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La Torre del Oro de Sevilla es una torre albarrana situada en el margen izquierdo del río Guadalquivir, en la ciudad de Sevilla, comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, España, junto a la plaza de toros de la Maestranza. Su altura es de 36 metros. Posiblemente su nombre en árabe era Bury al-dahab, Borg al Azahar, o Borg-al-Azaja en referencia a su brillo dorado que se reflejaba sobre el río. Durante las obras de restauración de 2005, se demostró que este brillo, que hasta entonces una falsa leyenda atribuía a un revestimiento de azulejos, era debido a una mezcla de mortero de cal y paja prensada.
Es una torre formada por tres cuerpos, El primer cuerpo, dodecagonal, fue construido entre 1220 y 1221 por orden del gobernador almohade de Sevilla, Abù l-Ulà. En cuanto al segundo cuerpo, también dodecagonal fue mandado construir por Pedro I el cruel en el siglo XIV, una hipótesis que ha quedado confirmada por los estudios arqueológicos. Por último el cuerpo superior, cilíndrico y rematado en cúpula dorada, fue construido en 1760 por el ingeniero militar Sebastián Van der Borcht tras el terremoto de Lisboa de 1755.
Fue declarada monumento histórico-artístico en 1931 y ha sido restaurada varias veces. En la Edad Contemporánea fue restaurada en 1900, entre 1991 y 1992, en 1995 y en 2005. En su conservación ha sido importante la labor de la Armada. Se encuentra en buen estado de conservación y alberga el Museo Naval de Sevilla.
Comienza su construcción el 30 de marzo de 1220, siendo terminada el 24 de febrero de 1221, casi un año después. Con su construcción se dio por completado el sistema defensivo de la ciudad almohade y fue el punto más importante, ya que defendía al puerto. Fue construida por orden del gobernador almohade de Sevilla, Abù l-Ulà. Cerraba el paso al Arenal mediante un tramo de muralla que la unía con la Torre de la Plata y a través de la actual calle Santander con la Torre de Abd el Aziz o Torre de Santo Tomás, y de allí al Alcázar. Formando parte de las murallas de Sevilla que defendían la ciudad y el Real Alcázar.
En cuanto a la cimentación de la torre, esta consiste en una losa de hormigón de cal con un espesor de unos 5 m. (desde la cota +3m. a la cota -2m.). Dicha cimentación se apoya sobre un terreno blando, pues es una zona aluvial muy cercana al propio río por lo que en su cimentación se añadió madera de pino para darle mayor consistencia. Además de estos 5 metros de cimentación iniciales, en 1760 tras las obras de restauración efectuadas por los desperfectos que ocasionó el llamado terremoto de Lisboa, se macizó como cimentación la planta baja de la torre, lo que supone un aumento de 6 metros. Por ello, actualmente la Torre del Oro cuenta con unos 11 metros de cimentación.
Existe una tradición que dice que, se extendió desde su basamento una gruesa cadena sobre el río hasta otra torre ubicada en la actual calle Fortaleza, situada al otro lado del río, en el actual barrio de Triana; dicha leyenda es falsa ya que la La calle Fortaleza en la orilla de Triana recibe ese nombre en el s. XIX, anteriormente denominada calle Limones, por otro lado y con más acierto, en las Crónicas realizadas por Alfonso X el Sabio, donde describe al detalle la toma de la ciudad de Sevilla, solo se menciona una cadena, la que sujetaba el conjunto de barcas que formaba el puente que unía la orilla de Sevilla y la de Triana, que unía además la ciudad con el castillo, conocido posteriormente como Castillo de San Jorge, en la orilla de Triana.
La flota castellana mandada por el almirante Ramón de Bonifaz, que en dos ocasiones los documentos de la época lo definen como un "ome de Burgos" y "un burgalés de Burgos", rompió el puente en 1248 remontando el río, mientras las tropas de Fernando III de Castilla sitiaban la ciudad. Este pasaje histórico protagonizado por marinos asturianos y cántabros al servicio de la marina castellana quedó inmortalizado en los escudos de Avilés y de las Cuatro Villas de la Costa de Cantabria (Laredo, Castro-Urdiales, Santander y San Vicente de la Barquera) y fue posteriormente incorporado al escudo de Cantabria. En ellos se representa la Torre del Oro y un barco junto a las cadenas rotas.
Tras ser conquistada, se utilizó como capilla dedicada a San Isidoro de Sevilla. Después se utilizó como prisión.
Se llamó Torre del Oro desde la época almohade, el propio Alfonso X cuando narra la conquista de Sevilla ya la nombra como Torre del Oro, claramente por el brillo producto del mortero de cal y paja prensada que presentaba.
A pesar de ello, existen varias teorías sobre el nombre del edificio, todas leyendas sin ninguna prueba consistente y por tanto falsas. Muestra de estas leyendas falsas son, por un lado, en el siglo XVI, un cronista llamado Luis de Peraza dice que la torre se encontraba cubierta de azulejos que brillaban con la luz del Sol. El mismo cronista añade que el rey Pedro I guardó en la torre tesoros de oro y plata, cabe destacar que esta es una de las leyendas más destacada y conocida. Pedro López de Ayala también habla de que en dicha torre Pedro I guardaba tesoros en monedas de oro y plata. Dada la proximidad de la torre al Muelle de la Aduana durante la conquista de América es habitual decir que se llamaba así porque en ella se almacenaba el oro de América, pero el oro se guardaba en una estancia de la Casa de la Contratación (Cuarto del Tesoro) y era procesado en la Casa de la Moneda, a varios metros de allí.
En el siglo XVI presentaba un estado ruinoso, por lo que se realizó una obra de consolidación. La torre fue dañada gravemente por el terremoto de Lisboa de 1755, tras lo cual el Marqués de Monte Real propuso su demolición para ensanchar el paseo de coches de caballos y hacer más recto el acceso al puente de Triana; sin embargo, ese proyecto no llegó a realizarse por la oposición del pueblo de Sevilla, que llegaron a anunciárselo al rey, quien intervino. En 1760 se arreglaron los desperfectos macizando la planta inferior de la torre, reforzándola con escombros y mortero, y dejando la puerta del paso de ronda de la muralla como puerta de acceso principal. Ese mismo año se construyó el cuerpo cilíndrico superior, obra del ingeniero militar Sebastián Van der Borcht, artífice también de la Real Fábrica de Tabacos de Sevilla. Estas obras cambiaron el aspecto de la torre respecto al que puede observarse en grabados.
La Revolución de 1868 fue otro momento crítico para la torre, pues los revolucionarios demolieron los lienzos de las murallas y los pusieron en venta, pero la oposición de los hispalenses logró que la torre no se destruyera.
Fue restaurada en 1900 por el ingeniero Carlos Halcón. El 10 de abril de 1923 la torre fue visitada por Alfonso XIII. El 21 de marzo de 1936 se dispuso la instalación en la torre el Museo Marítimo por orden del Ministerio de Marina. En septiembre de 1942 comenzaron las obras de restauración, durante las cuales se mejoraron el aspecto de la fachada y se habilitaron dos plantas para la exhibición del museo y la tercera para alojar investigadores. El 13 de agosto de 1992, en el contexto de la Exposición Universal de Sevilla, se hermanó la Torre del Oro con la Torre de Belem de Lisboa.
El museo se inauguró el 24 de julio de 1944, para lo cual se llevaron 400 piezas del Museo Naval de Madrid. El museo muestra en la actualidad (2008) diversos instrumentos antiguos de navegación y maquetas, además de documentos históricos, grabados y cartas náuticas; y relaciona de Sevilla con el río Guadalquivir y el mar. En 2005 fue nuevamente restaurada.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_del_Oro
The Torre del Oro (Arabic: بُرْج الذَّهَب burj ad̲h̲-d̲h̲ahab, English: "Tower of Gold") is a dodecagonal military watchtower in Seville, southern Spain. It was erected by the Almohad Caliphate in order to control access to Seville via the Guadalquivir river.
Constructed in the first third of the 13th century, the tower served as a prison during the Middle Ages. Its name comes from the golden shine it projected on the river, due to its building materials (a mixture of mortar, lime and pressed hay).
The tower is divided into three levels, the first level, dodecagonal, was built in 1220 by order of the Almohad governor of Seville, Abù l-Ulà; As for the second level, of only 8 meters, also dodecagonal, was built by Peter of Castile in the fourteenth century, a hypothesis that has been confirmed by archaeological studies; The third and uppermost being circular in shape was added after the previous third level, Almohad, was damaged by the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Rebuilding of the third level was made by Brusselian military engineer Sebastian Van der Borcht in 1760.
The Torre de la Plata, an octagonal tower, is located nearby, and is believed to have been constructed during the same era.
It is one of two anchor points for a large chain that would have been able to block the river. The other anchor-point has since been demolished or disappeared, possibly collapsing during the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The chain was used in the city's defense against the Castilian fleet under Ramón de Bonifaz in the 1248 Reconquista. Bonifaz broke the river defenses and isolated Seville from Triana.
The Tower of Gold was built 1220–1221, by order of the Almohad governor of Seville, Abu l-Ulà, with a twelve-sided base. It barred the way to the Arenal district with a section of wall joining it to the Tower of Silver, a part of the city walls that defended the Alcazar.
The tower was badly damaged by the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, and the Marquis of Monte Real proposed demolishing it to widen the way for horse-drawn coaches and straighten access to the bridge of Triana; however, the people of Seville objected and appealed to the king, who intervened. In 1760, the damage was repaired, with repairs to the bottom floor of the tower, reinforcement with rubble and mortar, and the creation of a new main access via the passageway to the path around the wall. That same year, the upper cylindrical body was built, a work of the military engineer Sebastian Van der Borcht, also architect of the Royal Tobacco Factory of Seville. These works changed the appearance of the tower as compared to what is seen in engravings from the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries.
The Revolution of 1868 brought another crisis to the tower as revolutionaries demolished the decorative facing of the walls and put it up for sale. Opposition from the citizens of Seville kept the tower from being destroyed, and in 1900 it was again restored, this time by engineer Carlos Halcón. On April 10, 1923, King Alfonso XIII visited the tower, and on March 21, 1936 the Maritime Museum was installed in the Tower by order of the Admiralty. In September 1942, more restoration work began. The appearance of the facade was improved, two floors were set up for museum display, and the third floor was prepared to house researchers. The museum held its grand opening on July 24, 1944, for which occasion 400 museum pieces were brought from the Naval Museum of Madrid.
On August 13, 1992, the Torre del Oro was made a brother to the Tower of Belem of Lisbon to celebrate the Universal Exposition in Seville. As of 2008 the museum displayed a variety of old navigational instruments and models, as well as historical documents, engravings, and nautical charts, relating Seville to the Guadalquivir River and the sea. The tower was again restored in 2005.
IMG_8447 f
Etaples Military Cemetery is the largest CWGC cemetery in France; During the First World War, the area became the largest British military base in the world with an extensive complex of reinforcement camps and hospitals. It contains over 11,500 casualties.
La Pagoda de la Colina del Tigre, conocida oficialmente como Pagoda de Yunyan, que a veces se traduce por Torre de Huqiu, es una pagoda china situada en la Colina del Tigre, en la ciudad de Suzhou, provincia de Jiangsu, en el este de China. Recibe el apodo de 'La torre inclinada de China'.
Era la pagoda del antiguo Templo de Yunian. Su construcción comenzó en 907 d. C., durante el último periodo de las Cinco Dinastías, cuando el Imperio de Wuyue gobernaba Suzhou, y se completó en 961 d. C., durante la Dinastía Song.
Los pisos superiores de la pagoda se crearon durante el reinado del emperador Chongzhen (1628-1644), el último emperador de la Dinastía Ming
La Pagoda de Yunyan presenta una altura de 47 metros; tiene siete pisos y es una muestra representativa de la arquitectura octogonal. Se construyó según la estructura de la masonería, que intentaba imitar las pagodas de madera predominantes en la época.
En más de un millar de años, la pagoda se ha ido inclinando gradualmente debido al desgaste natural. Actualmente la parte de arriba difiere unos 2,32 metros de la parte de abajo. Toda la estructura pesa 7000 toneladas, que se sostiene gracias a las columnas de ladrillo internas. Sin embargo, la pagoda se inclina aproximadamente tres grados por la rotura de dos columnas de apoyo.
La pagoda se inclina porque una parte de la base es tierra, mientras que la otra es piedra. Durante 1957, se llevó a cabo un plan para estabilizar el edificio y prevenir una futura tendencia a inclinarse, mediante el cual se introdujo hormigón en la tierra para hacer una base más sólida.
Durante el proceso de reforzamiento, se encontró un ataúd de piedra con escrituras budistas. El recipiente contenía una inscripción en la que se tenía en cuenta la fecha de finalización de la pagoda como el decimoséptimo día del duodécimo mes del segundo año de la era Jianlong (961 d. C.).
La Pagoda de Yunyan ha sido designada como Máximo Lugar Nacional, Histórico y Cultural de Jiangsu. El acceso público a la parte de arriba de la torre se vetó en septiembre de 2010.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagoda_de_la_Colina_del_Tigre
The Tiger Hill Pagoda, more officially the Yunyan Pagoda (Chinese: 云岩寺塔; pinyin: Yún yán sì tǎ), also sometimes translated as Huqiu Tower, is a Chinese pagoda situated on Tiger Hill in Suzhou city, Jiangsu Province of Eastern China. It is nicknamed the 'Leaning Tower of China'.
The primary pagoda of the former Yunyan Temple, which was founded in 327 and rebuilt for the last time in 1871. The temple suffered damage in successive wars and most of the temple was destroyed during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Some elements of the temple such as the formal entrance, the Yunyan Pagoda, and several other buildings and smaller shrines have survived, and now stand as landmarks throughout Tiger Hill Park.
Construction of the pagoda began in 907 CE, during the later period of the Five Dynasties period, at a time when Suzhou was ruled by the Wuyue Kingdom. Construction was completed in 961 CE during the Song Dynasty.
The uppermost stories of the pagoda were built as an addition during the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor (1628–1644), the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
The Yunyan Pagoda rises to a height of 47 m (154 ft). The pagoda has seven stories and is octagonal in plan, and was built with a masonry structure designed to imitate wooden-structured pagodas prevalent at the time.
In more than a thousand years the pagoda has gradually slanted due to forces of nature. Now the top and bottom of the tower vary by 2.32 meters. The entire structure weighs some 7,000,000 kilograms (15,000,000 lb), supported by internal brick columns. However, the pagoda leans roughly 3 degrees due to the cracking of two supporting columns.
The pagoda leans because the foundation is originally half rock and the other half is on soil. In 1957, efforts were made to stabilize the pagoda and prevent further leaning. Concrete was also pumped into the soil forming a stronger foundation.
During the reinforcement process, a stone casket containing Buddhist scriptures was found. The container had an inscription noting the completion date of the pagoda as the seventeenth day of the twelfth month of the second year of the Jianlong era (961 CE).
The Yunyan Pagoda is a designated Major National Historical and Cultural Site in Jiangsu. As of September 2010, public access to the top of the tower is no longer allowed.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Hill_Pagoda
www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/jiangsu/suzhou/tiger_...
Something totally different for Fence Friday today. I have had to crop this fairly strongly as I didn't have the long lens with me when I saw this Pied Butcherbird with chicken fencing wire on top of the water tower in Cloncurry in North West Queensland. Just what fence it was off to fix, I don't know. Perhaps second thoughts prevailed as it was dropped before flying off. It would have made some nice reinforcement for a nest. Happy Fence Friday all.
86608+86609 pass some reinforcement work? at Church Brampton whilst working 4M87 11.13 Felixtowe to Trafford Park liner
The Netherlands-Marken
Morning atmosphere near the Rozewerf neighborhood on the former island Marken. In the course of this year major dike reinforcement works will take place here. Once more, I wanted to capture the present, picturesque situation. Also visible is lake Marken and in the background another neighborhood Moeniswerf as well as the Marken lighthouse. Image made with kite and camera, attached to the kite's line. © Tom Kisjes
FS (Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane) 405 011 and a sister (build by Adtranz and Bombardier) with a 1800 tons reinforcement steel train from Verona towards Brenner photographed in Peri station. (Venetien / Italy)
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© Andreas Berdan - no unauthorized copying permitted
Scotland’s Glenfinnan Viaduct dates from 1898. It is constructed of mass concrete, that is, without iron or steel reinforcement.
The male had just dropped of some nest reinforcement. After a few words off he went to look for more. The female is sitting on eggs already. County of Sturgeon
Taken at 276 meters away in the evening last light.
In the world the barbacan (or barbican) is a medieval defensive structure, which served as a work of support, reinforcement or additional protection to the boundary wall or the actual fortress. The Venetians, travellers, observed and brought these inventions to the city, revisiting them. And from this comes the genius! These support structures were intelligently reinvented for the Venetian houses, but not as defensive works but to enlarge the living spaces without restricting the narrow streets that were already narrow in themselves.
The barbacans are in particular beams, made of wood or stone, which emerge on the first floor from the facade of the building. In this way, the first floor and all the upper floors have a larger usable area than that available on the ground floor.
At the same time, the barbacans provide weather protection for pedestrians and for commercial activities on the ground floor. Ingenious!
The Republic of Venice established a maximum limit for the width of the barbacans. There were essentially two reasons for this. The first was to avoid that the distance between two buildings facing each other was too small because otherwise it favoured the spread of fires, which were very frequent at the time. The second reason was to ensure sufficient brightness and wholesomeness in the case of the narrowest alleys, while avoiding blocking the arrival of sunlight. To this end, in the Rialto area, precisely in Calle della Madonna, a “barbican sample” in Istrian stone was made, still visible today, bearing the inscription “PER LA IVRIDICIOM DI BARBACANI” (FOR THE IVRIDICIOM OF BARBACANI). This sample barbican defined the maximum permitted projection size for this type of structure.
Digitalisiertes Bild (Kodak Ektar 200)
21. Juli 1997: Der BLS-Triebwagen ABDe 4/8 748 fährt mit einem Verstärkungswagen zwischen Kumm und Einigen in Richtung Thun.
July 21, 1997: The BLS railcar ABDe 4/8 748 runs with a reinforcement car between Kumm and Einigen in the direction of Thun.
The reinforcement of the prestressed concrete ceiling of the pavilion de Portugal is exposed at each end. In sunshine this results in a beautiful shadow play.
Camperduin
Netherlands
Coastal Reinforcement work
In 2006 new scientific data revealed that waves along the Dutch coast possessed more energy and - in cases of a super storm - could run up higher on the Hondsbossche and Pettemer sea dike then always had been assumed. As a result the possible occurences of up rolling waves overtopping the sea dike doubled.
The sea dike no longer met the safety criteria to withstand a possible super storm on the North Sea to occur once in 10.000 years.
Following five years of studies and consultations with the local community, it was decided to reduce the overtopping by creating a beach in front of the sea dike.
The main advantage of a beach is an optional extra reinforced - by sand suppletion - in case of further sea level rise. Additionally the new beach is expected to generate more tourism, stimulating the local economy. The replenishment activities will be carried out with four trailing suction hopper dredgers depositing 40 million cubic meters of sand sourced from sea.
With the new year upon us, many people will vow to make changes. Resolutions are many, but most don’t withstand the test of time. Following through means having the resolve to follow a new plan, to physically and emotionally make different decisions and walk a different path. If you want to be successful, consider making resolutions that you know you can live with. Make a change that will bring you joy and positive reinforcement. Once done, put your foot down and resolve to follow through each and every day. Do you have a resolution? If so, share it with us. Mine is to pick up my profession where it was harshly and disrespectfully disrupted.
Did you know that elephants use their feet to kick clumps of grasses loose before pulling them out with their trunks? As a result, the job of uprooting the vegetation is completed more easily. A soft breeze blowing across the meadow carries the dust and debris downwind. #Elephants. www.danieldauria.com
King Kieran knows he's top cat.
Taken at Golden Gardens Park in Seattle, WA.
Kieran is a retired showbiz/commerical ads kitty who has learned more than a few dozen behaviours (aka tricks) via positive reinforcement training. Waving is one of his more favourite tricks he does to win the hearts of his royal fandom.
The 1964 completed Forth Road Bridge taken in the early 1990s before being superseded by the new Queensferry Crossing now existing to the left of this bridge. The piling shown at the two tower bases is the start of work to reinforce and better protect the structure. This was done not long after an accident in Sweden where a ship had struck a similar bridge with the road deck collapsing into the river.
Photo taken from South Queensferry looking north towards Fife.
Red light from the US in Paris Climate Agreement.
A changing attitude in China towards climate control ? Is this an unexpected reinforcement of the green movement ?
The Aerial Enforcer is a multipurpose assistance frigate that can carry a large range of missions, from military reinforcement to medical assistance.
It carries 4 standard Blacktron pods and one advanced pod. Those can be deployed to assist Blacktron forces in battle or recover equipments or spacecraft that have lost their pods.
The Aerial Enforcer can also transport some Universal Pod Enhancement (UPE). The UPE attach to a pods, giving him new abilities, like more firepower, speed, detection sensors, etc. The UPE loaded on the frigate depends on its mission.
It also carries a landing module that can be filled with the needed equipment. The module is unmaned and needs a pod to reach the surface. Once on the ground, the module will deploy a sentinel rover for protection until the Blacktron troops can reach it.
My second entry to Brick Pirate challenge. I had a lot of fun building this Blacktron 2 ship. I wanted to keep lots of the BT2 features while using a modern building style. The pods were the obvious part, I had to include them as the major playing feature.
I've been struggling with the voices of others imprinted in my memory, people that tell you you can or you can't... I hear a lot more negative reinforcement in my real life (vs. flickr)...
I realized last night that no matter what you do, some of those people, no matter how important they are to you, you will never achieve their approval, no matter how much money you make, no matter how much you care about them, they attempt to stomp on your dreams. They judge you and try to make you feel small...
I realize now it is a choice to allow them to make you feel that way...
It's not about you, it's about them.
And bless their heart for not knowing the pain and suffering they've caused others, especially if they treat their children that way...
I wonder if they take a personal inventory at the end of the day...
This is the reinforcing of an embankment in the port of Lyttelton, which partly collapsed in the Christchurch earthquakes. They are using the same equipment as used for blowing up rock faces to mend them.
This one, believed to be the male, bringing home some reinforcement material while the female was sitting with the chick.
I was amazed how powerful he is with that long stick in mid air.
The stick was too long to be fully in the frame.
Click the image to view large.
Classic plastic at the Bijou Planks...
As the Panzergrenadier approaches, the US platoon knows that once they are spotted they'll be easy prey for the German forces. They ready themselves as radio calls for reinforcements go out.
Town by town, it's a grim and brutal fight.
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A year of the shows and performers of the Bijou Planks Theater.