Created with cinema 4d, Redshift and j-wildfire

Balanced, sliced refractions thru digital concave glass.

NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has established an extraordinary new benchmark: detecting the light of a star that existed within the first billion years after the universe’s birth in the big bang – the farthest individual star ever seen to date.

 

The find is a huge leap further back in time from the previous single-star record holder; detected by Hubble in 2018. That star existed when the universe was about 4 billion years old, or 30 percent of its current age, at a time that astronomers refer to as “redshift 1.5.” Scientists use the word “redshift” because as the universe expands, light from distant objects is stretched or “shifted” to longer, redder wavelengths as it travels toward us.

 

The newly detected star is so far away that its light has taken 12.9 billion years to reach Earth, appearing to us as it did when the universe was only 7 percent of its current age, at redshift 6.2. The smallest objects previously seen at such a great distance are clusters of stars, embedded inside early galaxies.

 

“We almost didn’t believe it at first, it was so much farther than the previous most-distant, highest redshift star,” said astronomer Brian Welch of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, lead author of the paper describing the discovery, which is published in the March 30 journal Nature. The discovery was made from data collected during Hubble’s RELICS (Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey) program, led by co-author Dan Coe at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), also in Baltimore.

 

“Normally at these distances, entire galaxies look like small smudges, with the light from millions of stars blending together,” said Welch. “The galaxy hosting this star has been magnified and distorted by gravitational lensing into a long crescent that we named the Sunrise Arc.”

 

After studying the galaxy in detail, Welch determined that one feature is an extremely magnified star that he called Earendel, which means “morning star” in Old English. The discovery holds promise for opening up an uncharted era of very early star formation.

 

Upper left galaxy cluster creates a gravitational lens. Faint red arc bisects image (upper right to lower left). 3 bright spots in the arc, center one is Earendel. The spots on either side are mirrored images of a star cluster.

This detailed view highlights the star Earendel's position along a ripple in space-time (dotted line) that magnifies it and makes it possible for the star to be detected over such a great distance—nearly 13 billion light-years. Also indicated is a cluster of stars that is mirrored on either side of the line of magnification. The distortion and magnification are created by the mass of a huge galaxy cluster located in between Hubble and Earendel. The mass of the galaxy cluster is so great that it warps the fabric of space, and looking through that space is like looking through a magnifying glass—along the edge of the glass or lens, the appearance of things on the other side are warped as well as magnified.

Credits: Science: NASA, ESA, Brian Welch (JHU), Dan Coe (STScI); Image processing: NASA, ESA, Alyssa Pagan (STScI)

“Earendel existed so long ago that it may not have had all the same raw materials as the stars around us today,” Welch explained. “Studying Earendel will be a window into an era of the universe that we are unfamiliar with, but that led to everything we do know. It’s like we’ve been reading a really interesting book, but we started with the second chapter, and now we will have a chance to see how it all got started,” Welch said.

 

When Stars Align

The research team estimates that Earendel is at least 50 times the mass of our Sun and millions of times as bright, rivaling the most massive stars known. But even such a brilliant, very high-mass star would be impossible to see at such a great distance without the aid of natural magnification by a huge galaxy cluster, WHL0137-08, sitting between us and Earendel. The mass of the galaxy cluster warps the fabric of space, creating a powerful natural magnifying glass that distorts and greatly amplifies the light from distant objects behind it.

 

Thanks to the rare alignment with the magnifying galaxy cluster, the star Earendel appears directly on, or extremely close to, a ripple in the fabric of space. This ripple, which is defined in optics as a “caustic,” provides maximum magnification and brightening. The effect is analogous to the rippled surface of a swimming pool creating patterns of bright light on the bottom of the pool on a sunny day. The ripples on the surface act as lenses and focus sunlight to maximum brightness on the pool floor.

 

This caustic causes the star Earendel to pop out from the general glow of its home galaxy. Its brightness is magnified a thousandfold or more. At this point, astronomers are not able to determine if Earendel is a binary star, though most massive stars have at least one smaller companion star.

 

Confirmation with Webb

Astronomers expect that Earendel will remain highly magnified for years to come. It will be observed by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Webb’s high sensitivity to infrared light is needed to learn more about Earendel, because its light is stretched (redshifted) to longer infrared wavelengths due to the universe’s expansion.

 

“With Webb we expect to confirm Earendel is indeed a star, as well as measure its brightness and temperature,” Coe said. These details will narrow down its type and stage in the stellar lifecycle. "We also expect to find the Sunrise Arc galaxy is lacking in heavy elements that form in subsequent generations of stars. This would suggest Earendel is a rare, massive metal-poor star,” Coe said.

 

Earendel’s composition will be of great interest for astronomers, because it formed before the universe was filled with the heavy elements produced by successive generations of massive stars. If follow-up studies find that Earendel is only made up of primordial hydrogen and helium, it would be the first evidence for the legendary Population III stars, which are hypothesized to be the very first stars born after the big bang. While the probability is small, Welch admits it is enticing all the same.

 

“With Webb, we may see stars even farther than Earendel, which would be incredibly exciting,” Welch said. “We’ll go as far back as we can. I would love to see Webb break Earendel’s distance record.”

 

The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA (European Space Agency). NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore, Maryland, conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy in Washington, D.C.

 

For more information: www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/record-broken-hubble-sp...

Happy Easter! Created with Cinema 4D + Redshift

An interesting interaction which resulted in some rather long tidal streams outstretched from a spiral galaxy like arms. I'm not sure they could be considered as part of the arms or just streams.

 

I used Dark Energy Survey DR1 for color. Not quite sure on the filters for that. Will have to update the description when I figure it out, but it looks like a typical combination of near-infrared / red / green filters. I took the image straight off legacysurvey.org's viewer since I'm having trouble getting data access. Seems my email isn't working tonight.

 

If you take a look at the DES DR1 data in the legacysurvey viewer you can see there is a transient of some type near the center of the spiral galaxy. Could be a supernova, or it could just be a sneaky asteroid. It's hard to tell without a date/time for the observation that captured the transient, though.

 

NASA/ESA/DES DR1/Legacy Survey/Judy Schmidt

 

HST Proposal:

Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems

 

Luminosity: ACS/WFC F606W

Red: DES DR1 z

Green: DES DR1 r

Blue: DES DR1 g

 

North is 25.17° counter-clockwise from up.

Horizontal or vertical

This 2004 composite image shows views of the galaxy cluster MACSJ1423, using optical and X-ray telescopes. The optical image, a 3-color composite from the Subaru prime focus camera, shows white and blue galaxies centered around a large elliptical galaxy. The Chandra X-ray image shows hot gas displayed in red. The mass of the hot gas is about 6 times greater than the mass of all the billions of stars in all of the galaxies in the cluster. This galaxy cluster have a redshift of 0.54, at a distance corresponding to a light travel time of 5.4 billion years.

 

Image credit: Optical: NAOJ/Subaru/H. Ebeling; X-Ray: NASA/CXC/IoA/S.Allen et al.)

 

#NASA #MarshallSpaceFlightCenter #MSFC #Marshall #ChandraX-RayObservatory #cxo #galaxycluster #galaxy

 

Read more

 

More about the Chandra X-ray Observatory

 

NASA Media Usage Guidelines

Redshift Render.

Data from the following proposal is used to create this image:

Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems

 

All channels: ACS/WFC F606W

 

North is 122.03° counter-clockwise from up.

Revisiting our old friend IC 5063, this time with a bit of color, clearly revealing the emission line features emerging nearly perpendicular from the crepuscular rays. These features, in cyan, are most easily viewed zoomed in on the nucleus. They are thought to be formed by the actively accreting supermassive black hole in the center of the galaxy. In this case, the black hole may have a dark "donut" of dust around its equatorial axis, and the extremely bright light creates ionizing cones and jets of material out of the polar axis.

 

The processing here is not only extreme, but also a combination of data from two separate HST snapshot proposals, and the wondrous Legacy Survey DR9 release. I used my hacky Photoshop subtraction model to clearly reveal the center of the galaxy in the Hubble data, while the outer parts are partially filled using the LS DR9 imagery, more smoothly and confidently illustrating the galaxy's outer tidal structures.

 

Hubble image coverage is incomplete; some sections contain only one filter/color.

 

Attribution: NASA / ESA / Aaron Barth / Julianne Dalcanton / DECaM Legacy Survey / Judy Schmidt

 

Data from the following proposals comprise this image:

An ACS Schedule Gap Imaging Survey of Nearby Active Galaxies

Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems

 

Hubble data:

Red: ACS/WFC F814W

Green: Pseudo

Blue: ACS/WFC F606W

 

Legacy Survey data:

Red: DECam z (near-infrared)

Green: DECam r (visible red)

Blue: DECam g (visible green)

 

The pixel scale for the original size PNG image is 0.03962" per pixel.

 

North is 3.29° clockwise from up.

M106 (NGC 4258) est une galaxie spirale intermédiaire située dans la constellation des Chiens de chasse à 23,5 ± 1,0 millions d'années-lumière. M106 a été découvert par l'astronome français Pierre Méchain en 1781. Apparemment, Charles Messier n'a ni observé ni enregistré cette galaxie dans son catalogue. C'est l'astronome américano-canadienne Helen Sawyer Hogg qui a ajouté NGC 3379, NGC 4258 et l'amas globulaire NGC 6171 au catalogue Messier sous les désignations M105, M106 et M107.

 

NGC 4258 a été utilisé par Gérard de Vaucouleurs comme une galaxie de type morphologique (R')SAB(rs)b dans son atlas des galaxies.

 

La classe de luminosité de M106 est II-III et elle présente une large raie HI ainsi qu'un jet d'ondes radio. De plus, c'est une galaxie LINER, c'est-à-dire une galaxie dont le noyau présente un spectre d'émission caractérisé par de larges raies d'atomes faiblement ionisés. Enfin, M106 est une galaxie active de type Seyfert.

 

Près d'une centaine de mesures non basées sur le décalage vers le rouge (redshift) donnent une distance de 7,271 ± 0,980 Mpc (23,7 ± 3,2 millions d'années-lumière), ce qui est semblable et à l'intérieur des distances calculées en employant la valeur du décalage (6,26 ±0,47 Mpc). Il existe cependant une mesure encore plus précise de sa distance, soit 7,2 ± 0,3 Mpc, grâce à la présence d'un mégamaser à vapeur d'eau dans la galaxie.

 

Lunette TS 86/464 Quadruplet APO astrographe

Réducteur Televue x0.80

Focale 371mm à F 4.3

Monture EQ6 Pro

Autoguidage Lunette Orion 50mm Guide Scope 163mm

Camera Starshoot Autoguider

Imageur ZWO ASI2600MM Pro

Roue à FiltreZWO 7*36MM

Filtre Baader L, R, V, B ,S2, Ha et O3

 

Sky Quality 19.95

Magnitude CLASS 5 Bortle

  

SGP SEQUENCE GENERATOR PRO, SIRIL et UWE ASTRO TOOLS

 

R 40*2 min

V 40*2 min

B 40*2 min et

L 80*2 minutes

TOTAL 6H40

  

 

SOS 1

Martin Place has a magical corridoor that transports your mind as well...

 

Olympus OM-1 w M.Zuiko 7-14/2.8 Pro

 

ISO800 f/11 7mm

 

Single frame raw developed in DxO PhotoLab 8, colour graded in Nik 7 Color Efex and finised off back in PhotoLab.

These are the most distant galaxies from us (at about 12 million light years) that do not show redshift. The expansion of space, or Hubble flow, kicks in at about that distance for all galaxies. M81 (on the left) is gravitationally disturbing M82 (on the right). These tidal interactions have increased the star formation rate in M82, and we can see hydrogen streaming out of the center of that galaxy in response to the rapid star formation.

 

I've shot this pair from Joshua Tree and Death Valley, and probably a few other places. The RGB data is from 47 sub frames of various exposures lengths, but generally good quality. The Atik 314L+ color CCD in combination with the Hyperstar has done well there. But now I can add Hα from my driveway, so I did. An additional 15 5 min exposures with the Atik 414-EX and hydrogen alpha filter. Thank you to Light Vortex Astronomy for providing instructions on how to combine the data.

 

All images taken with a Celestron Edge HD 925 at f/2.3 with HyperStar. Preprocessing in Nebulosity; registration, stacking, combining data, and processing in PixInsight; final touches in Photoshop.

Two remarkably smooth galaxies performing the gravitationally choreographed merger dance with no apparent dust or star formation regions to be seen. Structural organization indicates discoid morphology for both with arms and a bar on the western member, but one wonders whether any disc will remain when things settle into their new order.

 

Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems

 

All Channels: ACS/WFC F606W

 

North is 32.71° clockwise from up.

I was going to call this "One Shift, Two Shift, Redshift, Blueshift" as a, you know, tribute to the expanding universe and all that... but I didn't because it was too expansive.

 

[apologies to Dr. Seuss]

----------------------------

Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media

without my explicit permission.

© All rights reserved

----------------------------

Translucent shift.

Dotted across the sky in the constellation of Pictor (The Painter’s Easel) is the galaxy cluster highlighted here by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope: SPT-CL J0615-5746, or SPT0615 for short. First discovered by the South Pole Telescope less than a decade ago, SPT0615 is exceptional among the myriad clusters so far catalogued in our map of the Universe — it is the highest-redshift cluster for which a full, strong lens model is published.

 

SPT0615 is a massive cluster of galaxies, one of the farthest observed to cause gravitational lensing. Gravitational lensing occurs when light from a background object is deflected around mass between the object and the observer. Among the identified background objects, there is SPT0615-JD, a galaxy that is thought to have emerged just 500 million years after the Big Bang. This puts it among the very earliest structures to form in the Universe. It is also the farthest galaxy ever imaged by means of gravitational lensing.

 

Just as ancient paintings can tell us about the period of history in which they were painted, so too can ancient galaxies tell us about the era of the Universe in which they existed. To learn about cosmological history, astronomers explore the most distant reaches of the Universe, probing ever further out into the cosmos. The light from distant objects travels to us from so far away that it takes an immensely long time to reach us, meaning that it carries information from the past — information about the time at which it was emitted.

 

By studying such distant objects, astronomers are continuing to fill the gaps in our picture of what the very early Universe looked like, and uncover more about how it evolved into its current state.

 

Credits: ESA/Hubble & NASA, I. Karachentsev et al., F. High et al.; CC BY 4.0

Been on flickr for 6 years and seen and admired, learnt from and been influenced by so many wonderful and talented photographers/artists in that time. I've become friends with quite a few. We've written, shared stuff about, not only photography, but also about how things were going in each of our lives. Four, in particular, have taught me a valuable lesson. And that's to look at the small things. The detail I wouldn't, in pursuit of my own thing, have noticed. The final one, Fran, gives me a whole lot more. Most of all is her patience with my photography obsession. I'd need to write a book about her and, fortunately for anybody reading this, I've no intention to go for a ramble down that particular road.

 

In no particular order they're :

www.flickr.com/photos/41066614@N05/ whose uniquely magical portrayals of the minutest details of the natural world continue to astonish and astound with their beauty.

 

www.flickr.com/photos/152305124@N02/ Brandon consistently finds and presents the beauty in the ordinary in his home town in Idaho. He's been doing it for years and I don't know how he continues. He has to know every building and every crack in every pavement of Pocatello. But it's there for everybody on flickr to look at and enjoy. Look out too for the gorgeous, tangentially rambling essays he sometimes adds to his images.

 

www.flickr.com/photos/dainj/ Redshift Rider, again, finds beauty in both the organic and man-made. His stuff and how he presents it, like others mentioned here, pushes the edges of his and the viewer's perception of the world.

 

www.flickr.com/photos/26729396@N00/ Peter's photos of flowers, in particular, blow me away every time. He uses old lenses, adapted for a digital camera, that capture the hearts of each of his subjects. He doesn't over-process them with any software apart from a raw converter. Neither does he add them to many flickr groups; so their audience is nowhere big enough for them to receive the attention and admiration they deserve.

 

I hope my descriptions of each of above (a) does them justice, and (b) doesn't cause them embarrassment.

The pic. above is my particular twist on everything I've written.

 

Geometric composition.

1988 Stephen Hawking, Carl Sagan, Sir Arthur C. Clark talking about big bang theory (same theme one of my abitur questions in 1985 was about) "God, The Universe and Everything Else" (youtube)

 

Matura Fragen Physik, Frage 1: "Die Kosmologie als ein Pol der gegenwärtigen physikalischen Forschungsfront: Erläutere die Urknalltheorie und den Weg ihrer Durchsetzung bis zu den gegenwärtigen offenen Fragen!"

handschriftliche Notizen zur Beantwortung: "Urknall Begriff von Gamow. Erkenntnis: Kosmos expandiert (Rotverschiebung entspricht Dopplereffekt - dazugehörige Zeichnung und Formeln)...."

 

Note: Sehr Gut

Großer Dank meinem Physik Professor in den letzten 2 Schuljahren Herrn Weber (das Weberlein :-))) ) - nicht wegen der Note, sondern für die Schulung in kritischem Denken und die Wissensvermittlung, die Aufforderung immer Fragen zu stellen und die Beantwortung aller Fragen

 

Humanistisches Gymnasium Rahlgasse: 1. Mädchengymnasium Österreichs. Im Rahmen des damaligen Kampfes der Frauenrechtlerinnen für den Zugang von Mädchen zu Hochschulreife und Universitätsstudium wurde 1888 ein Verein zur Einrichtung eines Mädchengymnasiums gebildet. Gegründet wurde dieses erste Mädchengymnasium dann 1892 von Margarete Hainisch

 

Doppler effect: acoustics and optics!

Dopplereffekt: Akustik und Optik.

Information about Austrian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach: "wikipedia English" / "wikipedia Deutsch"

 

Part of: "Weaving Diary Tapestry Aktion Tagebuch Teppich Tapisserie Tagebuch weben 365 days project 2: 2015 2016" 19. Februar 2016 - timeline zeitliche Abfolge golden thread goldener Faden: 1. 1. - 17. 1.. red thread roter Faden18. 1. - 9. 2., led lichterkette: ab 10. 2. Fastenbeginn - Esoterik Entlarvung Lichtnahrungsprozess // "res noscenda note notiz sketch skizze material sammlung collection entwurf design entwurfarbeit überlegung gedanke brainstorming musterbogen schnittmuster zwischenbilanz bestandsaufnahme rückschau vorschau" blauer Zweigelt ist rot

 

19. Februar 2016 #memoriam #memory #erinnerung #lebensmittel #food #wein #wine #fasten #nahrung #nahrungsmittel #morgen #abend #nacht #color #colour #farbe #färben #dye #cotton #baumwolle #wollefärben #pflanzenfarbe #pflanzenfärberei #färbepflanzen #line #linie #draughtsman #problem #stille #silence #improvisation #handwerk #weben #inhalt #form #aufzeichnen #loom #webstuhl #bau #construction #öffentlich #rede #einblick #anblick #weiß #white #work #arbeit #schaubild #linear #idee #konzept #überlegung #gedanke #unterlegung #private #privat #privateness #bilderzyklus #tapis #tapiz #tapistura #wandteppich #bildwirkerei #bildteppich #textilkunst #werkstatt #webatelier #teppich #review #preview #beobachtung #view #blick #hirn #gehirn #gehirnwindung #darm

This is my design for the LEGO Ideas logo contest. ideas.lego.com/challenges/24fd22ae-cf81-453e-b5d2-c7c6fd6...

Chambers.

My first wide field Galaxy photo, 6 months after getting my first Telescope (a small inexpensive GSO 6" Newtonian Reflector) .

 

Ancient light from a Galaxy far, far away (situated 11.42 million light years from Earth).

 

The Sculptor Galaxy, also known as the Silver Coin or Silver Dollar Galaxy (NGC 253), is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. It is a Starburst galaxy, which means that it is undergoing a period of intense star formation (well it was 11.42 million years ago, as the light took that long to reach us).

 

Recent research suggests the presence in the centre of this Galaxy of a Supermassive Black Hole, with a mass estimated to be 5 million times that of our Sun.

 

Photographed at the West Rand Astronomy Club's Annual Star Party at Mountain Sanctuary Park (North-West Province, South Africa). A special thank you to Neil Viljoen from "The Telescope Shop" for his assistance.

 

Astrometry info:

Center RA, Dec: 11.885, -25.297

Center RA, hms: 00h 47m 32.295s

Center Dec, dms: -25° 17' 48.899"

Size: 74.4 x 56.8 arcmin

Radius: 0.780 deg

Pixel scale: 4.36 arcsec/pixel

Orientation: Up is 18.2 degrees E of N

 

View the Annotated Astrometry Sky Chart.

View in the World Wide Telescope.

 

Gear:

GSO 6" f/4 Imaging Newtonian Reflector Telescope (Astrograph).

Celestron Advanced VX Equatorial Mount.

Orion 50mm Guide Scope.

Orion StarShoot AutoGuider (Guiding in PHD2).

Image Acquisition via Sequence Generator Pro.

Canon 60Da DSLR (sensitive to IR light at 656.28 nm).

Astronomik CLS Light Pollution Filter.

Processed in PixInsight & Photoshop.

 

Lights/Subs:

30 x Stacked 5 min. RAW exposures at ISO 1600.

Calibration Frames:

30 x Darks (Dark frames)

30 x Flats (Flat-field frames)

40 x Bias (Offset frames)

 

Martin

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[Home Page] [Photography Showcase] [Flickr Profile]

[Facebook] [Twitter] [My Science & Physics Page]

 

Abell 2199 is a galaxy cluster in the Abell catalogue featuring bright cluster-galaxy NGC 6166, in the center of the image. NGC 6166 appears to be a quadruple galaxy with four cores. The four objects however appear to have very different redshifts so they may in fact just be superimposed galaxies. Modelling suggests that there are two elliptical galaxies here and one of them appears to have caused a wake as it passes through the outer envelope of NGC 6166. Abell 2199 is part of the great wall of galaxies whose other prominent clusters are the Coma Cluster (Abell 1656), The Leo cluster (Abell 1367) and the Hercules cluster (Abell 2151). The cluster contains at least 88 and probably of the order of 200 galaxies. However on the full FOV image it is clear that there are a lot more galaxies visible. Not sure what will take the least effort: counting the stars or counting the galaxies.

 

Telescope: 16″ f3.75 Dream Scope

Camera: FLI ML16803

Mount: ASA DDM85

Exposure: 7 hours (42x300s L + 3x13x300s RGB)

Acquisition: March 2019 – Processing: May 2021

Location: Southern Alps, France

 

more on delsaert.com/

Processed this one rather quickly as it didn't take up much space on the detector, and had a fun shape like a face.

 

A color view is available in DES DR1 data at the Legacy Survey viewer: legacysurvey.org/viewer?ra=307.3869&dec=-42.5065&...

 

Data from the following proposal is used to create this image:

Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems

 

All channels: ACS/WFC F606W

 

North is 21.97° clockwise from up.

WO 80mm APO with QHY9m

Exposure 22hrs 45 mins

 

Messier 81 is a grand design spiral galaxy about 12 million light-years away, with a diameter of 90,000 light years, about half the size of the Milky Way, in the constellation Ursa Major. Wikipedia

Distance to Earth: 11.74 million light years

Magnitude: 6.94

Apparent size (V): 26.9 × 14.1 moa

Redshift: −0.000113

Galactocentric velocity: 73

Coordinates: RA 9h 55m 33s | Dec +69° 3′ 55″

 

Messier 82 is a starburst galaxy approximately 12 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. A member of the M81 Group, it is about five times more luminous than the whole Milky Way and has a center one hundred times more luminous than our galaxy's center. Wikipedia

Distance to Earth: 11.42 million light years

Magnitude: 8.41

Coordinates: RA 9h 55m 52s | Dec +69° 40′ 47″

Apparent size (V): 11′.2 × 4′.3

Redshift: 203±4 km/s

Stars: 30 billion

Intersects.

G+RGO

Preparation activities are on-going in Turin, at Thales Alenia Space for the installation of the thermal protection layers on the payload and service module of ESA Euclid's spacecraft.

 

Euclid is an ESA mission to map the geometry of the Universe and better understand the mysterious dark matter and dark energy, which make up most of the energy budget of the cosmos. The mission will investigate the distance-redshift relationship and the evolution of cosmic structures by measuring shapes and redshifts of galaxies and clusters of galaxies out to redshifts ~2, or equivalently to a look-back time of 10 billion years. In this way, Euclid will cover the entire period over which dark energy played a significant role in accelerating the expansion of the Universe.

 

Credits: ESA - S. Corvaja

Messier 106, also known as NGC 4258, is an intermediate spiral galaxy located in the constellation Canes Venatici. It lies at a distance of roughly 23 million lightyears and spans some 135.000 ly in diameter.

What makes M106 interesting for our cooperative efforts in the DSC are its outflows around the galaxy’s core, caused by the active supermassive black hole at the galaxy's center. This black hole is actively accreting material, which leads to the production of powerful jets, called AGN jets, which in turn give rise to the observed outflows (AGN = Active galaxy nuclei). Note that the outflows in M106 are called “anomalous arms”, but will be referred to as “outflows” in the following text.

Another interesting feature in our frame are the many background galaxies with various interesting attributes that we’ll dive into later in the write-up.

The jets and associated outflows in M106 have been studied extensively to better understand the processes involved.

 

As our goal in the DSC is to provide scientifically valuable data, we focused on gathering Hydrogen alpha (Ha) as well as Oxygen III ([OIII]) for the outflows as this allows for a wider array of observations and insight. A full description and breakdown of our observations, paired with professional data will be given in the next section.

 

In order to reveal the outflows in full detail as well as ensure nice details in the galaxy and background, our goal was primarily set on Ha, [OIII] and Lum data.

With the small FOV group of the DSC we started gathering data in February and imaged for a total of 3 months, followed by 2 months of pre- and post-processing the data. Being back with a nearly full team, we had a total of 18 people working on the project - 1 Editor, 1 Stacker and 1 supervisor as well as 15 photographers- in the end we managed to get a total of 566h02m of integration - the longest ever on this galaxy. Note that 226h06m of that total is Ha, 80h30m is [OIII] and 141h24m is Lum, meeting our goals!

  

Before getting into any details in the picture, I want to thank everybody who contributed to this project. As always, it was a pleasure working together with everybody!

 

Tim Schaeffer - @Tim Schaeffer

Steeve Body - steevebody.com/

Adrien Keijzer - @Adrien Keijzer

Carl Björk - @Palmito

 

Ryan Wierckx - @Ryan Wierckx

Logan Carpenter - @Logan Carpenter

Nicolas Puig - @Nicolas PUIG

Paul Kent - @Paul Kent

Mike Hamende - @Mike Hamende

Spencer Collins - @Spencer Collins

Steve Mandel - @Steve Mandel

Brian Meyers - @Brian M.

Laurent André - @LAndré

Oliver Carter - @Oliver Carter

Nicola Beltraminelli - @Nicola Beltraminelli

Bogdan Borz - @Bogdan Borz

Julian Shapiro - @Julian Shapiro

Antoine and Dalia Grelin - www.galactic-hunter.com

BTB Astroteam Brentenriegel - @Franz Gruber

  

Special thanks to:

Adrien, who stacked all of our 4000+ files, which due to complications took several weeks of processing, a lot of trial and failure, and a lot of patience.

Carl, who assisted Adrien in the sacking process. Big thank you to both for their immense commitment to our projects!

Steeve, our editor who did another fantastic job with this dataset. Certainly was a much more difficult edit than others, taking a lot of extra time to come to a result we all liked.

Paul, and myself, who provided their excellent Bortle 2/3 data that was used for MSGR

Laurent, who provided his M106 dataset taken with much higher FL that we used to enhance details in the core

Steve Mandel, who analysed redshifts and distances of celestial objects in our frame which allowed us to find the 3 furthest objects in the field.

  

Interesting features in our image

  

- M106’s outflows - Anomalous spiral arms

 

As noted in the introductory text to this project, a main focus for the DSC was revealing M106’s outflows in great detail.

 

These outflows, or anomalous spiral arms are jet-driven outflows and so form as a direct consequence of the active galaxy nuclei in M106. Our amateur efforts focused on gathering both Ha and [OIII] in order to showcase the distribution of intensity of emission. While it is very common to include Ha in the data-split when capturing M106, [OIII] is rather rarely seen which made it even more interesting. In the end we managed to gather over 220h of Ha and over 80h of [OIII] data.

In order to ensure that the signal picked up is the isolated emission line of interest, we applied continuum subtraction (as we always do) and confirmed the presence of [OIII] in the streams. It can be seen that the [OIII] emission is much weaker than the Ha, which was expected. A direct comparison between Ha and [OIII] can be found below. Note that the [OIII] is mainly found in the east part of the galaxy.

  

© Deep Sky Collective

  

While our image provides a deep, detailed look at the spiral arms, it is limited to only optical emission lines. However, M106’s outflows not only emit in optical wavelengths, but also in Radio, X-ray, UV,...

 

So in order to tell the full story one needs to consider other wavelengths too, which lead us to combining our data with professional datasets of M106 that cover X-Ray -, radio - and IR emissions. For this, we used Chandra’s X-ray imagery, VLT’s radio coverage and Spitzer’s IR data. In a final, comprehensive image of M106 we mapped X-ray to purple, radio to yellow and IR to red (mixed in with Ha). The full resolution of this revision of the image can be found under astrobin’s revision D or on our website: deepskycollective.com/m106/multiwave

  

Left: ©Deep Sky Collective / Right: ©Optical: Deep Sky Collective; X-ray (purple): Chandra; Radio (yellow): VLT; IR (Red): Spitzer

  

- Small galaxies and their features

 

Other features to draw attention to are the numerous, interesting small galaxies in the frame, some of which have major outflows that can be clearly seen in our image thanks to the deep Broadband observation, using over 250h of broadband data.

Three of those galaxies are shown below - all of these are AGN galaxies with huge outflows (note that NGC 4226’s is larger than the galaxy itself).

  

© Deep Sky Collective

  

- Background galaxies

 

As our image is of unprecedented depth, many more background galaxies have been revealed, most of which lie at tens of- if not hundreds of million of lightyears. As we overall used relatively big telescopes for the project, not only do we have immense depth, but also detail. We encourage everyone to go check out our full resolution image on our website so you can zoom in and explore the image yourself.

Besides the big NGC 4217 on the right hand side of the frame, the team’s favourite definitely is NGC 4231 and 4232 - a pair of galaxies that is merging and can be seen in the top of the screen. Looking spectacular, these galaxies lie at a distance of over 350 million lightyears and reflect what our milky way and M31 will go through in a few billion years. Lacking observations from big space telescopes, our image might be the clearest of the galaxy pair yet.

  

© Deep Sky Collective

  

- Depth of image

 

An interesting measure of how “deep” an image is, is to check the limiting magnitude - this measure tells you down to what magnitude you can capture (i.e. what the faintest thing picked up is). As we had lots of Broadband data we figured this would be an interesting measure to have and compare to later projects. It turned out that our limiting magnitude is 23.3 from an unprocessed stack and 24.0 when applying Deep SNR. Comparing this with values from big professional telescopes we’re only off by roughly one magnitude which was encouraging to see.

Given the depth we wanted to check what the most distant objects picked up are… Massive thank you to Steve Mandel who took care of this! Below our raw annotated stack can be found. The three annotations are the three furthest objects in the image, with the most distant being a staggering 11.7 billion lightyears away from us!

  

© Deep Sky Collective

  

For any further questions about the project, feel free to leave a reach out to us using the contact form or by leaving a comment!

 

If you want to see our image in greater detail, feel free to go to our gallery, where the image is uploaded in full resolution ( 6110 × 4076px), enabling you to explore the picture by yourself and being able to zoom in on every tiny detail!

Link to our gallery: deepskycollective.com/gallery

  

Integration overview

 

Here you find a list of integration contribution from all 14* photographers

 

Integration-overview.jpg

 

*data that went into the final stack. Laurent contributed 27 additional hours that were used for enhanced details

  

We hope that you enjoy this image!

 

Text written by @Tim Schaeffer , organiser and co-ordinator of the project and fact checked & proofread by the DSC team and Patrick Ogle .

Out at midnight SLT tonight at Anthem!

 

Henley Set

 

Bodysuits with co-ordinating legwarmers which come in both high and flat feet options.

And a black pair of fishnets.

 

Have your flash dance moment.

 

maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Anthem/123/122/1107

 

For Legacy, LaraX, & Reborn.

 

☮

Certificate floral.

03.06.2025. - 07.06.2025. - Popovec,Croatia

Telescope: SW 130PDS

Camera: ZWO ASI585MC PRO

Filter: ZWO UV/IR 1.25''

Mount: AstroBobo HEQ5 Pro (Mod by Leviner)

Guding: ZWO ASI120MMS + SVBONY 120MM F4

 

420x120s (14h)

An unidentified Pendolino moves away from my position, surrounded by the night and red lights.

 

Rugeley Trent Valley. 07-07-2020.

 

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

  

Not the other night, but a flashback to a wonderful evening about four years ago. This was taken during an epic 20-minute fireworks display arranged for us in the woods next to a former manager's home, celebrating his retirement from the company back in 2010.

 

Best retirement party ever. It's just a shame it was for one of the few decent managers with have left.

 

Facebook | Instagram | 500px | Twitter | Website

 

All Rights Reserved, as stated. Re-posts are with expressed permission only. You may not use this image, edit it or alter it in any way (and as a result, claim the image or the derivative as your own). And it's not for Tumblr / weheartit.com either.

Air.

I'm sure there are two galaxies doing something here, I'm just not entirely sure what went on in the past billion or so years to get a big, fluffy line of stars, gas, and dust all stretched out like that.

 

A color view is available at the Legacy Survey Viewer:

legacysurvey.org/viewer?ra=200.7467&dec=84.5050&z...

(Beware the big green artifacts)

 

Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems

 

All Channels: ACS/WFC F606W

 

North is 8.88° counter-clockwise from up.

Tunnel.

G+R

3D Design late submission for BKK Unzine, the theme was "FOOL". Created with Cinema 4D and Redshift renderer.

London

 

Follow me on Instagram: instagram.com/douguerreotype

 

Follow me on Facebook: www.facebook.com/DougStrattonPhotography/

 

Buy prints, canvas and other products: dougstratton.com/shop

Cherry red car paint.

A spiral galaxy, an edge-on disk, a few other background goodies, and a remarkable pair of dwarf galaxies. The bright pair near the right side of the frame could be an interacting pair, or, interestingly perhaps an overlapping line-of-sight pair, though I really have no way of confirming that. Pay close attention to the reddish/yellowish dust around that bright nucleus at the bottom. See how it encircles the nucleus without looking all that disturbed? Maybe they aren't interacting. Or maybe if they are, it's at an early point. Either way, it's very interesting to see backlit dust in the outskirts of a galaxy. It's usually invisible to us at these wavelengths.

 

Color comes from PanSTARRS this time.

 

Establishing HST's Low Redshift Archive of Interacting Systems

 

Luminosity: ACS/WFC F606W

Red: PanSTARRS z

Green: PanSTARRS i

Blue: PanSTARRS g

 

North is 24.50° clockwise from up.

Soft touch.

I wanted to see what was the furthest I ever found in an image. Recently I had been working on imagery of M81/82 together with Neil Fleming and Michael Van Doorn. These images went very deep, up to magnitude 24.0 or so (credits for that fully go to Neil!). In this image I found two objects at 11.9 and 12.1 billion lightyears. This is really astonishing for me... Never thought amateur imagery could show something like this... I double checked this with the Aladin Sky Atlas and I'm really convinced they are visible...

 

Alias: Redshift (Currently), Blur (Formerly)

Real Name: Brooke Benson

Gender: Female

Allegiance: Hero

Backstory: Brooke would always be running around, being active in various sports. Despite looking quite happy, there was a deep seeded sadness within her, which she couldn't shake. Her powers didn't make things any easier. A constant need to be moving around, with her whole body vibrating constantly. It freaked her parents out various times, and would visit several specialists, but there wasn't a solution given to this problem. This problem would lead to her pushing away any guys that were interested in her romantically, as she didn't want to hurt them. It was at this time in which she would become a hero, as running seemed to stop the vibrating, at least for a short while. She would call herself Blur, as that's all she is when she's running. Since she was just a freshman in high-school at the time, she mostly avoided fights with villains, and focused on rescue operations. This eventually attracted the attention of the first Burnout, Garrett Reddick. He saw her potential, and wanted to teach her how to better use her gifts. At least that's what she thought. In reality, he wanted to find someone who he could truly mold, as his attempts with his son didn't work. He would find a way to lessen the rate at which she vibrates, and in return, she became his sidekick. This was during the time when his son Marcus was in a coma. Now being able to somewhat control her vibrations, she would have various flings with different guys, even going so far as to sleep with some of them, as she didn't see her own worth. While she was considered his sidekick, Brooke had her own ideas of what being a hero entailed, as the examples were all around them. This would lead to them fighting, even during battles with supervillains. Brooke would stop being his sidekick altogether upon graduating high school. three years later, when she couldn't take it anymore. Adopting a new name, Redshift, along with a new costume, she would become a hero in her own right. The sadness was still there though, as all of her high-school friends moved on, while she started working a minimum wage job. There were times when she considered ending it all, but being a hero pushed her through it all. A solution would come years later, though not necessarily the one she may have expected, in the form of Euphoria. It was the new drug of choice for the seedy underbelly of Cardinal City. People who wanted a way out of their sadness. Of course Brooke would take this opportunity to get some for herself. Obviously this was a conflict of interest, but she couldn't stand being sad anymore. A new hero calling himself Burnout would be seen in public for the first time, but Brooke recognized that it wasn't Garrett. After taking Euphoria, she would feel indestructible, like she could do anything. She had no fear, which led to her charging headfirst into a supervillain prison breakout by herself. This new Burnout would save her from getting herself killed, even though she tried so hard to do things by herself. He delayed her until Archon arrived, who would round up most of the escapees. After the effects of the drug wore off, Brooke thanked this new Burnout, by kissing him and running away straight after. She recalls that this Burnout is nothing like the monster Burnout she was the sidekick of. Hopefully, in time, she can find a way past her inner sadness, along with the vibrations, but for now, she's Redshift, a hero whose always on the move to save whoever she can.

 

Status: Traveling with the Five Wonders, helping wherever they are needed.