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Inge Morath (1923-2002) ."Niña leyendo junto a un burro", 1955. Mercado Grande, Ávila, Spain.
Catálogo de la exposición "España en los años 50". Comisaria Lola Garrido. Ed. Arte con Texto, 1994
LA MAGNUM EN ÁVILA.
Jose Luis Pajares
Esta serie contiene fotografías realizadas sobre Ávila por prestigiosos reporteros internacionales. Muchos de ellos trabajaron para revistas mundialmente conocidas, como Dmitri Kessel, que la retrató para Life. Alguno, como Thomas Dworzak, incluso vivió en Ávila sin que nadie le reconociese, pero la peculiaridad más notoría es que la mayoría pertenecieron a la mítica agencia Magnum: Dworzak, Jean Gaumy, Ernst Haas, Carl De Keyzer o Inge Morath.
Con Morath, la famosa fotorreportera que se casaría con Arthur Miller tras su divorcio con Marilyn Monroe, se inicia este homenaje a los fotógrafos de la Magnum. Ellos, que recorrieron el mundo para mostrarnos lo que desconocíamos de él, acariciaron también Ávila con sus cámaras, mostrándonos formas muy distintas de verla.
LA NIÑA ABULENSE DE INGE.
- No se hacen fotografías como esta si no se ama lo que se contempla. Estaba enamorada de España antes de visitarla por primera vez en 1953 pero, a partir de entonces, Inge Morath la recorrió apasionadamente en busca de lo que había soñado durante años. Aquí encontró las escenas cotidianas con las que tanto disfrutaba: retratar gente común, personajes silenciados llenos de vida, eso era lo que realmente atraía la mirada de esta fotógrafa austriaca.
Cuando Morath pasó por Ávila en 1955, capturó con su Leica unas pocas instantáneas. A pesar de lo que se dice de ellos, a los fotógrafos de la Magnum no les sobraban los carretes, no acostumbraban a disparar si no tenían delante un buen motivo. Aunque los admiraban, tampoco les interesaban demasiado los monumentos; lo que querían era captar gente normal en sus quehaceres diarios, dar a conocer cómo era la vida en aquel país que había sobrevivido a una guerra incivil, que alguno de ellos había contado años antes desde primera línea.
Como en la mayoría de sus trabajos, en esta escena Inge prefiere no sobresaltar la cotidianidad, una habilidad que era el sello distintivo de la Magnum. Fueron sus cofundadores, Robert Capa y Cartier-Bresson, los que le transmitieron su querencia por España, primero desde las icónicas imágenes que tomó Capa de la contienda y, años después, recorriendola de nuevo con Cartier.
En muchos aspectos Morath fue una pionera, no resultaba fácil ser mujer y fotógrafa en aquella época, ni siquiera las élites reconocían que la fotografía podía ser un arte. Atraída por la pasión de hacer el retrato de la España más olvidada, en aquel viaje realizó un exhaustivo trabajo que permaneció inédito en nuestro país hasta cuarenta años más tarde. Por fin, en 1994, ya en democracia, una selección de 92 fotografías se publicaron con motivo de una exposición en Madrid, bajo el titulo "Spain in the fifties" (España en los 50) .
La imagen seleccionada para representar a Ávila en aquella muestra fue esta niña subida a uno de los antiguos leones de piedra que rodeaban la plaza más céntrica de la ciudad. La composición es una verdadera alegoría; la adolescente, a imitación de los adultos, ha comenzado a leer por su cuenta, pero lo hace aún desde el juego, sin dejar de soñar, practicando el mejor divertimento de los niños abulenses en esa época: encaramarse a las rocas de su ciudad, a las que sujetan la muralla, a los pretiles de iglesias y paseos, a los antiguos toros de piedra de las plazas; esas ¨conquistas´ eran uno de los pocos privilegios que los pequeños podíamos disfrutar en sus calles. Es curioso, pero también la fotógrafa se sube al pretil para disparar.
En ocasiones Morath preparaba cuidadosamente de antemano lo que luego parecían improvisadas instantáneas, como sucedió con su famosa fotografía de la llama asomando por la ventanilla de un coche en Nueva York. No sabemos si aquí sucedió algo similar o si realmente encontró la escena tal cual.
La niña, aparentemente sola, está a cargo del burro, un pequeño asno que seguramente lleva leche ordeñada por ella o por su familia esa misma mañana. En los serones falta un cántaro, espera paciente a otro familiar que hace el reparto de casa en casa por la zona. Era una época austera en España, no había lugar para la cultura en la calle y entonces Inge encuentra esta joya, colocada como si posase para la ilustración de un cuento. Ajena a cuanto la rodea sigue leyendo mientras la cámara de la Magnum la inmortaliza. ¿Alguien la reconoce?
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www.flickr.com/photos/avilas/4950467259/
www.flickr.com/photos/avilas/5017486505/
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ESPAÑA POR INGE MORATH (Extracto de sus diarios)
"Las fotografías de esta colección están sacadas de mis muchos viajes por España entre 1953 y 1957.
Las fotos deberían hablar por si mismas, pero tengo muchos recuerdos de aquellos años; como en cualquier aventura pasional nada se olvida. Tal vez algunos episodios anotados en mis diarios puedan devolvernos algo del ambiente y el sabor de aquel tiempo:
Desde la primera vez que vi España, viajando desde Perpiñán a Barcelona, sentí una gran afinidad con el país… Henri Cartier-Breson conducía. Quería fotografiar España para su libro "Europeos”…,nada que fuera importante y que entrara en la retina de Henri podía escapar a su lente: Su visión estaba profundamente ligada a sus fuertes convicciones antifascistas: Un caballo, atado a un poste y pastando frente a un muro en estado ruinoso, dominado por el haz de flechas de la Falange, expresaba sus sentimientos acerca de la actitud del régimen de Franco.
….En Barcelona visitamos a Joan Miró en su estudio…En ocasiones pasábamos por pueblos en los que me hubiese gustado quedarme un poco más…. Estaba profundamente impresionada. Yo solo estaba empezando a ver a través de mi cámara...Compre un diccionario de español y una gramática, y me matriculé en un curso intensivo de español.
…Estamos en una época donde el turismo fuerte todavía no ha comenzado en España y mi repentina presencia en un lugar causa asombro, pero la gente responde a mis explicaciones en un castellano chapurreado con simpatía y curiosidad y, a menudo también, con la voluntad de enseñarme más.
Acepto sus invitaciones, acompaño a la gente a sus casas, a sus jardines, sus campos, escuchando todo el tiempo, esperando que me dejen entrar en la esencia de su ser y de su espíritu; que no sea tan solo una cuestión de estados de ánimo sino algo tan profundamente inalterable como la forma de sus huesos o el color de su piel…. Es un tiempo que corre, que vuela, que se llena con los dos grandes placeres de la fotografía: el placer de observar y el placer de apretar el obturador en el momento preciso...”
“Spain”. Inge Morath.
www.magnumphotos.com/C.aspx?VP3=CMS3&VF=MAGO31_9_VFor...
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___________________TIERRAS DE ESPAÑA
“…Inge Morath llegó a nuestro país recomendada por Robert Capa y Cartier-Bresson, dos míticos fotógrafos que pertenecieron a la misma agencia y que habían trabajado con anterioridad en España, recogiendo uno la guerra civil y, el otro las calles de las ciudades justo antes y después de la guerra.
El retrato que Morath hace de las gentes y pueblos de España a lo largo de sus viajes, es distanciado y elegante. No busca el lado miserable y desgarrado, no hace retratos tenebristas de una España inculta y folclórica sin más. Recoge con dignidad los personajes encuadrados entre las piedras en su actividad cotidiana y su actitud de respeto. La veracidad que destilan sus imágenes viene a ser la característica que más destaca de su trabajo.
…En los pueblos encuentra mezclados el caluroso recibimiento con la inevitable desconfianza ante una extrajera que siendo mujer viaja sola, a bordo de un 2CV, haciendo fotografías sin pedirles que posen ni dejarles que se vistan de domingo o preparar sus peinados…
… Por esto las tomas aparecen como sumergidas en una atmosfera matinal, con personas que han despertado de un mal sueño; …Son una especie de naturalezas muertas, cargadas de silencios, poseedoras de su propio recuerdo, secreto y terrible.
Quería fotografiar España como anteriormente lo habían hecho sus amigos y colegas: Capa y Cartier-Bresson, pero además quería recorrerla, conocer por si misma un país del que le habían hablado, sobre el que había leído y que fue un mito para todos los intelectuales de izquierdas, tanto europeos como americanos. Un país que hacía solo quince años había sufrido una guerra civil.”
Lola Garrido, (Comisaria de la exposición, Presentación del libro de Inge Morath “Espàña en los 50”)
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NOTAS BIOGRÁFICAS:
"Como muchos otros miembros de Magnum, Morath trabajó como directora de fotografía para numerosas películas. Conoció a John Huston en Londres, y colaboró en la fotografía de varias de sus películas. Moulin Rouge (1952) fue uno de sus primeros encargos como fotógrafa, y su primera experiencia en un plató de cine. Cuando Morath comentó a Huston que sólo tenía un rollo de película a color para trabajar, el director le consiguió otros tres, y solía llamarle con un gesto de la mano cuando, en mitad del rodaje, veía un momento apropiado para sacar una fotografía. Huston diría de ella que Morath era “la suprema sacerdotisa de la fotografía. Tenía una inusual habilidad para penetrar más allá de la superficier y revelar lo que daba vida al tema de la fotografía”. En 1960, trabajando en el rodaje de Los que no perdonan (1960), protagonizada por Audrey Hepburn, Burt Lancaster y Audie Murphy, Morath acompañó a Huston y algunos amigos a una cacería de patos en un lago entre las montañas cerca de Durango (México). Gracias al teleobjetivo de su inseparable cámara, Morath pudo ver cómo la balsa de Murphy y su amigo había volcado a unos 100 metros de la orilla, quedando Murphy conmocionado, con gran peligro de ahogarse. Nadadora experta, Morath se quitó la ropa y se lanzó al agua, remolcando a los dos hombres gracias a la tira de su sostén.
Morath volvió a trabajar con Huston en 1960 en Vidas rebeldes, un éxito de taquilla protagonizado por Marilyn Monroe, Clark Gable y Montgomery Clift, basada en un guion del judío Arthur Miller. La agencia Magnum tenía permiso exclusivo para fotografiar el rodaje, de modo que Morath y Cartier Bresson fueron los primeros de los nueve fotógrafos que visitaron las localizaciones de la película, en las afueras de Reno, (Nevada, EE. UU.) Morath conoció a Miller durante el rodaje y después del divorcio de Miller y Monroe se casaron el 17 de febrero de 1962. La primera hija de la fotógrafa (Rebecca Miller) es escritora y ha dirigido varias películas, la pareja tuvo un segundo hijo con sindrome de down que fue ingresado al poco de nacer el un centro y del que el propio Miller no quiso saber hasta los últimos diez años de su vida."
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Morath
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ENLACES:
“Bassano Sposi Reporters" è una equipe creata da "Franco Ferri Mala PhotoTeam". Un Team professionale per i Vostri servizi Fotografici. Siamo a Bassano del Grappa in Via Museo 35, Tel.0424.220798- Cell.346.8872914.
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Realizziamo Matrimoni professionali Memorabili.
“Bassano Sposi Reporters" è una equipe creata da "Franco Ferri Mala PhotoTeam". Un Team professionale per i Vostri servizi Fotografici. Siamo a Bassano del Grappa in Via Museo 35, Tel.0424.220798- Cell.346.8872914.
mail: francoferrimala56@gmail.com
facebook: business.facebook.com/Sposi-Reporters-654734891378196/?bu...
Realizziamo Matrimoni professionali Memorabili.
Fotografada no Zoológico de Brasília, Brasil.
globotv.globo.com/rede-globo/globo-reporter/v/acompanhe-o...
Texto, em português, da WIKIPÉDIA, a Enciclopédia livre.
inglês:
Harpy Eagle
Checo:
harpyje pralesní
alemão:
Harpyie
dinamarquês:
Harpy
espanhol:
Arpía Mayor
finlandês:
harpyija
francês:
Harpie féroce
italiano:
Arpia americana
Japonês:
ougiwashi
japonês:
オウギワシ
neerlandês:
Harpij
Norueguês:
Harpyørn
Polonês:
harpia wielka
português:
Gavião-real
Portuguęs (Brasil):
Gavião-real
Russo:
Гарпия
Eslovaco:
harpya opičiarka
Sueco:
Harpyja
Mandarim:
角雕
Harpias
As harpias (em grego, ἅρπυιαι) são criaturas da mitologia grega, frequentemente representadas como aves de rapina com rosto de mulher e seios1 . Na história de Jasão, as harpias foram enviadas para punir o cego rei trácio Fineu, roubando-lhe a comida em todas as refeições . Os argonautas Zetes e Calais, filhos de Bóreas e Orítia, libertaram Fineu das hárpias, que, em agradecimento, mostrou a Jasão e os argonautas o caminho para passar pelas Simplégades. Eneias e seus companheiros, depois da queda de Troia, na viagem em direção à Itália, pararam na ilha das Harpias; mataram animais dos rebanhos delas, as atacaram quando elas roubaram as carnes, e ouviram de uma das Harpias terríveis profecias a respeito do restante de sua viagem.
Segundo Hesíodo, as harpias eram irmãs de Íris, filhas de Taumante e a oceânide Electra, e seus nomes eram Aelo (a borrasca), Celeno (a obscura) e Ocípete (a rápida no vôo). Higino lista os filhos de Taumante e Electra como Íris e as hárpias, Celeno, Ocípete e Aelo5 , mas, logo depois, dá as hárpias como filhas de Taumante e Oxomene
A harpia (Harpia harpyja), também chamada gavião-real, gavião-de-penacho, uiruuetê, uiraçu, uraçu, cutucurim e uiraçu-verdadeiro, é a mais pesada e uma das maiores aves de rapina do mundo, com envergadura de 2,5 metros e peso de até 10 quilogramas.
Etimologia
"Harpia" é uma referência ao ser da mitologia grega. Por causa do tamanho e ferocidade do animal, os primeiros exploradores europeus da América Central nomearam estas águias em função das monstruosas meio-mulheres/meio-águias da mitologia grega clássica. "Gavião-de-penacho" e "gavião-real" são referências ao penacho na cabeça característico da espécie, com um formato semelhante ao de uma coroa. "Uiruuetê" é um termo tupi que contém o termo e'tê, "verdadeiro". "Uiraçu" veio do termo tupi para "ave grande"
Descrição
Ambos os sexos têm uma crista de penas largas que levantam quando ouvem algum ruído. Como as corujas, elas têm um disco facial de penas menores que pode focar ondas sonoras para melhorar suas capacidades auditivas. A harpia possui, como principais características físicas, olhos pequenos, um longo topete, a crista com duas penas maiores e uma cauda com três faixas cinzentas, que pode medir até 2/3 do comprimento da asa.
Esta ave da família Accipitridae possui asas largas e redondas, pernas curtas e grossas, e dedos extremamente fortes, com enormes garras, capazes até de levantar um carneiro do chão. Sua cabeça é cinza, o papo e a nuca, negros, e o peito, a barriga e a parte de dentro das asas, brancos. Tem entre 50 a 90 centímetros de altura, uma envergadura de até 2,5 metros e um peso variando entre 4 e 5,5 quilogramas quando macho e entre 6 e 9 quilogramas quando fêmea.
As harpias são predadores tremendamente eficazes, com garras mais compridas do que as de um urso-cinzento. É uma águia adaptada ao voo acrobático em ambientes florestais de espaços fechados. Elas se aproximam morfologicamente (não se sabe se filogeneticamente) de várias outras aves de rapina tropicais de grande tamanho adaptadas à caça de grandes animais arborícolas como macacos, preguiças, lêmures etc., tais como a águia-coroada africana, a águia-das-filipinas e a águia-da-nova-guiné. Todas essas são chamadas de "águias-pega-macaco" em suas localidades de origem devido ao grande porte, que coloca animais maiores, como macacos, em seu cardápio.
O habitat principal são as florestas tropicais e a espécie se dispersa geograficamente do México à Bolívia, na Argentina e em grande parte do Brasil, notadamente no Amazonas, vivendo em árvores altas, dentro de vasta mata, onde constrói seus ninhos. Habitava as matas brasileiras de forma abrangente. Hoje, pode ser encontrado na Amazônia e visto raramente na Mata Atlântica. Na região amazônica da Guiana, onde foi bem estudado, verificou-se que é um predador sobretudo de mamíferos.
É pássaro nacional e está desenhada no brasão do Panamá. Está desenhada no brasão de armas do estado do Paraná, no Brasil. É o símbolo do Museu Nacional, no Rio de Janeiro. É também símbolo e estampa o escudo da tropa de elite da Polícia Federal do Brasil, o Comando de Operações Táticas. Faz parte do símbolo do 4º Batalhão de Aviação do Exército Brasileiro. Denomina um esquadrão da Força Aérea Brasileira, o 7º/8º Esquadrão Harpia. É o designativo das aeronaves do Núcleo de Operações e Transporte Aéreo da Polícia Militar do Estado do Espírito Santo. É o animal em que foi baseada o personagem Fawkes, a fênix, do filme Harry Potter e a Câmara Secreta. É capaz de exercer uma pressão de 42 kgf/cm² (4,1 MPa ou 530 lbf/in²) com suas garras.
Pode erguer mais de 3/4 de seu peso. As garras da harpia são tão fortes que são capazes de esmigalhar um crânio humano. É a águia mais pesada da atualidade e a águia-das-filipinas é a única águia viva que se compara a ela em tamanho. Entretanto, a extinta águia-de-haast da Nova Zelândia era aproximadamente 50% maior do que ela. Dá nome ao projeto de inteligência artificial mantido pelo Serviço Federal de Processamento de Dados. Em 15 de janeiro de 2009, nasceu um filhote de harpia no Refúgio Biológico de Itaipu. Com 100 gramas de massa, é o primeiro filhote a nascer com sucesso em cativeiro no sul do Brasil.6
Hábitos
É rápida e possante em suas investidas. É tão forte fisicamente que consegue erguer um carneiro sem maiores dificuldades. Ela voa alternando rápidas batidas de asa com planeio. Tem um assobio longo e estridente e, nas horas quentes do dia, costuma voar em círculos sobre florestas e campos próximos. As harpias conservam energia se empoleirando silenciosamente, vendo e ouvindo por longos períodos de tempo. Elas caçam com curtas e rápidas investidas. As fêmeas, maiores, caçam presas mais pesadas do que os menores, mais ágeis e rápidos machos. Estas técnicas complementares podem aumentar as chances de sucesso na obtenção de comida. Grandes presas, como preguiças e macacos, costumam ser consumidas parcialmente até poderem ser transportadas para o ninho.
Reprodução
As harpias, como as águias em geral, são monogâmicas, unindo-se por toda a vida. Elas fazem ninhos em árvores muito altas, com galhos bem separados, de até 40 metros de altura. O casal dá uma cria a cada dois ou três anos. O período reprodutivo vai de junho a novembro e o período de incubação é de 2 meses. As fêmeas depositam um ovo ou dois, mas, caso ambos os ovos sejam incubados com sucesso, em condições naturais somente o primogênito sobrevive, já que o filhote maior invariavelmente matará o menor (este "cainismo" é comum a várias espécies de águia, e permite estratégias de conservação baseadas na remoção do filhote menor do ninho para criação artificial).
O filhote testa suas asas com seis meses. No entanto, fica sob os cuidados dos pais, sendo alimentado, por outros seis a dez meses, mantendo, assim, uma longa dependência. A maturidade sexual é atingida aos quatro ou cinco anos e o indivíduo pode retornar ao mesmo ninho em que nasceu.
Perigos à sua sobrevivência
Destruição de seu habitat, uma vez que necessita de grandes áreas para viver. Atualmente, a harpia encontra-se praticamente restrita à floresta amazônica.
É ameaçada pela caça predatória, por ser considerada perigosa para as criações de animais domésticos.
De acordo com a ONG estadunidense Peregrine Fund, que se dedica à proteção internacional de aves de rapina diurnas, a harpia é uma espécie "dependente de conservação", na medida em que o declínio da espécie em toda a sua área de ocorrência, produzido principalmente pelo desmatamento, exige políticas ativas de conservação e/ou reprodução em cativeiro, que impeçam que a ave se torne uma espécie imediatamente ameaçada de extinção. O Peregrine Fund realizou, aliás, algumas experiências bem-sucedidas de criação em cativeiro e libertação de harpia em uma reserva florestal no Panamá.
A text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia.
Harpy Eagle
The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a Neotropical species of eagle. It is sometimes known as the American Harpy Eagle to distinguish it from the Papuan Eagle which is sometimes known as the New Guinea Harpy Eagle or Papuan Harpy Eagle. It is the largest and most powerful raptor found in the Americas, and among the largest extant species of eagles in the world. It usually inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper (emergent) canopy layer. Destruction of its natural habitat has seen it vanish from many parts of its former range, and it is nearly extirpated in Central America. In Brazil, the Harpy Eagle is also known as Royal-Hawk (in Portuguese: Gavião-Real).
Taxonomy
The Harpy Eagle was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Vultur harpyja, after the mythological beast harpy. The only member of the genus Harpia, the Harpy Eagle is most closely related to the Crested Eagle (Morphnus guianensis) and the New Guinea Harpy Eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), the three composing the subfamily Harpiinae within the large family Accipitridae. Previously thought to be related, the Philippine Eagle has been shown by analysis of DNA to belong elsewhere in the raptor family as it is related to the Circaetinae.
Its name refers to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades, and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human.
Description
The upper side of the Harpy Eagle is covered with slate black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. There is a broad black band across the upper breast, separating the gray head from the white belly. The head is pale grey, and is crowned with a double crest. The upper side of the tail is black with three gray bands, while the underside of it is black with three white bands. The iris is gray or brown or red, the cere and bill are black or blackish and the tarsi and toes are yellow. The plumage of male and female is identical. The tarsus is up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long.
Female Harpy Eagles typically weigh 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb). One source states that adult females can scale up to 10 kg (22 lb). An exceptionally large captive female, "Jezebel", weighed 12.3 kg (27 lb). Being captive, this large female may not be representative of the weight possible in wild Harpy Eagles due to differences in the food availability. The male, in comparison, is much smaller and weighs only about 4 to 4.8 kg (8.8 to 11 lb). Harpy Eagles are 86.5–107 cm (2 ft 10 in–3 ft 6 in) long and have a wingspan of 176 to 224 cm (5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 4 in). Among the standard measurements, the wing chord measures 54–63 cm (1 ft 9 in–2 ft 1 in), the tail measures 37–42 cm (1 ft 3 in–1 ft 5 in), the tarsus is 11.4–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) long and the exposed culmen from the cere is 4.2 to 6.5 cm (1.7 to 2.6 in).
It is sometimes cited as the largest eagle alongside the Philippine Eagle, that is somewhat longer on average and the Steller's Sea Eagle, that is slightly heavier on average. The wingspan of the Harpy Eagle is relatively small, an adaptation that increases maneuverability in forested habitats and is shared by other raptors in similar habitats. The wingspan of the Harpy Eagle is surpassed by several large eagles who live in more open habitats, such as those in the Haliaeetus and Aquila genera. The extinct Haast's Eagle was significantly larger than all extant eagles, including the Harpy.
This species is largely silent away from the nest. There, the adults give a penetrating, weak, melancholy scream, with the incubating male's call described as "whispy screaming or wailing".[19] The females calls while incubating are similar but are lower pitched. While approaching the nest with food, the male calls out "rapid chirps, goose-like calls, and occasional sharp screams". Vocalization in both parents decreases as the nestlings age, while the nestlings become more vocal. The nestlings call Chi-chi-chi...chi-chi-chi-chi, seemingly in alarm in respond to rain or direct sunlight. When humans approach the nest, the nestlings have been described as uttering croaks, quacks and whistles.
Distribution and habitat
Rare throughout its range, the Harpy Eagle is found from Mexico (almost extinct), through Central America and into South America to as far south as Argentina. The eagle is most common in Brazil, where it is found across the entire national territory. With the exception of some areas of Panama, the species is almost extinct in Central America, subsequent to the logging of much of the rainforest there. The Harpy Eagle inhabits tropical lowland rainforests and may occur within such areas from the canopy to the emergent vegetation. They typically occur below an elevation of 900 m (3,000 ft) but have been recorded at elevations of up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Within the rainforest, they hunt in the canopy or sometimes on the ground, and perch on emergent trees looking for prey. They do not generally occur in disturbed areas but will regularly visit semi-open forest/pasture mosaic, mainly in hunting forays. Harpies, however, can be found flying over forest borders in a variety of habitats, such as cerrados, caatingas, buriti palm stands, cultivated fields and cities. They have been found in areas where high-grade forestry is practiced.
Behavior
Feeding
The Harpy Eagle is an actively hunting carnivore and is an apex predator, meaning that adults are at the top of a food chain and have no natural predators. Its main prey are tree-dwelling mammals and a majority of the diet has been shown to focus on sloths and monkeys. Research conducted by Aguiar-Silva between 2003 and 2005 in a nesting site in Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil, collected remains from prey offered to the nestling and after sorting them, concluded that, in terms of individuals preyed upon, the harpy's prey basis was composed in 79% by sloths from two species: Bradypus variegatus amounting to 39% of the individual prey base, and Choloepus didactylus to 40%; various monkeys amounted to 11.6% of the same prey base. In a similar research venture in Panama, where a couple of captive-bred subadults was released, 52% of the male's captures and 54% of the female's were of two sloth species (Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni). At one Venezuelan nest, all remains found around the nest site were comprised by sloths. Monkeys regularly taken can include capuchin monkeys, saki monkeys, howler monkeys, titi monkeys, squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys. Smaller monkeys, such as tamarins and marmosets, are seemingly ignored as prey by this species. At several nest in Guyana, monkeys made up approximately 37% of the prey remains found at the nests. Similarly, cebid monkeys made up 35% of the remains found at 10 nest in Amazonian Ecuador. Other partially arboreal mammals are also predated given the opportunity, including porcupines, squirrels, opossums, anteaters, and even relatively large carnivores such as kinkajous, coatis and tayras. In the Pantanal, a pair of nesting eagles preyed largely on the porcupine Coendou prehensilis and on the agouti Dasyprocta azarae. The eagle may also attack bird species such as macaws: At the Parintins research site, the Red-and-green Macaw made up for 0.4% of the prey base, with other birds amounting to 4.6%. Other parrots, including the large Hyacinth Macaw, have also been predated, as well as cracids such as curassows and seriemas. Additional prey items reported include reptiles such as iguanas, tejus and snakes. Snakes of up to 5 cm (2.0 in) in diameter have been observed to be cut in half, then the pieces are swallowed whole. On occasion, larger prey such as capybaras, peccaries and deer are taken and they are usually taken to a stump or low branch and partially eaten, since they are too heavy to be carried whole to the nest. Red brocket deer, a species commonly weighing over 30 kg (66 lb), have been reportedly predated and, in such cases, the eagle may have to tear it into pieces or feed on at the killing site rather than fly with as it would be too heavy. The Harpy have been recorded as taking domestic livestock, including chickens, lambs, goats and young pigs, but this is extremely rare under normal circumstances. They control population of mesopredators such as capuchin monkeys which prey extensively on bird's eggs and which (if not naturally controlled) may cause local extinctions of sensitive species.
The Harpy Eagle routinely takes prey weighing more than 7 kg (15 lb). The harpy eagle possess the largest talons of any living eagle. The Harpy's feet are extremely powerful and can exert a pressure of 42 kgf/cm² (4.1 MPa or 530 lbf/in2 or 400 N/cm2) with its talons. The Harpy Eagle has been recorded as lifting prey up to equal their own body weight. That allows the bird to snatch a live sloth from tree branches, as well as other huge prey items. Males usually take relatively smaller prey, with a typical range of 0.5 to 2.5 kg (1.1 to 5.5 lb) or about half their own weight. The larger females take larger prey, with a minimum recorded prey weight of around 2.7 kg (6.0 lb). Adult female Harpys regularly grab large male howler or spider monkeys or mature sloths weighing 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb) in flight and fly off without landing, an enormous feat of strength. Prey items taken to the nest by the parents are normally medium-sized, having been recorded from 1 to 4 kg (2.2 to 8.8 lb). The prey brought to the nest by males averaged 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), while the prey brought to the nest by females averaged 3.2 kg (7.1 lb).
Sometimes, Harpy Eagles are "sit-and-wait" predators (common in forest-dwelling raptors).[9] In Harpies, this consists of perching and watching for long time intervals from a high perch near an opening, a river or salt-lick (where many mammals go to feed for nutrients). The more common hunting technique of the species is perch-hunting, which consists of scanning around for prey activity while briefly perched between short flights from tree to tree. When prey is spotted, the eagle quickly dives and grabs the prey.[9] On occasion, Harpy Eagles may also hunt by flying within or above the canopy. They have also been observed tail-chasing, a predation style common to hawks that hunt birds, the Accipiters. This comprises the eagle pursuing another bird in flight, rapidly dodging among trees and branches, which requires both speed and agility.
Breeding
In ideal habitats, nests may be fairly close together. In some parts of Panama and Guyana, active nests were located 3 km (1.9 mi) away from one another, while they are within 5 km (3.1 mi) of each other in Venezuela. In Peru, the average distance between nests was 7.4 km (4.6 mi) and the average area occupied by each breeding pairs was estimated at 4,300 ha (11,000 acres). In less ideal areas, with fragemented forest, breeding territories were estimated at 25 km (16 mi). The female Harpy Eagle lays two white eggs in a large stick nest, which commonly measures 1.2 m (3.9 ft) deep and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across and may be used over several years. Nests are located high up in a tree, usually in the main fork, at 16 to 43 m (52 to 141 ft), depending on the stature of the local trees. The harpy often builds its nest in the crown of the kapok tree, one of the tallest trees in South America. In many South American cultures it is considered bad luck to cut down the kapok tree, which may help safeguard the habitat of this stately eagle.[39] The bird also uses other huge trees to build its nest on, such as the Brazil nut tree. A nesting site found in the Brazilian Pantanal was built on a Cambará tree (Vochysia divergens).
There is no known display between pairs of eagles and they are believed to mate for life. A pair of Harpy Eagles usually only raise one chick every 2–3 years. After the first chick hatches, the second egg is ignored and normally fails to hatch unless the first egg perishes. The egg is incubated for around 56 days. When the chick is 36 days old, it can stand and walk awkwardly. The chick fledges at the age of 6 months, but the parents continue to feed it for another 6 to 10 months. The male captures much of the food for the incubating female and later the eaglet, but will also take an incubating shift while the female forages and also brings prey back to the nest. Breeding maturity is not reached until birds are 4 to 6 years of age. Adults can be aggressive toward humans who disturb the nesting site or appear to be a threat to its young.
Status and conservation
Although the Harpy Eagle still occurs over a considerable range, its distribution and populations have dwindled considerably. It is threatened primarily by habitat loss provoked by the expansion of logging, cattle ranching, agriculture and prospecting. Secondarily, it is threatened by being hunted as an actual threat to livestock and/or a supposed one to human life, due to its great size. Although not actually known to predate humans and only rarely a predator of domestic stock, the species' large size and nearly fearless behavior around humans reportedly make it an "irresistible target" for hunters. Such threats apply throughout its range, in large parts of which the bird has become a transient sight only: in Brazil, it was all but totally wiped out from the Atlantic rainforest and is only found in numbers in the most remote parts of the Amazon Basin; a Brazilian journalistic account of the mid-1990s already complained that at the time it was only found in numbers, in Brazilian territory, on the northern side of the Equator. Scientific 1990s records, however, suggest that the Harpy Atlantic Forest population may be migratory. Subsequent research in Brazil has established that, as of 2009, the Harpy Eagle, outside the Brazilian Amazon, is critically endangered in Espírito Santo, São Paulo and Paraná, endangered in Rio de Janeiro, and probably extirpated in Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais – the actual size of their total population in Brazil is unknown.
Globally, The Harpy Eagle is considered Near Threatened by IUCN[1] and threatened with extinction by CITES (appendix I). The Peregrine Fund until recently considered it a "conservation-dependent species", meaning it depends on a dedicated effort for captive breeding and release to the wild as well as habitat protection in order to prevent it from reaching endangered status but now has accepted the Near Threatened status. The Harpy Eagle is considered critically endangered in Mexico and Central America, where it has been extirpated in most of its former range: in Mexico, it used to be found as far North as Veracruz, but today probably occurs only in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque. It is considered as Near Threatened or Vulnerable in most of the South American portion of its range: at the Southern extreme of its range, in Argentina, it's found only in the Parana Valley forests at the province of Misiones. It has disappeared from El Salvador, and almost so from Costa Rica.
National initiatives
Various initiatives for restoration of the species are currently afoot in various countries: Since 2002, Peregrine Fund initiated a conservation and research program for the Harpy Eagle in the Darién Province, Panama. A similar—and grander, given the dimensions of the countries involved—research project is currently occurring in Brazil, at the National Institute of Amazonian Research, through which 45 known nesting locations (presently updated to 62, only three outside the Amazonian Basin and all three presently inactive) are being monitored by researchers and volunteers from local communities. A Harpy Eagle chick has been fitted with a radio transmitter that allows it to be tracked for more than three years via a satellite signal sent to INPE (Brazilian National Institute for Space Research). Also, a photographic recording of a nest site in the Carajás National Forest is presently being made by the photographer for the Brazilian edition of National Geographic Magazine João Marcos Rosa.
In Belize, there exists The Belize Harpy Eagle Restoration Project. It began in 2003 with the collaboration of Sharon Matola, Founder & Director of The Belize Zoo and The Peregrine Fund. The goal of this project was the reestablishment of the Harpy Eagle within Belize. The population of the eagle declined as a result of forest fragmentation, shooting, and nest destruction, resulting in near extirpation of the species. Captive bred Harpy Eagles were released in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize, chosen for its quality forest habitat and linkages with Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat linkage with Guatemala and Mexico were important for conservation of quality habitat and the Harpy Eagle on a regional level. As of November 2009, fourteen Harpy Eagles have been released and are monitored by the Peregrine Fund, through satellite telemetry.
In January 2009, a chick from the all but extirpated population in the Brazilian state of Paraná was hatched in captivity at the preserve kept at the vicinity of the Itaipu dam by the Brazilian/Paraguayan state-owned company Itaipu Binacional. In September 2009, an adult female, after being kept captive for twelve years in a private reservation, was fitted with a radiotransmitter before being restored to the wild in the vicinity of the Pau Brasil National Park (formerly Monte Pascoal NP), in the State of Bahia.
In December 2009, a 15th Harpy Eagle was released into the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize. The release was set to tie in with the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, in Copenhagen. The 15th eagle, nicknamed "Hope," by the Peregrine officials in Panama, was the "poster child" for forest conservation in Belize, a developing country, and the importance of these activities in relation to global warming and climate change. The event received coverage from Belize's major media entities, and was supported and attended by the U.S. Ambassador to Belize, Vinai Thummalapally, and British High Commissioner to Belize, Pat Ashworth.
In Colombia, as of 2007, a couple of Harpies composed of an adult male and a subadult female confiscated from wildlife trafficking were restored to the wild and monitored in Paramillo National Park in Córdoba, another couple being kept in captivity at a research center for breeding and eventual release. A monitoring effort with the help of volunteers from local Native American communities is also afoot in Ecuador, including the joint sponsorship of various Spanish universities—this effort being similar to another one going on since 1996 in Peru, centered around a Native Community in the Tambopata Province, Madre de Dios Region. Another monitoring project, begun in 1992, was operating as of 2005 in the state of Bolívar, Venezuela.
I do not know if this is Allan J. DeLay himself or a coworker. The photo prints on the shelf may indicate that he is a photojournalist.
From a set of 23 negatives of "Junior Optimists", a group of juvenile scouts during training and boxing. The negatives were in an envelope that was signed with "06. Feb - June 1951"
The photographer was probably Allan J. Delay (de Lay)
“Reporter” box camera made in Germany. It takes 6x6 cm picture on 120 roll film. F=8 cm, f/9.5, fixfocus, yellow filter,
Photos are tagged reporter box.
This photo is used here: camera-wiki.org/wiki/Linden_Reporter
“Bassano Sposi Reporters" è una equipe creata da "Franco Ferri Mala PhotoTeam". Un Team professionale per i Vostri servizi Fotografici. Siamo a Bassano del Grappa in Via Museo 35, Tel.0424.220798- Cell.346.8872914.
mail: francoferrimala56@gmail.com
facebook: business.facebook.com/Sposi-Reporters-654734891378196/?bu...
Realizziamo Matrimoni professionali Memorabili.
Located on the last of the Solid Cold reefers to roll thru early last year on the way to the scrap yard.
Benched in Southern California
mais imagens: Álbum Foto-Repórter =>
www.flickr.com/photos/wilsonhouck/sets/72157634629050510/
mais imagens: google-panoramio =>
These reporters have been held hostage for over 500 days. Quite a compelling way of bringing the point home--taking over public places and making them look like prisoners.
“Bassano Sposi Reporters" è una equipe creata da "Franco Ferri Mala PhotoTeam". Un Team professionale per i Vostri servizi Fotografici. Siamo a Bassano del Grappa in Via Museo 35, Tel.0424.220798- Cell.346.8872914.
mail: francoferrimala56@gmail.com
facebook: business.facebook.com/Sposi-Reporters-654734891378196/?bu...
Realizziamo Matrimoni professionali Memorabili.
Flickr hasn't fixed the problem of random photos not showing up in people's activity feeds but I'm going to resume posting from last year's Pennsylvania and Ohio trip.
The Observer-Reporter is a daily newspaper based in Washington, Pennsylvania. It's been around since 1902 and has a pretty neat sign and clock on their building.