View allAll Photos Tagged Requests
I did a deep cleaning for move-out for someone who just bought a new house. She said " I want to take a few photos so I can remember the house and neighborhood.. Stand here"
I said " Don't YOU want to be in the photos?!"
She said " No, just want to remember what i saw out my front window for years and my favorite outside gazebo. I don't want pics of me this heavy"
I said: "Okay and was out the on the front lawn with her neighbors house in the background, and then sitting on the couch in her outside shelter. I thought it was odd that she would have photos of her maid in the remembrance photos! is it just me that thinks it was kindof odd?
This is request to all my flickr friends pl. do visit my facebook page and place your comments/feedback and if you do really like my page please clicked on "like"
Also,Thanks all my friends for your visit , comments and Favs!!. Have a great week ahead!!
Press "L" to view it in black
On request:
This was taken in the desert of Erg Chebbi, Morocco, at sundown. I used a Sigma 17-70mm, f2.8-4.5, which turned out to be very suited for travel photography. It was mounted on my 40D, which was wrapped in a plastic bag for obvious reasons. I was on a rather drunkenly walking dromedary.
I post processed it for contrast and to get the blue sky. It came out a bit too noisy for my taste, but I'm still quite happy with it.
UPDATE: Noise Ninja is wonderful.
Copyright: © 2019 Andrew Barwick Photography. All Rights Reserved
Visit my website:
Follow the links on the site, to my Getty images and books at the 'Blurb' bookstore.
Please refrain from posting shots, requests and Flickriver shots in my photo stream, thank you.
This is an art request that my older brother asked for. It's his My Hero Academia OC that he uses for an RP game so he needed my to bring him to life, lol.
At the request of Justyn Tan, I've put together another set of instructions, this time for Toa Takala. Let me tell you, these instructions took a long time, hours of arranging and editing and even a new part I had to model. And because of this, I've made the decision to offer these instructions for sale on Rebrickable. However, my new Skull Spider mask model will be available in the next release of Sid's Parts Pack
This is going to be something of a test run, and it does not mean that all my instructions will be sold in the future. But I do intend to use Rebrickable as a hub for instructions going forward, and will be retroactively adding and possibly updating my previous instructions to Rebrickable for free. This will also give me more drive to create more and higher quality instruction sets for MOCs you love. Let me know what you guys think of that.
as requested by Nikita, here's the AOG-85M, a modern version of the old AOG-85.
i wanted to see how it would have looked like with a wear effect on, i think it looks really nice.
i hope that you will like it :D
credits:
Worlock for the trigger
Billy.Sink for the wear effect
come on, get the laziness off your hands and comment, fave and all that kind of stuff! :D
feedback is the power of the strong and of the victorious!
oh, and remember to watch all sizes, this gun has many details!
Request help in identifying this little one. Taken on the north border of Luther Marsh Conservation Area, Ontario, Canada
Greedy Breathing Requests.
Sonorous bohatství velké směry burgomasters unmasked maskování paní zdvořilé jmenování zlověstné příkazy rychlé intenzivní objednávky,
negeseuon anhygoel rheolau a grybwyllwyd disgyblion anhygoel cuddio meistri etifeddiaeth clociau ardystiadau prisiadau gwobrwyo cynnwys,
μύγες τάφοι επαναλαμβανόμενες κατευθύνσεις απότομη χρυσή εποχή εξέτασε μέταλλα επιστήμονας εξέταση πιέζοντας έγγραφα εισάγοντας εργασίες τεράστιες επιχειρήσεις,
Kommunikation vorgeschlagene exzentrische Unterdrückung offensive Vorteile exklusiven Reichtum lösen Fragen innerlich geheimnisvoll Fremder,
humoristas garantidos endereçando dowry testy gentleman escrevendo propostas palavras desnecessárias injustificada respeitabilidade presumindo conteúdos,
valuaciones pacto firmar documentos dolor intelecto suspicacias recibos obstrucción maneras fortuna satisfacciones compuesto temperamentos calcular reflexiones,
堅い首は速く回っているテーブルを燃やした刻んだコース不器用な召喚準備の答え暗い隠蔽の結婚式の薬はgrizzledのバランスを完全に提供した.
Steve.D.Hammond.
One of my followers requested this combo. It was fun to do, bit tarty, but then deep down us girls like to let go occasionally and be naughty, me included
A couple more friends requested by my friends during that long list of requests.
Left to right: Hypnota (from @thereallordallo ), The Red Bee and his trained bee Michael (also from Allo), Chillblaine (from @haphazardpanda ), Sonar (also from Allo), and the Ten-Eyed Man (from @10.eyed.man.customs ).
Highest quality prints available, contact me to request your favourite picture.
paul@pauloimages.co.uk
Altdoll May head on Dollpamm body.
This is actually a very good combo. I am surprised it looks so good! The only problem would be skin tone matching. Altdoll NS is identical to Fairyland NS, but Dollpamm NS is very very pale. My body is blushed.
Bij de afgelopen editie van de 3FM-actie Serious Request werd door NS voor de veiling een rondrit met de Kameel aangeboden. Voor de gelukkige winnaar hiervan (die er overigens naar verluid zo'n 4500 euro voor betaald heeft) werd een rit van Utrecht Maliebaan via Deventer, Zutphen en Hengelo terug naar Deventer en het museum gereden.
Omdat de zo'n tussen Zutphen en Hengelo niet goed zou staan voor de foto toog ik eerst naar Epse. Hier aan de Oude Larenseweg komt de NS20 met ongeveer -6 voorbij onderweg van Deventer naar Zutphen.
I don't normally do requests but a regular follower of mine asked to see this dress with the skirt spread out.
So here it is, best thing about this dress! actually two things. Firstly I saw this about a month ago in H&M for a fair penny and decided it wasn't worth the asking price at that time. well as luck would have it I found it in the sales for a tenner so this time I couldn't resist. next problem was what size to go for? normally I would for a UK16 but this time I looked at the 14 I wasn't sure and kept going back to what I know the size 16 but then I changed my mind and picked up the size 14. Had to be worth the gamble and how right I was it fits perfectly :-)
I've been having a clear out over the past few days to free up some space and have had to get rid of a number of size 18 and 16 dresses and a few size 14 skirts. don't panic they all went to a good home. don't think I get any smaller though
As requested by Charlie Davis, here it is the awesome combo of a Lamborghini Super Trofeo Stradale and Bijan's famous Bugatti Veyron on Rodeo Drive.
Please check out my new facebook page! Much appreciated.
Science World requested an updated photo for their customer information pamphlet to reflect changes to the Ken Spencer Science Park in the front of the building. While I was at it I took one for me with the Sky train passing.
Science World at Telus World of Science, Vancouver is a science centre run by a not-for-profit organization in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is located at the end of False Creek, and features many permanent interactive exhibits and displays, as well as areas with varying topics throughout the years.
The building's former name, Science World, is still the name of the organization. The building's name change to the Telus World of Science became official on July 20, 2005 following a $9-million donation to the museum from Telus. The official name of the science centre was subsequently changed to "Telus World of Science", although it is still routinely referred to as "Science World" by the public. Prior to the building being handed over to Science World by the City, it was referred to as Expo Centre during Expo 86. When Science World is operating in of the dome, it is referred to as Science World at Telus World of Science, and when it is out in the community it is simply Science World.
From wikipedia.
requested.. i somewhat like it... the shadow looks cool i suppose.. and jordin is as pretty as ever <3
All the local National Trust properties here in Hampshire have now announced and started their programme of Christmas displays. We visited Hinton Ampner which is largely the creation of one man, Ralph Dutton, and his vision of a fine country house with comfortable Georgian living.
He once kept a copy of Aesop's Fables classic tales in his library and this year's Christmas theme is inspired by these stories.
We had a look around the rooms in the house; I took a few photos.
As we left we were recommended to visit the old-fashioned sweet shop, which we did. Two cheerful volunteers were on duty and I found myself asking the lady who served Ray (buying chocolate brazils) if she would participate in my portrait project. Meet Juliet, who willingly agreed.
She has worked as a volunteer at Hinton Ampner for 13 years as a room guide and her professional training as a florist is evident in the Christmas decorations. This year she is responsible for the study depicting the fable of the goose who laid the golden eggs. A total of eight ladies have worked on the rooms.
During the course of conversation I discovered that the gentleman volunteer working with Juliet in the sweet shop is her husband, Nick, who is also a garden volunteer. I requested a joint photo and made a note to send Juliet and Nick some shots.
Thanks to both of them for indulging me and I wish them a Happy Christmas. I hope the rest of the Christmas opening goes really well.
To view more street portraits and stories visit:
I've had some requests to show more of the costume from my new Flickr icon. It was a lot of fun going back ten years and looking through this old photo shoot. So much fun, I have decided to start an ongoing series of myself playing various fun character roles. Thank you for your interest in watching this middle-aged woman play costume dress up.
My sister assisted me with this portrait years ago. I am wearing a belly dancer costume for my roll as Fatima in the stage play 'The Face on the Barroom Floor.' My clever mother designed and crafted the costume.
I'm no Lucy Lawless (she is awesome) but I think I resemble a super hero or a warrior princess in this shot.
Probably one of my most requested. My 7th ooak Disney store doll will be revealed tomorrow! She was so much fun to design and create. I hope you will let her swim into your heart, and let her be "part of your world".:) my plans for this doll actually originated about a year ago. And after 4 design changes, and dozens of crystals and pearls, i found a look I'm thrilled with! I hope you love her!
If you see this, consider yourself tagged!:)
(title as requested by my wife)
A sunken river/barge boat in a waterway close to the Mississippi River in Louisiana.
An Air Force Lockheed Martin F-22 "Raptor" assigned to the 3rd Wing flies over Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, Feb. 27, 2018. The Lockheed Martin F-22 "Raptor" is the U.S. Air Force’s premium fifth-generation fighter asset.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Lockheed Martin F-22 "Raptor" is a fifth-generation, single-seat, twin-engine, all-weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force (USAF). The result of the USAF's Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, the aircraft was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter, but also has ground attack, electronic warfare, and signal intelligence capabilities. The prime contractor, Lockheed Martin, built most of the F-22's airframe and weapons systems and conducted final assembly, while Boeing provided the wings, aft fuselage, avionics integration, and training systems.
The aircraft was variously designated F-22 and F/A-22 before it formally entered service in December 2005 as the F-22A. Despite its protracted development and various operational issues, USAF officials consider the F-22 a critical component of the service's tactical air power. Its combination of stealth, aerodynamic performance, and situational awareness enable unprecedented air combat capabilities.
Service officials had originally planned to buy a total of 750 ATFs. In 2009, the program was cut to 187 operational production aircraft due to high costs, a lack of clear air-to-air missions due to delays in Russian and Chinese fighter programs, a ban on exports, and development of the more versatile F-35. The last F-22 was delivered in 2012.
Development
Origins
In 1981, the U.S. Air Force identified a requirement for an Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) to replace the F-15 "Eagle" and F-16 "Fighting Falcon". Code named "Senior Sky", this air-superiority fighter program was influenced by emerging worldwide threats, including new developments in Soviet air defense systems and the proliferation of the Su-27 "Flanker"- and MiG-29 "Fulcrum"-class of fighter aircraft. It would take advantage of the new technologies in fighter design on the horizon, including composite materials, lightweight alloys, advanced flight control systems, more powerful propulsion systems, and most importantly, stealth technology. In 1983, the ATF concept development team became the System Program Office (SPO) and managed the program at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. The demonstration and validation (Dem/Val) request for proposals (RFP) was issued in September 1985, with requirements placing strong emphasis on stealth and supercruise. Of the seven bidding companies, Lockheed and Northrop were selected on 31 October 1986. Lockheed teamed with Boeing and General Dynamics while Northrop teamed with McDonnell Douglas, and the two contractor teams undertook a 50-month Dem/Val phase, culminating in the flight test of two technology demonstrator prototypes, the YF-22 and the YF-23, respectively.
Dem/Val was focused on risk reduction and technology development plans over specific aircraft designs. Contractors made extensive use of analytical and empirical methods, including computational fluid dynamics, wind-tunnel testing, and radar cross-section calculations and pole testing; the Lockheed team would conduct nearly 18,000 hours of wind-tunnel testing. Avionics development was marked by extensive testing and prototyping and supported by ground and flying laboratories. During Dem/Val, the SPO used the results of performance and cost trade studies conducted by contractor teams to adjust ATF requirements and delete ones that were significant weight and cost drivers while having marginal value. The short takeoff and landing (STOL) requirement was relaxed in order to delete thrust-reversers, saving substantial weight. As avionics was a major cost driver, side-looking radars were deleted, and the dedicated infra-red search and track (IRST) system was downgraded from multi-color to single color and then deleted as well. However, space and cooling provisions were retained to allow for future addition of these components. The ejection seat requirement was downgraded from a fresh design to the existing McDonnell Douglas ACES II. Despite efforts by the contractor teams to rein in weight, the takeoff gross weight estimate was increased from 50,000 lb (22,700 kg) to 60,000 lb (27,200 kg), resulting in engine thrust requirement increasing from 30,000 lbf (133 kN) to 35,000 lbf (156 kN) class.
Each team produced two prototype air vehicles for Dem/Val, one for each of the two engine options. The YF-22 had its maiden flight on 29 September 1990 and in flight tests achieved up to Mach 1.58 in supercruise. After the Dem/Val flight test of the prototypes, on 23 April 1991, Secretary of the USAF Donald Rice announced the Lockheed team as the winner of the ATF competition. The YF-23 design was considered stealthier and faster, while the YF-22, with its thrust vectoring nozzles, was more maneuverable as well as less expensive and risky. The aviation press speculated that the Lockheed team's design was also more adaptable to the U.S. Navy's Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter (NATF), but by 1992, the Navy had abandoned NATF.
Production and procurement
As the program moved to full-scale development, or the Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD) stage, the production version had notable differences from the YF-22, despite having a broadly similar shape. The swept-back angle of the leading edge was decreased from 48° to 42°, while the vertical stabilizers were shifted rearward and decreased in area by 20%. To improve pilot visibility, the canopy was moved forward 7 inches (18 cm), and the engine intakes moved rearward 14 inches (36 cm). The shapes of the wing and stabilator trailing edges were refined to improve aerodynamics, strength, and stealth characteristics. Increasing weight during development caused slight reductions in range and maneuver performance.
Prime contractor Lockheed Martin Aeronautics manufactured the majority of the airframe and performed final assembly at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta, Georgia; program partner Boeing Defense, Space & Security provided additional airframe components as well as avionics integration and training systems. The first F-22, an EMD aircraft with tail number 4001, was unveiled at Marietta, Georgia, on 9 April 1997, and first flew on 7 September 1997. Production, with the first lot awarded in September 2000, supported over 1,000 subcontractors and suppliers from 46 states and up to 95,000 jobs, and spanned 15 years at a peak rate of roughly two airplanes per month. In 2006, the F-22 development team won the Collier Trophy, American aviation's most prestigious award. Due to the aircraft's advanced nature, contractors have been targeted by cyberattacks and technology theft.
The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a total program cost of $44.3 billion and procurement cost of $26.2 billion in fiscal year (FY) 1985 dollars, with production beginning in 1994. The 1990 Major Aircraft Review led by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996. By 1997, funding instability had further cut the total to 339, which was again reduced to 277 by 2003. In 2004, the Department of Defense (DoD) further reduced this to 183 operational aircraft, despite the USAF's preference for 381. A multi-year procurement plan was implemented in 2006 to save $15 billion, with total program cost projected to be $62 billion for 183 F-22s distributed to seven combat squadrons. In 2008, Congress passed a defense spending bill that raised the total orders for production aircraft to 187.
The first two F-22s built were EMD aircraft in the Block 1.0 configuration for initial flight testing, while the third was a Block 2.0 aircraft built to represent the internal structure of production airframes and enabled it to test full flight loads. Six more EMD aircraft were built in the Block 10 configuration for development and upgrade testing, with the last two considered essentially production quality jets. Production for operational squadrons consisted of 37 Block 20 training aircraft and 149 Block 30/35 combat aircraft; one of the Block 35 aircraft is dedicated to flight sciences at Edwards Air Force Base.
The numerous new technologies in the F-22 resulted in substantial cost overruns and delays. Many capabilities were deferred to post-service upgrades, reducing the initial cost but increasing total program cost. As production wound down in 2011, the total program cost is estimated to be about $67.3 billion, with $32.4 billion spent on Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) and $34.9 billion on procurement and military construction (MILCON) in then year dollars. The incremental cost for an additional F-22 was estimated at about $138 million in 2009.
Ban on exports
The F-22 cannot be exported under US federal law to protect its stealth technology and other high-tech features. Customers for U.S. fighters are acquiring earlier designs such as the F-15 "Eagle" and F-16 "Fighting Falcon" or the newer F-35 "Lightning II", which contains technology from the F-22 but was designed to be cheaper, more flexible, and available for export. In September 2006, Congress upheld the ban on foreign F-22 sales. Despite the ban, the 2010 defense authorization bill included provisions requiring the DoD to prepare a report on the costs and feasibility for an F-22 export variant, and another report on the effect of F-22 export sales on U.S. aerospace industry.
Some Australian politicians and defense commentators proposed that Australia should attempt to purchase F-22s instead of the planned F-35s, citing the F-22's known capabilities and F-35's delays and developmental uncertainties. However, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) determined that the F-22 was unable to perform the F-35's strike and close air support roles. The Japanese government also showed interest in the F-22 for its Replacement-Fighter program. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) would reportedly require fewer fighters for its mission if it obtained the F-22, thus reducing engineering and staffing costs. However, in 2009 it was reported that acquiring the F-22 would require increases to the Japanese government's defense budget beyond the historical 1 percent of its GDP. With the end of F-22 production, Japan chose the F-35 in December 2011. Israel also expressed interest, but eventually chose the F-35 because of the F-22's price and unavailability.
Production termination
Throughout the 2000s, the need for F-22s was debated, due to rising costs and the lack of relevant adversaries. In 2006, Comptroller General of the United States David Walker found that "the DoD has not demonstrated the need" for more investment in the F-22, and further opposition to the program was expressed by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England, Senator John McCain, and Chairman of U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services Senator John Warner. The F-22 program lost influential supporters in 2008 after the forced resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley.
In November 2008, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the F-22 was not relevant in post-Cold War conflicts such as irregular warfare operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, and in April 2009, under the new Obama Administration, he called for ending production in FY2011, leaving the USAF with 187 production aircraft. In July, General James Cartwright, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, stated to the Senate Committee on Armed Services his reasons for supporting termination of F-22 production. They included shifting resources to the multirole F-35 to allow proliferation of fifth-generation fighters for three service branches and preserving the F/A-18 production line to maintain the military's electronic warfare (EW) capabilities in the Boeing EA-18G "Growler". Issues with the F-22's reliability and availability also raised concerns. After President Obama threatened to veto further production, the Senate voted in July 2009 in favor of ending production and the House subsequently agreed to abide by the 187 production aircraft cap. Gates stated that the decision was taken in light of the F-35's capabilities, and in 2010, he set the F-22 requirement to 187 aircraft by lowering the number of major regional conflict preparations from two to one.
In 2010, USAF initiated a study to determine the costs of retaining F-22 tooling for a future Service Life Extension Program (SLEP). A RAND Corporation paper from this study estimated that restarting production and building an additional 75 F-22s would cost $17 billion, resulting in $227 million per aircraft, or $54 million higher than the flyaway cost. Lockheed Martin stated that restarting the production line itself would cost about $200 million. Production tooling and associated documentation were subsequently stored at the Sierra Army Depot, allowing the retained tooling to support the fleet life cycle. There were reports that attempts to retrieve this tooling found empty containers, but a subsequent audit found that the tooling was stored as expected.
Russian and Chinese fighter developments have fueled concern, and in 2009, General John Corley, head of Air Combat Command, stated that a fleet of 187 F-22s would be inadequate, but Secretary Gates dismissed General Corley's concern. In 2011, Gates explained that Chinese fifth-generation fighter developments had been accounted for when the number of F-22s was set, and that the U.S. would have a considerable advantage in stealth aircraft in 2025, even with F-35 delays. In December 2011, the 195th and final F-22 was completed out of 8 test EMD and 187 operational aircraft produced; the aircraft was delivered to the USAF on 2 May 2012.
In April 2016, the House Armed Services Committee (HASC) Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee proposed legislation that would direct the Air Force to conduct a cost study and assessment associated with resuming production of the F-22. Since the production halt directed in 2009 by then Defense Secretary Gates, lawmakers and the Pentagon noted that air warfare systems of Russia and China were catching up to those of the U.S. Lockheed Martin has proposed upgrading the Block 20 training aircraft into combat-coded Block 30/35 versions as a way to increase numbers available for deployment. On 9 June 2017, the Air Force submitted their report to Congress stating they had no plans to restart the F-22 production line due to economic and operational issues; it estimated it would cost approximately $50 billion to procure 194 additional F-22s at a cost of $206–$216 million per aircraft, including approximately $9.9 billion for non-recurring start-up costs and $40.4 billion for aircraft procurement costs.
Upgrades
The first aircraft with combat-capable Block 3.0 software flew in 2001. Increment 2, the first upgrade program, was implemented in 2005 for Block 20 aircraft onward and enabled the employment of Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM). Certification of the improved AN/APG-77(V)1 radar was completed in March 2007, and airframes from production Lot 5 onward are fitted with this radar, which incorporates air-to-ground modes. Increment 3.1 for Block 30 aircraft onward provided improved ground-attack capability through synthetic aperture radar mapping and radio emitter direction finding, electronic attack and Small Diameter Bomb (SDB) integration; testing began in 2009 and the first upgraded aircraft was delivered in 2011. To address oxygen deprivation issues, F-22s were fitted with an automatic backup oxygen system (ABOS) and modified life support system starting in 2012.
Increment 3.2 for Block 35 aircraft is a two-part upgrade process; 3.2A focuses on electronic warfare, communications and identification, while 3.2B includes geolocation improvements and a new stores management system to show the correct symbols for the AIM-9X and AIM-120D. To enable two-way communication with other platforms, the F-22 can use the Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN) as a gateway. The planned Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL) integration was cut due to development delays and lack of proliferation among USAF platforms. The F-22 fleet is planned to start receiving Increment 3.2B as well as a software upgrade for cryptography capabilities and avionics stability in May 2019. A Multifunctional Information Distribution System-Joint (MIDS-J) radio that replaces the current Link-16 receive-only box is expected to be operational by 2020. Subsequent upgrades are also focusing on having an open architecture to enable faster future enhancements.
In 2024, funding is projected to begin for the F-22 mid-life upgrade (MLU), which is expected to include new sensors and antennas, hardware refresh, cockpit improvements, and a helmet mounted display and cuing system. Other enhancements being developed include IRST functionality for the AN/AAR-56 Missile Launch Detector (MLD) and more durable stealth coating based on the F-35's.
The F-22 was designed for a service life of 8,000 flight hours, with a $350 million "structures retrofit program". Investigations are being made for upgrades to extend their useful lives further. In the long term, the F-22 is expected to be superseded by a sixth-generation jet fighter to be fielded in the 2030s.
Design
Overview
The F-22 "Raptor" is a fifth-generation fighter that is considered fourth generation in stealth aircraft technology by the USAF. It is the first operational aircraft to combine supercruise, supermaneuverability, stealth, and sensor fusion in a single weapons platform. The F-22 has four empennage surfaces, retractable tricycle landing gear, and clipped delta wings with reverse trailing edge sweep and leading edge extensions running to the upper outboard corner of the inlets. Flight control surfaces include leading-edge flaps, flaperons, ailerons, rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers, and all-moving horizontal tails (stabilators); for speed brake function, the ailerons deflect up, flaperons down, and rudders outwards to increase drag.
The aircraft's dual Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 augmented turbofan engines are closely spaced and incorporate pitch-axis thrust vectoring nozzles with a range of ±20 degrees; each engine has maximum thrust in the 35,000 lbf (156 kN) class. The F-22's thrust-to-weight ratio at typical combat weight is nearly at unity in maximum military power and 1.25 in full afterburner. Maximum speed without external stores is approximately Mach 1.8 at military power and greater than Mach 2 with afterburners.
The F-22's high cruise speed and operating altitude over prior fighters improve the effectiveness of its sensors and weapon systems, and increase survivability against ground defenses such as surface-to-air missiles. The aircraft is among only a few that can supercruise, or sustain supersonic flight without using fuel-inefficient afterburners; it can intercept targets which subsonic aircraft would lack the speed to pursue and an afterburner-dependent aircraft would lack the fuel to reach. The F-22's thrust and aerodynamics enable regular combat speeds of Mach 1.5 at 50,000 feet (15,000 m). The use of internal weapons bays permits the aircraft to maintain comparatively higher performance over most other combat-configured fighters due to a lack of aerodynamic drag from external stores. The aircraft's structure contains a significant amount of high-strength materials to withstand stress and heat of sustained supersonic flight. Respectively, titanium alloys and composites comprise 39% and 24% of the structural weight.
The F-22's aerodynamics, relaxed stability, and powerful thrust-vectoring engines give it excellent maneuverability and energy potential across its flight envelope. The airplane has excellent high alpha (angle of attack) characteristics, capable of flying at trimmed alpha of over 60° while maintaining roll control and performing maneuvers such as the Herbst maneuver (J-turn) and Pugachev's Cobra. The flight control system and full-authority digital engine control (FADEC) make the aircraft highly departure resistant and controllable, thus giving the pilot carefree handling.
Stealth
The F-22 was designed to be highly difficult to detect and track by radar. Measures to reduce radar cross-section (RCS) include airframe shaping such as alignment of edges, fixed-geometry serpentine inlets and curved vanes that prevent line-of-sight of the engine faces and turbines from any exterior view, use of radar-absorbent material (RAM), and attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could provide a radar return. The F-22 was also designed to have decreased radio emissions, infrared signature and acoustic signature as well as reduced visibility to the naked eye. The aircraft's flat thrust-vectoring nozzles reduce infrared emissions of the exhaust plume to mitigate the threat of infrared homing ("heat seeking") surface-to-air or air-to-air missiles. Additional measures to reduce the infrared signature include special topcoat and active cooling of leading edges to manage the heat buildup from supersonic flight.
Compared to previous stealth designs like the F-117, the F-22 is less reliant on RAM, which are maintenance-intensive and susceptible to adverse weather conditions. Unlike the B-2, which requires climate-controlled hangars, the F-22 can undergo repairs on the flight line or in a normal hangar. The F-22 has a Signature Assessment System which delivers warnings when the radar signature is degraded and necessitates repair. While the F-22's exact RCS is classified, in 2009 Lockheed Martin released information indicating that from certain angles the aircraft has an RCS of 0.0001 m² or −40 dBsm – equivalent to the radar reflection of a "steel marble". Effectively maintaining the stealth features can decrease the F-22's mission capable rate to 62–70%.
The effectiveness of the stealth characteristics is difficult to gauge. The RCS value is a restrictive measurement of the aircraft's frontal or side area from the perspective of a static radar. When an aircraft maneuvers it exposes a completely different set of angles and surface area, potentially increasing radar observability. Furthermore, the F-22's stealth contouring and radar absorbent materials are chiefly effective against high-frequency radars, usually found on other aircraft. The effects of Rayleigh scattering and resonance mean that low-frequency radars such as weather radars and early-warning radars are more likely to detect the F-22 due to its physical size. However, such radars are also conspicuous, susceptible to clutter, and have low precision. Additionally, while faint or fleeting radar contacts make defenders aware that a stealth aircraft is present, reliably vectoring interception to attack the aircraft is much more challenging. According to the USAF an F-22 surprised an Iranian F-4 "Phantom II" that was attempting to intercept an American UAV, despite Iran's assertion of having military VHF radar coverage over the Persian Gulf.
Aircraft: 1942 North American P-51C Mustang (NL61429)
Unit: CAF red Tail squadron
Base: Front Range Airport, CO
Website: One Mile High Photography
Facebook: www.facebook.com/OneMileHighPhotography
Requested by Lite.
I also used Jalopy's pic for a reference for the face
All Sizes for better quality
I requested a flyby of Lower Manhattan below the spire level of One WTC so that we could keep our camera level. I like this perspective a lot, although a little bit lower might have been better.
Sony A7Rm2, Batis 25mm, f2.8, 1/200, ISO 2500
A blog post and gallery of photos from my photo flight can be found here.