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Erin Peck, one of Oregon Sea Grant's 2018 Robert E. Malouf Marine Studies Scholars, aims to identify the dominant factors affecting sediment accumulation and carbon burial within Oregon’s salt marshes and to determine the resiliency of these habitats to sea-level rise and anthropogenic land-use change. Using the sediment cores she has collected for her research, Erin will communicate how Oregon salt marshes have recorded climate, tectonic and human changes through time to coastal communities through a series of interactive, immersive experiences at Oregon State University’s Marine Geology Repository. Erin first became interested in societally relevant earth science while completing her B.A. in Environmental Science from Franklin & Marshall College. (Photo by Kristina Montville)
COPY
Repository: Penn Libraries
Call number: PJ4835.L3 P34 1616
Collection: CJS Rare
Copy title: Epitome thesauri linguae sanctae
Author(s): Pagnini, Sante, 1470-
Published: Leiden, 1616
Printer/Publisher: Ex Officina Plantiniana Raphelengii
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Penn Libraries PJ4835.L3 P34 1616
ID: cColepShechem002
Source: slide
Repository: NPAPH-project
Creator(s): Dan P. Cole
Date: 1966
Subject(s): Shechem
Description: Camp; Staff member's quarters, ¼ tent space.
Jillian, Serge and I were speculating why this statue had been moved from the top of the museum stairs, where (I think) it was immortalized in the Rocky films. I suggested it was so that decrepit Italians could more easily pay homage to Sly from their wheelchairs. My Italian-Irish friend found no humor in this and threatened me with a Balboa-style beatdown.
Visualization of our SVN repository over the past few weeks, created with code_swarm and Sequimago.
It's cool, but I wish it was as cool as this: www.creativeapplications.net/processing/visualizing-press...
COPY
Repository: Penn Libraries
Call number: Folio F273 .S65 1936
Collection: RBC
Copy title: A Carolina rice plantation of the fifties
Author(s): Smith, Alice R. Huger (Alice Ravenel Huger), 1876-
Published: William Morrow and Company, Inc., New York, 1936
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Penn Libraries Folio F273 .S65 1936
Smith, Alice R. Huger (Alice Ravenel Huger), 1876-
FIELD GUIDE TO "A" MOUNTAIN AND DESCRIPTION OF SURROUNDING REGION
by
Thomas G. McGarvin
ARIZONA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
I have heard that this hill was called Dynamite Hill by a longtime Tucson resident.
The Geology of “A” Mountain
If you drive up Sentinel Peak Road, you will travel past a series of rock layers that formed between twenty and thirty million years ago. These multicolored strata produce the bedrock that constitutes “A” Mountain as well as the nearby Tumamoc and Powder House Hills. These hills and “A” Mountain are the visible remains of a former landlocked peninsula that was anchored in the west by the Tucson Mountains and extended beyond the present day Santa Cruz River to the east. “A” Mountain is an erosional remnant of this land prominence sculpted by the forces of ice, wind and water. Four distinct and interesting rock layers are easily visible on the face of this 550-foot mountain.
Flowing lava created the dark red rock strata at both the top and the bottom of “A” Mountain. Nearby volcanic pipes and fractures supplied the basaltic magma that created these beds, each one separated by a span of nine million years from the formation of the other. None of this lava came from the large “volcano like” crater on the northeast side of the mountain. Quarrymen from the Griffith Construction Company dug this basin at the turn of last century in the pursuit of its stone, used for building Tucson homes, walls and other structures.
The dark red color of these two basalt layers is due to a high concentration of iron and magnesium in the original magma. These elements reduce the lava’s viscosity and the explosive tendency of the sourcing eruptions while allowing the molten rock to flow more uniformly across the surface. Much of the basalt layer at the base of “A” Mountain contains small cavities known as vesicles. The magma, in this case, erupted out of the ground just fast enough for the dissolved gasses to vaporize in the decompressing molten rock and then cooled fast enough to retain the holes formed by these gas pockets. The same bubble forming principle occurs when opening a bottle of beer. An example of this vesiculated basalt is visible on the west side of Sentinel Peak Road between the parking lot at the bottom and the beginning of the one-way road around the summit. The basalt cavities are at the top of this dark layer, presumably because the bubbles floated upward before the cooling lava locked them in place.
The two rock layers sandwiched between the basalts were the result of more violent volcanic activity about 27 million years ago. The older of these two light colored rock strata is composed of rough dark pebble size cinders (basalt) embedded in silt, sand and ash. This material fell from the sky in the form of a volcanic cinder fall. The light brown agglomerate layer with its dark embedded pebbles is visible on the left side of the one-way lane just beyond the split in the road.
Finally, the most visually striking layer of “A” Mountain is composed of tan and pink rock, known as tuff. This layer resulted from one or more volcanic ash falls. The magma for this ash also went through decompression near the earth’s surface. In this case, however, the eruption occurred so suddenly that the expanding gas in the magma shattered the molten minerals and rock into very fine pieces and threw them forcefully into the air. After settling back to the ground, the combination of heat, pressure and time welded this bed of ash into the light colored rock layer that we can see today. Look for a sharp color transition between the tan rock and pink rock as you drive up the southern slope of “A” Mountain. This will identify the tuff layer that is also visible as a large light horizontal bed on Tumamoc Hill to the west.
This introduction to the geology of “A” Mountain is an invitation to explore and enjoy our hilly community with an understanding of its primordial past. The vestige of this beginning is locked within every pebble and stone of our iconic mountain.
1a Castle Gates, Shrewsbury's Reference Library, and the adjacent archway that once led to Blower's Repository, now (rather aptly) the entrance to the Shropshire Archives, the records and research centre.
COPY
Repository: Penn Libraries
Call number: PR1109 .C6 1790
Volume: v.4
Collection: Kislak Center Collection
Copy title: The companion
Published: Printed for Watson, Elder and Company, Edinburgh, 1791
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Eagles Meadow (Welsh: Dôl Yr Eryod) is a medium-sized shopping centre in Wrexham city centre. The area has had a variety of previous uses, from housing stables for local gentry to its later use as a car park hosting a market. The current shopping centre opened on Thursday 30 October 2008 at 10am.
There is a webcam pointed at the Eagles Meadow bridge hosted by local hyperlocal site Wrexham.com.
Used as local gentry's stables.
During World War II, the area was used as a motorpool for elements of the U.S. Army's 83rd Infantry Division.[citation needed]
After the US Army withdrew its forces in Europe after the war, the buildings and treated surface they had created were ideal as a Horse Repository.
In the early 1970s the land was divided between a large urban car park and a small retail development which included a new Asda superstore. A bridge, known locally as the Asda fly-over, was constructed to carry the then town's ring road between Smithfield Road and Salop Road. After these developments, the car park was used as the main weekly market in the town, which moved from St George's Crescent (the original 'Beast Market').
Asda moved to a larger site in September 2000 and the weekly market eventually moved to a new location at the Waterworld car park.
A number of proposals were put forward for re-development of this land (which is close to St. Giles Church). Firstly John Lewis signed up to anchor a retail based development, which included a number of other stores and a supermarket. This development fell through, and the landowner and largest stakeholder Wrexham County Borough Council decided to put the land up for sale by tender.
A large number of tenders were received and in 2003 the winner was chosen as Wilson Bowden in partnership with architects Bernard Engle. The >£100m development includes two large department stores, cafes, bars, restaurants and over 40 other stores. It includes a number of landmark buildings and urban plazas, including a 'Spanish Steps' style area (see Gallery). A number of high rise city style apartments were constructed on the town centre side of the development. Construction began in early 2006 and opened to the public on 30 October 2008.
Controversy surrounded the new build, as several shops already located in the city centre moved to Eagles Meadow and closed their shops in the city centre. However, by 2021, this trend partially reversed, with numerous outlets moving back to larger units in the city centre, notably Sports Direct moving to the Henblas Street redevelopment in the city centre, and chains with multiple sites in Wrexham such as Greggs and Burger King closing their on-site stores whilst maintaining their city centre sites. The centre has since suffered from store closures from 2016 with many citing high business rates (set by the Welsh Government, Wales-wide), increasing in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Wales which saw the closure of one of the centre's anchor stores, Debenhams in 2021.
Stores and other amenities at the centre include: Boots, Clarks, Clintons, Clogau, F. Hinds, JD Sports, Next, Odeon Cinema, Marks & Spencer (Closing in late 2023), Pandora, River Island, Tenpin, Trespass and The Entertainer.
Since 2022, the Centre also hosts the monthly Wrexham Clothing Exchange. In 2023, Wrexham Clothing Exchange set up a Community cafe & venue space at the centre called 'Lle Hapus'
Wrexham is a city and the administrative centre of Wrexham County Borough in Wales. It is located between the Welsh mountains and the lower Dee Valley, near the border with Cheshire in England. Historically in the county of Denbighshire, and later the county of Clwyd in 1974, it has been the principal settlement of Wrexham County Borough since 1996.
Wrexham has historically been one of the primary settlements of Wales. At the 2021 Census, it had an urban population of 44,785. The core of the city comprises the local government communities of Acton, Caia Park, Offa and Rhosddu. In the 2011 census, Wrexham's built-up area was determined to extend further into villages like Brymbo, Brynteg, Gwersyllt, New Broughton and Pentre Broughton with a population of 61,603, while also including nearby Bradley and Rhostyllen for a population of 65,692 in 2011.
Wrexham was likely founded prior to the 11th century and developed in the Middle Ages as a regional centre for trade and administration. The city became the most populous settlement in Wales in the 17th century and was at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century. Prior to de-industrialisation in the 20th century, the city and surrounding area were a hub of coal and lead mining; the production of iron, steel and leather; and brewing.
Today, Wrexham continues to serve north Wales and the Welsh borderlands as a centre for manufacturing, retail, education and administration. The city is noted for hosting Wrexham A.F.C. (one of the oldest professional football teams in the world); the nationally significant industrial heritage of the Clywedog Valley; the National Trust Property of Erddig; and the fine Tudor church of St Giles, which towers over the historic Wrexham city centre.
The city of Wrexham in north-east Wales has a history dating back to ancient times. The former market town was the site of heavy industry in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is now an active commercial centre. Wrexham was granted city status in 2022.
Approximately 8,000 years ago Mesolithic man ventured to what is now the Wrexham area. These people were hunter-gatherers and led a nomadic existence. They left little tangible evidence of their existence, save a number of small flint tools called microliths that have been found in the Borras area.
A number of Neolithic (4300 – 2300 BC) stone axe heads have been found in Borras, Darland and Johnstown.
Two Bronze Age mounds are situated within the city at Fairy Mount, Fairy Road and Hillbury on Hillbury Road. Both of these mounds lie within the grounds of Victorian properties in the south west of the city. It is likely that construction work within this area during the early 20th century eradicated other related features. The Acton Park Hoard[3] of skilfully made early Middle Bronze Age axe heads found in Wrexham suggests that the area was a centre of advanced and innovative metalworking.
The area surrounding Wrexham is well served by several rivers, including the Clywedog, Alyn and Gwenfro, all of which are tributaries of the Dee. These rivers would have served as highways for early man. Finds within the Alyn area reveal that trade was taking place along this river with places as far away as Ireland during the Bronze Age.
A number of Iron Age hillforts also exist within the surrounding area, perhaps marking a tribal boundary. These include Bryn Alyn (near Bradley), Y Gaer (near Broughton, Flintshire) and Y Gardden (near Ruabon).
At the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area which Wrexham formed part of was held by a tribe called the Cornovii. The Cornovii held the lowland forests of Cheshire and Shropshire. Their tribal capital was at Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury. The original hill fort hillfort capital of the tribe was located on the Wrekin hill and one theory for the origins of the name 'Wrexham' is that it developed as a description of a settlement of men from the neighbourhood of the Wrekin: the 'Wrocansaetan' or 'Wreocensaetan'.
In 48 A.D the Roman Legions reached Wroxeter and then proceeded to attack a tribe called the Deceangli who were based in what is now Flintshire. Around 70 – 75 A.D the Legionary fortress of Deva was constructed (modern-day Chester) and for the next 300 years was the home of the Twentieth Legion.
Evidence of Roman occupations can be found at nearby Holt, where a tile and pottery works were constructed on the banks of the River Dee and at Ffrith where the remains of buildings have been located. In recent years evidence of Roman occupation nearer the city centre was found during the construction of the Plas Coch retail park. In 1995 further construction work on the site revealed traces of Roman field boundaries, hearths, a corn drying kiln and coins from the period c. AD150 –350. It is thought that these are the remains of a farmstead.
Wrexham formed part of the Romano-British Kingdom of Powys which emerged following the end of Roman rule in Britain and extended from the Cambrian mountains to the west to the modern west midlands region of England to the east. The dedication at Worthenbury to the 5th-century Bishop of Bangor St Deiniol suggests that this area was one of his outlying estates.
Towards the end of the 6th century, English settlers were penetrating along the upper Trent and laying the foundations of the kingdom of Mercia, a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce meaning 'border people'. Possibly by the early 7th century some English had settled peacefully on surplus lands in the border region and gradually the line connecting Tarvin and Macefen along the river Gowy and Broxton Hills in Cheshire could have formed the dividing line between the British (Welsh) and the English during the 7th century.
In 616 Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeated the combined forces of Gwynedd and Powys at the Battle of Chester and the royal Cynddylan dynasty of Powys was overthrown by the Mercians at the end of the 7th century. The English went on to dominate north-east Wales from the 8th to 10th centuries.
During the 8th century, the royal house of Mercia displayed militaristic dominance and took advantage of the weakness of Powys to push their frontiers westwards. In 796 a battle between the Welsh and Mercians was fought at Rhuddlan and in the 8th century the Mercians established the earth boundaries of Wat's Dyke and Offa's Dyke between the Welsh kingdom of Powys and the English kingdom of Mercia. These boundaries pass just to the west of the site of Wrexham suggesting that during the 8th century the area lay within the bounds of Mercia.
In the 8th century, the settlement of Wrexham was likely founded by Mercian colonists from the Midlands during this first advance. The settlement was founded on the flat ground above the meadows of the River Gwenfro which would have provided high-quality grazing for animals. The etymological origins of the name 'Wrexham' may possibly be traced back to this period as being derived from an Old English personal name, 'Wryhtel' and 'hamm' meaning water meadow or enclosure within the bend of a river i.e. Wryhtel's meadow. The district was known in English as Bromfield.
Despite the establishment of Anglo-Saxon political control across the Marcher region in the 7th century, there is little evidence to support the idea of a substantial English folk movement into the region during the 7th or 8th centuries. The overall Anglo-Saxon occupation of the Wrexham area seems to have been partial for while Wrexham and a number of surrounding settlements have seemingly English names, the names of fields in the area were predominantly Welsh until the beginning of the 20th century.
Renewed Welsh and Viking attacks led to a contraction in English power in north Wales in the early-10th century yet English kings seem to have nominally dominated the area till the reign of Ethelred II (978–1016).
The English dominance in north Wales further declined with the rise of Gruffudd ap Llewellyn who was recognised as King of Wales by Edward the Confessor in 1056 and likely took control of all the land to the west of the River Dee, including Wrexham. The Welsh remained in possession of the Wrexham area at the time of the taking of the Domesday Survey of 1086 and the settlement is therefore not mentioned in the survey.
The boundary of Offa's Dyke lost its significance and between 1086 and 1277 the Wrexham areas formed part of the native Welsh lordship of Maelor. The Lords of Maelor had their seat at Dinas Bran and their lands stretched north from Dinas Bran to beyond Marford with the Dee as their eastern boundary and the uplands of Hope as their western limits. The lordship was divided into two commotes each with their Maerdrefi (chief manors) at Wrexham and Marford respectively. The Wrexham commote (cymwd) was formed of the greater part of Bromfield and became known as 'Maelor Cymraeg' ('Welsh Maelor').
Under the lordship of Maelor, Welsh law was enforced in Wrexham by Welsh officials and Welsh customs prevailed. Palmer describes the area as being 'thoroughly Cymricized' with the English inhabitants being 'either slain, expelled or absorbed'. The Welsh re-colonisation of the border region is likely to have taken place as a result of the forward policy of the Princes of Powys.
The lordship remained disputed between the Welsh and English during the 12th century. The Annals of Chester state that the castle of Bromfield (the English name for Maelor) was burned by the English in 1140 and the King Henry II pipe roll of 1161 records that a castle is present at 'Wristlesham', the first recorded reference to the then town.
Henry II himself led his forces up the Ceiriog Valley in 1165 but was defeated by Welsh forces led by Owain Gwynedd at the Battle of Crogen. However, the Chronicle of St Werburgh's Chester records that in 1177 Earl Hugh of Chester had conquered the whole of Bromfield. Any English advance ultimately proved temporary however as the area was re-conquered by the Welsh Princes of Powys and was undisputedly in the hands of the house of Powys Fadog in the early years of the 13th century.
The Princes of Powys skilfully dealt with their belligerent neighbours, Gwynedd and England, and the stability allowed Wrexham to develop as a trading town and administrative centre of the cwmwd (commote). In 1202 Madog ap Gruffydd Maelor, Lord of Dinas Brân, granted to his newly founded Cistercian abbey of Valle Crucis some of his demesne lands in 'Wrechcessham'. In 1220, the earliest reference of Wrexham Parish Church is made when it is mentioned with reference to the bishop of St Asaph, who gave the monks of Valle Crucis in nearby Llangollen half of the income of the Church in Wrexham.
In 1276 Madog II ap Gruffydd, Prince of Powys Fadog and Lord of Dinas Brân, did homage to Edward I and his tenants were received into the king's peace. When Madoc II ap Gruffydd died in 1277 his estates were taken over by the Crown to be administered by the king in trust for the prince's two infant sons. In 1281 the two boys went missing and are traditionally speculated to have been drowned under the orders of the Norman John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, who was a leading supporter in Edward I's Welsh campaigns.
In 1282 Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales was killed, Wales lost its independence and John de Warenne was granted the lordships of Bromfield (Maelor) and Yale (derived from the neighbouring cantref of Iâl) by King Edward I in 1282. The tensions of this period are revealed by the suggestion that in 1282 the men of Bromfield needed the King's protection if they were to pass without molestation to and from the markets of Chester and Oswestry and Edward I himself is reported to have briefly stayed at Wrexham during his expedition to suppress the revolt of Madoc Ap Llewellyn in 1294.
From 1327 onwards, the then town is referred to as a villa mercatoria (market town) and by 1391 Wrexham was wealthy enough for a bard, jester, juggler, dancer and goldsmith to earn their living there.
The traditional pattern of Welsh life remained undisturbed, and until the close of the Middle Ages the pattern was for English incomers to be rapidly assimilated into Wrexham's Welsh society, for instance adopting Welsh patronymics.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the local gentry and peasants backed the rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr which proved economically disastrous for the settlement.[citation needed] Local poet Glyn Guto'r Glyn (c. 1412 – c. 1493) wrote of Sion ap Madog, the great-nephew of Owain Glyndŵr, as Alecsander i Wrecsam (an Alexander for Wrexham).
In the mid-15th century, the parish church was gutted by fire. The main part of the current church was built in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.
The Acts of Union passed during the reign of Henry VIII brought the lordship into the full system of English administration and law. It became part of the new shire of Denbighshire in 1536.
The economic character remained predominantly agricultural into the 17th century but there were workshops of weavers, smiths, nailers as well as dye houses. A grammar school was established in 1603 by Alderman Valentine Broughton of Chester.
The 1620 Norden's jury of survey[clarification needed] of Wrexham Regis stated that four-fifths of the land-holding classes of Wrexham bore Welsh names and every field except one within the manor bore a Welsh or semi-Welsh name.
During the English Civil War, Wrexham was on the side of the Royalists, as most Welsh gentry supported the King, but local landowner Sir Thomas Myddelton, owner of Chirk Castle, supported Parliament.
In the 18th century, Wrexham was known for its leather industry with skinners and tanners in the then town. The horns from cattle were used to make things like combs and buttons. There was also a nail-making industry in Wrexham but in the mid-18th century, Wrexham was no more than a small market town with a population of perhaps 2,000.
In the late 18th century Wrexham was transformed by the coming of the industrial revolution. It began when the famous entrepreneur John Wilkinson (1728–1808) known as 'Iron Mad Wilkinson' opened Bersham Ironworks in 1762. In 1793 he opened a smelting plant at Brymbo.
Wrexham gained its first newspaper in 1848. Market Hall was built in the same year. In 1849 Wrexham was described as:
"A market town, a parliamentary borough, the head of a Union, and a parish, chiefly in the hundred of Bromfield, county of Denbigh; 26 miles (SE by E) from Denbigh, 18 (ESE) from Ruthin, and 187½ (NW) from London; ..... and containing 12,921 inhabitants, of whom 5818 are in the townships of Wrexham Abbot and Wrexham Regis, forming the town.
Wrexham was connected to the rest of the UK by rail in 1849 and this eventually became a large and complex network of railways, the main branch being the Wrexham and Minera Branch, which supported the steelworks at nearby Brymbo Steel Mill and the Minera Limeworks. In 1895, the Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway was completed and cut a swathe through the city centre.
In 1863 a volunteer fire brigade was founded.
Wrexham benefitted from good underground water supplies which were essential to the brewing of good beer and brewing became one of its main industries. In the middle of the 19th century, there were 19 breweries in and around the city[10] Several of these were comparatively large breweries, together with many smaller breweries situated at local inns. Some of the more famous old breweries were the Albion, Cambrian, Eagle, Island Green, Nag's Head (Soames) and Willow.
However, the most famous was the Wrexham Lager brewery which was built between 1881 and 1882 in Central Road. This was the first brewery to be built in the United Kingdom to produce lager beer. Another major producer, Border Breweries, was formed in 1931 by a merger of Soames, Island Green, and the Oswestry firm of Dorsett Owen.
Wrexham is on the edge of the rich Ruabon area marl beds[11] and several brickworks sprang up in the area, among these, the most well known was Wrexham Brick and Tile and Davies Brothers in Abenbury, on the outskirts of Wrexham.
Coal mining was an important industry in the area, and provided employment for large numbers of Wrexham people, however, most of the mines were situated well outside of the city. Wrexham's coalfield was part of the larger North East Wales field. A number of deep mines were constructed throughout the area including Llay, Gresford, Bersham and Johnstown. A number of new settlements were built on the edge of the city to accommodate miners at a number of the sites including Llay and Pandy (for Gresford).
Other forms of mining and quarrying have taken place around Wrexham throughout its history, these include lead extracted from Minera.
In the latter half of the 20th century, Wrexham began a period of depression: the many coal mines closed first, followed by the brickworks and other industries, and finally the steelworks (which had its own railway branch up until closure) in the 1980s. Wrexham faced an economic crisis. Many residents were anxious to sell their homes and move to areas with better employment prospects, however buyers were uninterested in an area where there was little prospect of employment. Many home-owners were caught in a negative equity trap. Wrexham was suffering from the same problems as much of Industrialised Britain and saw little investment in the 1970s.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Welsh Development Agency (WDA) intervened to improve Wrexham's situation: it funded a major dual carriageway called the A483 bypassing Wrexham city centre and connecting it with Chester and Shrewsbury, which in turn had connections with other big cities such as Manchester and Liverpool. It also funded shops and reclaimed areas environmentally damaged by the coal industry. The city centre was regenerated and attracted a growing number of high street chain stores. However, the biggest breakthrough was the Wrexham Industrial Estate, previously used in the Second World War, which became home to many manufacturing businesses including Kellogg's, JCB, Duracell and Pirelli. It is now the fifth-largest industrial estate in Europe (second in the UK) by area[citation needed] with over 250 businesses. There are also a number of other large industrial estates in the Wrexham area, with companies such as Sharp, Brother, Cadbury, and Flexsys.
On 21 November 2012, Brother made the last British typewriter at its Wrexham factory.
In November 2006 unemployment in Wrexham stood at 1.9%. This was below the averages for Wales of 2.3%, and England and the UK of 2.5%.
In June 2003, a large disturbance took place in the Caia Park estate, which has become known as The Caia Park Riots. Tension developed between Iraqi Kurd refugees and local residents centred on one of the estate's pubs (The Red Dragon, Wrexham), which gradually escalated and resulted in petrol bombs and other missiles being hurled at police trying to restore order. 51 people appeared in court, of whom eight, all long-term residents, received custodial sentences of up to two years.
Recent years have seen a large amount of redevelopment in Wrexham's city centre. The creation and re-development of civic and public areas such as Queens Square, Belle Vue Park and Llwyn Isaf have improved the area dramatically. New shopping areas have been created at Henblas Square, Island Green and Eagles Meadow.
Wrexham is the largest settlement in North Wales and has applied for city status several times. In 2002 it applied as part of the celebrations for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Other Welsh applicants were Aberystwyth, Machynlleth, Newtown, Newport and St Asaph, and city status was awarded to Newport. Wrexham applied again in 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee but lost out to St Asaph. In 2022, Wrexham succeeded in gaining city status being the only Welsh bid for the 2022 civic honours, and was announced on 20 May 2022 that its bid was successful. It has been formally awarded the status by letters patent on 1 September 2022, with the council host celebrations every Saturday in September.
Historic hotels, inns and public houses
The Wynnstay Arms Hotel on Yorke Street was built in the eighteenth century. Its name refers to Wynnstay, a country house in Ruabon. The Football Association of Wales was founded at a meeting in the hotel on 2 February 1876.
The Elephant and Castle, Charles Street was a public house. It was known to have existed in 1788, and closed in 1999.
On 13 June 1863, George Smith (also known as William Smith), who was lodging at the Elephant and Castle, committed suicide by cutting his throat. George Smith was the father of Annie Chapman, the second canonical victim of Jack the Ripper.
The Feathers Inn, Chester Street was a coaching inn. It was established in the late 18th century as the Plume of Feathers. It closed in the late 1990s[20] and is now used as a shop.
The original inn was demolished or rebuilt in about 1850–1860. The adjoining property number 62 Chester Street was incorporated into the inn. It is a two-storey rendered brick building with brick coach houses and stables at the rear. It was grade II listed on 31 January 1994.
The Turf Hotel, Mold Road (also known as the Turf Tavern) was established in the 1840s. It was the only pub in the United Kingdom to be built inside the grounds of a football club.
"The Library of Parliament (French: Bibliothèque du Parlement) is the main information repository and research resource for the Parliament of Canada. The main branch of the library sits at the rear of the Centre Block on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Ontario. The library survived the 1916 fire that destroyed Centre Block. The library has been augmented and renovated several times since its construction in 1876, the last between 2002 and 2006, though the form and decor remain essentially authentic. The building today serves as a Canadian icon, and appears on the obverse of the Canadian ten-dollar bill.
The library is overseen by the Parliamentary Librarian of Canada and an associate or assistant librarian. The Canadian Parliamentary Poet Laureate is considered to be an officer of the library.
Designed by Thomas Fuller and Chilion Jones, and inspired by the British Museum Reading Room, the building is formed as a chapter house, separated from the main body of the Centre Block by a corridor; this arrangement, as well as many other details of the design, was reached with the input of the then parliamentary librarian, Alpheus Todd. The walls, supported by a ring of 16 flying buttresses, are loadbearing, double-wythe masonry, consisting of a hydraulic lime rubble fill core between an interior layer of dressed stone and rustic Nepean sandstone on the exterior. Around the windows and along other edges is dressed stone trim, along with a multitude of stone carvings, including floral patterns and friezes, keeping with the Victorian High Gothic style of the rest of the parliamentary complex. The roof, set in three tiers topped by a cupola, used to be a timber frame structure covered with slate tiles, but has been rebuilt with steel framing and deck covered with copper. The initial overall combination of colours—grey Gloucester limestone and grey Nepean, red Potsdam and buff Ohio sandstones, as well as purple and green slate banding—conformed to the picturesque style known as structural polychromy.
The main reading room rises to a vaulted ceiling and the walls and stacks are lined with white pine panelling carved into a variety of textures, flowers, masks, and mythical creatures. In the galleries are displayed the coats of arms of the seven provinces that existed in 1876, as well as that of the Dominion of Canada, and standing directly in the centre of the room is a white marble statue of Queen Victoria, sculpted by Marshall Wood in 1871. The northern galleries are also flanked with the white marble busts of Sir John Sandfield Macdonald; Prince Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII); Alexandra, Princess of Wales (later Queen Alexandra); and Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché.
The library's collection comprises 650,000 items, covering hundreds of years of history and tended by a staff of 300. Access to the facility is generally restricted to those on parliamentary business, but research publications are produced by the library and are available to the public. The main branch on Parliament Hill is only the central hub of a larger complex that spreads to other parliamentary buildings, where services are offered in a number of branch libraries and reading rooms.
Parliament Hill (French: Colline du Parlement), colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern bank of the Ottawa River that houses the Parliament of Canada in downtown Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It accommodates a suite of Gothic revival buildings whose architectural elements were chosen to evoke the history of parliamentary democracy. Parliament Hill attracts approximately three million visitors each year. The Parliamentary Protective Service is responsible for law enforcement on Parliament Hill and in the parliamentary precinct, while the National Capital Commission is responsible for maintaining the nine-hectare (22-acre) area of the grounds.
Development of the area, which in the 18th and early 19th centuries was the site of a military base, into a governmental precinct began in 1859 after Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the capital of the Province of Canada. Following several extensions to the Parliament and departmental buildings, and a fire in 1916 that destroyed the Centre Block, Parliament Hill took on its present form with the completion of the Peace Tower in 1927. In 1976, the Parliament Buildings and the grounds of Parliament Hill were designated as National Historic Sites of Canada. Since 2002, an extensive $3 billion renovation-and-rehabilitation project has been underway throughout the precinct's buildings that is expected to be completed after 2028.
Ottawa (/ˈɒtəwə/, /ˈɒtəwɑː/; Canadian French: [ɔtawɑ]) is the capital city of Canada. It is located in the southern portion of the province of Ontario, at the confluence of the Ottawa River and the Rideau River. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, and forms the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). As of 2021, Ottawa had a city population of 1,017,449 and a metropolitan population of 1,488,307, making it the fourth-largest city and fourth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.
Ottawa is the political centre of Canada and the headquarters of the federal government. The city houses numerous foreign embassies, key buildings, organizations, and institutions of Canada's government; these include the Parliament of Canada, the Supreme Court, the residence of Canada's viceroy, and Office of the Prime Minister.
Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, its original boundaries were expanded through numerous annexations and were ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and amalgamation in 2001. The municipal government of Ottawa is established and governed by the City of Ottawa Act of the Government of Ontario. It has an elected city council across 24 wards and a mayor elected city-wide.
Ottawa has the highest proportion of university-educated residents among Canadian cities and is home to several colleges and universities, research and cultural institutions, including the University of Ottawa, Carleton University, Algonquin College, Collège La Cité, the National Arts Centre, the National Gallery of Canada; and numerous national museums, monuments, and historic sites. It is one of the most visited cities in Canada, with over 11 million visitors annually contributing more than $2.2B to the city's economy." - info from Wikipedia.
Late June to early July, 2024 I did my 4th major cycling tour. I cycled from Ottawa to London, Ontario on a convoluted route that passed by Niagara Falls. during this journey I cycled 1,876.26 km and took 21,413 photos. As with my other tours a major focus was old architecture.
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This is a view from about the spot in the Texas Book Repository where Lee Harvey Oswald shot President Kennedy (this was taken on the 7th floor, Oswald fired from the 6th floor). There is an X in the middle lane where Kennedy was hit.
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Hendrik Conscience Square
The Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library (Dutch: Erfgoedbibliotheek Hendrik Conscience) is the repository library of the city of Antwerp. It is named after the Flemish writer Hendrik Conscience, whose statue adorns the library. The library conserves books and magazines to keep them available permanently.
The history of the Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library, which was called the City Library until 2008, goes back to 1481. The collection contains more than one million books. The primary collection areas are Dutch literature, history of the Netherlands, early printed books (pre-1830), Flemish folk culture, art in the Netherlands, and works about Antwerp ("Antverpiensia").
The library originated in the fifteenth century, Over the centuries, the collection grew steadily. In the nineteenth century, the library expanded significantly. Today the Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library possesses a vast and versatile collection.
The Nottebohmzaal was designed as a space for exhibitions, lectures and as a storage space for museum objects. The hall was after Oscar Nottebohm, a businessman of German origin who was an important social and cultural patron for Antwerp. In his will, he donated a large amount of money to the City Library.
The Nottebohmzaal a preserves some of the foremost items from the library's collection, such as an Egyptian cabinet, celestial and terrestrial globes by William and Joan Blaeu, and several busts of European authors.
The book history collection includes works on the history of the book in general ( writing, manuscripts, etc.), printing, technical and historical aspects about content, etc. The collection is geographically mainly based on Europe. In detail, its domains are typography, bookbinding, illustration techniques, paper study, book design, the history of publishing, bookstores, libraries, collectors, press essence, and bibliophile editions.
The library holds an important collection of early printed books (books published before 1830), historically grown over the course of five centuries. The collection is constantly growing via donations (including through the Endowment Fund for Book and Literature) and purchases. Because of the exceptional size of the collection, its specific contents are extremely varied: history, literature, art, science, religion, etc. All kinds of print are represented: pamphlets, atlases, emblem books, ephemera (almanacs, occasional poems, etc.), plate works, musical works and so on. Manuscripts from the tenth to the twenty-first century are also part of the collection.
The main focus of the collection is Antwerp, with works on the history of the city and bibliographies about Antwerp authors and printers. Only publications by Plantin and his successors, the family Moretus are exclusively left to the Plantin-Moretus Museum. The library does not purchase works that are already present in other public collections in Antwerp.
ID: cColepShechem011
Source: slide
Repository: NPAPH-project
Creator(s): Dan P. Cole
Date:1960
Subject(s): Shechem
Description: Fld V; Drawing being made to document successive layers.
Julia V. Hendrickson
Repository (Travel Series)
Photo polymer etchings
2009
The aim of art is to tidy up one’s inner and outer worlds.
–Agnès Varda, Les glaneurs et la glaneuse
A suitcase’s existence implies a journey into the unknown, and its function is to provide a point of collection for a condensed world. As an artist who is also a collector of objects, I am drawn to the suitcase as a unique,
liminal space between interior and exterior.
The things we collect are a glimpse into the inner workings of our minds—our hopes, memories, choices, and beliefs—yet they exist as a part of daily life and are therefore made invisible. I want to give these small, collected things value and weight. In these Repository (Travel Series) prints, by placing personal, collected objects in unknown locations, one is forced to question that which is taken for granted. Discomfort and confusion occur in the unexpected juxtaposition of familiarity and the unknown, in places without points of reference. My small, collected objects are made monumental, skewing perception of the visual space and placing them outside of time.
I believe, in this modern world where images are primarily digital, fleeting and ephemeral, that the images I create should have some grounding in a real, physical space. I am interested in making images that are not only about personal, physical things, but which are made physical and tangible in themselves.