View allAll Photos Tagged Retainer
location : Rakuhoku Renge-ji temple Kyoto city,Kyoto prefecture,Japan
京都 洛北 蓮華寺
Rakuhoku Renge-ji temple :
This temple belongs to the Tendai sect of Buddhism cowned with the mountain name of Kinyozan.
Shigenao imaeda( 今枝重直),a retainer of the Maeda Clan in Kaga,present Ishikawa pref.,entered the priesthood around period from 1661 to 1673. He built a residence here and spent his later years associating with such people as Jozan Ishikawa 石川丈山and Tanyu Kano狩野探幽.His groundson Chikayoshi今枝民部近義,who admire the virtuous Shigenao, transfered a temple from Hachijo-Shiokoji(元西八条塩小路附近)to this place in order to pray for the repose of his grandfather. He made it as a sub-temple of the Enryakuji Jitsuzobo Temple延暦寺実蔵坊.
The principal statue enshrined in main hall is of Shakamuni Tothagata.Unique Rengeji temple-style tone lanterns with hexagonal shades and a monument commemorating Shigenao inscribed Tehsho-style calligraphy written by Jozan Ishikawa on top and passage composed by Jun-an Kinoshita are found on the grounds beautifully covered with moss.
The garden woth crane stone and turtle islands in the lake,an excellent example from Edo period(1603-1867) -Kyoto city
以下パンフレットより抜粋
蓮華寺は、元西八条塩小路附近（今の京都駅附近）にあった浄土教系の古寺で、応仁の乱後荒廃していたのを１６６２年（寛文2年）加賀前田家の老臣今枝民部近義が祖父今枝重直の菩提の為に、この地に移し再興したものである。(蓮華寺造営記、帰命山寺記）
再興の際に、石川丈山、狩野探幽、木下順庵、黄檗の隠元禅師木庵禅師等の著名文化人が協力している。（諸堂の様式碑文、什物等）
尚、本堂、鐘楼堂、井戸屋形、庭園は創建当時のままであり、小規模であるあがいずれも文人の残した貴重な文化遺産である。
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額縁庭園- 構図と露出を決めてからピントを合わせシャッターを切るまでにいつも3分くらいかかります。
その間の快い緊張感がとても好きです。
ƒ/8.0 14.0 mm 1/80sec ISO800
A pair of C44-9W's the BNSF 697 and 682, which are apparently still on the BNSF roster, are in charge of 28 loads of Iron Ore as they proceed down the Branch from the Utah Iron Mine down to Union Pacific's Cedar City Branch at Iron Springs.
This outfit takes cuts of 25 to 30 cars down to the junction to avoid having to set retainers.
今回は酒吞童子と茨木童子をイメージしたメイクを作ってみました。最強の鬼として有名な酒吞童子。茨木童子との関係は家来だったり師弟だったり夫婦だったり様々な説があるようです。
二人にもこんな時間があったかも‥？ｗ🌸👹👹🍶🌸
This time, I created a makeup inspired by Shuten-douji and Ibaraki-douji. Shuten-douji is famous as the strongest demon. There are various theories about his relationship with Ibaraki-doji, such as retainer, master and disciple, or husband and wife.
Perhaps the two of them had such a time back then.
skin and makeup : violetta.
Hair : booN
clothing : ::GB::
osake : andika
Thanks for the photo help, AN! ;)
OK! I’ve been dreading doing this since being tagged by Tomi and Andes….I will have my revenge…be assured.
16 Very Specific Things About Me--------UPDATED 1/2011
1) My favorite book of all time is the Webster’s Lexicon Dictionary of the English Language, has been since 7th grade. I have a real love affair with language and words. A very sweet librarian let me actually get away with the outright theft of a very good dictionary in the 8th grade. ( “poor kid…he’s not going to be very popular….“) I still have it.
2) I play the flute (badly), occasionally now. I do not own a single music CD, tape or record….and have never in my life downloaded, purchased (or stolen) any. …but I really like almost all genres of music and like to sing and whistle when I’m alone. I do both pretty well . Silence is good, too! This has changed! I now own some CD's......yay!
3) One of the things that perpetually bothers me most about myself is how I wake up each day KNOWING how naturally selfish and egotistical I am. At least today, after a very late start, I’m beginning to understand the joy and wisdom that comes from actively FORCING myself to do SOMETHING nice for somebody else everyday. I regularly fail at this endeavor, but am also learning not to beat myself up about it. I like myself.
4) I’ve always struggled with the ‘big’ unanswerable questions, a lot. I believe there are many contributing factors to this all-too-human dilemma. 1) I strongly identify with both of my parents’ diametrically opposed views on spirituality. My mom was a catholic, while my dad was “U.S. Navy, Retired”. To be married within the church, was contingent upon his agreement to raise any children (6, I’m #2) produced by this union, within the church. He agreed, and honored his word, but could not help infusing in his children a strong belief in, appreciation for, and a nearly infinite commitment to the wisdom of, well, let’s call it ‘the scientific method”. I grew up eagerly awaiting the next copy of National Geographic and later Scientific American. What is currently the result , (for me), of this ‘experiment’, is that I identify best with the tenets of Zen Buddhism, Deism, and Agnosticism. (Deism holds a slight lead) However, only firmly enough to discuss them intellectually and not with any ‘bedrock’ conviction. I respect sincere spiritual questing, the endplace, of such, is not important to me. Today, for me, “I don’t know” is the only perfectly accurate response to life’s big unanswerables. As a simple day-to-day guide, however, the golden rule serves well.
5) My left foot is fine, but have seven toes on my right. I keep meaning to do something about this. OK... this is a lie, couldn' t help myself. Here's a truth for 'ya. While I love to flirt, I have been celibate for a long time...I'd tell ya', but won't!
6) After many years of being an angry person, for unknown reasons, I realize now that being angry is not a reaction, it is always a choice….and that choosing it is, for me, always completely fruitless and unwise. I have not been angry in over 5 years, ever. It is my greatest gift to myself and those I share my life with. I am working on cynicism, trying not to eliminate my sense of humor in the process.
7) I have three wonderful children whom are the source of my only shameless pride: My beautiful Emily, 25, just graduated from University at 23 with her teaching credential to teach high school biology, YAAAY! EMILY! (UPDATE/2011 And is now teaching her second year at Franklin High School in Stockton, CA.) Nicholas, 22, who is in his third year of college and up to his neck in higher mathematics, engineering, motorcycles and his sweet girlfriend, not in that order, I’m sure, GO NICK!, and Hannah, almost 21, who just wants to be beautiful the rest of her life, has been working towards becoming a pharmacist….WAY TO GO! HANNAH! I was divorced, amicably, from my wife of 24 years, almost four years ago. We actually get along much better now than we ever did when married. I have my doubts as to whether I’m good ‘partner material’ for anyone.
8) While I sincerely like people, I am a loner…..a couple hours, tops, is about all I can seem to comfortably stand in any one day.
9) Though I wore braces for 4 years when young, I, in my infinite youthful wisdom, did not see the sense in wearing my ‘retainer’, and today have a gap between my two front teeth wide enough for an M&M to pass, the skinny way.
10) I am a complete slob….and a collector of things, both ugly and worthless, rare and beautiful.
(UPDATE 1/2011......slightly less of a slob ;^)
11) I smoke like a chimney, and my blood is always at least 50% coffee, I am now a tee-totaller, and no longer use any illicit drugs, (over 5 years now, 6 years in March) though for 34 years was a chronic pothead. (maybe ties into #6?…ya ’ think?)
12) I have pretty bad hearing and should’ve gotten a hearing aid years ago….Huh? What was that?
13) I eat only when hungry, and can eat as much of whatever I want…and remain a constant 165 lbs.
I usually don’t mention this….for some reason most people do not seem to find this interesting, in any way, whatsoever.
I sleep only and freely when tired, usually waking around 1 PM and going to bed around dawn, though for weeks at a time, I have absolutely no set schedule. If I get tired three times a day, I sleep three times day. I can also stay up easily for 30 hours, and do, at least once a month.
14) I work and live by myself and three cats, in my 1925, 1050 square ft. house, which I bought 2 1/2 years ago. About 80% of my commission work is received from small mom & pop jewelry stores whom I hand-pick to work with. These stores are hard to find. The rest of my commissions are from a small group of loyal patrons. I’m working towards a new business model which includes my own designs for sale on sites like Etsy. Commissions are great….but often are sterile in design.
15) I ride a bicycle almost exclusively for local transportation. My only gas-burner is my beloved 1970 Yellow K5 Blazer, which I have owned since 1980. It is a ‘beater’, but I’m attached to it.
16) I do not fear death…..just running out of time. (I'll be 53 next April, 2011)
I got my braces off today...they tell you to keep your retainers away from extreme heat, restaurant napkins and pets.....
Built for Sir Robert Shirley between 1653 and 1655 in Gothic style, the Chapel of Holy Trinity is the estate church at Staunton Harold, where the Shirleys, their retainers and estate workers lived for generations. It is one of the few churches built between the outbreak of the English Civil War and the Restoration period.
Over the past few years, the National Trust has undertaken essential building and repair works at the church to ensure this place of reflection can be enjoyed for many years to come.
Sun-rays sneaking through a congested sky.
Cyclists ride right on by, seemingly oblivious to the beauty of the filtered light as it breaks through the cloud work.
Fraser River
BC
Canada
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB:
Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮) is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Cedar trees line the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
Five structures at Nikkō Tōshō-gū are categorized as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties. Additionally, two swords in the possession of the shrine are National Treasures, and many other objects are Important Cultural Properties. Famous buildings at the Tōshō-gū include the richly decorated Yōmeimon (陽明門), a gate that is also known as "higurashi-no-mon". The latter name means that one could look at it until sundown, and not tire of seeing it. Carvings in deep relief, painted in rich colors, decorate the surface of the structure. The next gate is the karamon decorated with white ornaments. Located nearby is a woodcarving of a sleepy cat, "Nemuri-neko", attributed to Hidari Jingorō.
The stable of the shrine's sacred horses bears a carving of the three wise monkeys, who hear, speak and see no evil, a traditional symbol in Japanese culture that is derived from a quote in the Analects.
The original five-storey pagoda was donated by a daimyō in 1650, but it was burned down during a fire, and was rebuilt in 1818. Each storey represents an element–earth, water, fire, wind and aether (or void)–in ascending order. Inside the pagoda, a central shinbashira pillar hangs from chains[3] to minimize damage from earthquakes.
Hundreds of stone steps lead through the cryptomeria forest up to the grave of Ieyasu. A torii at the top bears calligraphy attributed to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. A bronze urn contains the remains of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In 2008, Yuri Kawasaki became the first female Shinto priest ever to serve at Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
Nikkō Tōshō-gū is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Also part of the beauty is the row of majestic trees lining the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
the newest puppy in not my family but my uncle's family. Shibas are over running our family tree, not like that's a bad thing. ;) Oh, and her name is Luxe and yes...her ears are like that!
well, to sum up my first few days of senior high school...it was plenty awkward and full of surprises. The most embarrassing part was probably when I was called upon to discuss a quote on the board and I totally blanked out for 10 seconds...just total silence in the class waiting for me to respond. I am not the best public speaker and on top of that, I had my retainer on so I was lisping pretty badly. welcome back to high school they said. senior year will be great...they said.
in high school, I just feel like an awkward person. Just call me the typical wallflower.
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB:
Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮) is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Cedar trees line the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
Five structures at Nikkō Tōshō-gū are categorized as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties. Additionally, two swords in the possession of the shrine are National Treasures, and many other objects are Important Cultural Properties. Famous buildings at the Tōshō-gū include the richly decorated Yōmeimon (陽明門), a gate that is also known as "higurashi-no-mon". The latter name means that one could look at it until sundown, and not tire of seeing it. Carvings in deep relief, painted in rich colors, decorate the surface of the structure. The next gate is the karamon decorated with white ornaments. Located nearby is a woodcarving of a sleepy cat, "Nemuri-neko", attributed to Hidari Jingorō.
The stable of the shrine's sacred horses bears a carving of the three wise monkeys, who hear, speak and see no evil, a traditional symbol in Japanese culture that is derived from a quote in the Analects.
The original five-storey pagoda was donated by a daimyō in 1650, but it was burned down during a fire, and was rebuilt in 1818. Each storey represents an element–earth, water, fire, wind and aether (or void)–in ascending order. Inside the pagoda, a central shinbashira pillar hangs from chains[3] to minimize damage from earthquakes.
Hundreds of stone steps lead through the cryptomeria forest up to the grave of Ieyasu. A torii at the top bears calligraphy attributed to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. A bronze urn contains the remains of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In 2008, Yuri Kawasaki became the first female Shinto priest ever to serve at Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
looking North towards SF here...
there is a fisherman, close to the surf close in, couple of people walking in the distance, and the fishing pier can be seen further back... the retainer rocks the right tie in to the photo I posted earlier which I will add in the comments...
other than enlarging the photo, you can further enlarge it by stretching it like on iPhone images...
please see large :)
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukkei-en:
Shukkei-en (縮景園) is a historic Japanese garden in the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The Hiroshima Prefectural Art Museum is located adjacent to the garden.
Construction began in 1620 during the Edo period at the order of Asano Nagaakira, daimyō of the Hiroshima han. Shukkei-en was constructed by Ueda Sōko, who served lord Asano as chief retainer (karō) of the domain and as a tea master.
Since the Meiji period, the garden served as the villa of the Asano family. When under Emperor Meiji the Imperial General Headquarters were relocated to Hiroshima, the emperor briefly lodged at the villa. The gardens were opened to the public, and in 1940 the Asano family donated them to Hiroshima Prefecture. Being a short walk from ground zero of the nuclear attack on Hiroshima, Shukkei-en suffered extensive damage, and then became a refuge for victims of the war. After renovations, it reopened in 1951.
Completing a short servicing stop at the 10,015 ft. high Cumbres Station (MP 330.60), Denver & Rio Grande Western K-36 #488 eases her train off the summit to being a 13.5-mile drift down the 4% grade to her final destination in Chama, NM. This steep mountain grade is every bit as challenging for the crew going downhill as it is coming up, but the challenges are very different ones. Before departing Cumbres, the crew will have set brake retainers on some of the cars. These devices maintain some brake pressure in between train brake applications by the engineer, keeping the train at a constant, controlled speed and allowing precious time for the locomotive's air compressor to keep the brake reservoir charged. Needless to say, the crew will be constantly vigilant for any frozen or stuck brakes, as well as any hot bearings. If the trainmen are out on the platforms, they'll be breathing a lot of brake dust over the next hour or so. The engineer will maintain what's known as a drifting throttle, ensuring that just enough steam is added to the cylinders to keep things cool and lubricated.
This image was captured during a 5-day photo shoot on the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad in October of 2012, organized by Lerro Photography and Far Rail Tours.
CSX NF&G mine run R20214 slowly passes downgrade, utilizing assistance from retainers set for the steep grade between Duo and Anjean. The 2 engines have 75 loads of coal from the Clearco Prep Plant owned and operated by South Fork Coal Company. Greenbrier Smokeless, whose tipple is in the background was once a big time loader on the former Rupert Sub but has sat idled since 2019 when mining operations stopped. A combination of management and contractors continued to sporadically load remaining coal from of the pile off into the fall of 2022. There’s a healthy pile of coal still visible beneath the stacker tubes across the street. Perhaps there is hope for the loader reopening sometime in the future.!
I have long wanted to get a train on this rugged piece of railroad and finally managed it earlier this year. The emphasis on that things move "slow" here was an understatement. It took the railroad almost 5 full days to get the 75 cars up from the yard at Meadow Creek, WV, to the mine, loaded and returned. Seeing the big cuts railroads have made in recent years it really is remarkable they continue to load trains on the former C&O Rupert Sub.
Excerpt from the plaque:
Hyakunin-bansho Guardhouse
A bansho was a guardhouse. This was the biggest guardhouse set up in front of the Ote-san-no-mon gate leading to Honmaru (inner citadel) and Ninomaru (second citadel), for inspection of visitors who entered from Ote-mon gate (main entrance) in the Edo Period. One hundred samurai guardsmen, chosen from among the Kinsmen and loyal retainers of each of the four main branches of the Tokugawa clan, had their quarters there and worked in shifts day and night.
I got my septum pierced on April 11th. Since then, I've been wearing a retainer in it (sort of like a staple) so that no one knows. The intention was to wear that until it healed and then change it out with a pincher (kind of like a broken circle, or a C shape) but my piercer never ordered the jewelry for me no matter how many times I asked. Finally, on a trip home to Seattle this August, I got my old piercer at Slave to the Needle to order one for me and it just arrived today.
Finally finally finally I can see myself with my septum ring as it was meant to look. I love it. And that's why I took an absurd number of photos of myself right after I put it in. Deal with it.
A detail from a suit of retainer armour of a Kamon (Heraldic badge) in the form of the Japanese character KI, meaning 'Tree'. The KImura, Aoki, and Tagaki clans all used this mon,thus making it difficult to accurately determine the family heritage of this armour.JAPAN 1850.
Mon (紋?), also monshō (紋章?), mondokoro (紋所?), and kamon (家紋?), are Japanese emblems used to decorate and identify an individual or family. While mon is an encompassing term that may refer to any such device, kamon and mondokoro refer specifically to emblems used to identify a family.
The devices are similar to the badges and coats of arms in European heraldic tradition, which likewise are used to identify individuals and families. Mon are often referred to as crests in Western literature; another European heraldic device similar to the mon in function.
Mon may have originated as fabric patterns to be used on clothes in order to distinguish individuals or signify membership in a specific clan or organization. By the twelfth century, sources give a clear indication that heraldry had been implemented as a distinguishing feature, especially for use in battle. It is seen on flags, tents, and equipment.
Like European heraldry, mon were initially held only by aristocratic families, and were gradually adapted by commoners. On the battlefield, mon served as army standards, even though this usage was not universal and uniquely designed army standards were just as common as mon-based standards. (cf. sashimono, uma-jirushi) Mon were also adapted by various organizations, such as merchant and artisan guilds, temples and shrines, theater troupes and even criminal gangs. In an illiterate society, they served as useful symbols for recognition.
Japanese traditional formal attire generally displays the mon of the wearer. Commoners without mon often used those of their patron or the organization they belonged to. In cases when none of those were available, they sometimes used one of the few mon which were seen as "vulgar", or invented or adapted whatever mon they wished, passing it on to their descendants. It was not uncommon for shops, and therefore shop-owners, to develop mon to identify themselves.
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Okazaki Castle was originally constructed as a wooden fort in 1455 by the shugo-dai (deputy military governor) of Mikawa, Saigō Tsugiyori ,on a different spot from where the current castle keep stands today. Eventually, Mikawa fell into the hands of the Matsudaira clan, and Ieyasu's grandfather, Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, rebuilt the castle in it's current location. After Ieyasu's father, Hirotada was killed, young Ieyasu became a hostage of the Imagawa clan and they took control of Okazaki Castle. After the battle of Okehazama in 1560, Ieyasu regained his freedom and possession of his family's castle until 1590, when Ieyasu was granted the 5 provinces of the Kanto region by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.
Following Ieyasu's move to Edo, Okazaki was given in fief to Tanaka Yoshimasa, an ally of Hideyoshi. However, after the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603, the castle and 50,000 koku (unit of wealth measured in rice) domain of Okazaki was awarded to the Honda Yasushige, who was a direct retainer of the Tokugawa. The Honda clan held the castle for 44 years until it was handed to the Mizuno clan for a 117 year duration. After that, one of the Matsudaira clans held it for 8 years until the castle was again awarded it to the Honda clan, who held it for the remaining 102 years of the feudal system in Japan.
Tanaka added the moats, established the castle town, and built a road with many turns in it for defensive purposes. Honda Yasushige extended the road, which became part of the Tōkaidō, and his successor, Yasunori, built the castle's 3 story tenshu (keep) and added a basement.
When the feudal era officially came to an end in the 1870s, the Meiji government ordered the castle destroyed as it was a symbol of feudal power. However, in 1959, Okazaki Castle was reborn in the form of concrete.
Cavendish Mews is a smart set of flats in Mayfair where flapper and modern woman, the Honourable Lettice Chetwynd has set up home after coming of age and gaining her allowance. To supplement her already generous allowance, and to break away from dependence upon her family, Lettice has established herself as a society interior designer, so her flat is decorated with a mixture of elegant antique Georgian pieces and modern Art Deco furnishings, using it as a showroom for what she can offer to her well heeled clients.
For nearly a year Lettice had been patiently awaiting the return of her then beau, Selwyn Spencely, son of the Duke of Walmsford, after being sent to Durban by his mother, Lady Zinnia in an effort to destroy their relationship which she wanted to end so that she could marry Selwyn off to his cousin, Pamela Fox-Chavers. Having been made aware by Lady Zinnia in October last year that during the course of the year, whilst Lettice had been biding her time, waiting for Selwyn’s eventual return, he had become engaged to the daughter of a Kenyan diamond mine owner whilst in Durban. Fleeing Lady Zinnia’s Park Lane mansion, Lettice returned to Cavendish Mews and milled over her options over a week as she reeled from the news. Then, after that week, she knew exactly what to do to resolve the unpleasant issues raised by Lady Zinnia’s unwelcome news about her son. Taking extra care in her dress, she took herself off to the neighbouring upper-class London suburb of Belgravia and paid a call upon Sir John Nettleford-Hughes.
As an eligible man in a aftermath of the Great War when such men are a rare commodity, with a vast family estate in Bedfordshire, houses in Mayfair, Belgravia and Pimlico and Fontengil Park in Wiltshire, quite close to the Glynes estate belonging to her parents, Lettice’s mother, Lady Sadie, invited Sir John as a potential suitor to her 1922 Hunt Ball, which she used as a marriage market for Lettice. Although she did not become engaged to him then, Lettice did reacquaint herself with Sir John at an amusing Friday to Monday long weekend party held by mutual friends Sir John and Lady Gladys Caxton at their Scottish country estate in 1924. To her surprise, Lettice found Sir John’s company rather enjoyable. She then ran into him again later that year at the Portland Gallery’s autumn show in Soho, where she found him yet again to be a pleasant and attentive companion for much of the evening. Sir John also made a proposition to her that night: he offered her his hand in marriage should she ever need it. More like a business arrangement than a marriage proposal, Sir John offered Lettice the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of his large fortune, be chatelain of all his estates and continue to have her interior design business, under the conditions that she agree to provide him with an heir, and that he be allowed to discreetly carry on his affairs in spite of their marriage vows. He even suggested that Lettice might be afforded the opportunity to have her own extra marital liaisons if she were discreet about them. When Lettice’s understanding with Selwyn Spencely, son of the Duke of Walmsford, fell apart, Lettice agreed to Sir John’s proposal. Then, during the General Strike* that almost brought the nation to a standstill, Selwyn and Lettice were reintroduced, and she found out that Selwyn wasn’t engaged to another woman at all, as she was led to believe by Lady Zinnia, and it had all been a fabrication, leaving her in a quandary over what to do: break her engagement with Sir John and marry the man she truly loves and has never stopped loving, or remain engaged to Sir John, preserving his honour and the good name of her own family. Eventually, with some careful persuasion from friends, Lettice made the decision to end her engagement.
Thus, today we find ourselves at Glynes, the grand Georgian family seat of the Chetwynds in Wiltshire, and the home of Lettice’s parents, the presiding Viscount and Countess of Wrexham and the heir, their eldest son Leslie and his wife Arabella. Lettice is visiting her family home after breaking her engagement to wealthy Sir John Nettleford-Hughes, hoping to lay low and keep out of London whilst the sensation of her broken engagement becomes the talk over every breakfast table, ladies luncheon at Gunter’s** and society dinner at the Savoy***. Old enough to be Lettice’s father, Sir John was, until their ill-fated engagement, still a bachelor, and according to London society gossip intended to remain so, so that he might continue to enjoy his dalliances with a string of pretty chorus girls of Lettice’s age and younger. For the sake of her family’s reputation and her own, she hopes that confining herself to Glynes for the duration will allow her to avoid any gossip or speculation as to why she ceased her engagement to Sir John.
Lettice’s oldest and closest childhood chum and family neighbour, Gerald Bruton, brought Lettice down from London in his Morris Cowley four-seat tourer****, staying at his own home Bruton Hall with his parents Lord and Lady Bruton and his elder brother Roland, remaining close at hand to Lettice, should she fee that she needs him. And it is Gerald’s motor we now see speeding up the gravel driveway towards Glynes before drawing to a halt outside the front steps. Gerald is answering a summons from Lettice’s mother, Lady Sadie, to call on her for morning tea. Although a mother asking for her daughter’s closest friend to pay a call is nothing unusual, Lady Sadie has barely spoken a word to Gerald in four years, ever since he upset her at the Hunt Ball of 1922 by speaking some unwelcome home truths that she didn’t want to hear. Thus it is with a mixture of interest and dread that Gerald accepts her invitation.
As Gerald steps out of the Morris, he sighs with trepidation, looking up at the classical columned façade of Lettice’s beloved childhood home, a second home to him as a child and often a happier one for him than Bruton Hall was. He removes his motoring goggles**** and tosses them onto the russet coloured leather of the front passenger seat. Its elegant proportions bask in the autumnal morning sunshine. “And what does Sadie want with me, I wonder?” Gerald asks aloud nervously, receiving only the pretty twittering of the birds playing in the immediate surrounding grounds of the property.
The double doors to the Georgian mansion open and Bramley, the Chetwynd’s butler, walks out onto the front steps. Gerald slams the driver’s side door of his Morris, walks around the car and ascends the sweeping steps.
“Good morning, Mr. Bruton.” Bramley says warmly with a deferential nod of his head towards the young man.
“Hullo Bruton old bean!” Gerald replies with a bright joviality that he hopes doesn’t betray the sense of dread he feels. “Is Lettice at home.”
“Miss Lettice has gone down to the Dower House to visit Mrs. Chetwynd.” Bramley replies, referring to Arabella, who along with Leslie, call the Dower House their home whilst the Viscount is still master of Glynes. “And Her Ladyship is expecting you in the morning room.” he adds with gravitas.
“Ahh.” Gerald gulps. “Yes… well…” Suddenly any false bravado falls away. “It… it is her summons to which I’m responding.”
“I am aware of that, Mr. Bruton.” Bramley replies with a polite and benevolent smile.
“And…” the younger man begins, taking a sharp intake of breath. “And how does Her Ladyship seem today, Bramley?”
“I really couldn’t say, Mr. Bruton.” Bramley replies with unflappable reservation.
“Your stoicism gives me no solace, old bean.”
“Then perhaps if I tell you that Mrs. Casterton has made one of her chocolate cream sponges at Her Ladyship’s request, might that assuage your concerns, sir?”
Gerald releases a pent-up breath from his chest. “Perhaps, Bruton old bean. Perhaps.”
Gerald walks past the butler and into the lofty hall of Glynes where Moira, one of the more senior Glynes maids stands ready to accept his leather gauntlet gloves***** and his cream leather motoring coat****** as he shirks it from his shoulders, revealing his country tweeds******* – a Norfolk Jacket******* and plus-fours*********.
“Still can’t get a replacement for Marsden, eh Bramley?” Gerald asks with levity as he glances at Bramley over his shoulder, his eyes gleaming cheekily as he refers to the Chetwynd’s first footman who, with his height and smouldering good looks**********, left the household staff to become a moving picture actor after falling in love with the American actress Wanetta Ward, one of Lettice’s former interior design customers, who joined Islington Studios*********** before being coaxed back across the Atlantic to America and the bright lights of Hollywood.
“First Footmen are a rare commodity in these parts these days,” Bramley bristles. “As I’m sure you are aware, Mr. Bruton.”
“Good god man! We haven’t been grand enough at Bruton Hall to have a footman for years now. Surely you know that.” He hands his tweed flat cap*********** to Moira. “I’m only grateful we have enough pretence of gentility to still have a decrepit old butler and a cook whose rock cakes are even harder than real rocks.”
Even the unflappable Bramley cannot help but smirk, almost imperceptibly at Gerald’s comical remarks about his financially precarious parent’s staff.
“Well,” Gerald sighs. “I suppose I had best get on with it then, hadn’t I?” he asks rhetorically.
“I’ll show you in, Sir.” Bramley says, leading Gerald just down the passageway to the double doors to the morning room.
“Mr. Bruton, Your Ladyship.” Bruton announces loudly as he opens the doors and stands to one side, allowing Gerald to step into the morning room.
The Glynes morning room is very much Lady Sadie’s preserve, and the original classical Eighteenth Century design has been overlayed with the comfortable Edwardian clutter of continual and conspicuous acquisition that is the hallmark of a lady of her age and social standing. China cabinets of beautiful porcelain line the walls. Clusters of mismatched chairs unholstered in cream fabric, tables and a floral chaise lounge, all from different eras, fill the room: set up to allow for the convivial conversation of the great and good of the county after church on a Sunday. The hand painted Georgian wallpaper can barely be seen for paintings and photographs in ornate gilded frames. The marble mantelpiece is covered by Royal Doulton figurines and more photos in silver frames. Several vases of flowers stand on occasional tables, but even their fragrance cannot smother Lady Sadie’s Yardley Lily of the Valley************ scent.
And there Lady Sadie sits dressed in a tweed skirt and powder blue cardigan with her double strand of pearls at her throat, in her favourite cream coloured satin Chippendale armchair drawn up to the crackling fireplace, contentedly reading one of her periodicals. “Ahh! Gerald!” she says with a brittle smile, closing the magazine on fashion she holds. Her eyes dart to a small, gilded mantle clock sitting on a side table. “And right on time.” Her gaze returns to Gerald. “Please, do come in.” With a sweeping gesture, she indicates to the smaller, low backed and rather eccentrically styled salon chair she reserves for guests. Between the two seats, tea things for two, and Mrs. Casterton the cook’s dark chocolate double decker sponge with cream oozing from between the layers, stand on a low occasional table. “Thank you, Bramley,” she says loftily to her faithful family retainer. “That will be all.”
“Very good, Your Ladyship.” he replies with a deep bow, gently closing the doors behind him.
Gerald wends his way around Lady Sadie’s collection of clustered occasional furniture until he arrives at her side.
“Good morning, Lady Sadie.” he says a little awkwardly.
“Please, do sit, Gerald.” Lady Sadie says again, indicating as before to the seat opposite her.
Gerald sits, albeit uncomfortably, perched on the chair’s white figured satin upholstered seat.
“Do you still take your tea with two sugars, Gerald?” his hostess asks as she takes up one of her rose decorated Royal Doulton floral teacups in one hand, and a sugar lump************* between the teeth of her sugar tongs************** in the other of her bejewelled hands.
“I do, Lady Sadie!” he replies in surprise. “How kind of you to remember.”
“I have a very good memory for such things, Gerald.” she replies with a proud air as she pours tea from her bulbous silver teapot into his cup over two sugar cubes. She then adds a splash of milk from the silver jug which matches the teapot before handing it to her guest.
“Thank you, Lady Sadie.” Gerald says, accepting the tea from his hostess. “I… err…”
“Cake, Gerald?” Lady Sadie interrupts him, her voice cutting his off. “It’s Mrs. Casterston’s best chocolate sponge, light and fluffy.”
“Err… thank you.” Gerald replies a little warily.
He watches as Lady Sadie expertly slices two pieces of cake, the first of which she hands to him.
As Gerald accepts it, he cannot hold back any longer, stating awkwardly, “You will forgive me, Lady Sadie, but I must confess that I was more than a little surprised to receive your invitation to tea.” He looks at the cake on the plate sitting on the edge of the table next to his as of yet untouched tea, from which curlicues of steam arise. “And now Mrs. Casterton’s best chocolate sponge?”
“Yes,” Lady Sadie answers sinking back into the upholstered comfort of her wingback chair, taking up her cup. “I imagine you would have found my invitation a little odd.”
“Especially since we have barely exchanged a word in well over three years.”
“I’m a proud woman, Gerald.” Lady Sadie begins.
“You have much to be proud of, Lady Sadie,” Gerald says. “You have a beautiful home and a happy marriage. You are an upstanding member of county society.” he adds to flatter her, even though he knows that the pride she is referring to is that as a flaw in her character. “And children to be proud of.”
“Well three at any rate.” the older woman corrects him with a chuckle of embarrassment and a self-conscious pat of her grey marcelled waves*************** framing her thin aging face.
Gerald doesn’t say anything about Lady Sadie’s selfish and cruel errant second son, Lionel, banished to a farm in the Aberdare Range**************** in British East Africa***************** after putting one too many of the Chetwynd maids in the family way amongst a litany of misdemeanours.
“Thank you, but you know I am talking of my own pride, Gerald.” Lady Sadie says with a rueful smile. “It can sometimes lead me to making some foolish and rash mistakes.” She pauses for a moment before continuing. “And it makes it difficult for me to admit to the fact that sometimes I am wrong, and,” She sighs heavily. “To apologise and make amends.”
“Is that what this is about?” Gerald asks, indicating to the tea and cake laid out before them. “Making amends?”
Lady Sadie nods shallowly with embarrassment, reaching up and clasping the two strands of creamy pearls at her throat. “I wanted to apologise for the way I treated you, after the Hunt Ball. I misjudged you for what you said.”
“Well, I probably said quite a great deal that night, Lady Sadie.” Gerald murmurs. “I had indulged somewhat on the Viscount’s largess that evening, and I was rather tight******************. I’m not quite sure what I said to offend you, but I’m sure you have nothing to apologise for, Lady Sadie.” He blushes as he picks up his tea and raises the cup to his lips. “It probably goes the other way, entirely.”
“Oh, on the contrary, Gerald.” Lady Sadie insists. “It is true that you had imbibed rather that night, and perhaps your delivery left a little something to be desired, but what you said was true enough.”
“What did I say, Lady Sadie?”
“You tried to warn me.”
“Warn you?”
“About Lady Zinnia, and the fact that she wouldn’t just let Selwyn marry Lettice if he fell in love with her – as I now know, is what came to fruition.”
“Ahh…” Gerald murmurs knowingly after taking a sip of tea. “So, Lettice has told you about Lady Zinnia’s duplicitous skullduggery, then.”
“Indeed she has!” the older woman replies loftily, depositing her cup of tea next to her slice of cake on the table beside her. “And to stoop to such low tactics and deep seeded scheming in order to come between Selwyn and Lettice, well it’s… it’s,” She cannot quite think of the words. “Well, it’s quite reprehensible!”
“I agree.”
“And you see, in my foolish pride, I misjudged you and what you said. You said it as a warning to me: a warning that I didn’t heed.”
“I’ll have to take your words for that, Lady Sadie.” Gerald admits, feeling the heat of the flush in his cheeks as he blushes deeply. “As I can’t honestly remember saying any such thing to you, well meaning or otherwise.”
“I thought you were jealous of Lettice and Selwyn’s attraction.”
“Jealous?” Gerald’s eyes widen in surprise.
“Yes.” Lady Sadie admits. “I always thought you wanted to marry her, you see?”
Gerald nearly chokes on his mouthful of tea, and struggles not to splatter it out over his hostess and the tea things. Gulping it down he coughs heavily a few times before asking, “Me? Marry Lettice?”
“My husband always tried to disabuse me of the idea, but I was convinced that because you and Lettice grew up together, and that you get along as well as you do, that you just naturally assumed that you’d marry her. You are an eligible bachelor after all.”
“I can assure you, Lady Sadie,” Gerald replies, depositing his cup back onto the table and raising his hands in defence. “That I have never had any designs on Lettice.” He shakes his head. “She has only ever been, and only ever will be my friend.”
“Yes, I know that now, Gerald.” Lady Sadie replies. “But I didn’t at the time. However, now that revelations about you have been made clear to me.” She takes a sip of her tea and smiles at Gerald. “I can see far more clearly what you are.”
“And… err… what revelations might those be, Lady Sadie?” Gerald asks gingerly, the tightness he had felt in his stomach when he arrived at Glynes returning. Did Lady Sadie know he was a homosexual*******************? Surely Lettice would never have betrayed him like that!
“That you have been such a good friend to Lettice of course, Gerald!” Lady Sadie chuckles in reply. “A man determined to marry Lettice would not have gone out of his way to reintroduce her to the man with whom she had an understanding – a man whom she thought she had lost to another.”
“Oh!” Gerald sighs and for the first time settles back a little more comfortably in his seat. “Whatever Lady Zinnia may yet try to stop the union between my daughter and her son, it is you I have to thank for putting the wheels in motion to rekindle their acquaintance, and help her come to her senses and break from that awful Sir John Nettleford-Hughes.”
Gerald knows that Sir John and Lettice’s friend, world famous British concert pianist, Sylvia Fordyce, is really the one responsible for swaying Lettice into breaking her engagement to Sir John, but right now, Gerald isn’t going to argue anything that Lady Sadie says to the contrary that will restore him to her good graces.
“I always thought you liked, Sir John, Lady Sadie. After all, you were the one who invited him to your Hunt Ball as a potential match for Lettice, back in 22.”
“Well, that was an error of judgement on my side.” Lady Sadie says dourly. “I know some things about Sir John too,” She clears her throat awkwardly. “Things I’d prefer not to speak of, if you don’t mind, which make him a most unsuitable match for Lettice.”
“As you wish, Lady Sadie.” Gerald acquiesces.
“Anyway, I don’t wish to speak of Sir John.” Lady Sadie continues with a dismissive wave. “I believe it is also you I have to thank for putting in motion the discovery of Lady Zinnia’s underhanded scheming.”
“Well, I only suggested that we hire a Pinkerton******************** because I thought the situation warranted it”
“It is very good of you to risk your own reputation by hiring a Private Inquiry Agent********************* under your name rather than Lettice’s, Gerald.” Lady Sadie goes on. “Truly, I’m most grateful.”
Gerald leans forward in his seat. “Your daughter is my oldest and best childhood chum, Lady Sadie. I’d do anything for her.”
Lady Sadie smiles gratefully, reaches out and pats Gerald’s left hand resting on his knee with her right hand.
“I know you would, Gerald, and that’s why I’m trying to make amends, and to seek your forgiveness. I judged you incorrectly, and I mistreated you as a result. I froze you out of Glynes, which was always your second home when growing up. I hope you now know that you are very welcome here.”
Gerald doesn’t answer straight away, but when he does, it is with a broad smile. “I do now, Lady Sadie. And I know Mummy will be pleased to hear it, too. She always worried about the schism that had formed between our two families.”
“Well, Gwenyth doesn’t have to worry any longer, does she?”
“No, Lady Sadie.” Gerald replies. “And I shall have the greatest of pleasure going home to Bruton Hall after this, and telling her so.”
Lady Sadie smiles happily too. “Oh, and I meant to say that no matter what may or many not happen between Selwyn and Lettice, Lettice has been insistent that you make her wedding frock, and I’d be delighted if you would consent. Who better qualified is there to make her the perfect outfit, but her best and oldest friend?”
“Thank you, Lady Sadie.” Gerald beams. “I’d be very honoured, and only too glad to so.”
“Good! That’s settled then!” the older woman says, nestling comfortably into her seat.
“Although we have a while yet before that happens,” Gerald cautions as he picks up his plate of cake and drives his fork through the cake’s apex. “Certainly if Lady Zinnia has anything to do with it.”
“Then lady Zinnia has a great deal to learn about the Chetwynd women then, doesn’t she?” Lady Sadie remarks with a defiant air.
Cluttered with paintings, photographs and furnishings, Lady Sadie’s morning room with its Georgian and Victorian furnishings is different from what you might think, for it is made up entirely of 1:12 size dollhouse miniatures from my collection including pieces from my own childhood.
*The 1926 General Strike was a nine-day nationwide stoppage in the United Kingdom between the third and twelfth of May. It was called by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) to support over a million coal miners facing wage cuts and longer hours. Following "Black Friday" in 1921, miners faced a lockout after refusing "not a penny off the pay, not an hour on the day" wage reductions and longer hours. About one point seven million workers paralysed transport, printing, and heavy industries temporarily. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's Conservative government declared a state of emergency, using volunteers and the military to maintain essential supplies and transport. The government produced the British Gazette to counter the strikers' message. The TUC ended the strike on May the twelfth, 1926, fearing it was moving toward a revolutionary, anti-democratic action. The miners remained locked out until the autumn, eventually accepting lower pay and longer hours, without securing any concessions.
**Gunter’s (officially Gunter’s Tea Shop) was London’s most famous and exclusive confectionery, catering, and high-society eatery. The business was founded in 1757 at numbers 7 to 8 Berkeley Square, in Mayfair, by an Italian pastry chef named Domenico Negri. He originally named it The Pot and Pineapple. The pineapple was chosen because it was the ultimate Georgian symbol of wealth, luxury, and exotic indulgence. In 1777, an Englishman named James Gunter entered into a partnership with Negri. By 1799, Gunter became the sole proprietor and rebranded the establishment under his own name. In the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, freezing technology was rare and expensive. Gunter’s became globally renowned for its exotic "ices," sorbets, and ice creams. They served dramatic flavours like pine, bergamot, maple, jasmine, and even Parmesan, often frozen into intricate pewter moulds shaped like fruits or meats. Gunter’s was famous for a unique social phenomenon. Because the shop itself was small, wealthy patrons would park their open-topped horse carriages under the plane trees of Berkeley Square. Waiters would dodge traffic to sprint across the road, bringing rapidly melting ice cream right to the carriages. Gunter's wasn't just a cafe; they were massive high-end event caterers. They provided the food, multi-tiered "bride cakes," and sugar architecture for royal balls and elite weddings, including making the wedding cake for Queen Victoria’s granddaughter in 1889.
***The Savoy Hotel is a luxury hotel located in the Strand in the City of Westminster in central London. Built by the impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan opera productions, it opened on 6 August 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants owned by Carte's family for over a century. The Savoy was the first hotel in Britain to introduce electric lights throughout the building, electric lifts, bathrooms in most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water and many other innovations. Carte hired César Ritz as manager and Auguste Escoffier as chef de cuisine; they established an unprecedented standard of quality in hotel service, entertainment and elegant dining, attracting royalty and other rich and powerful guests and diners. The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous. Winston Churchill often took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel. The hotel is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It has been called "London's most famous hotel". It has two hundred and sixty seven guest rooms and panoramic views of the River Thames across Savoy Place and the Thames Embankment. The hotel is a Grade II listed building.
****Morris Motors Limited was a privately owned British motor vehicle manufacturing company established in 1919. With a reputation for producing high-quality cars and a policy of cutting prices, Morris's business continued to grow and increase its share of the British market. By 1926 its production represented forty-two per cent of British car manufacturing. Amongst their more popular range was the Morris Cowley which included a four-seat tourer which was first released in 1920.
*****Motoring goggles were essential in open cars such as a Morris Cowley, which was open at the sides and had a retractable fold-down top. Goggles protected against dust, insects, and flying grit. Celluloid lenses were typical of motoring goggles in the 1920s.
*****Gauntlet gloves were long leather gloves extending past the wrist. Made of hard-wearing leather, and softly lined, the provided grip on the wooden steering wheels of the 1920s and protection from cold.
*******Even though motorcar technology and comfort had been improving for at least a decade since the early days of popular motoring, motoring clothes were still essential for a driver, and often passengers, offering practical protection from the cold and dirt of the roads, yet doing so in a stylish and very specific way. A must have for any driver was a motoring coat, usually made from leather or tweed, they were heavy, long, often double breasted and lined with sheepskin or fur for warmth.
********In 1920s England, a gentleman in the country dressed very differently from his city self. The look was practical, tweedy, layered, and built for shooting, riding, rambling, and estate life — not for London formality.
*********A Norfolk Jacket is the classic country coat, with belt and pleats for ease of movement, and large pockets designed for cartridges and field gear. Usually made of brown, green, or herringbone tweed, they are durable and are weather resistant. The Norfolk jacket is still a staple of country wear today, and is one of the most iconic pieces of traditional British country clothing.
**********Plus-fours are loose-fitting breeches or trousers that extend four inches below the knee, popular for sports like golf and shooting, especially in the 1920s. They were designed for comfort, allowing for unrestricted movement during activities like walking, hiking, or swinging a golf club. They are named for the extra four inches of material that hang over the knee band, which is more than the two inches found on "plus twos". They offered more freedom of movement than traditional shorter knickerbockers. Introduced around the 1920s, they were heavily popularised by the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII), and became a staple of sporting fashion for men and sometimes women. These are typically worn with knee-high stockings and often paired with brogue shoes, knee-high socks, and braces. Plus-fours provided comfort and warmth when motoring in open cars.
**********Footmen were historically chosen for their height (typically over six feet) primarily as a display of wealth, acting as a luxury status symbol, similar to a "matched team of horses" for wealthy households. Tall, strong, and handsome footmen in elaborate livery served to impress visitors, while also providing practical utility as bodyguards, messengers, and coach attendants.
***********Islington Studios, often known as Gainsborough Studios, were a British film studio located on the south bank of the Regent's Canal, in Poole Street, Hoxton in Shoreditch, London which began operation in 1919. By 1920 they had a two stage studio. It is here that Alfred Hitchcock made his entrée into films.
***********A tweed flat cap extremely common for country driving amongst the upper-classes, even though flat caps were traditionally known as a working man’s cap.
************Yardley’s Lily of the Valley is one of the longest lived and most iconic English floral fragrances — a true heritage scent with more than a century of history behind it. Yardley began producing single note floral fragrances in the late Victorian era, building on its reputation for lavender. Lily of the Valley appears in Yardley catalogues by the early 1900s, initially as soap and talcum powder, not yet as a standalone perfume. By the 1920s, Yardley had formalised Lily of the Valley as one of its core floral lines. Products included, perfumed soap, talcum powder and scented sachets. The fragrance was marketed as “the pure English woodland flower”, emphasising Yardley’s identity as a quintessentially British perfumer.
*************In British upper-class social etiquette, the rule is clear: sugar first, then tea, and lastly milk. This comes from formal English tea service customs that developed in the 18th–20th centuries, and it remained the standard through the 1920s, and well beyond, and was a sign of your class. If you opted to add milk before the sugar into tea, you betrayed your working class origins. This was because cheap, lower quality porcelain cups in the Eighteenth and early Nineteenth centuries would crack, when hot tea was poured, thus making milk essential to cool the bowl. By the 1920s, good china was standard, and milk last was firmly established in etiquette books and household manuals, yet in working class homes it was still usual for milk to be poured in first. In aristocratic homes, middle class households, and formal tea rooms, sugar was applied first, as it allowed the host or guest to judge sweetness properly once the tea was poured. In formal service, the footman or hostess would ask: “Sugar?” before pouring the tea. This was part of the ritual of polite hosting. The tea was poured over the sugar, helping it dissolve. The strength and colour of the tea also helped the hostess to determine how much milk would be needed to meet her guest’s taste. Adding milk last allowed the drinker to judge the colour and strength of the tea, and also prevented over milking by the hostess, which was considered a social faux pas.
**************Sugar tongs are a small, elegant serving tool used to pick up individual lumps of sugar during tea service. They replaced sugar nips once sugar began to be sold in refined cubes rather than hard sugarloaves.
***************Marcelling is a hair styling technique in which hot curling tongs are used to induce a curl into the hair. Its appearance was similar to that of a finger wave but it is created using a different method. Marcelled hair was a popular style for women's hair in the 1920s, often in conjunction with a bob cut. For those women who had longer hair, it was common to tie the hair at the nape of the neck and pin it above the ear with a stylish hair pin or flower. One famous wearer was American entertainer, Josephine Baker.
****************The Aberdare Range (formerly the Sattima Range) is a one hundred mile long mountain range of upland, north of Kenya's capital Nairobi with an average elevation of thirteen thousand one hundred and thirty feet. It straddles across the counties of Nyandarua, Nyeri, Muranga, Kiambu and Laikipia.
*****************The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, commonly known as British Kenya or British East Africa, was part of the British Empire in Africa. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in 1920. Technically, the "Colony of Kenya" referred to the interior lands, with a ten mile coastal strip, nominally on lease from the Sultan of Zanzibar, was the "Protectorate of Kenya", but the two were controlled as a single administrative unit. The colony came to an end in 1963 when an ethnic Kenyan majority government was elected for the first time and eventually declared independence as the Republic of Kenya.
******************“Tight” is an old fashioned upper-class euphemism for drunk.
*******************Prior to 1967 with the introduction of the Sexual Offences Act which decriminalised private homosexual acts between men aged over twenty-one, homosexuality in England was illegal, and in the 1920s when this story is set, carried heavy penalties including prison sentences with hard labour. The law was not changed for Scotland until 1980, or for Northern Ireland until 1982.
********************A “Pinkerton” is a private detective, and refers to the Pinkerton Detective Agency, founded by Allan Pinkerton, known for its historical role in labour disputes and spying. For decades after Allan Pinkerton's death, his name became a slang term for any private investigator, regardless of whether they worked for the Pinkerton Agency or not. Today, the agency (now simply called Pinkerton) focuses on risk management, intelligence, and security services.
*********************In 1920s England, private investigators were most commonly referred to as Inquiry Agents or Private Inquiry Agents. They were frequently engaged for matters involving surveillance and divorce, with other common terms including private detectives, commercial agents, and private investigators used.
Fun things to look for in this tableau include:
The silver tea set and silver galleried tray on the central table has been made with great attention to detail, and comes from Warwick Miniatures in Ireland, who are well known for the quality and detail applied to their pieces. The gilt edged floral teacups, saucers and plates come from a miniatures specialist stockist on E-Bay. The wonderfully realistic chocolate cake was made by Polly’s Pantry in America, and came with two slices already cut from it.
The Elite Styles and Delineator magazines from 1926 sitting on the floral pouffe were made by hand by Petite Gite Miniatures in the United States.
Lady Sadie’s morning room is furnished mostly with pieces from high-end miniature furniture maker, Bespaq. Lady Sadie’s cream wingback armchair is a Chippendale piece, whilst the gilt decorated mahogany tables are Regency style, and the ornate mahogany corner chair is high Victorian in style. The bonheur de jour and its matching chair is a Salon Reine design, hand painted and copied from an Eighteenth Century design. All the drawers open and it has a lidded rack at either end. The cream coloured footstool with gold tasselling came from Kathleen Knight’s Doll House Shop in the United Kingdom.
The golden yellow roses and their real spun glass vase are handmade miniatures that come from Beautifully Handmade Miniatures in Kettering.
The plaster fireplace comes from Kathleen Knight’s Doll House Shop in the United Kingdom, and the fire screen and fire pokers come from a high street stockist who specialised in dolls houses and doll house miniatures. I have had these pieces since I was a teenager. The Royal Doulton style figurines on top the fireplace, are from Warwick Miniatures in Ireland and have been hand painted by me. The figurines are identifiable as particular Royal Doulton figurines from the 1920s and 1930s. The vase of primroses in the middle of the fireplace is a delicate 1:12 artisan porcelain miniature made and painted by hand by Ann Dalton.
The Chetwynd’s family photos seen on Lady Sadie’s desk, the mantlepiece and hanging on the walls are all real photos, produced to high standards in 1:12 size on photographic paper by Little Things Dollhouse Miniatures in Lancashire. The frames are almost all from Melody Jane’s Dollhouse Suppliers in the United Kingdom and are made of metal with glass in each. The largest frame on the right-hand side of the desk is actually a sterling silver miniature frame. It was made in Birmingham in 1908 and is hallmarked on the back of the frame. It has a red leather backing.
The seed catalogue on Lady Sadie’s desk is a 1:12 size miniatures made by the British miniature artisan Ken Blythe. Most of the books I own that he has made may be opened to reveal authentic printed interiors. In some cases, you can even read the words, depending upon the size of the print! I have quite a large representation of Ken Blythe’s work in my collection, but so little of his real artistry is seen because the books that he specialised in making are usually closed, sitting on shelves or closed on desks and table surfaces. What might amaze you is that all Ken Blythe’s opening books are authentically replicated 1:12 scale miniatures of real volumes. To create something so authentic to the original in such detail and so clearly, really does make this a miniature artisan piece. He also made the envelopes sitting in the rack to the left of the desk. Ken Blythe’s work is highly sought after by miniaturists around the world today and command high prices at auction for such tiny pieces, particularly now that he is no longer alive. I was fortunate enough to acquire pieces from Ken Blythe prior to his death about four years ago, as well as through his estate via his daughter and son-in-law. His legacy will live on with me and in my photography which I hope will please his daughter.
The painting of the Georgian family above the fireplace comes from Amber’s Miniatures in the United States, whilst the two silhouette portraits come from Lady Mile Miniatures in the United Kingdom.
The Persian rugs on the floor has been woven by Pike, Pike and Company in the United Kingdom.
Himeji Castle is one of Japan's most important and best-preserved historic castles. It is located in Himeji, Hyōgo Prefecture, roughly 90 km west of Osaka, 55 km west of Kobe, and about 120 km east of Hiroshima. The site dates back to the early 14th century, with its present form largely completed in 1609, during the early Edo period.
The castle served as the seat of a feudal lord and the administrative center of the surrounding domain. Its most significant resident was Ikeda Terumasa, who oversaw the major reconstruction of the complex following the Battle of Sekigahara. He and his family lived in the innermost compounds, while high-ranking samurai retainers, officials, and servants occupied different parts of the castle grounds according to rank and function.
Unlike many Japanese castles, Himeji Castle was never destroyed by war, fire, or natural disaster. It survived the Meiji Restoration, World War II, and later urban development. As a result, it remains one of the very few castles in Japan that still preserves its original wooden structures. This exceptional state of preservation led to its designation as a National Treasure of Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
The castle complex comprises more than 80 interconnected buildings, connected by a carefully planned system of gates, walls, and winding approach routes. These were designed to slow down and disorient attackers, while giving defenders control from higher ground.
What interested me while photographing Himeji Castle was how the place works. From a distance, it appears calm and balanced, but when walking along the walls and approach paths, the defensive logic becomes clear.
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB:
Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮) is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Cedar trees line the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
Five structures at Nikkō Tōshō-gū are categorized as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties. Additionally, two swords in the possession of the shrine are National Treasures, and many other objects are Important Cultural Properties. Famous buildings at the Tōshō-gū include the richly decorated Yōmeimon (陽明門), a gate that is also known as "higurashi-no-mon". The latter name means that one could look at it until sundown, and not tire of seeing it. Carvings in deep relief, painted in rich colors, decorate the surface of the structure. The next gate is the karamon decorated with white ornaments. Located nearby is a woodcarving of a sleepy cat, "Nemuri-neko", attributed to Hidari Jingorō.
The stable of the shrine's sacred horses bears a carving of the three wise monkeys, who hear, speak and see no evil, a traditional symbol in Japanese culture that is derived from a quote in the Analects.
The original five-storey pagoda was donated by a daimyō in 1650, but it was burned down during a fire, and was rebuilt in 1818. Each storey represents an element–earth, water, fire, wind and aether (or void)–in ascending order. Inside the pagoda, a central shinbashira pillar hangs from chains[3] to minimize damage from earthquakes.
Hundreds of stone steps lead through the cryptomeria forest up to the grave of Ieyasu. A torii at the top bears calligraphy attributed to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. A bronze urn contains the remains of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In 2008, Yuri Kawasaki became the first female Shinto priest ever to serve at Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
So yeah, I got my Dahlias done about...3 weeks ago and then I got my job at Walmart and lost my other job..walmart wouldn't let me use retainers and they closed up, so...I'm sad once again, but they were crooked anyways :/
Excerpt from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikk%C5%8D_T%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D-g%C5%AB:
Nikkō Tōshō-gū (日光東照宮) is a Tōshō-gū Shinto shrine located in Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
Together with Futarasan Shrine and Rinnō-ji, it forms the Shrines and Temples of Nikkō UNESCO World Heritage Site, with 42 structures of the shrine included in the nomination. Five of them are designated as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
During the Edo period, the Tokugawa shogunate carried out stately processions from Edo to the Nikkō Tōshō-gū along the Nikkō Kaidō. The shrine's annual spring and autumn festivals reenact these occasions, and are known as "processions of a thousand warriors". Cedar trees line the roadway, termed the Cedar Avenue of Nikkō.
Five structures at Nikkō Tōshō-gū are categorized as National Treasures of Japan, and three more as Important Cultural Properties. Additionally, two swords in the possession of the shrine are National Treasures, and many other objects are Important Cultural Properties. Famous buildings at the Tōshō-gū include the richly decorated Yōmeimon (陽明門), a gate that is also known as "higurashi-no-mon". The latter name means that one could look at it until sundown, and not tire of seeing it. Carvings in deep relief, painted in rich colors, decorate the surface of the structure. The next gate is the karamon decorated with white ornaments. Located nearby is a woodcarving of a sleepy cat, "Nemuri-neko", attributed to Hidari Jingorō.
The stable of the shrine's sacred horses bears a carving of the three wise monkeys, who hear, speak and see no evil, a traditional symbol in Japanese culture that is derived from a quote in the Analects.
The original five-storey pagoda was donated by a daimyō in 1650, but it was burned down during a fire, and was rebuilt in 1818. Each storey represents an element–earth, water, fire, wind and aether (or void)–in ascending order. Inside the pagoda, a central shinbashira pillar hangs from chains[3] to minimize damage from earthquakes.
Hundreds of stone steps lead through the cryptomeria forest up to the grave of Ieyasu. A torii at the top bears calligraphy attributed to Emperor Go-Mizunoo. A bronze urn contains the remains of Tokugawa Ieyasu.
In 2008, Yuri Kawasaki became the first female Shinto priest ever to serve at Nikkō Tōshō-gū.
Wanted to try something a little out of my comfort zone and play with some shadows! I think it turned out pretty well and I'm thrilled with all the new skills I'm learning on SL!
Credits ♥︎
Sponsored:
Palette: Foodie Tee Fatpack NEW @ ACCESS
BERAS: Kris Static Pose Set @ Mainstore
Rest of Credits:
LeLUTKA: Avalon Head 3.0 NEW @ Skin Fair
Glam Affair: Selly Skin NEW @ Kustom9
M.BIRDIE: Lozo Look - Skirt 2 & Eye Retainers 1 NEW @ Kustom9
hive: Pink Drink on the go NEW @ Kustom9
Stealthic: Clarity Hairstyle @ Mainstore
BREATHE: Takeko Wedges - Powder Pink NEW @ C88
cheezu: daily wool beret @ Mainstore
Kibitz: Joelyn's Choker @ Mainstore
Location:
New York City ~ Visit HERE! ♥︎
For taxi links to stores & events, visit my blog ♥︎
On either bank of the River Leach in the English Cotswolds are two Norman churches. A medieval footbridge, a Clapper Bridge, and a 19th Century stone bridge spans the divide with the settlement of Eastleach Martin on the east and the village of Eastleach Turville on the west side of the river.
One of two Eastleach churches that face each other on opposite banks of the River Leach in the heart of the Gloucestershire Cotswolds, St Andrew's is a lovely country church dating to the early 12th century and on the west side of the river in the village of Eastleach Turville.
An apocryphal tale suggests that the churches were built by two sisters who argued, and each put up their own church. Unfortunately, the truth is less dramatic. The estates of Eastleach Martin and Eastleach Turville were always separate, and each church was built by the lord of the manor for use by his family and retainers.
The most striking exterior feature of Eastleach church is the saddleback west tower, built in the late 13th or early 14th century, with finely shaped windows. In the churchyard is the base of a medieval cross.
...but it stays for the faves. No rebloggin', please.
Originally:
[60/365] What (used to be) In My Bag
(8/17/2008)
I've always loved the idea of those photos where all of the contents of your bag are presented. I just decided that mine should be taped to my wall, because I'm cool like that.
A loaded & heavy grain train arrives at the Nuevo Carnero Yard after going down the steep 3.7% EA Line; the yard crew will help them remove the retainers from all the hoppers so they can be set-off before proceeding to the Tehuacan yard as light power.
Nuevo Carnero, Puebla.
Contrary to popular belief, even cypress will rot over time, as this old bayou retainer wall at Avery Island shows.
Here we will jump ahead to the town of LaVeta - After descending the east slope of the pass the eastbound Walsenburg Turn stopped short of the North Aspen grade crossing, cut the train, pulled forward with a few cars, then backed up and reconnected with the rest of the train before continuing east. We saw a similar move on the next run two days later. I'm guessing it had something to do with the retainers/braking system.
Visit to Minster Lovell.
A bit of a salvage job. The original picture was a disaster and no amount of photo-shopping could get the building clearly defined from the background. I transferred it to my iPad and had a bit more success using the Enlight app.
I opted for this version because it looked old and bleak. Also using black and white disguises the bright red dog pooh bin which is in there somewhere.
This early 19th Century ballad by Thomas Haynes Bayley is based on a legend of this house....
The mistletoe hung in the castle hall;
The holly branch shone on the old oak wall.
The Baron's retainers were blithe and gay,
Keeping the Christmas holiday.
The Baron beheld with a father's pride
His beautiful child, Lord Lovell's bride.
And she, with her bright eyes seemed to be
The star of that goodly company.
Oh, the mistletoe bough.
"I'm weary of dancing, now," she cried;
"Here, tarry a moment, I'll hide, I'll hide,
And, Lovell, be sure you're the first to trace
The clue to my secret hiding place."
Away she ran, and her friends began
Each tower to search and each nook to scan.
And young Lovell cried, "Oh, where do you hide?
I'm lonesome without you, my own fair bride."
Oh, the mistletoe bough.
They sought her that night, they sought her next day,
They sought her in vain when a week passed away.
In the highest, the lowest, the loneliest spot,
Young Lovell sought wildly, but found her not.
The years passed by and their grief at last
Was told as a sorrowful tale long past.
When Lovell appeared, all the children cried,
"See the old man weeps for his fairy bride."
Oh, the mistletoe bough.
At length, an old chest that had long laid hid
Was found in the castle; they raised the lid.
A skeleton form lay mouldering there
In the bridal wreath of that lady fair.
How sad the day when in sportive jest
She hid from her lord in the old oak chest,
It closed with a spring and a dreadful doom,
And the bride lay clasped in a living tomb.
Oh, the mistletoe bough
Statue of Kato Yoshiaki
加藤嘉明公の像
This is a statue of Lord Kato Yoshiaki, a retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and well-known from historical TV dramas. It is located at the ropeway station for Matsuyama Castle.
大河ドラマでもおなじみ、豊臣秀吉に仕えていた加藤嘉明公の像です。松山城のロープウェイ乗り場のところにあります。
Matsuyama city, Ehime pref, Japan
Happō-en, located in the Shirokane area of Minato-ku, Tokyo, is a beautiful place known more for hosting an endless stream of weddings and formal banquets. Happō-en has a history dating to the early 1600s, when it was the villa for Okubo Hikozaemon, a trusted confidant and retainer of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, who unified Japan, as well as his two successors. Afterwards, the villa served as a residence for the Shimazu clan from the domain of Satsuma in Kyushu and then served as a villa for Saigō Takamori for a period of time. Happō-en means “eight gardens” in Japanese and its main garden is truly a delight, especially in early April, when the cherry trees are in bloom.
This is where the 47 Rōnin of Akō, along with their lord, Asano Naganori, are interred. Sengaku-ji is located in the Takanawa are of Minato-ku, Tokyo, near Shinagawa Station.
Ōishi Kuranosuke was the chief retainer of the Asano clan during the turmoil associated with the 47 Rōnin incident, in which the feudal lord, Asano Naganori, attacked and wounded Kira Yoshinaka within Edo Castle. As drawing a weapon within the shogun's castle was a capital offence, Asano was sentenced to commit seppuku the same day.
As a result of Asano's impulsive behavior, the Shogunate disbanded the Asano clan and seized their lands. Ōishi and 46 other former Asano retainers waited and unleashed their misguided revenge on Kira, attacking his home in the dead of night in December 1703, killing his body guards as well as taking his head and placing it in front of Asano's tomb in Sengaku-ji Temple in Takanawa, Tokyo.
All the Akō rōnin were sentenced to death by seppuku (harakiri). Actually, recent scholarship is saying that the rōnin may have not been allowed the honor of death by seppuku, but were actually beheaded like common criminals. The promise of the right of death by seppuku may have been a sugar-coated lie told by the shogunate to help the public more easily swallow the death sentence imposed on the Akō rōnin.
Anyway, the loyalty that these guys showed to their foolish lord by committing what can only be described as what me and some of my friends refer to as a feudal "drive-by"- Japanese style, has been lauded by the Japanese public ever since. The facts behind the actual events have been buried in the countless puppet and kabuki plays as well as movies that have been made about this.
I'm not a terribly big fan of Asano Naganori, nor do I think the Akō rōnin were particularly "brave" by carrying out a night attack after a party and fighting a small group of drunk bodyguards and taking the head of a feeble old man. But, this perspective is from modern, western eyes. In reality, night attacks of this nature have always been a staple of samurai warfare, being documented since the Heian period. As much as I don't partake in the 47 Rōnin Kool Aid drinking parties, I do admit to enjoying watching a good fictional film or kabuki play about these guys.
When I rode bikes I always had a spare chain link in the toolkit because I was caught out once. When fitting the spring retainer the closed end must point in the direction of drive, but I'm sure some will know that already!
As you can tell from the condition of the link I haven't been using it for quite a while!
The link is 29mm long and 15mm wide and high, and was composed of three stacked images merged in photoshop, but looking at it here I should have taken a few more shots particularly for the bottom edge which is a little soft! Will do better the next time!
The legend of the Old Boatman of Cruggleton is set in the years following the death of David I in 1153, when the Norsemen tried to recover their supremacy in Galloway.
This is a story of an attempt to recapture the castle by supernatural means. Knowledge of the intended attempt had been received by the MacCairills through a retainer, once a prisoner in Norway and familiar with the language. He had discovered the plot during his diplomatic errands between the Chief of the MacCairills and King Haco of Norway.
The dreaded Reafen, an enchanted standard woven out of a lions mane, with a raven on its field and supplied with blood at midnight to preserve its terrible powers, was entrusted to an old Norse Boatman, who arrived at night at the foot of the cliffs below the castle. He began his ascent of the path up to the castle. The success of his mission depended on him gaining entrance within the walls to unfurl the Reafen, when the castle would revert to his nation, and, amid the astonishment, and doubtless the terror of its holders, the prepared ambush would rush in and complete the conquest by massacre.
Forewarned, the MacCairils, strong in Christian faith, were prepared. They watched the Boatman climbing towards the castle. When a challenge was shouted out, the Boatman replied he was the bearer of a message for the Chief of the MacCairills from King Haco. Permitted to enter he was seized, the standard wrenched from him and dragged to the gallows awaiting him.
The prisoner declared his allegiance to Norway and the subjugation of the castle by the presence of the standard within. Then, with an invocation to the Scandinavian deities, he ended with the prophecy that on every anniversary, to the end of time, he would return with the standard to unfurl it over the castle walls. Wrestling a hand free, he took a dagger and plunged it into his own chest before his captors could hang him. The ambush failed and the Norsemen left, never to return.
The terrifying standard remained in the castle until it was decided that it should be burned in the courtyard. A peal of thunder shook the castle and a female form of ‘gigantic proportions’ snatched it from the pyre, and soaring aloft, was lost in the bosom of the clouds. The Boatman is said to have lived up to his promise and continued to his annual visit, the last recorded being in the eighteenth century.
This story is a short extract from a longer article on the history of Cruggleton Castle, which can be found on our website here: darkgalloway.wordpress.com/2022/11/06/cruggleton-castle-t...
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Architect : - (設計：－).
Completed : 1597 (竣工：1597年).
Height : 190ft (高さ：58m).
Location : 1-1 Osakajo, Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan (所在地：日本国大阪府大阪市中央区大阪城1-1).
Hideyoshi Toyotomi's retainers was constructed a big castle Osaka-jo. It is held many events in now. It is popular one, 3D projection mappings.
You like to play house
You like to make out
When I put in my retainer
You still lay me down
Put on a vinyl
You look delightful
There's no need to hit the town
When we play house
Baby let's play play play house
~Devon Cole
A trio of Ferrosur B23-7's get a quick rest in the middle of switching the Nuevo Carnero yard as they wait for the arrival of a loaded unit grain train that would soon block the entire yard.
The yard crew will help them set off retainers on all the hoppers and setting off the DPU's so the road crew can proceed light power to the Tehuacan yard.
Nuevo Carnero, Puebla
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
The shrine is an UNESCO world heritage site.
With retainers set, a pair of CN SD40-2Ws leads U736 down the grade and towards Two Harbors on the evening of July 7, 2015. While the SD40-2Ws are old, the real relics here are the Missabe ore cars trailing behind carrying BFT (Blast Furnace Trim) from Minntac. While the SDs are about 35 years old, they have nothing on the ancient ore cars that are almost twice their age.
These ore cars have to be the oldest cars serving on a Class I in revenue service. I didn't think CN was still using these, but this train was all old DM&IR regular ore cars, most with build dates of 1948, making the cars 67 years old. Amazing to think they were pulled by Missabe steam engines for over a decade when they were delivered, but still survive running revenue miles for successor CN on the original tracks they plied. Quite the bit of rolling Minnesota rail history.
CN 5317 and CN 5362, on U736, pulling 65 cars, at MP6, Stewart, MN.
Trondheim (UK: /ˈtrɒn(d)haɪm/ TRON(D)-hyme, US: /ˈtrɒnheɪm/ TRON-haym, Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrɔ̂nː(h)æɪm]; Southern Sami: Tråante), historically Kaupangen, Nidaros, and Trondhjem (local pronunciation: [ˈtrɔ̂nːjæm]), is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. As of 2022, it had a population of 212,660. Trondheim is the third most populous municipality in Norway, and is the fourth largest urban area. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva. Among the significant technology-oriented institutions headquartered in Trondheim are the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), and St. Olavs University Hospital.
The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post and served as the capital of Norway from the Viking Age until 1217. From 1152 to 1537, the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros; it then became, and has remained, the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the site of the Nidaros Cathedral. It was incorporated in 1838. The current municipality was formed in 1964, when Trondheim merged with Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda, and Tiller, and further expanded on 1 January 2020, when Trondheim merged with Klæbu.
Trondheim has a mild climate for its northerly latitude, resulting in moderate summers and winters that often remain above the freezing point in seaside areas. At higher elevations, though, the microclimate is colder and snowier.
The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Trøndelag county but not as its administrative centre (which is Steinkjer). This is designed to avoid making the county administration too centralized.
Trondheim is home to football club Rosenborg, Norway's most successful football club, and Granåsen Ski Centre, which has hosted the World Championship in Nordic Skiing.
Names and etymology
The city was established in 997 by Olav Tryggvason and it was originally named Nidaros (Old Norse: Niðaróss). The first element of the name was the local river Nid. The last element of the name was óss which meant "the mouth of a river". Thus the name meant "the outlet of the river Nid". Although the formal name was Nidaros, the city was commonly known as kaupangr, which means "city" or "marketplace", or more specificially kaupangr í Þróndheimi which means "the city in Trondheim". Trondheim (Old Norse: Þróndheimr) was the historic name for the whole district which is now known as Trøndelag. This is the area where the people were known as Trønder (þróndr). This district name Trondheim meant "the home of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-home") and Trøndelag (Old Norse: Þrǿndalǫg) originally meant the "law area of the Trønder people" (literally "Trønder-law"). The name of the Trønder people derives from the Old Norse word þróndr which is an old present participle of the verb þróask which means "to grow" or "to thrive".
During the late Middle Ages, the city name was commonly shortened to Þróndheimr, dropping the kaupanger part, and over time the name became Trondhjem, using the Dano-Norwegian spelling rather than the Old Norse spelling since the city was part of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway for centuries.
On 21 December 1917, a royal resolution enacted the 1917 Norwegian language reforms. Around the time, many municipalities and cities had their names changed to "Norwegianize" the spelling and make them look less Danish. On 1 January 1919, the name of the local Church of Norway diocese was changed from Trondhjem stift to Nidaros bispedømme (English: Diocese of Nidaros). In 1924, the name of the Norwegian capital city was changed from Kristiania to Oslo, removing the name referencing a Danish King in favor of the very old name Oslo. In 1928, a referendum in Trondhjem was held on whether to keep the current name or to bring back the original name of Nidaros. The vote resulted in 17,163 votes in favour of Trondhjem and only 1,508 votes in favour of Nidaros. Despite this result, the Storting voted in 1929 to make some changes. The Trondhjem Cathedral would be changed to Nidaros Cathedral effective on 1 July 1929 and the name of the city would change to Nidaros starting on 1 January 1930. This change caused public outrage and even riots during 1930. This forced the Storting to reconsider this change. On 6 March 1931, the name was formally changed to Trondheim, using the medieval Norwegian spelling instead of the Danish version Trondhjem. The name of the diocese and cathedral, however, continued using the name Nidaros.
Trondheim was briefly named Drontheim during the Second World War as a German exonym.
History
Trondheim was named Kaupangen (English: market place or trading place) by Viking King Olav Tryggvason in 997 CE.[ Shortly after that, it came to be called Nidaros. Initially, it was frequently used as a military retainer (Old Norse: "hird"-man) of King Olav I. It was also frequently used as the king's seat and was Norway's capital until 1217.
People have lived in the region for thousands of years, as evidenced by the rock carvings in central Norway, the Nøstvet and Lihult cultures, and the Corded Ware culture. In ancient times, the kings of Norway were hailed in Trondheim at Øretinget, the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the River Nidelva. Harald Fairhair (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, Haakon I, called 'the Good.' The battle of Kalvskinnet took place in Trondheim in 1179: King Sverre Sigurdsson and his Birkebeiner warriors were victorious against Erling Skakke (a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous Lewis chessmen, 12th-century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory that were found in the Hebrides and are now at the British Museum, may have been made in Trondheim.
From 1152, Trondheim was the seat of the Archbishop of Nidaros for Norway, which operated from the Archbishop's Palace. Due to the introduction of Lutheran Protestantism in 1537, the last archbishop, Olav Engelbrektsson, had to flee from the city to the Netherlands; he died in what today is Lier, Belgium.
From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the city was repeatedly ravaged by fires that caused widespread damage since many of its buildings were made of wood. The worst occurred in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, 1717 (twice), 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. After the "Horneman Fire" in 1681, there was an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General Johan Caspar von Cicignon, originally from Luxembourg. Broad avenues, such as Munkegata, were created, without regard for private property rights, to limit the damage from future fires. At the time, the city had a population of under 10,000 inhabitants, with most living in the downtown area.
After the Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of Trøndelag became Swedish territory briefly. However, the area was reconquered 10 months later. The conflict was finally settled by the Treaty of Copenhagen on 27 May 1660.
During the Second World War, Trondheim was occupied by Nazi Germany from 9 April 1940, the first day of the invasion of Norway, until the end of the war in Europe, 8 May 1945. The German invasion force consisted of the German cruiser Admiral Hipper, 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Except for a coastal battery that opened fire, there was no resistance to the invasion, which began on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in a failed attempt to liberate Trondheim, as part of the Namsos Campaign. During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, Henry Rinnan, who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian resistance groups. The city and its citizens were subjected to harsh treatment by the occupying power, including the imposition of martial law in October 1942. During this time, the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunker DORA I), and contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, Nordstern ("Northern Star"), centred 15 kilometres (9 miles) southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of Øysand on the outskirts of Melhus municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the future primary stronghold of the German Kriegsmarine. A start was made on this enormous construction project, but it was far from completed when the war ended, and today, there are few physical remains of it.
Municipal history
The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1864, part of Strinda (population: 1,229) was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1952, the Lade area of Strinda (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: the neighbouring municipalities of Leinstrand (population: 4,193), Byneset (population: 2,049), Strinda (population: 44,600), and Tiller (population: 3,595) were all merged with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality.[21] On 1 January 2020, the neighboring Klæbu Municipality (population: 6,050) was merged with Trondheim Municipality.
Geography
Trondheim is situated where the River Nidelva meets Trondheim Fjord with an excellent harbour and sheltered condition. In the Middle Ages the river was deep enough to be navigable by most boats. However, in the mid-17th century, an avalanche of mud and stones made it less navigable, and partly ruined the harbour. The municipality's highest elevation is the Storheia hill, 565 metres (1,854 ft) above sea level. At the summer solstice, the sun rises at 03:00 and sets at 23:40, but stays just below the horizon. Between 23 May and 19 July, when the sky is cloud-free, it remains light enough at night that no artificial lighting is needed outdoors. At the winter solstice, the sun rises at 10:01, stays very low above the horizon (at midday its altitude is slightly more than 3 degrees over the horizon), and sets at 14:31.
Cityscape and sites
Most of Trondheim city centre is scattered with small speciality shops. However, the main shopping area is concentrated around the pedestrianised streets Nordre gate (English: Northern street), Olav Tryggvasons gate and Thomas Angells gate even though the rest of the city centre is provided with everything from old, well-established companies to new, hip and trendy shops.
In the mid-to-late 1990s, the area surrounding the old drydock and ship construction buildings of the defunct Trondhjems mekaniske Værksted shipbuilding company at the Nedre Elvehavn was renovated and old industrial buildings were torn down to make way for condominiums. A shopping centre was also built, known as Solsiden (The Sunny Side). This is a popular residential and shopping area, especially for young people.
DORA 1 is a German submarine base that housed the 13th U-boat Flotilla during the Second World War occupation of Norway. Today the bunker houses various archives, among them the city archives, the university and state archives. More recently, DORA has been used as a concert venue.
Kristiansten Fortress, built 1681–1684, is located on a hill east of Trondheim. It repelled the invading Swedes in 1718, but was decommissioned in 1816 by Crown Prince Regent Charles John.
A statue of Olav Tryggvason, the founder of Trondheim, is located in the city's central square, mounted on top of an obelisk. The statue base is also a sun dial, but it is calibrated to UTC+1 so that the reading is inaccurate by one hour in the summer.
The islet Munkholmen is a popular tourist attraction and recreation site. The islet has served as a place of execution, a monastery, a fortress, prison, and a Second World War anti-aircraft gun station.
Stiftsgården is the royal residence in Trondheim, originally constructed in 1774 by Cecilie Christine Schøller. At 140 rooms constituting 4,000 square metres (43,056 sq ft), it is possibly the largest wooden building in Northern Europe and has been used by royals and their guests since 1800.
A statue of Leif Ericson is located at the seaside, close to the old Customs Building, the cruise ship facilities and the new swimming hall. The statue is a replica, the original being located at a Seattle marina.
In popular culture
Trondheim culture is parodied on the Monty Python album Another Monty Python Record in the form of the fictitious Trondheim Hammer Dance.
Trondheim is also a key location in the Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun universe, as it is a critical battleground for both factions.
Trondheim was the name of a planet in the Hundred Worlds of the Ender's Game novel series.
Trondheim likely serves as an inspiration for the fictional city Tronjheim in The Inheritance Cycle.
(Wikipedia)
Trondheim [ˈtrɔnhajm] oder [ˈtrɔnjæm] Audiodatei abspielen (früher Trondhjem geschrieben, deutsch veraltet Drontheim) liegt an der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva in der Provinz (Fylke) Trøndelag in Norwegen und wurde 997 als Nidaros gegründet. Trondheim ist mit 214.565 Einwohnern (Stand 1. Januar 2024) nach Oslo und Bergen die drittgrößte Kommune des Landes. Mit einer Gesamtfläche von 529 Quadratkilometern umfasst sie neben dem Stadtgebiet seit 1964 die umliegenden Siedlungen.
Trondheim ist Sitz der Provinzregierung für Trøndelag und des Bistums Nidaros, in dem auch der Präses der Norwegischen Kirche angesiedelt ist. Ein großer Teil der 30.000 in Trondheim lebenden Studenten ist an der Technischen Universität Trondheim NTNU immatrikuliert. Das Universitätskrankenhaus St. Olavs Hospital beschäftigt etwa 10.000 Personen und hat eine Reihe von nationalen Spezialistenfunktionen.
Trondheim ist das Zentrum für den Einzelhandel und für die öffentliche Verwaltung von ganz Mittelnorwegen. Viele Betriebe in der Stadt bauen auf Technologie, die in Zusammenarbeit mit den Forschungsgemeinschaften an der Technischen Universität entwickelt worden ist.
Mit dem Flugplatz Værnes, mit Bahnverbindungen von Vy in Richtung Oslo, Bodø und Schweden und mit dem Hurtigruten-Kai ist Trondheim ein wichtiger Verkehrsknotenpunkt für den ganzen nördlichen Teil von Norwegen.
Die Stadt hat ein reiches Kulturangebot und ist unter anderem Sitz des Trøndelag-Symphonieorchesters, des Trøndelag-Theaters und der regionalen Jazzszene Dokkhuset. Eine Reihe von Museen und Galerien vermittelt bildende Kunst und Geschichte. Der in Trondheim ansässige Fußballklub Rosenborg Ballklub hat sich mehrmals für die UEFA Champions League qualifiziert.
Name
Der mittelalterliche Name der Stadt Niðaróss ist aus dem Flussnamen Nið und altwestnordisch óss „Mündung“ zusammengesetzt und bedeutet also „Mündung des Nið“. Im Spätmittelalter verbreitete sich der Name Kaupangen i Trondheimen „Handelsplatz in Trondheim“, was in der offiziell gebräuchlichen dänischen Sprache zu Trondhjem verkürzt und danisiert wurde. Daneben war nach den Münzinschriften auch der Name Nidernes in Gebrauch.
Seit Erlangung der vollständigen norwegischen Unabhängigkeit im Jahr 1905 bemühten sich nationalistische Kreise überall im Land darum, dänische Namen durch die mittelalterlichen norwegischen Formen zu ersetzen (so geschehen im Fall von Oslo). Auf Betreiben des Kulturvereins Noregs Ungdomslag („Norwegische Jugendgruppe“) verabschiedete das norwegische Parlament schließlich 1929 ein Gesetz, wonach die Stadt zum 1. Januar 1930 in Nidaros zurückbenannt wurde. Diese ohne Einbindung der direkt Betroffenen vollzogene Umbenennung führte in Trondheim zu einem Proteststurm bei Bevölkerung und Stadtregierung. Es kam zudem zu einem Pressekrieg zwischen der neu gegründeten Zeitung Nidaros unter Håkon Løken und dem traditionsreichen Adresseavisen.
Das Parlament sah sich gezwungen, seine ursprüngliche Entscheidung zu modifizieren, und stimmte schließlich einem Kompromissvorschlag des Trondheimer Kaufmanns Ivar Lykke zu. Statt des danonorwegischen Namens Trondhjem plädierte Lykke für die neunorwegisierte Form Trondheim (mit dem für das Nynorsk typischen Diphthong -ei-). Die Niederlage von Nidaros führte zu einem Anzeigenboykott, der bis zur deutschen Besatzung 1940 andauerte. Der Name Trondheim gilt offiziell seit dem 6. März 1930, doch ist bis heute auch das ältere Trondhjem in Gebrauch.
Geografie
Trondheim liegt an der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva auf der Position 63 Grad 25' nördlicher Breite und 10 Grad 24' östlicher Länge. Der Stadtkern liegt auf einer Halbinsel, die im Norden vom Trondheimsfjord und im Osten und Süden von der Nidelva begrenzt ist. Der Innenstadtbereich liegt auf einer nach Norden offenen Ebene, die im Osten und Westen von Hügelland mit Gipfeln von 250 bis 550 Metern Höhe abgegrenzt wird. Im Süden steigt die Ebene zum höher gelegenen Heimdalsplateau an.
Der Stadtkommune Trondheim wurden im Jahre 1964 die Landgemeinden Strinda, Byneset, Tiller und Leinstrand, die im Laufe der Jahre zu einem Teil des Stadtgebietes wurden, angegliedert. 2020 kam die Gemeinde Klæbu hinzu. Die Fläche der heutigen Kommune Trondheim umfasst 342,4 Quadratkilometer. In den Randbezirken der Kommune liegen große Flächen, die landwirtschaftlich genutzt werden, insgesamt etwa 17 % des Gesamtareals. Ungefähr 33 % des Gesamtareals der Kommune sind Waldbestände.
Die Einwohnerzahl beträgt 214.565 (Stand 1. Januar 2024) und lag am 1. Januar 2001 bei 150.166 (noch ohne das zu 2020 eingegliederte Klæbu). Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung erklärt sich aus der guten Arbeitsmarktlage in der Stadt und dem Wunsch der Bevölkerung nach einem vielseitigen Dienstleistungs- und Kulturangebot. Zu der gemeldeten Einwohnerzahl kommen noch etwa 15.000 Studenten, die in anderen Kommunen gemeldet sind. Insgesamt studieren etwa 30.000 Studenten in Trondheim, sodass etwa jeder sechste Einwohner der Stadt Student ist.
Klima
Das Klima in Trondheim ist im Verhältnis zum übrigen Mittelnorwegen mild und feucht. Die Stadt liegt unter dem Einfluss der Polarklimazone im Norden und der gemäßigten Klimazone im Süden. Von Westen her liegt die Stadt unter Einfluss des Westwindgürtels der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Auf diese Weise ist das Wetter in Trondheim wenig stabil.
Die Jahresmitteltemperatur liegt bei 5,3 Grad, im Januar bei −3,1 und im Juni bis August bei 13,7 Grad. Der Tiefstwert der Temperatur wurde 1899 mit −26,1 und der Höchstwert 1901 mit 35,0 Grad gemessen. Der durchschnittliche Jahresniederschlag beträgt 892 mm (1961–1990) und die Stadt hat im Durchschnitt 200 Tage mit Niederschlägen. Etwa 70 bis 100 Tage liegt in Trondheim Schnee.
Geschichte
Mittelalter
Etwa ab dem Jahr 950 gibt es Spuren eines Handelsplatzes auf der Halbinsel zwischen dem Fjord und der Mündung des Flusses Nidelva. Im Jahre 997 wurde Trondheim dort von König Olav I. Tryggvason als Stadt gegründet. Durch die günstige, leicht zu verteidigende Lage und den natürlichen Hafen an der Flussmündung konnte sich die Stadt zu einem blühenden Handelszentrum für die Region Trøndelag entwickeln. Trondheim war im Mittelalter Sitz des Königs und damit Hauptstadt Norwegens.
Trondheim war im Mittelalter auch das religiöse Zentrum des Landes und ein wichtiger Wallfahrtsort für Nordeuropa. Die Grundlage für die Wallfahrten war die Olavs-Tradition. Olav II. Haraldsson hatte versucht, das Land unter sich als christlichem König zu einigen, war aber im Jahre 1030 bei der Schlacht bei Stiklestad (im heutigen Verdal) geschlagen und tödlich verletzt worden. Schon im darauffolgenden Jahr wurde er heiliggesprochen und Wallfahrten zu seinem Schrein begannen. Seine Anhänger hatten seine sterblichen Überreste in das etwa 70 km südwestlich gelegene Trondheim überführt. Sie wurden zuerst in der von Olav Trygvasson gebauten Klemenskirche aufbewahrt und kurz darauf in die Christuskirche, den späteren Nidarosdom, überführt. 2016 fand ein Archäologenteam des Norsk institutt for kulturminneforskning (NIKU) die Reste der Klemenskirche, in der Olav heiliggesprochen wurde. Adam von Bremen schrieb, der Pilgerweg zum Nidarosdom habe im Oslofjord begonnen. Man sei von dort entweder mit dem Schiff nach Trondheim gefahren oder habe den beschwerlicheren Landweg genommen.
Im Jahre 1050 wurde Trondheim Bischofssitz unter dem Erzbistum Bremen. Die Kirche hatte nun bedeutende Einnahmen durch den Kirchenzehnten und eigenen Landbesitz. Zum Umsatz dieser Waren baute man die Handelsverbindungen von Trondheim nach Nordeuropa aus. Dies führte zu einem ständigen Wachstum der Stadt.
Im Jahre 1152 sandte Papst Anastasius IV. den Kardinalbischof Nikolaus Breakspear als Bevollmächtigten nach Norwegen. Dort errichtete dieser in Nidaros eine norwegische Kirchenprovinz mit einem Erzbischof. Norwegen war in vier Bistümer aufgeteilt; hinzu kamen die Bistümer auf den Färöern und auf Grönland.
Øystein war der zweite Erzbischof der norwegischen Kirchenprovinz. Er hatte eine Zeit lang im Exil in England gelebt und war dort mit der englischen Kirchenarchitektur bekannt geworden. Zurück in Trondheim begann er den Bau einer gotischen Kathedrale, die im Laufe des 13. Jahrhunderts weitgehend fertiggestellt war. Er errichtete auch einen befestigten Hof als Bischofsresidenz direkt bei der Kirche (norwegisch Erkebispegården). Eine Pest-Epidemie im Jahre 1349 führte dazu, dass ein Großteil der Bevölkerung starb. Damit stagnierte auch die Wirtschaft in der Stadt und im Umland.
Im Spätmittelalter änderte sich die Machtverteilung zwischen Kirche und Königsmacht. Mit der Reformation übernahm die Krone die Herrschaft über den Grundbesitz und damit die Einnahmen der Kirche. Norwegen und damit auch Trondheim verloren ihre Selbstständigkeit und wurden ein Teil des dänisch-norwegischen Reiches. Trondheim wurde Sitz des Statthalters der dänischen Krone. Seine Residenz war im früheren Hof des Erzbischofs.
17. und 18. Jahrhundert
Die Stadt Trondheim erlebte im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert eine wirtschaftliche und kulturelle Blütezeit. Grundlage des Wachstums war der Holz- und Fischhandel mit den nordeuropäischen Ländern. Auch der Export von Kupfer, das im Bergwerk und in der Hütte der Bergstadt Røros gewonnen wurde, trug zum wirtschaftlichen Wachstum bei.
Eine kleine Gruppe von Kaufmannsfamilien stand an der Spitze dieses Handels. Viele von ihnen waren im 17. Jahrhundert aus Südschleswig (besonders Flensburg) nach Trondheim ausgewandert, denn das Herzogtum Schleswig war auch ein Teil des dänisch-norwegischen Reiches. Der Reichtum dieser Epoche ist noch heute an den prächtigen Bauten dieser Zeit sichtbar. Ein Beispiel ist der sog. Stiftshof (norw. Stiftsgården), das größte aus Holz gebaute Palais Skandinaviens.
Weiterhin wurde die Stadt oft von verheerenden Bränden heimgesucht. Bei einem Brand im Jahre 1681 brannte die Innenstadt bis auf die zwei größten Kirchen ab. Dies führte dazu, dass der König einen Generalplan für die Stadt festlegte. Er wurde nach kontinentalem Vorbild von General Caspar Cicignon entwickelt. Der Plan legte zwei breite Hauptachsen fest, die sich auf dem Markt kreuzten. Der Rest der Straßen wurde in einem Schachbrettmuster angelegt. Cicignons Stadtplan hat sich nie vollständig durchsetzen können, sodass es auch heute noch kleine Stadtviertel mit verwinkelten Gassen (norw. veiten) gibt, die dem Straßenverlauf des Mittelalters folgen.
Neben der Sicherung vor Bränden war auch die Verteidigung der Stadt ein wichtiger Gesichtspunkt für die Stadtplanung. Im 17. Jahrhundert stand Dänemark-Norwegen im Konflikt mit Schweden. So entstand nach dem Stadtbrand von 1681 auf einer Anhöhe außerhalb des Stadtzentrums die Festung Kristiansten, um die Stadt vor Angriffen aus dem Osten verteidigen zu können. Als Verbindung von den Kasernen in der Innenstadt zur Festung wurde eine neue Stadtbrücke über den Fluss Nidelva angelegt.
Moderne
Im 19. Jahrhundert begann auch in Trondheim eine industrielle Entwicklung. Das erste Industriegebiet lag auf der Ostseite des Flusses Nidelva. Wichtige Betriebe waren Ziegeleien, mechanische Betriebe und Werften. In der nahen Umgebung entstanden Wohngebiete für Arbeiter. Einer dieser Stadtteile, Bakklandet, war lange Jahre dem Verfall ausgesetzt, wurde aber in den 1960er Jahren unter Schutz gestellt. Nach langjährigen Restaurierungsarbeiten kann man heute das Stadtbild des 19. Jahrhunderts hier wieder erleben. Eine wirtschaftliche Blüte erlebte auch der Stadtteil Fossegrenda.
Die Werft Trondhjems Mekaniske Værksted TMV war lange Jahre der größte Arbeitsplatz der Stadt, mit bis zu 700 Mitarbeitern. Sie wurde 1872 am Ostufer der Nidelva gegründet, aber schon wenige Jahre später aus Platzmangel an die Mündung des Flusses umgesiedelt. Der Betrieb musste 1982 auf Grund mangelnder Wirtschaftlichkeit geschlossen werden. Das Betriebsgelände wurde ab Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts zum Stadtteil Nedre Elvehavn umfunktioniert, mit Restaurants, Einkaufszentrum und Wohnungen.
Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts wuchs die Stadt weiter. Grund war der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung nach Anschluss an das norwegische (1877) und das schwedische Eisenbahnnetz (1881).
Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs war Trondheim durch das Unternehmen Weserübung von April 1940 bis zum Ende im Mai 1945 von deutschen Truppen besetzt. Bereits vor dem Krieg wurde von deutschen Strategen die militärische Bedeutung der Städte an der norwegischen Küste diskutiert, und bald nach Kriegsbeginn gab es Pläne für eine Marinebasis „Neu Drontheim“. Von dieser Zeit zeugen noch zum Beispiel Fundamente von Fliegerabwehrkanonen sowie die beiden U-Boot-Bunker Dora 1 und Dora 2. Die Festung Kristiansten wurde als Hinrichtungsstätte für Widerstandskämpfer genutzt.
Im Zuge der Kommunalreform in Norwegen wurde Klæbu zum 1. Januar 2020 mit Trondheim zusammengelegt.
Kulturhistorische Gebiete und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Kanalhafen
Der Kanalhafen (norw. Kanalhavna) grenzt die Innenstadthalbinsel in Richtung Norden ab. Er wurde Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts im Rahmen eines neuen Hafenplans für die Stadt geschaffen. An der Südseite des Kanalhafens findet man eine Reihe der für Trondheim typischen Lagerhäuser, die direkt am Wasser liegen. Auf der nördlichen Seite des Kanalhafens befindet sich der Hauptbahnhof, der die Meråkerbahn (Schweden) und die Nordlandsbahn (Bodø) mit der Rørosbahn und der Dovrebahn (Oslo) verbindet.
Bis Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts war der westliche Teil des Kanalhafens Anlaufstelle für Fähren zur Halbinsel Fosen und damit ein wichtiger Verkehrsknotenpunkt. Weiter westlich im Kanalhafen befindet sich der alte Fischmarkt Ravnkloa, der auch Anlegestelle für die Personenfähre zur Insel Munkholmen ist (Saisonbetrieb). Die Klappbrücke Skansenbrua, die Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts von dem amerikanischen Architekten Joseph B. Strauss konstruiert wurde, ermöglicht die Einfahrt von Schiffen in die westliche Einfahrt des Kanalhafens.
Gassen
Nach dem großen Stadtbrand von 1681 wurde die Innenstadt grundlegend umstrukturiert. Breite Avenuen und Straßen ersetzten die schmalen Gassen, die teilweise auf das Straßenmuster im Mittelalter zurückgingen. Auf diese Weise sollten neue Brände verhindert werden. Doch in einigen Vierteln hielten die alten Gassen stand. Noch heute findet man solche Viertel südlich des Kanalhafens.
Der norwegische Name Veite spielt auf die alte Funktion der Gassen als Kloake an, in einer Zeit, in der es noch keine Kanalisation gab. Ein Grund für den Bestand der Veiten waren die brandsicheren Keller, mit denen viele Häuser ausgestattet waren. Hier lagerte man sein Hab und Gut im Falle eines Brandes. Nach einem Brand wurde ein Haus deshalb gern wieder auf seinem alten Fundament aufgebaut.
Stiftsgården
Stiftsgården (Hof des Stiftsamtsmanns) ist das größte Holzpalais Skandinaviens und wurde in den 1770er Jahren im Auftrag der Geheimrätin Cecilie Christine Schøller errichtet. Sie war Generalstochter und hatte in eine reiche Kaufmannsfamilie geheiratet. Der Stiftsgården wurde nicht als Wohnung, sondern als Treffpunkt für die führende Schicht der Stadt gebaut, unter ihnen die Kaufmannsfamilien, die zu dieser Zeit das Wirtschaftsleben in der Region beherrschten. Als Architekt, zumindest aber stilistischer Anreger, wird der außerordentlich vielseitige Johan Daniel Berlin erwähnt.
Der Bau im klassizistischen Stil wurde nach dänischen Vorbildern entworfen. Das Haupthaus hat eine Breite von 58 Metern und wird von zwei Flügeln flankiert. Die Deckenhöhe im Haupthaus beträgt 4,3 Meter. Zwischen den zwei Hauptetagen ist eine Zwischendecke eingezogen, um den Schall zu dämmen. Die Gesamtgrundfläche des Gebäudes beträgt 4000 Quadratmeter, verteilt auf 140 Räume. Das Innere des Hauptgebäudes ist im Barockstil gehalten und durchgehende Flügeltüren verleihen ihm das Gepräge eines Schlosses. 1906 wurde der Stiftsgården zur offiziellen Residenz des Königs in Trondheim.
Marktplatz
Der Marktplatz (norw. Torget) war das Zentrum der neuen Innenstadt, die im 17. Jahrhundert auf Grundlage des Stadtplans von General Caspar Cicignon geschaffen wurde. Hier treffen sich die beiden Hauptachsen des Stadtplans: In Ost-West-Richtung führt die Kongens gate an der mittelalterlichen Marienkirche Vår Frue kirke vorbei. Die kreuzende Munkegata ist in Richtung Süden auf den Nidarosdom und in Richtung Norden auf die sich im Fjord befindende Insel Munkholmen ausgerichtet. Die breiten Straßen sollten die Innenstadt in Viertel teilen und damit einen neuen verheerenden Brand wie im Jahre 1681 verhindern. Eine Bepflanzung mit Bäumen entlang der Straßen sollte einen Überschlag von Funken verhindern.
Im Jahre 1920 wurde in der Mitte des Markts eine 17 Meter hohe Säule mit einer überlebensgroßen Statue des Stadtgründers und Wikingerkönigs Olav I Trygvason aufgestellt. Sie bildet zusammen mit der Pflasterung des Platzes eine riesige Sonnenuhr. Die Pflasterung hat zusätzlich die Form einer Kompassrose und erinnert damit an die Navigationskunst der Wikinger.
Nidarosdom und Bischofsresidenz
Das Gebiet um den Nidarosdom war seit der Zeit der Stadtgründung das Gebiet des Königs. Lange Zeit lag es außerhalb des mittelalterlichen Stadtkerns auf einer kleinen Anhöhe, die sich entlang des Flusses Nidelva im Norden der Zentrumshalbinsel erstreckte. Im Zuge der Christianisierung wurde in der Nähe des alten Königshofes eine kleine Holzkirche errichtet, die Christuskirche. Sie wurde im 11. Jahrhundert durch eine Steinkirche ersetzt, als der Kultus um den Schrein des Heiligen Olav (Olav II. Haraldson) ständig mehr Pilger anzog. Die Kirche bildete den Ausgangspunkt der erst romanischen und später gotischen Kathedrale, die heute Nidarosdom genannt wird. Sie erreichte ihre größte Ausdehnung im 13. Jahrhundert, als Trondheim Bischofssitz geworden war.
Zu dieser Zeit wurde auch die Bischofsresidenz (norw. Erkebispegården) stark erweitert. Der Gebäudekomplex zählt zu den besterhaltenen seiner Art in Europa und ist zudem das älteste weltliche Gebäude in ganz Skandinavien. Sie wurde im Laufe des Spätmittelalters zu einer geschlossenen Burg ausgebaut. Hier lag das Verwaltungszentrum des Bistums und die Einnahmen des Bischofs aus dem Zehnten und den Abgaben der Verpächter wurden hier entgegengenommen, registriert und umgesetzt. Der Westflügel, der dem Nidarosdom am nächsten steht, entstand im 15. Jahrhundert. Das sogenannte Waagenhaus, mit dem Tor zum Innenhof, enthält Kellergewölbe, welche jetzt die Kronjuwelen des norwegischen Königshauses beherbergen. Im ersten Stock befindet sich die große Festhalle.
Gamle Bybroen und Bakklandet
Die „alte Stadtbrücke“ (norw. Gamle bybroen) aus dem Jahre 1862 verbindet die Zentrumshalbinsel mit dem Stadtteil Bakklandet, der für seine kleinen Holzhäuser bekannt ist, die heute Cafés, Werkstätten und Boutiquen beherbergen. Der Stadtteil entstand im 17. Jahrhundert mit dem Bau der ersten neuen Stadtbrücke, die das Zentrum mit der Festung Kristiansten verband. Sie war Teil des von Caspar Cicignon geschaffenen Stadtplanes.
Am Ostufer des Flusses entstand das Industrieviertel der Stadt. Südlich der Stadtbrücke befand sich seit dem 13. Jahrhundert eine Ziegelei, die bis ins 20. Jahrhundert in Betrieb war. Das Hauptgebäude ist heute in ein Wohngebäude umgewandelt. Weiter in Richtung Flussmündung wurden Werften für den Neubau und die Reparatur von Schiffen gebaut. Hiervon zeugt heute noch der alte Kranplatz (norw. Krana) direkt unterhalb der alten Stadtbrücke. Die Werften wurden auf Grund von Platzmangel später weiter unten am Fluss angesiedelt.
Auch ein Teil des Hafens wurde an der Ostseite des Flusses angesiedelt. Um neue Stadtbrände zu verhindern, lagerte man hier seit dem 18. Jahrhundert brennbare Güter. Schiffe, die Feuer an Bord hatten, mussten hier ihre Waren löschen. Auf diese Weise entstand auch auf dieser Seite des Flusshafens (norw. Elvehavna) eine Reihe von Lagerhäusern.
Durch die Industriegründungen entstand an der Ostseite des Flusses das Arbeiterviertel Bakklandet mit Häusern, die ineinander verschachtelt waren und dicht aneinander lagen. Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts gab es Pläne, den Stadtteil zu sanieren. Diese wurden jedoch auf Grund der Proteste der Bakkländer nicht verwirklicht. Viele Häuser sind im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte restauriert und in Geschäfte, Cafés und exklusive Wohnungen umgewandelt worden. Dadurch ist der Stadtteil zu einem Magnet für Einheimische und Touristen geworden.
Insel Munkholmen
Im Fjord liegt vor der Hafeneinfahrt der Stadt die kleine Insel Munkholmen. Zur Zeit der Christianisierung Norwegens wurde darauf ein Kloster erbaut, das später auch als Munitionslager und Gefängnis benutzt und entsprechend adaptiert wurde. Während der deutschen Besatzung im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurden auf der Insel Fliegerabwehrkanonen errichtet, deren Reste und Fundamente heute noch zu sehen sind. Im Sommer fährt halbstündlich ein Ausflugsboot von der Ravnkloa am Ende der Munkegata im Hafen Trondheims zur Insel, die die Norweger gerne zum Sonnenbaden und Schwimmen nutzen.
Ringve-Museum
Das Ringve-Museum ist Norwegens Nationalmuseum für Musik und Musikinstrumente. Es liegt im Stadtteil Lade vor den Toren der Stadt, in einem Botanischen Garten, der von der Technisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Universität betrieben wird.
Andere
Weitere Sehenswürdigkeiten sind das Justizmuseum (norw. Justismuseet), der Fernsehturm Tyholttårnet mit einer Aussichtsplattform und einem sich drehenden Restaurant und die Festung Kristiansten auf einer Anhöhe unweit der Altstadt. Die Synagoge von Trondheim zählt zu den nördlichsten der Welt. Im Stadtteil Ranheim kann man den Bautastein von Ranheim finden.
Sonstiges
Der Trondhjems Adresseavis hoffte zum Verfassungstag 1905, drei Monate vor der Unabhängigkeit, auf „nationale Erhebung und religiöse Erweckung“.
Die 1767 gegründete Lokalzeitung Adresseavisen ist die älteste Tageszeitung Norwegens, die 1768 gegründete Gunnerus-Bibliothek Norwegens älteste wissenschaftliche Bibliothek.
Die Technisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Universität Norwegens (norw. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, NTNU) ist mit zirka 20.000 Studenten die wichtigste Universität des Landes und verleiht Trondheim durch den durch sie verursachten niedrigen Altersdurchschnitt der Bevölkerung ein besonderes Flair. Diese Universität, mehrere Hochschulen und Forschungsinstitute wie SINTEF machen Trondheim zu einem der bedeutendsten Forschungs- und Studienorte Skandinaviens. Insgesamt gibt es in Trondheim etwa 30.000 Studenten.
Die höchste Erhebung auf dem Gebiet der Kommune Trondheim ist der Berg Storheia mit 565 Metern ü. NN.
Das Trinkwasser der Stadt kommt größtenteils aus dem nahen Stausee Jonsvatnet.
Nach Trondheim wurde der dem Granit verwandte Naturwerkstein Trondhjemit benannt.
Sport
Trondheim ist die Heimat des sowohl national als auch international erfolgreichen Fußballvereins Rosenborg. Einmal im Jahr macht hier der Skisprung-Weltcup Station. Die Sprungschanzen sind Teil des Granåsen skisenter, das sich südwestlich der Stadt befindet. 1997 wurde in Trondheim die Nordische Skiweltmeisterschaft ausgetragen.
Jährlich im Juni beginnt hier das Fahrradrennen Styrkeprøven, auch bekannt als „Trondheim–Oslo“.
Im März 2009 wurde ein Biathlon-Weltcup in Trondheim ausgetragen.
Verkehr
Das Rückgrat des ÖPNV in Trondheim wird vom Busnetz gebildet, betrieben vom regionalen Verkehrsunternehmen AtB (seit 2009). Im Jahr 2019 wurde sowohl der Fahrzeugpark und das Netz selbst modernisiert, u. a. durch Einführung sogenannter Metrobuslinien mit Doppelgelenkbussen des Typs ExquiCity vom Hersteller Van Hool. Als einzige Straßenbahnlinie existiert die privat betriebene Straßenbahn Gråkallbanen. Trondheim ist Anlegestelle der Schiffe der Hurtigruten und einer Katamaranfähre für den Personentransport, die mehrmals täglich eine schnelle Verbindung nach Kristiansund bietet. Der Flughafen Trondheim-Værnes zählte im Jahr 2018 ca. 4.200.000 Fluggäste. Trondheim ist Endstation der Dovrebahn, die Trondheim mit Oslo verbindet, und der Bahnstrecke Trondheim–Storlien (Meråkerbahn). Züge werden hier von Vy betrieben.
Durch den Fluss Nidelva, den Hafen (UN/LOCODE NO TRD) und verschiedene Kanäle hat Trondheim auch eine größere Anzahl von Brücken unterschiedlicher Konstruktion.
Trondheim hat einen Fahrradlift, der Radfahrer die anfänglich starke Steigung zur Festung hinauf schiebt. Der innerstädtische Verkehr wird zudem unterstützt durch eine Reihe Stationen für Stadtfahrräder (Bysykkel), ähnlich denen in Helsinki.
Für Individualverkehr wird in Trondheim von 6 bis 18 Uhr montag bis freitags eine Citymaut erhoben.
(Wikipedia)
CSX mine run R202 has 60 loads of fresh coal from Clearco Mine making the steep descent towards the New River mainline at Meadow Creek, WV. Along with setting retainers on 30% of the train and using two horseshoes in an attempt to ease the gradient its still a stiff slope that reaches 3.8% in places.
Tōshō-gū is dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. It was initially built in 1617, during the Edo period, while Ieyasu's son Hidetada was shōgun. It was enlarged during the time of the third shōgun, Iemitsu. Ieyasu is enshrined there, where his remains are also entombed. This shrine was built by Tokugawa retainer Tōdō Takatora.
The shrine is an UNESCO world heritage site.
location : Rakuhoku Renge-ji temple Kyoto city,Kyoto prefecture,Japan
京都 洛北 蓮華寺
Rakuhoku Renge-ji temple :
This temple belongs to the Tendai sect of Buddhism cowned with the mountain name of Kinyozan.
Shigenao imaeda( 今枝重直),a retainer of the Maeda Clan in Kaga,present Ishikawa pref.,entered the priesthood around period from 1661 to 1673. He built a residence here and spent his later years associating with such people as Jozan Ishikawa 石川丈山and Tanyu Kano狩野探幽.His groundson Chikayoshi今枝民部近義,who admire the virtuous Shigenao, transfered a temple from Hachijo-Shiokoji(元西八条塩小路附近)to this place in order to pray for the repose of his grandfather. He made it as a sub-temple of the Enryakuji Jitsuzobo Temple延暦寺実蔵坊.
The principal statue enshrined in main hall is of Shakamuni Tothagata.Unique Rengeji temple-style tone lanterns with hexagonal shades and a monument commemorating Shigenao inscribed Tehsho-style calligraphy written by Jozan Ishikawa on top and passage composed by Jun-an Kinoshita are found on the grounds beautifully covered with moss.
The garden woth crane stone and turtle islands in the lake,an excellent example from Edo period(1603-1867) -Kyoto city
以下パンフレットより抜粋
蓮華寺は、元西八条塩小路附近（今の京都駅附近）にあった浄土教系の古寺で、応仁の乱後荒廃していたのを１６６２年（寛文2年）加賀前田家の老臣今枝民部近義が祖父今枝重直の菩提の為に、この地に移し再興したものである。(蓮華寺造営記、帰命山寺記）
再興の際に、石川丈山、狩野探幽、木下順庵、黄檗の隠元禅師木庵禅師等の著名文化人が協力している。（諸堂の様式碑文、什物等）
尚、本堂、鐘楼堂、井戸屋形、庭園は創建当時のままであり、小規模であるあがいずれも文人の残した貴重な文化遺産である。
Canon EOS M5/ EF-M22mm f/2 STM/ƒ/8.0 22.0 mm 1/15sec ISO200/handheld/ manual exposure/auto white balance /manual focus
This temple has an explicit no-tripod policy, so tripods, including monopods, are usually prohibited.