistümer aufgeteilt; hinzu kamen die Bistümer auf den Färöern und auf Grönland.
Øystein war der zweite Erzbischof der norwegischen Kirchenprovinz. Er hatte eine Zeit lang im Exil in England gelebt und war dort mit der englischen Kirchenarchitektur bekannt geworden. Zurück in Trondheim begann er den Bau einer gotischen Kathedrale, die im Laufe des 13. Jahrhunderts weitgehend fertiggestellt war. Er errichtete auch einen befestigten Hof als Bischofsresidenz direkt bei der Kirche (norwegisch Erkebispegården). Eine Pest-Epidemie im Jahre 1349 führte dazu, dass ein Großteil der Bevölkerung starb. Damit stagnierte auch die Wirtschaft in der Stadt und im Umland.
Im Spätmittelalter änderte sich die Machtverteilung zwischen Kirche und Königsmacht. Mit der Reformation übernahm die Krone die Herrschaft über den Grundbesitz und damit die Einnahmen der Kirche. Norwegen und damit auch Trondheim verloren ihre Selbstständigkeit und wurden ein Teil des dänisch-norwegischen Reiches. Trondheim wurde Sitz des Statthalters der dänischen Krone. Seine Residenz war im früheren Hof des Erzbischofs.
17. und 18. Jahrhundert
Die Stadt Trondheim erlebte im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert eine wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Blütezeit. Grundlage des Wachstums war der Holz- und Fischhandel mit den nordeuropäischen Ländern. Auch der Export von Kupfer, das im Bergwerk und in der Hütte der Bergstadt Røros gewonnen wurde, trug zum wirtschaftlichen Wachstum bei.
Eine kleine Gruppe von Kaufmannsfamilien stand an der Spitze dieses Handels. Viele von ihnen waren im 17. Jahrhundert aus Südschleswig (besonders Flensburg) nach Trondheim ausgewandert, denn das Herzogtum Schleswig war auch ein Teil des dänisch-norwegischen Reiches. Der Reichtum dieser Epoche ist noch heute an den prächtigen Bauten dieser Zeit sichtbar. Ein Beispiel ist der sog. Stiftshof (norw. Stiftsgården), das größte aus Holz gebaute Palais Skandinaviens.
Weiterhin wurde die Stadt oft von verheerenden Bränden heimgesucht. Bei einem Brand im Jahre 1681 brannte die Innenstadt bis auf die zwei größten Kirchen ab. Dies führte dazu, dass der König einen Generalplan für die Stadt festlegte. Er wurde nach kontinentalem Vorbild von General Caspar Cicignon entwickelt. Der Plan legte zwei breite Hauptachsen fest, die sich auf dem Markt kreuzten. Der Rest der Straßen wurde in einem Schachbrettmuster angelegt. Cicignons Stadtplan hat sich nie vollständig durchsetzen können, sodass es auch heute noch kleine Stadtviertel mit verwinkelten Gassen (norw. veiten) gibt, die dem Straßenverlauf des Mittelalters folgen.
Neben der Sicherung vor Bränden war auch die Verteidigung der Stadt ein wichtiger Gesichtspunkt für die Stadtplanung. Im 17. Jahrhundert stand Dänemark-Norwegen im Konflikt mit Schweden. So entstand nach dem Stadtbrand von 1681 auf einer Anhöhe außerhalb des Stadtzentrums die Festung Kristiansten, um die Stadt vor Angriffen aus dem Osten verteidigen zu können. Als Verbindung von den Kasernen in der Innenstadt zur Festung wurde eine neue Stadtbrücke über den Fluss Nidelva angelegt.
Moderne
Im 19. Jahrhundert begann auch in Trondheim eine industrielle Entwicklung. Das erste Industriegebiet lag auf der Ostseite des Flusses Nidelva. Wichtige Betriebe waren Ziegeleien, mechanische Betriebe und Werften. In der nahen Umgebung entstanden Wohngebiete für Arbeiter. Einer dieser Stadtteile, Bakklandet, war lange Jahre dem Verfall ausgesetzt, wurde aber in den 1960er Jahren unter Schutz gestellt. Nach langjährigen Restaurierungsarbeiten kann man heute das Stadtbild des 19. Jahrhunderts hier wieder erleben. Eine wirtschaftliche Blüte erlebte auch der Stadtteil Fossegrenda.
Die Werft Trondhjems Mekaniske Værksted TMV war lange Jahre der größte Arbeitsplatz der Stadt, mit bis zu 700 Mitarbeitern. Sie wurde 1872 am Ostufer der Nidelva gegründet, aber schon wenige Jahre später aus Platzmangel an die Mündung des Flusses umgesiedelt. Der Betrieb musste 1982 auf Grund mangelnder Wirtschaftlichkeit geschlossen werden. Das Betriebsgelände wurde ab Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts zum Stadtteil Nedre Elvehavn umfunktioniert, mit Restaurants, Einkaufszentrum und Wohnungen.
Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wuchs die Stadt weiter. Grund war der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung nach Anschluss an das norwegische (1877) und das schwedische Eisenbahnnetz (1881).
Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs war Trondheim durch das Unternehmen Weserübung von April 1940 bis zum Ende im Mai 1945 von deutschen Truppen besetzt. Bereits vor dem Krieg wurde von deutschen Strategen die militärische Bedeutung der Städte an der norwegischen Küste diskutiert, und bald nach Kriegsbeginn gab es Pläne für eine Marinebasis „Neu Drontheim“. Von dieser Zeit zeugen noch zum Beispiel Fundamente von Fliegerabwehrkanonen sowie die beiden U-Boot-Bunker Dora 1 und Dora 2. Die Festung Kristiansten wurde als Hinrichtungsstätte für Widerstandskämpfer genutzt.
Im Zuge der Kommunalreform in Norwegen wurde Klæbu zum 1. Januar 2020 mit Trondheim zusammengelegt.
Kulturhistorische Gebiete und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Kanalhafen
Der Kanalhafen (norw. Kanalhavna) grenzt die Innenstadthalbinsel in Richtung Norden ab. Er wurde Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts im Rahmen eines neuen Hafenplans für die Stadt geschaffen. An der Südseite des Kanalhafens findet man eine Reihe der für Trondheim typischen Lagerhäuser, die direkt am Wasser liegen. Auf der nördlichen Seite des Kanalhafens befindet sich der Hauptbahnhof, der die Meråkerbahn (Schweden) und die Nordlandsbahn (Bodø) mit der Rørosbahn und der Dovrebahn (Oslo) verbindet.
Bis Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts war der westliche Teil des Kanalhafens Anlaufstelle für Fähren zur Halbinsel Fosen und damit ein wichtiger Verkehrsknotenpunkt. Weiter westlich im Kanalhafen befindet sich der alte Fischmarkt Ravnkloa, der auch Anlegestelle für die Personenfähre zur Insel Munkholmen ist (Saisonbetrieb). Die Klappbrücke Skansenbrua, die Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts von dem amerikanischen Architekten Joseph B. Strauss konstruiert wurde, ermöglicht die Einfahrt von Schiffen in die westliche Einfahrt des Kanalhafens.
Gassen
Nach dem großen Stadtbrand von 1681 wurde die Innenstadt grundlegend umstrukturiert. Breite Avenuen und Straßen ersetzten die schmalen Gassen, die teilweise auf das Straßenmuster im Mittelalter zurückgingen. Auf diese Weise sollten neue Brände verhindert werden. Doch in einigen Vierteln hielten die alten Gassen stand. Noch heute findet man solche Viertel südlich des Kanalhafens.
Der norwegische Name Veite spielt auf die alte Funktion der Gassen als Kloake an, in einer Zeit, in der es noch keine Kanalisation gab. Ein Grund für den Bestand der Veiten waren die brandsicheren Keller, mit denen viele Häuser ausgestattet waren. Hier lagerte man sein Hab und Gut im Falle eines Brandes. Nach einem Brand wurde ein Haus deshalb gern wieder auf seinem alten Fundament aufgebaut.
Stiftsgården
Stiftsgården (Hof des Stiftsamtsmanns) ist das größte Holzpalais Skandinaviens und wurde in den 1770er Jahren im Auftrag der Geheimrätin Cecilie Christine Schøller errichtet. Sie war Generalstochter und hatte in eine reiche Kaufmannsfamilie geheiratet. Der Stiftsgården wurde nicht als Wohnung, sondern als Treffpunkt für die führende Schicht der Stadt gebaut, unter ihnen die Kaufmannsfamilien, die zu dieser Zeit das Wirtschaftsleben in der Region beherrschten. Als Architekt, zumindest aber stilistischer Anreger, wird der außerordentlich vielseitige Johan Daniel Berlin erwähnt.
Der Bau im klassizistischen Stil wurde nach dänischen Vorbildern entworfen. Das Haupthaus hat eine Breite von 58 Metern und wird von zwei Flügeln flankiert. Die Deckenhöhe im Haupthaus beträgt 4,3 Meter. Zwischen den zwei Hauptetagen ist eine Zwischendecke eingezogen, um den Schall zu dämmen. Die Gesamtgrundfläche des Gebäudes beträgt 4000 Quadratmeter, verteilt auf 140 Räume. Das Innere des Hauptgebäudes ist im Barockstil gehalten und durchgehende Flügeltüren verleihen ihm das Gepräge eines Schlosses. 1906 wurde der Stiftsgården zur offiziellen Residenz des Königs in Trondheim.
Marktplatz
Der Marktplatz (norw. Torget) war das Zentrum der neuen Innenstadt, die im 17. Jahrhundert auf Grundlage des Stadtplans von General Caspar Cicignon geschaffen wurde. Hier treffen sich die beiden Hauptachsen des Stadtplans: In Ost-West-Richtung führt die Kongens gate an der mittelalterlichen Marienkirche Vår Frue kirke vorbei. Die kreuzende Munkegata ist in Richtung Süden auf den Nidarosdom und in Richtung Norden auf die sich im Fjord befindende Insel Munkholmen ausgerichtet. Die breiten Straßen sollten die Innenstadt in Viertel teilen und damit einen neuen verheerenden Brand wie im Jahre 1681 verhindern. Eine Bepflanzung mit Bäumen entlang der Straßen sollte einen Überschlag von Funken verhindern.
Im Jahre 1920 wurde in der Mitte des Markts eine 17 Meter hohe Säule mit einer überlebensgroßen Statue des Stadtgründers und Wikingerkönigs Olav I Trygvason aufgestellt. Sie bildet zusammen mit der Pflasterung des Platzes eine riesige Sonnenuhr. Die Pflasterung hat zusätzlich die Form einer Kompassrose und erinnert damit an die Navigationskunst der Wikinger.
Nidarosdom und Bischofsresidenz
Das Gebiet um den Nidarosdom war seit der Zeit der Stadtgründung das Gebiet des Königs. Lange Zeit lag es außerhalb des mittelalterlichen Stadtkerns auf einer kleinen Anhöhe, die sich entlang des Flusses Nidelva im Norden der Zentrumshalbinsel erstreckte. Im Zuge der Christianisierung wurde in der Nähe des alten Königshofes eine kleine Holzkirche errichtet, die Christuskirche. Sie wurde im 11. Jahrhundert durch eine Steinkirche ersetzt, als der Kultus um den Schrein des Heiligen Olav (Olav II. Haraldson) ständig mehr Pilger anzog. Die Kirche bildete den Ausgangspunkt der erst romanischen und später gotischen Kathedrale, die heute Nidarosdom genannt wird. Sie erreichte ihre größte Ausdehnung im 13. Jahrhundert, als Trondheim Bischofssitz geworden war.
Zu dieser Zeit wurde auch die Bischofsresidenz (norw. Erkebispegården) stark erweitert. Der Gebäudekomplex zählt zu den besterhaltenen seiner Art in Europa und ist zudem das älteste weltliche Gebäude in ganz Skandinavien. Sie wurde im Laufe des Spätmittelalters zu einer geschlossenen Burg ausgebaut. Hier lag das Verwaltungszentrum des Bistums und die Einnahmen des Bischofs aus dem Zehnten und den Abgaben der Verpächter wurden hier entgegengenommen, registriert und umgesetzt. Der Westflügel, der dem Nidarosdom am nächsten steht, entstand im 15. Jahrhundert. Das sogenannte Waagenhaus, mit dem Tor zum Innenhof, enthält Kellergewölbe, welche jetzt die Kronjuwelen des norwegischen Königshauses beherbergen. Im ersten Stock befindet sich die große Festhalle.
Gamle Bybroen und Bakklandet
Die „alte Stadtbrücke“ (norw. Gamle bybroen) aus dem Jahre 1862 verbindet die Zentrumshalbinsel mit dem Stadtteil Bakklandet, der für seine kleinen Holzhäuser bekannt ist, die heute Cafés, Werkstätten und Boutiquen beherbergen. Der Stadtteil entstand im 17. Jahrhundert mit dem Bau der ersten neuen Stadtbrücke, die das Zentrum mit der Festung Kristiansten verband. Sie war Teil des von Caspar Cicignon geschaffenen Stadtplanes.
Am Ostufer des Flusses entstand das Industrieviertel der Stadt. Südlich der Stadtbrücke befand sich seit dem 13. Jahrhundert eine Ziegelei, die bis ins 20. Jahrhundert in Betrieb war. Das Hauptgebäude ist heute in ein Wohngebäude umgewandelt. Weiter in Richtung Flussmündung wurden Werften für den Neubau und die Reparatur von Schiffen gebaut. Hiervon zeugt heute noch der alte Kranplatz (norw. Krana) direkt unterhalb der alten Stadtbrücke. Die Werften wurden auf Grund von Platzmangel später weiter unten am Fluss angesiedelt.
Auch ein Teil des Hafens wurde an der Ostseite des Flusses angesiedelt. Um neue Stadtbrände zu verhindern, lagerte man hier seit dem 18. Jahrhundert brennbare Güter. Schiffe, die Feuer an Bord hatten, mussten hier ihre Waren löschen. Auf diese Weise entstand auch auf dieser Seite des Flusshafens (norw. Elvehavna) eine Reihe von Lagerhäusern.
Durch die Industriegründungen entstand an der Ostseite des Flusses das Arbeiterviertel Bakklandet mit Häusern, die ineinander verschachtelt waren und dicht aneinander lagen. Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts gab es Pläne, den Stadtteil zu sanieren. Diese wurden jedoch auf Grund der Proteste der Bakkländer nicht verwirklicht. Viele Häuser sind im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte restauriert und in Geschäfte, Cafés und exklusive Wohnungen umgewandelt worden. Dadurch ist der Stadtteil zu einem Magnet für Einheimische und Touristen geworden.
Insel Munkholmen
Im Fjord liegt vor der Hafeneinfahrt der Stadt die kleine Insel Munkholmen. Zur Zeit der Christianisierung Norwegens wurde darauf ein Kloster erbaut, das später auch als Munitionslager und Gefängnis benutzt und entsprechend adaptiert wurde. Während der deutschen Besatzung im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden auf der Insel Fliegerabwehrkanonen errichtet, deren Reste und Fundamente heute noch zu sehen sind. Im Sommer fährt halbstündlich ein Ausflugsboot von der Ravnkloa am Ende der Munkegata im Hafen Trondheims zur Insel, die die Norweger gerne zum Sonnenbaden und Schwimmen nutzen.
Ringve-Museum
Das Ringve-Museum ist Norwegens Nationalmuseum für Musik und Musikinstrumente. Es liegt im Stadtteil Lade vor den Toren der Stadt, in einem Botanischen Garten, der von der Technisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Universität betrieben wird.
Andere
Weitere Sehenswürdigkeiten sind das Justizmuseum (norw. Justismuseet), der Fernsehturm Tyholttårnet mit einer Aussichtsplattform und einem sich drehenden Restaurant und die Festung Kristiansten auf einer Anhöhe unweit der Altstadt. Die Synagoge von Trondheim zählt zu den nördlichsten der Welt. Im Stadtteil Ranheim kann man den Bautastein von Ranheim finden.
Sonstiges
Der Trondhjems Adresseavis hoffte zum Verfassungstag 1905, drei Monate vor der Unabhängigkeit, auf „nationale Erhebung und religiöse Erweckung“.
Die 1767 gegründete Lokalzeitung Adresseavisen ist die älteste Tageszeitung Norwegens, die 1768 gegründete Gunnerus-Bibliothek Norwegens älteste wissenschaftliche Bibliothek.
Die Technisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Universität Norwegens (norw. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, NTNU) ist mit zirka 20.000 Studenten die wichtigste Universität des Landes und verleiht Trondheim durch den durch sie verursachten niedrigen Altersdurchschnitt der Bevölkerung ein besonderes Flair. Diese Universität, mehrere Hochschulen und Forschungsinstitute wie SINTEF machen Trondheim zu einem der bedeutendsten Forschungs- und Studienorte Skandinaviens. Insgesamt gibt es in Trondheim etwa 30.000 Studenten.
Die höchste Erhebung auf dem Gebiet der Kommune Trondheim ist der Berg Storheia mit 565 Metern ü. NN.
Das Trinkwasser der Stadt kommt größtenteils aus dem nahen Stausee Jonsvatnet.
Nach Trondheim wurde der dem Granit verwandte Naturwerkstein Trondhjemit benannt.
Sport
Trondheim ist die Heimat des sowohl national als auch international erfolgreichen Fußballvereins Rosenborg. Einmal im Jahr macht hier der Skisprung-Weltcup Station. Die Sprungschanzen sind Teil des Granåsen skisenter, das sich südwestlich der Stadt befindet. 1997 wurde in Trondheim die Nordische Skiweltmeisterschaft ausgetragen.
Jährlich im Juni beginnt hier das Fahrradrennen Styrkeprøven, auch bekannt als „Trondheim–Oslo“.
Im März 2009 wurde ein Biathlon-Weltcup in Trondheim ausgetragen.
Verkehr
Das Rückgrat des ÖPNV in Trondheim wird vom Busnetz gebildet, betrieben vom regionalen Verkehrsunternehmen AtB (seit 2009). Im Jahr 2019 wurde sowohl der Fahrzeugpark und das Netz selbst modernisiert, u. a. durch Einführung sogenannter Metrobuslinien mit Doppelgelenkbussen des Typs ExquiCity vom Hersteller Van Hool. Als einzige Straßenbahnlinie existiert die privat betriebene Straßenbahn Gråkallbanen. Trondheim ist Anlegestelle der Schiffe der Hurtigruten und einer Katamaranfähre für den Personentransport, die mehrmals täglich eine schnelle Verbindung nach Kristiansund bietet. Der Flughafen Trondheim-Værnes zählte im Jahr 2018 ca. 4.200.000 Fluggäste. Trondheim ist Endstation der Dovrebahn, die Trondheim mit Oslo verbindet, und der Bahnstrecke Trondheim–Storlien (Meråkerbahn). Züge werden hier von Vy betrieben.
Durch den Fluss Nidelva, den Hafen (UN/LOCODE NO TRD) und verschiedene Kanäle hat Trondheim auch eine größere Anzahl von Brücken unterschiedlicher Konstruktion.
Trondheim hat einen Fahrradlift, der Radfahrer die anfänglich starke Steigung zur Festung hinauf schiebt. Der innerstädtische Verkehr wird zudem unterstützt durch eine Reihe Stationen für Stadtfahrräder (Bysykkel), ähnlich denen in Helsinki.
Für Individualverkehr wird in Trondheim von 6 bis 18 Uhr montag bis freitags eine Citymaut erhoben.
(Wikipedia)
On the morning of Sunday, September 5th, 2021, DMIR402 leads a trio of EMDs hauling a heavy taconite train south past Hermantown, Minnesota on its final leg of the journey to Proctor Yard. DMIR402 is one of the many SD45T-2s that currently reside on the former Duluth Missabe & Iron Range Railway “Iron Range.” Although control of the Duluth Missabe & Iron Range was acquired by Canadian National in 2004, they kept a number of SD40-3 “tunnel motor” units for use in the area as they already had straight air equipped, which was a secondary braking system used due to the weight of the ore trains mainly up and down Proctor Hill. With straight air, you can recharge the reservoirs on the automatic system, yet keep a set on the train, which can be adjusted, making coming down big hills with heavy trains easier and safer than turning retainer valves. Now, Canadian National is rumored to replace the older power on the “Iron Range” using newly rebuilt AC44C6Ms, meaning all of the C40-8s will be sent off to storage/scrap will most of the EMDs will be displaced. Although no AC44C6M is straight air equipped as of now, things may change in the near future. Additionally, Canadian National is replacing most of their older ore cars which were built in the 1940s and 1950s. Soon, this scene of an EMD trio hauling older ore cars such as the U-30 and U-31 class cars will be gone.
Lots of yummy bugs under those wet leaves.
Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus)
Garland, Tx
My photos can also be found at kapturedbykala.com