View allAll Photos Tagged Pulla
Pilli: "Plato, Admetus, Electra, Demeter..."
Pulla: "Munkustrap, Quaxo, Coricopat, Bombalurina, Jellylorum..."
Pilli: "T.S. Eliot mentions a lot of cat names, but not Pilli or Pulla!
Pulla: "Not fair!"
Monni: "He does not mention Monni either."
Bombalurina: "But he did mention Bombalurina. Now you guys must be jealous."
(Toy Sunday: Poetry)
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Tan sofocao’ como beta me han echao' y en el piso tan noquiao' yo brillo bajo el agua como escama de pecao' soy el sprin de tu cama que a ti te tiene pullao' toy quillao, como el setico que tu mierda voto con to' y tu escarcha tu no brilla yo si cago en vasinilla, quiere helado Baskin Robbins no toma tu valquilla, suelta el camaron en banda quiero frito con morsilla, en mi coro no hay semilla, parate y no me haga bulto, pa' que no cage la silla, que vengo con el lapiz, top dollar dando estilla, si inventas un flow de la vaina te va da raquiña, si forza conmigo resbalas en tu ladilla, te rompi la mejilla, ta quillao' con macopilla, hey yo pa' soy espìnilla, coge un ticket pa' llegame rueda con tu flow de niña, rocoloco, toma servilleta pa' lo moco, que tu ta' atra y ya no se usa el medio fondo, y aunque yo te escondo, mi coro si que te hace un hongo, si tu ta' blandito en puerto rico dicen mongo, mongo, mongo, mongo, mongolo! dame el nacional o el marboro, junto al vino concha y toro, van pal' inodoro, tu lo sabe, tu lo sabe, tu lo sabe, jojo! sientan el panico, mango el MIC el 5to fantastico, pa' hacete vola loco como un terodactilo, mi estilo es avanzao' el tuyo basico, el esto eres rigido compay yo soy elastico, tan pegajoso como un pez galastico, tipo, yo hago rap con amor con la intencion de haceme rico, mientras practico, te dejo paralitico, con los tuvo puesto, en estado critico, pero dale oreja y no le pare, que a veces soy tan jablador como un politico, sigo siendo el magnifico, dejando con la boca abierta a criticos, haceme notar cuando sueno en mi eso es tipico, te mastico como una yavoa y te bajo con un tampico te hago llorar como kiko, cuando con mi saliva el microfono salpico! Dame un chance nunca te canse pa’ que avance, caime atra en un helicóptero dudo que me alcanse, sigo rapeando huerfano de madre y que no force con lo loco pues rapeamos de cache asecha, tumba tu sopecha loco brecha, tu eres un indio, yo tengo una AKA pa’ tu flecha bebo romo siente el tufo, tirate del lufo, llego gárgara escondete de mi papa pitufo ! nunca force con la cuadra ruda tu lo abe, raima y los mina top dollar tu no cabe. Mamaguevo tu no cabe ♫
. . . cαяℓone# B2(k) .-
Kaththi (English: Knife) is an upcoming 2014 Tamil action thriller film written and directed by AR Murugadoss.[2] The film stars Vijay in a dual role [3] alongside Samantha Ruth Prabhu,[4] with Neil Nitin Mukesh, who made his debut in Tamil cinema through this film,[5][6] and Tota Roy Chowdhury portraying the antagonist roles.[7] Anirudh Ravichander composed the soundtrack album and background score for the film,[8] cinematography was done by George C. Williams,[9] and the film was edited by A. Sreekar Prasad. Eros International purchased the theatrical and audio rights for the film. Lyca Productions and Ayngaran International bankrolled the venture. The film was voted the most anticipated Tamil film of 2014 in a poll conducted by Behindwoods.[10]
Principal photography commenced on 3 February 2014. Shooting took place in Kolkata, Chennai, Kadapa. The film is scheduled to release on Diwali.[11][12][13]
Production
Development
After the success of Thuppakki (2012), it was reported that Murugadoss and Vijay would work together again.[14][15] Murugadoss confirmed the same on his Twitter page.[16] According to sources, the script was almost ready and that the film would not be a sequel to Thuppakki.[14] Ayngaran International and Lyca Productions were confirmed to be the producers and distributors of the film.[17] Murugadoss replaced his usual music director Harris Jayaraj with Anirudh Ravichander and signed George C. Williams as the cinematographer, who had filmed Raja Rani (2013) which was produced by Murugadoss himself.[9] Art director Lalgudi N. Ilayaraja, who had won the National Award for Best Art Direction in Vishwaroopam (2013), was selected to create the sets for the film.[18] The film was earlier rumored to be titled as Dheeran.[19] In March 2014, Murugadoss confirmed that the film would be titled Kaththi,[20] and that the film would have a Diwali release.[2]
Casting
Samantha Ruth Prabhu was confirmed to pair opposite Vijay.[21] Bengali actor Tota Roy Chowdhury was signed for an antagonistic role, an international gangster named Vivek Banerjee.[7] In March 2014, Murugadoss stated that Bollywood actor Neil Nitin Mukesh would be part of his project, making his Tamil film debut. He also unveiled that Vijay would be seen in a double role.[5] Actor Sathish was chosen to play a supporting role in the film.[22] Actors Prabhu Ganesan, Sayaji Shinde and Subbu Panchu were selected to play pivotal roles in the film.[2]
In an interview to the IANS, Neil Nitin Mukesh said that his look in Johnny Gaddaar (2007) inspired him to do Kaththi and that his role was not of the stereotypical over-the-top kind, but someone who is bad by nature. He had to learn Tamil for his role,[23] as he did not want to speak his dialogues without knowing and understanding their meaning.[24] He had also lost weight for the film.[25] He further revealed that his character would be a foreign-returned one and would be very stylish along the lines of Brad Pitt and David Beckham.[26]
Filming
The film was launched in Kolkata on 3 February 2014 by its producers Ayngaran International with a pooja ceremony in front of the Kalighat Kali Temple, after which principal photography began.[27][28] The first schedule of filming was done on Kolkata and Hyderabad.[29][30] In between, Murugadoss, took a break to promote his then upcoming Bollywood film, Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty (2014), the Hindi remake of Thuppakki (2012).[31] The film was then shot in Pushpa gardens in Chennai, where a huge set which costed around 1.25 crore (US$210,000) was erected and most of the indoor scenes were completed in this set.[32] Shooting continued for a 40 day long schedule in and around the city.[33] By July 2014, 60% of the shooting had been completed and the team shot a few scenes in Kadapa.[34] The final leg of the film began on 1 August 2014 at Chennai.[35] One of the song sequences was shot in Scotland.[36][37] In late August 2014, the makers confirmed that only 15 days of filming, including patch-work and a few fight sequences,[38] remained and that filming would be wrapped up by September 2014.[36] Filming moved back to Hyderabad where the rest of the fight sequences were canned.[39] On 1 September 2014, both Neil Nitin Mukesh[40] and Murugadoss confirmed on their social networking pages that the second half of the film had been nearly completed,[41] with some scenes shot at the Chennai Central railway station.[42] The lead pair and crew flew to London to can a song sequence in early September 2014.[43]
Post-production
On 4 September 2014, Neil Nitin Mukesh said that he had dubbed in Tamil himself for his role and that he completed his portions for the first half of the film.[44]
Music
Main article: Kaththi (soundtrack)
The soundtrack album and background score of the film were composed by Anirudh Ravichander.The soundtrack album consists of seven tracks.[8] Initial reports that the album release would be held in September 2014 at the Wembley Arena in London[45] and that the lead pair would perform at the audio launch along with Anirudh proved to be untrue.[46] The grand audio launch of the movie took place on 18 September 2014, at the Leela Palace Hotel in Chennai.[47]
Release
The film is scheduled to release on Diwali.[11]
Marketing
The first look motion poster teaser of Kaththi was released on 22 June 2014 on Vijay's birthday.[48] It crossed 2 million views on YouTube.[49] The motion poster teaser revealed that Vijay might play the role of a youth activist named Kathiresan and that he heads a youth brigade.[50][51] 2 promotional posters were released on 22 August 2014.[52][53] One of the posters showed a romantic still featuring the lead pair and the other had Vijay sporting the typical angry young man look.[54] The posters fetched positive feedback from fans[55] and trended on social networking sites following their release.[54] As a teaser to the song "Selfie Pulla", Anirudh started a selfie contest online, where fans were asked to post a selfie with the film's poster in the background.[43] The official teaser was unveiled at the audio launch of the film.[56] A video of the making of a song sequence shot at the Chennai International Airport was released on YouTube on 15 September 2014.[57] Behindwoods stated in its teaser review, "Sheer Mass is the word!"[58] Nivedita Mishra of the Hindustan Times wrote, "It’s powerful and gripping, synthetic yet elemental: without doubt, one of the best for a crime thriller."[59] Indiaglitz, in its teaser review, asserted, "The 360 degree camera spin with the bombastic BGM of Anirudh; is sure to give goosebumps to the fans of Vijay."[60] The teaser crossed 1 million views 2 days after its release.[61]
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
The popular Finnish cinnamon roll is called "korvapuusti". Elsewhere it seems more popular to have the centre of the spiral facing up instead of to the side, but this is certainly the proper way.
The one pictured here is unusually cute and small, so let us call it "minipuusti".
Recipe
(For those translating the measures, Google knows dl as "decilitre".)
Dough:
5 dl milk
1 egg
2 dl sugar
1 tblspn cardamom
1 tspn salt
50 g yeast
13-15 dl flour
150-200 g butter
Filling:
butter (melted), sugar, cinnamon
Glaze, Topping:
egg, coarse sugar
1. Heat the milk until it feels quite warm, add egg, sugar, cardamom and salt. Add the yeast (with flour or lukewarm milk).
2. Add the flour gradually while mixing continuously. Finally add the butter. Knead until even and separates from the bowl. Leave to rise under a cloth in a warm place, let rise until doubled.
3. Knead bubbles out of the risen dough and divide into two equal halves. Roll each half into a rectangle about 30×60 cm (1×2 feet) in size. For the filling, spread a thin layer of (melted) butter and sugar over each rectangle and sprinkle with cinnamon.
4. Roll each rectangle tightly from the long side (i.e. so as to make a long, thin roll). Pinch the seam tightly shut and leave it at the bottom (against the table). Cut into wedges / \ / \ of desired size.
5. Stand the wedges so that the thinner side points up. If desired, use both thumbs to press the top of the wedge all the way down (as pictured here, hasn't been pressed at all, but larger sizes do benefit from it and it creates the trademark “ears”). Let rise under a cloth in a warm place, for at least half an hour.
6. Glaze with egg and sprinkle liberally with sugar (large-grained, coarse sugar recommended, as pictured here). Bake in 225°C (about 425°F) for about 10-15 minutes.
7. To devour the roll properly, tear small strips from the spiral with your fingers. It tastes better, as every child knows! =)
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
recipe: www.axis-of-aevil.net/archives/2005/02/
Popular Finnish Shrovetide desserts are Shrove buns, almond paste and whipped cream-filled sweet buns, which you will find sold in every bakery and store at Shrovetide, and Finnish oven-baked pancake served with jam. In Finland, the habit of eating Shrove buns can be dated back to the 17th century, but this tradition is even older in Sweden, where it originally came from.
In Finland, Shrovetide took on a new meaning after the Reformation started by the German Martin Luther (1483-1546) from ca 1520 on. In the rural calendar, it marked the date by which many springtime tasks and duties, like spinning etc, should be brought to conclusion.
Nowadays Shrovetide is more of a secular festival season, a time for winter sport enthusiasts as well as for feasts of fatty foods, although the Lenten fasting ritual is not practiced among the Finnish Evangelical-Lutheran Church.
On Shrove Tuesday, children in many kindergartens and schools are taken to spend the day tobogganing, ice skating or cross-country or downhill skiing.
Many organizations arrange outdoor winter carnivals with sleigh riding, tobogganing, ice skating or skiing and serving food like pea soup, barbecued sausages, crêpes and hot cocoa to keep you warm. These carnivals take place on Shrove Sunday.
In the old agrarian days a whole village, kids and grownups alike, would attend a tobogganing event — it was believed that the farther your sled would slide, the taller the flax and bigger the rutabagas and turnips would grow that year.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
UCO - unknown cutlery object
black coffee, spelt biscuit, butter, red currant jelly.
found this unknown piece of cutlery on the fleamarket. does anybody know what it is used for?
The butterflies of the west coast of the United States
San Francisco,The Whitaker & Ray Company (Incorporated)1905.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park. That was our jeep. To the right are Roger and Avril.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
About the Artist :
Chennai Plus
First Weekly Tabloid in Chennai
Bringing Out A 2D Animation Documentary On Mahatma Gandhi!
Posted on February 23, 2013 by Chennai Plus
Winner of Bafta Award for television animation serial
Mr.A.Karthikeyan is the winner of Bafta Award for doing an animation Television serial Red Fox and his team got the SFX National Award for Aalavandan, Tamil Movie. He has worked in 2D and 3D Kannada, Tamil and Hindi films including a few television series as an animator. Karthikeyan has completed his B.Sc Visual Communication and he is presently pursuing his M.Sc Visual Communication at Annamalai University. He has the technical knowledge in free hand outline and model drawing and has completed a related course from Tamil Nadu Government Technical Board.
His mode of painting consists of oil colours and water colours. His personal skill and talent in art consists of pen and pencil art, portrait, concept art, story board, Lay-out, character design, anatomy drawing. Classes in drawing and painting are also taken by him. He has software knowledge including MAYA (Character Animation). Karthikeyan had worked as a 2D Animation Director at Pyramid Infotainment Ltd, Valluar Kottam, Chennai. He was an Animation Supervisor for Games Shastra Solutions based at Hyderabad from January 2007 to 2009. He was a 3D Animator for I Power Animation Studio based in Chennai from November 2005 to 2006.
Karthikeyan worked as a senior animator in Til Solutions (Total Infotainment) from August 2001 to 2003. He also was the senior animator in Data Quest from 2003 to 2004 and a senior animator cum team leader for Semanoor Technologies from 2004 January to October 2005. At Millitioon Animation Studio, Adyar Karthikeyan did animation projects for television series in foreign channels. He has done a number of classical animations for serials, namely- Pense Betes, Celestin, Red Fox, Vampire, Pirates and Aliens and Zoo Lane. At Til Solutions Karthikeyan did 2D animation feature films for various clients including Milt Vallas, Scaramoosh and Cartoon Network.
At Data Quest Karthikeyan worked on projects titled Potatoes and Dragon and Pet Pals. He did television serials in foreign channels for Alphanim Animation Studio, France and for Titaly Animation Studio in Australia. As a 3D animator in I Power Animation Studio, Karthikeyan worked with client Maharashtra Multimedia for five episodes. Apart of being a expert animation and talented artist, Karthikeyan enjoys listening to music, and watching National Geographic and Discovery Channel.
His first solo art show titled Indian Freedom Fighters in on at La Galerie D’Expressions, Hotel Ambassador Pallava, Montieth Road Egmore from 16th to 28th February 2013. About 80 paintings in pen and ink medium are displayed at the gallery. All the paintings are excellently done in a realistic manner by Karthikeyan, despite the fact that he is physically challenged. Karthikeyan is the perfect example for hard work, dedication and striving towards success in life. Karthikeyan resides at Sidco Nagar, Villivakkam.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
100ème anniversaire de la création de la première Internationale communiste, 1864-1964.
Centenario de la creacion de la primer Internacional comunista, 1864-1964. Sello albanés.
La Sacra di San Michele és una abadia ubicada dalt del cim Pirchiriano, de 936 metres, que tanca la vall de Susa al Piemont, i obre les vistes a la plana de Torí.
A la seva falda, des de la qual es pot contemplar la vertiginosa altura, tant de la muntanya com dels edificis, s'hi troben la petita localitat de Ciusa, conquerida per Carlemany entre els anys 773 i 774, abans d'envair la plana de Torí. Aquest monestir benedictí, que els torinesos anomenen simplement La Sacra, és un dels edificis més famosos i més excepcionals del romànic a Europa. Per a accedir al complex monàstic s'han de pujar 243 graons esgotadors, però una vegada al cim es pot gaudir d'unes vistes sorprenents dels voltants.
La massissa arquitectura del monestir, que sembla una fortificació, deixa una petjada profunda. Les roques es fonen amb els fonaments i amb les escales de les tres capelles que constitueixen el complex, junt amb l'església de Sant Miquel. En el segle VII o en el VIII ja existia en la roca un petit oratori, abans que arribés el duc Hug von Montoissier, l'any 999, i ordenés construir un monestir i un alberg per a pelegrins. El conjunt es consagrà a l'arcàngel sant Miquel, l'àngel que custodia les altures i les profunditats. De la mateixa manera que les altres esglésies i monestirs dedicats a sant Miquel, aquest complex també es troba en un lloc que entranya perill: l'ascens a les esferes celestials és costerut i la caiguda amenaça ser profunda.
La Sacra va viure el seu floriment en els segles XI i XII, ja que es troba en l'encreuament de tres camins de peregrinació medievals: la via Francigena, de Canterbury a Roma, el camí de Sant Jaume i el camí de Sant Miquel, des del mont Saint-Michel a Bretanya, fins al monte Sant'Angelo, a la regió de la Pulla (Itàlia). Encara avui arriben pelegrins d'arreu del món, que aprofiten l'hospitalitat dels monjos i troben en aquest lloc un centre d'espiritualitat molt especial.
En el segle XX es donà a conèixer la Sacra di San Michele arreu del món mercès a la novel·la El nom de la rosa, d'Umberto Eco, el qual s'inspirà en aquest impressionant monestir per escriure la seva obra. Tot i la imposant abadia de la Sacra, el film es va rodar al monestir cistercenc d'Eberbach (Alemanya), molt més accessible. Umberto Eco va quedar tan descontent de la pel·lícula que va renunciar a vendre els drets de cap més novel·la seva.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Asques à 8 spores irrégulièrement unisériées, avec crochet à la base
Paraphyses cylindriques-filiformes, peu septées vers la base et peu ramifiées au tiers inférieur, légèrement élargies et parfois recourbées à l’apex, mais non ondulées-contournées, à contenu granuleux noir (?)
Spores de morphologie variable, largement ellipsoïdes à ± fusoïdes, multiguttulées, brun olivâtre foncé, à paroi rougeâtre
NB. Bulgaria inquinans, similaire macroscopiquement, présente des paraphyses ondulées-contour-nées à l’apex.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Empezamos con este género, del que habitan gran cantidad de especies similares en la zona Neotropical, esta serie es de juveniles de Argia pulla, que encontramos a lo largo de un oscuro camino al atardecer en nuestra primera incursión a la selva. Panameña.
Starting with this genus, wich comprises some different species in the Neotropical region, this series is about inmates of Argia pulla, that we found along a dark trail in our first day in the rainforest of Panama.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
The Famine Years
Dungarvan, which was in a noted potato-growing area, suffered greatly during the famine years 1845-50. Following severe rises in food prices, the Dungarvan Relief Committee was established in January 1846, with the aim of distributing Indian-meal at subsidized prices. On 28th September 1846, the scarcity and price of food, and the shortage of work, resulted in the Dungarvan riots where grain stores on Dungarvan Quay were looted.
Pressure on the workhouse steadily increased, which had 650 inmates by 19th December 1846, rising to 739 by January 1st, and 766 by January 16th. Diseases such as typhus fever and dysentery were widespread. Attempt were made to reduce numbers by giving out-relief to the healthier inmates. A number of auxiliary workhouse buildings were set up. Government-sponsored soup-kitchens were set up during the first half of 1847, but the scheme ended in July. A few public-works schemes were also instigated. However, things got worse throughout 1847. What relief measures were proposed were hampered by lack of funds — rate-collectors found it very difficult to collect rates, and in some instances needed police protection.
The misery continued through 1848 and into 1849. At the start of January 1849, the total number of workhouse inmates stood at 2,751 and rose to over 3,000 by the end of that month. At the start of February, the situation was compounded by the first cases of a cholera epidemic that would last for several months.
Famine Graveyards
A stark reminder of the scale of the deaths during the famine years comes in the shape of the famine graveyards in which famine victims were buried in unmarked graves. From the end of 1847, the dead from Dungarvan workhouse went to the Slievegrine graveyard at Pulla. Prior to this, the old graveyard at Kilrush was used.
Kaththi (English: Knife) is an upcoming 2014 Tamil action thriller film written and directed by AR Murugadoss.[2] The film stars Vijay in a dual role [3] alongside Samantha Ruth Prabhu,[4] with Neil Nitin Mukesh, who made his debut in Tamil cinema through this film,[5][6] and Tota Roy Chowdhury portraying the antagonist roles.[7] Anirudh Ravichander composed the soundtrack album and background score for the film,[8] cinematography was done by George C. Williams,[9] and the film was edited by A. Sreekar Prasad. Eros International purchased the theatrical and audio rights for the film. Lyca Productions and Ayngaran International bankrolled the venture. The film was voted the most anticipated Tamil film of 2014 in a poll conducted by Behindwoods.[10]
Principal photography commenced on 3 February 2014. Shooting took place in Kolkata, Chennai, Kadapa. The film is scheduled to release on Diwali.[11][12][13]
Production
Development
After the success of Thuppakki (2012), it was reported that Murugadoss and Vijay would work together again.[14][15] Murugadoss confirmed the same on his Twitter page.[16] According to sources, the script was almost ready and that the film would not be a sequel to Thuppakki.[14] Ayngaran International and Lyca Productions were confirmed to be the producers and distributors of the film.[17] Murugadoss replaced his usual music director Harris Jayaraj with Anirudh Ravichander and signed George C. Williams as the cinematographer, who had filmed Raja Rani (2013) which was produced by Murugadoss himself.[9] Art director Lalgudi N. Ilayaraja, who had won the National Award for Best Art Direction in Vishwaroopam (2013), was selected to create the sets for the film.[18] The film was earlier rumored to be titled as Dheeran.[19] In March 2014, Murugadoss confirmed that the film would be titled Kaththi,[20] and that the film would have a Diwali release.[2]
Casting
Samantha Ruth Prabhu was confirmed to pair opposite Vijay.[21] Bengali actor Tota Roy Chowdhury was signed for an antagonistic role, an international gangster named Vivek Banerjee.[7] In March 2014, Murugadoss stated that Bollywood actor Neil Nitin Mukesh would be part of his project, making his Tamil film debut. He also unveiled that Vijay would be seen in a double role.[5] Actor Sathish was chosen to play a supporting role in the film.[22] Actors Prabhu Ganesan, Sayaji Shinde and Subbu Panchu were selected to play pivotal roles in the film.[2]
In an interview to the IANS, Neil Nitin Mukesh said that his look in Johnny Gaddaar (2007) inspired him to do Kaththi and that his role was not of the stereotypical over-the-top kind, but someone who is bad by nature. He had to learn Tamil for his role,[23] as he did not want to speak his dialogues without knowing and understanding their meaning.[24] He had also lost weight for the film.[25] He further revealed that his character would be a foreign-returned one and would be very stylish along the lines of Brad Pitt and David Beckham.[26]
Filming
The film was launched in Kolkata on 3 February 2014 by its producers Ayngaran International with a pooja ceremony in front of the Kalighat Kali Temple, after which principal photography began.[27][28] The first schedule of filming was done on Kolkata and Hyderabad.[29][30] In between, Murugadoss, took a break to promote his then upcoming Bollywood film, Holiday: A Soldier Is Never Off Duty (2014), the Hindi remake of Thuppakki (2012).[31] The film was then shot in Pushpa gardens in Chennai, where a huge set which costed around 1.25 crore (US$210,000) was erected and most of the indoor scenes were completed in this set.[32] Shooting continued for a 40 day long schedule in and around the city.[33] By July 2014, 60% of the shooting had been completed and the team shot a few scenes in Kadapa.[34] The final leg of the film began on 1 August 2014 at Chennai.[35] One of the song sequences was shot in Scotland.[36][37] In late August 2014, the makers confirmed that only 15 days of filming, including patch-work and a few fight sequences,[38] remained and that filming would be wrapped up by September 2014.[36] Filming moved back to Hyderabad where the rest of the fight sequences were canned.[39] On 1 September 2014, both Neil Nitin Mukesh[40] and Murugadoss confirmed on their social networking pages that the second half of the film had been nearly completed,[41] with some scenes shot at the Chennai Central railway station.[42] The lead pair and crew flew to London to can a song sequence in early September 2014.[43]
Post-production
On 4 September 2014, Neil Nitin Mukesh said that he had dubbed in Tamil himself for his role and that he completed his portions for the first half of the film.[44]
Music
Main article: Kaththi (soundtrack)
The soundtrack album and background score of the film were composed by Anirudh Ravichander.The soundtrack album consists of seven tracks.[8] Initial reports that the album release would be held in September 2014 at the Wembley Arena in London[45] and that the lead pair would perform at the audio launch along with Anirudh proved to be untrue.[46] The grand audio launch of the movie took place on 18 September 2014, at the Leela Palace Hotel in Chennai.[47]
Release
The film is scheduled to release on Diwali.[11]
Marketing
The first look motion poster teaser of Kaththi was released on 22 June 2014 on Vijay's birthday.[48] It crossed 2 million views on YouTube.[49] The motion poster teaser revealed that Vijay might play the role of a youth activist named Kathiresan and that he heads a youth brigade.[50][51] 2 promotional posters were released on 22 August 2014.[52][53] One of the posters showed a romantic still featuring the lead pair and the other had Vijay sporting the typical angry young man look.[54] The posters fetched positive feedback from fans[55] and trended on social networking sites following their release.[54] As a teaser to the song "Selfie Pulla", Anirudh started a selfie contest online, where fans were asked to post a selfie with the film's poster in the background.[43] The official teaser was unveiled at the audio launch of the film.[56] A video of the making of a song sequence shot at the Chennai International Airport was released on YouTube on 15 September 2014.[57] Behindwoods stated in its teaser review, "Sheer Mass is the word!"[58] Nivedita Mishra of the Hindustan Times wrote, "It’s powerful and gripping, synthetic yet elemental: without doubt, one of the best for a crime thriller."[59] Indiaglitz, in its teaser review, asserted, "The 360 degree camera spin with the bombastic BGM of Anirudh; is sure to give goosebumps to the fans of Vijay."[60] The teaser crossed 1 million views 2 days after its release.[61]
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Family: Tenebrionidae
Size: 7.2 mm
Location: Kenya, Mombasa, Diani Beach
leg. U.Schmidt, 9.-19.IV.1990; det. Schawaller, 2014
Photo: U.Schmidt, 2016
Filmography :
As Composer :
Pazhassi Raja (2008) (filming)
Sooryan (2007)
Cheeni Kum (2007) (as Ilaiyaraaja)
Vinodayathra (2007)
Anumanaspadam (2007)
Hope (2006/II)
Pachakuthira (2006)
Rasathanthram (2006)
Shiva (2006)
Divorce: Not Between Husband and Wife (2005)
Athu Oru Kanaa Kaalam (2005)
Oru Naal Oru Kanavu (2005)
Mumbai Express (2005)
Achuvinte Amma (2005)
Ponmudipuzhayorathu (2005)
Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (2005)
Vishwa Thulasi (2004)
Shiv Shankar (2004)
Virumandi (2004)
Kamaraj (2004)
Manassinakkare (2003)
Manasellaam (2003)
Julie Ganapathy (2003)
Pithamagan (2003)
Nizhalkkuthu (2002)
Mitr, My Friend (2002) (as Bhavatharini Iliayaragja)
Azhagi (2002)
Ramana (2002)
Solla Marantha Kathai (2002)
Lajja (2001) (background score) (as Ilaiyaraaja)
Eduruleni Manishi (2001)
Friends (2001)
Kutty (2001)
Hey Ram (2000)
Aagaayam (2000)
Bharathi (2000)
Ilaiyavan (2000)
IPC 215 (2000)
Kaadhal Rojave (2000)
Kaakai Chirakiniley (2000)
Kannukkul Nilavu (2000)
Kelviyin Nayagan (2000)
Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal (2000)
Puratchi (2000)
Saamy Kodutha Varam (2000)
Annan (1999)
Chinna Durai (1999)
Friends (1999)
The Godman (1999)
House Full (1999)
Kummi Paattu (1999)
Manam Virumbuthey Unnai (1999)
Mugam (1999)
Nilavey Mugam Kaattu (1999)
Ponnu Veetukkaran (1999)
Rajasthan (1999)
Sethu (1999)
Thodarum (1999)
Anthahpuram (1998)
Anuragakottaram (1998)
Deseeya Geetham (1998)
Dharma (1998)
Kaadhal Kavidai (1998)
Kallu Kondoru Pennu (1998)
Kangalin Vaarthaigal (1998)
Kanmani Oru Kavidhai (1998)
Kannathaal (1998)
Kavala Padathey Sahothara (1998)
Kizhakkum Maerkkum (1998)
Kumbakonam Gopalu (1998)
Manjeeradhwani (1998)
Poonthottam (1998)
Senthooram (1998)
Thalaimurai (1998)
Veera Thaalaattu (1998)
Chinnabbayi (1997)
Devathai (1997)
Guru (1997)
Kaadhalukku Mariyaadai (1997)
Kadavul (1997)
Kaliyoonjal (1997)
Oru Yaatra Mozhi (1997)
Raman Abdullah (1997)
Thambi Durai (1997)
Thenmaangu Paattu Karan (1997)
Vasuki (1997)
Sreekaram (1996)
Aur Ek Prem Kahani (1996)
Chhaila (1996)
Irattai Roja (1996)
Kala Pani (1996)
Katta Panchayathu (1996)
Kuruthipunal (1996)
Man of the Match (1996)
Nammoora Mandaara Hoove (1996)
Poomani (1996)
Poovarasan (1996)
Sabse Bada Mawali (1996)
Shiva Sainya (1996)
Vasantham (1996)
Makkal Aatchi (1995)
Aanazhagan (1995)
Avathaaram (1995)
Chandralekha (1995)
Chinna Thevan (1995)
Chinna Vathiyar (1995)
Ellaame En Raasa Thaan (1995)
Ilaya Raagam (1995)
Kattu Marakkaaran (1995)
Kolangal (1995)
Maya Bazaar (1995)
Muthu Kaalai (1995)
Nandhavana Theru (1995)
Nattupura Pattu (1995)
Oru Orle Oru Rajakumari (1995)
Paattu Paadava (1995)
Paattu Vaathiyaar (1995)
Periya Kudumbam (1995)
Raajaa Enga Raajaa (1995)
Raajavin Paarvayile (1995)
Raasaiyya (1995)
Raja Mudra (1995)
Sathi Leelavathi (1995)
Thedi Vandha Raasa (1995)
Adharmam (1994)
Adhiradippadai (1994)
Allari Police (1994)
Amaidhi Padai (1994)
Honest Raj (1994)
Kanmani (1994)
Magalir Mattum (1994)
Mogha Mull (1994)
Periya Maruthu (1994)
Priyanka (1994)
Pudhuppaatti Ponnuthaayi (1994)
Raasamagan (1994)
Rajakumaaran (1994)
Saadu (1994)
Samaram (1994)
Sammohanam (1994)
Satyavan (1994)
Seeman (1994)
Senthamizh Selvan (1994)
Sethupathi I.P.S (1994)
Sevvanthi (1994)
Shakti Vel (1994)
Thendral Varum Theru (1994)
Thozhar Pandiyan (1994)
Vanaja Girija (1994)
Veera (1994)
Veetla Visheshanga (1994)
Vietnam Colony (1994)
Kilipetchu Ketkava (1993)
Jackpot (1993)
Aa Okkati Adakku (1993)
Amma Koduku (1993)
Aranmanai Kili (1993)
Asathyaralu (1993)
Atma (1993)
Chinna Jameen (1993)
Chinna Kannamma (1993)
Chinna Maaplai (1993)
Detective Naarada (1993)
Dharmaseelan (1993)
Druva Natchathiram (1993)
Ejamaan (1993)
Enga Modhalaali (1993)
Enga Thambi (1993)
Ezhai Jaadhi (1993)
I Love India (1993)
Kaathirukka Neramillai (1993)
Kalaignan (1993)
Kattalai (1993)
Koil Kaalai (1993)
Mahanadi (1993)
Maharasan (1993)
Mamiyaar Veedu (1993)
Manikkuyil (1993)
Marupadiyam (1993)
Parvathi Ennai Paaradi (1993)
Ponnumani (1993)
Ponvilangu (1993)
Purantha Veeda Pukanda Veeda (1993)
Raakkayi Koil (1993)
Sakkarai Thevan (1993)
Thaalaattu (1993)
Thanga Kili (1993)
Tholi Muddhu (1993)
Udanpirappu (1993)
Ullae Veliae (1993)
Utthama Raasa (1993)
Uzhaippaali (1993)
Valli (1993)
Walter Vetrivel (1993)
Pappayude Swantham Appoos (1992)
Mannan (1992)
Aavarampoo (1992)
Agni Paarvai (1992)
Apaaratha (1992)
Ashwamedham (1992)
Bharathan (1992)
Chakravyuham (1992)
Chamanthi (1992)
Chembaruthi (1992)
Chinna Pasanga Naanga (1992)
Chinna Rayudu (1992)
Chinna Thaayi (1992)
Chinnavar (1992)
Deiva Vaakku (1992)
Dharma Kshetram (1992)
Enrum Anbudan (1992)
Guna (1992)
Idu Namma Bhoomi (1992)
Innisai Mazhai (1992)
Kaaval Geetham (1992)
Kalikaalam (1992)
Maappilai Vandhaachu (1992)
Magudam (1992)
Marutode Naa Mogudu (1992)
Meera (1992)
Naangal (1992)
Nadodi Paattukkaran (1992)
Nadodi Thendral (1992)
Onna Irukka Kathukanom (1992)
Paandi Durai (1992)
Pandian (1992)
Pangaali (1992)
Pattu Dala (1992)
Periamma (1992)
Ponnukkeetha Purushan (1992)
Prema Vijeta (1992)
Priyathama (1992)
Pudhiya Swarangal (1992)
Rasukutty (1992)
Ricksha Mama (1992)
Senthamizh Paattu (1992)
Shanthi (1992)
Singaaravelan (1992)
Thai Mozhi (1992)
Thambi Pondaatti (1992)
Thanga Manasukkaaaran (1992)
Thevar Magan (1992)
Thirumathi Pazhanichami (1992)
Unnai Vaazhthi Paadukiren (1992)
Unna Nenachen Paattu Padicchen (1992)
Va Va Vasanthame (1992)
Villu Paattu Karan (1992)
Thalapathi (1991) (as Ilayaraaja)
Aditya 369 (1991)
Anaswaram (1991)
Coolie No. 1 (1991)
Stoovertpuram Police Station (1991)
Aadmi Aur Apsara (1991)
April 1st Vidudhala (1991)
Brahma (1991)
Captain Prabhakaran (1991)
Chaitanya (1991)
Chanti (1991)
Chinna Gounder (1991)
Chinna Thambi (1991)
Dharma Dorai (1991)
Edu Kondalaswamy (1991)
Eeramaana Rojave (1991)
En Arukil Nee Irundhaal (1991)
En Rasavin Manisile (1991)
Ente Sooryaputhrikku (1991)
Gopura Vasalile (1991)
Idhayam (1991) (as Ilaiyaraaja)
Irumbup Pookkal (1991)
Karpoora Mullai (1991)
Keechu Raallu (1991)
Killer (1991)
Kumbakarai Thangaiah (1991)
Manidha Jaadhi (1991) (V)
Michael Madana Kamarajan (1991)
Nirnayam (1991)
Oorellam Un Paattu (1991)
Pillai Paasam (1991)
Pudhiya Raagam (1991)
Pudhu Nellu Puddhu Nathu (1991)
Saami Potta Mudhichhu (1991)
Sri Edukondala Swaami (1991)
Surya IPS (1991)
Thaalaattu Kekkuthamma (1991)
Thaayamma (1991)
Thambikku Oru Paattu (1991)
Thandu Vitten Ennai (1991)
Thanga Thaamaraigal (1991)
Uruvam (1991)
Vanna Vanna Pookkal (1991)
Vetrikkarangal (1991)
Vetri Padigal (1991)
Samrajyam (1990)
Jagadeka Veerudu Attilokasundari (1990)
Kondaveeti Donga (1990)
Adisaya Piravi (1990)
Amman Koil Thiruvizha (1990)
Anbu Chinnam (1990)
Anjali (1990)
Arangetra Velai (1990)
Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata (1990)
Bobbili Raja (1990)
Edhir Katru (1990)
Engitte Modhathe (1990)
En Uyir Thozhan (1990)
Guru Shishyulu (1990)
Idhem Pellaam Baaboy (1990)
Kavalukku Kettikaran (1990)
Kavithai Paadum Alaigal (1990)
Keladi Kanmani (1990)
Kizhakku Vasal (1990)
Kshatriyan (1990)
Mallu Vaetti Minor (1990)
Manusukkeyththa Maappillai (1990)
Marudu Pandi (1990)
My Dear Marthandan (1990)
Nadigan (1990)
Nee Siriththaal Dheepaavalli (1990)
Nilapennay (1990)
Ooru Vittu Ooru Vandhu (1990)
Oru Pudhiya Kadhai (1990)
Paalaivavana Paravaigal (1990)
Paattukku Naan Adimai (1990)
Pagalil Pournami (1990)
Periya Veettu Panakkaran (1990)
Pondaatti Thevai (1990)
Pudhu Paatu (1990)
Pulan Visaaranai (1990)
Raja Kaiye Vacha (1990)
Sirayil Pootha Chinnamalar (1990)
Sirayil Sila Raagangal (1990)
Thaalaattu Paadava (1990)
Unnai Solli Kutramillai (1990)
Urudhi Mozhi (1990)
Velai Kidaichiruchu (1990)
Vellaya Thevan (1990)
Shiva (1989/I) (as Ilaiya Raaja)
Rudranetra (1989)
Adharvam (1989)
Mounam Sammadham (1989)
Anbu Kattalai (1989)
Annanukku Jai (1989)
Apoorva Sahodarargal (1989)
Ashoka Chakravarthy (1989)
Chettu Kinda Pleader (1989)
Chinnappadhaas (1989)
Dharmam Vellum (1989)
Enga Ooru Maappilai (1989)
Ennai Petha Raasa (1989)
En Purushan Thaan Enakkum Mattum Thaan (1989)
Gitanjali (1989)
Gopala Rao Gaari Abbai (1989)
Indrudu Chandrudu (1989)
Kaadhal Oyvathillai (1989)
Kaiveesu Amma Kaiveesu (1989)
Karagaattakkaaran (1989)
Kokila (1989)
Mahaadev (1989)
Mappilai (1989)
Namma Bhoomi (1989)
Ninaivu Chinnam (1989)
Paandi Naattu Thangam (1989)
Paasa Mazhai (1989)
Paattukku Oru Thalaivan (1989)
Padicha Pulla (1989)
Pick Pocket (1989)
Pongi Varum Kaveri (1989)
Ponmana Selvan (1989)
Poruthathu Pothum (1989)
Prema (1989)
Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (1989)
Raajadhi Raaja (1989)
Raaja Raajathaan (1989)
Season (1989)
Siva (1989)
Swathi Chinukulu (1989)
Thangamaana Raasa (1989)
Thendral Sudum (1989)
Thiruppu Munai (1989)
Vaadyaar Veettu Pillai (1989)
Varusham Padhinaaru (1989)
Bloodstone (1988)
Marana Mrudangam (1988)
Rudra Veena (1988)
Aakhari Poratam (1988)
Aasthulu Anthasthulu (1988)
Abhinandana (1988)
Agni Nakshatram (1988)
Chinnabaabu (1988)
Chithram (1988)
Dhaayam Onnu (1988)
Dharmathin Thalaivan (1988)
En Bommukutty Ammavukku (1988)
Enga Ooru Kaavakkaaran (1988)
En Jeevan Paaduthe (1988)
Ennai Vittu Pokaathe (1988)
En Uyir Kannamma (1988)
En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (1988)
Garikincina Gaana (1988)
Guru Sisyan (1988)
Illam (1988)
Irandil Ondru (1988)
Ithu Engal Neethi (1988)
Jamadagni (1988)
Kanney Kalaimaaney (1988)
Maharshi (1988)
Manamagale Vaa (1988)
Menamama (1988)
Moonnam Pakkam (1988)
Naan Sonnathey Sattam (1988)
Oruvar Vaazhum Aalayam (1988)
Paadaatha Thaeneekal (1988)
Paasa Paravaigal (1988)
Parthal Pasu (1988)
Poonthotta Kaavalkkaaran (1988)
Raasave Unnai Nambi (1988)
Rakthabishekam (1988)
Sakkarai Pandhal (1988)
Satya (1988)
Sembagame Sembagame (1988)
Solla Thudikkuthu Manasu (1988)
Soora Samhaaram (1988)
Swarnakamalam (1988)
Tarzan Sundhari (1988)
Therkathikkallan (1988)
Unnal Mudiyum Thambi (1988)
Varasudochhadu (1988)
Veedu (1988)
Aradhana (1987)
Aalappiranthavan (1987)
Anand (1987)
Andharikandey Kandhudu (1987)
Chinna Kuyil Paattu (1987)
Dhoorathu Pacchai (1987)
Enga Ooru Paattukkaaran (1987)
Graamathu Minnal (1987)
Idhu Oru Thodarkathai (1987)
Iniya Uravu Poothathu (1987)
Irattaival Kuruvi (1987)
Jallikkattu (1987)
Kaadhal Parisu (1987)
Kaamaagni (1987)
Kadamai Kanniyam Kattupaadu (1987)
Kalyaana Kachcheri (1987)
Khaidi (1987)
Krishnan Vandaan (1987)
Manaivi Ready (1987)
Manathil Uruthi Vendum (1987)
Mangai Oru Gangai (1987)
Nayakan (1987)
Ninaikka Therinda Maname (1987)
Ninaive Oru Sangeetham (1987)
Ore Oru Gramathile (1987)
Paadu Nilave (1987)
Per Sollum Pillai (1987)
Poovizhi Vasalile (1987)
Puyal Padam Pattu (1987)
Rendu Thokala Titta (1987)
Sankeerthana (1987)
Sirai Paravai (1987)
Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe (1987)
Theertha Karayinile (1987)
Ullam Kavarntha Kalvan (1987)
Vazha Vazharka (1987)
Velaikkaaran (1987)
Vetri Vizha (1987)
Raakshasudu (1986)
Kaveri (1986)
Poomukhappadiyil Ninneyum Kathu (1986)
Kiraathakudu (1986)
Aalaapana (1986)
Aappirikaavil Appu (1986)
Amman Koil Kizhakkaalae (1986)
Ananda Kannir (1986)
Aruvadhai Nall (1986)
December Pookkal (1986)
Dharma Pathni (1986)
Enakku Naaney Needhibadhi (1986)
Engal Thaikulame Varuga (1986)
Iravu Pookkal (1986)
Isai Paadum Thendral (1986)
Jadu Nagari (1986)
Kadolara Kavithaigal (1986)
Kallamellam Un Mediyil (1986)
Kannaththorakkanum Saami (1986)
Kannukku Mai Ezhuthu (1986)
Karimedu Karuvaayan (1986)
Kodai Mazhai (1986)
Maaveran (1986)
Manchi Manasulu (1986)
Mandhira Punnagai (1986)
Manithanin Maru Pakkam (1986)
Maragadha Veenai (1986)
Mela Thiranthathu Kadhavu (1986)
Mouna Ragam (1986)
Mr. Bharath (1986/I)
Mr. Bharath (1986/II)
Mudhal Vasantham (1986)
Murattu Karangal (1986)
Naanum Oru Thozhilaali (1986)
Nam Ooru Nalla Ooru (1986)
Natpu (1986)
Nee Thaana Andha Kuyil (1986)
Paaru Paaru Pattinam Paaru (1986)
Palavanai Rojakkal (1986)
Pudhir (1986)
Punnagai Mannan (1986)
Saadhanai (1986)
Sathyajothi (1986)
Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam (1986)
Thaiku Oru Thalattu (1986)
Thazhuvaatha Kaigal (1986)
Unakkagavey Vaazhkiren (1986)
Vidincha Kalyaanam (1986)
Vikram (1986/I)
Yaro Ezhuthia Kavithai (1986)
Yathra (1985)
Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu (1985)
Jwala (1985)
Aaj Ka Dada (1985)
Aan Paavam (1985)
Accident (1985)
Aduthathu Albert (1985)
Ajeya (1985)
Amudha Gaanam (1985)
Anbin Mugavari (1985)
Andha Oru Nimidam (1985)
Annai Bhoomi (1985)
Anveshana (1985)
Chinna Veedu (1985)
Darja Donga (1985)
Eetti (1985)
En Selvame (1985)
Gatti Melam (1985)
Geethanjali (1985)
Hello Yaar Peysaradhu (1985)
Idaya Kovil (1985)
Illali Sapadham (1985)
Jalsa Bullodu (1985)
Kaakki Sattai (1985)
Kanni Raasi (1985)
Khooni (1985)
Kunguma Chimizh (1985)
Ladies Tailor (1985)
Malargal Nanaiginrana (1985)
Mangalya Bandham (1985)
Meendum Paraasakthi (1985)
Mera Inteqam (1985)
Monagadu Mosagadu (1985)
Muthal Mariyathai (1985)
Muthyala Jallu (1985)
Naane Raja Naane Manthiri (1985)
Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985)
Nalla Thambi (1985)
Needhiyin Marupakkam (1985)
Padikkatha Panayar (1985)
Padikkathavan (1985)
Pagal Nilavu (1985)
Pillai Nila (1985)
Poovae Poo Chooda Vaa (1985)
Praja Poratam (1985)
Preminchu Pelladu (1985)
Pudhiya Theerppu (1985)
Raaja Gopuram (1985)
Rahasya Hanthakudu (1985)
Raja Rishi (1985)
Selvi (1985)
Shivabhakta Naga Shakti (1985)
Sindhu Bhairavi (1985)
Sree Raaghavendar (1985)
Swathi Muthyam (1985)
Thanga Mama (1985)
Thendraley Ennai Thodu (1985)
Udaya Geetham (1985)
Unnaith Thedi Varuven (1985)
Unn Kannil Neer Vazhindal (1985)
Urimai (1985)
Uyarntha Ullam (1985)
Challenge (1984)
Alai Osai (1984)
Alaya Deepam (1984)
Ambigai Neyril Vandhaal (1984)
Anbae Odi Vaa (1984)
Anbulla Malarae (1984)
Anbulla Rajanikant (1984)
Changa Naadham (1984)
Enakkul Oruvan (1984)
Etho Mogam (1984)
Ezhudhaantha Chattangal (1984)
Gadusu Pindam (1984)
Idhey Naa Savaal (1984)
Ingeyum Oru Gangai (1984)
Irupatthi Naalu Mani Neram (1984)
Jalsarayudu (1984)
Janavari Onnu (1984)
Jappanil Kalyanaraman (1984)
Kai Kodukkam Kai (1984)
Kairaasikkaran (1984)
Kalyana Kanavugal (1984)
Komberi Moogan (1984)
Kuvaakuvaa Vaththukkal (1984)
Magudi (1984)
Mangalam Nerunnu (1984)
Mayadari Mogudu (1984)
Meendumoru Kaadal Kathai (1984)
Merupudadi (1984)
Mudivilla Aarambam (1984)
Munthanai Mudichu (1984)
My Dear Kuttichaathan (1984)
Naagara Mahimey (1984)
Naalai Unathu Naal (1984)
Naan Mahaan Alla (1984)
Naan Paadum Paadal (1984)
Nalla Naal (1984)
Nallavanukku Nallavan (1984)
Neengal Kettavai (1984)
Nee Thodumbodhu (1984)
Neram Nalla Neram (1984)
Neruppukkul Eeram (1984)
Nilavu Sudavathillai (1984)
Noorava Roju (1984)
Nooravathunaal (1984)
Nuvva Nena (1984)
Nyayam (1984)
O Maaney Maaney (1984)
Onnanu Nammal (1984)
Oru Kaidhiyin Diary (1984)
Poo Vilangu (1984)
Pozhudhu Vidinjaachchu (1984)
Prema Sangamam (1984)
Saahasamey Jeevitham (1984)
Sanganatham (1984)
Takkaridonga (1984)
Thalayanai Mandhiram (1984)
Thambikku Entha Ooru (1984)
Thangamadi Thangam (1984)
Tiger Rajani (1984)
Ullam Urugudhudai (1984)
Unaroo (1984)
Unnai Naan Santhithen (1984)
Vaidehi Kaathirundaal (1984)
Vazhkai (1984)
Veerabhadhrudu (1984)
Vellai Pura Ondru (1984)
Manthrigari Viyyankudu (1983)
Abhilasha (1983/I)
Aanadha Gummi (1983)
Aa Rathri (1983)
Aayiram Nilavae Vaa (1983)
Adutha Varisu (1983)
Andha Sila Naatkal (1983)
Anney Anney (1983)
Bhagavathipuram Railway Gate (1983)
Devi Sridevi (1983)
Dhavani Kannavukal (1983)
Ennai Paar Enn Azhagai Paar (1983)
Eththanai Konam Eththanai Paarvai (1983)
Ilamai Idho Idho (1983)
Ilamai Kaalangal (1983)
Indru Nee Nalai Naan (1983)
Jyothi (1983)
Kann Sivanthaal Mann Sivakkum (1983)
Kokkarako (1983)
Malayur Mambattiyaan (1983)
Manaivi Solle Manthiram (1983)
Man Vasanai (1983)
Mella Pesungal (1983)
Moondram Pirai (1983)
Muththu Engal Choththu (1983)
Niyaaya Geththidhu (1983)
Odai Nathiyaakirathu (1983)
Oomai Kuyil (1983)
Oppandham (1983)
Paayum Puli (1983) (as Ilaiyaraaja)
Pallavi Anu Pallavi (1983)
Pin Nilavu (1983)
Pudumai Penn (1983)
Raagangal Maruvathillai (1983)
Raj Kumar (1983)
Saattayillatha Pambaram (1983)
Sadma (1983)
Sagara Sangamam (1983)
Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu (1983)
Sitaara (1983)
Soorakkottai Singakkuutti (1983)
Thanga Magan (1983)
Thoongathey Tambi Thoongathey (1983)
Urangaadha Nenjangal (1983)
Veetila Raaman Veliyila Krishnan (1983)
Vellai Roja (1983)
Yuga Dharmam (1983)
Aagaaya Gangai (1982)
Aananda Raagam (1982)
Alolam (1982)
Angadhudu (1982)
Archchanai Pookkal (1982)
Auto Raja (1982)
Azhagiya Kanney (1982)
Boom Boom Madu (1982)
Eera Vizhi Kaaviyangal (1982)
Engeyo Ketta Kural (1982)
Gopurangal Saayvathillai (1982)
Hitler Umanath (1982)
Ilanjodigal (1982)
Kalyana Kalam (1982)
Kanney Raadha (1982)
Kanya Dweep (1982)
Kathal Ovium (1982)
Kavitha Malar (1982)
Kelviyum Naaney Badhilum Naaney (1982)
Kozhi Koovuthu (1982)
Lottery Ticket (1982)
Maganey Maganey (1982)
Manjal Nila (1982)
Marumagaley Varuga (1982)
Metti (1982)
Nalanthana (1982)
Nenjalgal (1982)
Ninaivellam Nitya (1982)
Nireekshana (1982)
Nizhal Thedum Nenjangal (1982)
Olangal (1982)
Pakkathu Veetu Roja (1982)
Pannaipurathu Pandavargal (1982)
Paritchaikku Neramchu (1982)
Payanangal Mudivathillai (1982)
Pokkiri Raja (1982)
Poolapallakki (1982)
Pudhu Kavithai (1982)
Ranga (1982)
Raniththeni (1982)
Sakala Kala Vallavan (1982)
Sangili (1982)
Thai Mookambhikai (1982)
Thanikatu Raja (1982)
Theerpu (1982)
Thooral Ninnu Pochhu (1982)
Thyagi (1982)
Vaa Kanna Vaa (1982)
Valibamey Vaa Vaa (1982)
Yechchil Iravugal (1982)
Aaradhanai (1981)
Alaigal Ooivathilai (1981)
Amaavaasya Chandhrudu (1981)
Balanagamma (1981)
Bhari Bharjari Bete (1981)
Chinnaari Chittibaau (1981)
Do Dil Diwane (1981)
Ellaam Inbamayam (1981)
Enakkaga Kaathiru (1981)
Garjanai (1981)
Indru Poyi Naalai Vaa (1981)
Kadal Meengal (1981)
Kalthoon (1981)
Kanniththeevu (1981)
Karaiyellam Shenbagappoo (1981)
Kazhagu (1981)
Koyil Pura (1981)
Madhumalar (1981)
Meendum Kokila (1981)
Nalladhu Nadandhey Theerum (1981)
Nandu (1981)
Nee Nanna Gellare (1981)
Nenjathai Killathe (1981)
Netri Kann (1981)
Oru Iravu Oru Paravai (1981)
Panneer Pushpangal (1981)
Pennin Vazhkai (1981)
Prema Pichchi (1981)
Raaja Paarvai (1981)
Rajangam (1981)
Rama Lakshman (1981)
Ranuva Veeran (1981)
Rattha Katteriyin Marma Maligai (1981)
Seethakoka Chilaka (1981)
Shankarlal (1981)
Shikari (1981)
Sollaathey Yaarum Keyttaal (1981)
Tik Tik Tik (1981)
Vidiyum Vari Kaathiru (1981)
Kaali (1980)
Anbukku Naan Adimai (1980)
Ayiram Vaasal Idhayam (1980)
Dhooramarigey (1980)
Ellaam Un Kairaasi (1980)
Enga Oor Rasathi (1980)
Geetha (1980)
Graamathu Aathiyam (1980)
Guru (1980)
Idhayathiley Oru Idam (1980)
Ilamai Kolam (1980)
Janma Janmada Anubandha (1980)
Kaalrathiri (1980)
Kallukkul Eeram (1980)
Kannil Theriyum Kadhaigal (1980)
Karumbu Vil (1980)
Kotha Jeevithalu (1980)
Maayadhaari Krishnudu (1980)
Manju Moodal Manju (1980)
Moodupani (1980)
Murattu Kaalai (1980)
Naan Potta Savaal (1980)
Nadhiye Thedi Vandha Kadal (1980)
Nizhalgal (1980)
Orey Muththam (1980)
Pasidi Moggalu (1980)
Ponnagaram (1980)
Rishi Moolam (1980)
Rusi Kanda Poonai (1980)
Samanthi Poo (1980)
Savithri (1980)
Soolam (1980)
Sridevi (1980)
Thayi Pongal (1980)
Ullasa Paravaigal (1980)
Aarilirindhu Aruvathu Varai (1979)
Agal Vilakku (1979)
Ammaa Evarigaina Amma (1979)
Anbae Sangeetha (1979)
Annai Oru Aalayam (1979)
Azhage Unnai Aarathikkirean (1979)
Chella Kili (1979)
Devathai (1979)
Dharma Yuddham (1979)
Johnny (1979)
Kadavul Amaitha Medai (1979)
Kalyanaraman (1979)
Kavariman (1979)
Kuppathu Raja (1979)
Lakshmi (1979)
Mudhal Iravu (1979)
Mugaththil Mugam Paarkkalaam (1979)
Naan Vaazha Vaippen (1979)
Nallathoru Kudumbam (1979)
Niram Maaratha Pookkal (1979)
Pagalil Oru Iravu (1979)
Pancha Bhoothalu (1979)
Pattakkatti Bairavan (1979)
Ponnu Oorukku Pudhusu (1979)
Poonthalir (1979)
Poottata Pootukkal (1979)
Puthiya Vaarpugal (1979)
Rosaappo Ravikkai Kaari (1979)
Sakkalathi (1979)
Thai Illamal Naan Illai (1979)
Urvasi Niney Naa Priyasi (1979)
Utharipookal (1979)
Vetrikku Oruvan (1979)
Yerra Gulabi (1979)
Yugandhar (1979)
Sigappu Rojakkal (1978)
Aaru Manikkoor (1978)
Achchanai (1978)
Aval Appadithaan (1978)
Aval Oru Pachchaikkuzhandhai (1978)
Bhairavi (1978)
Chattam En Kaiyil (1978)
Chittu Kuruvi (1978)
Chonnadhu Nithaana (1978)
Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu (1978)
Ithu Eppadi Irukku (1978)
Kaatrinile Varum Geetham (1978)
Kannan Oru Kai Kuzhandhai (1978)
Kizhake Pogum Rail (1978)
Maariyamman Thiruvizha (1978)
Maathu Thappadha Maga (1978)
Mullum Malarum (1978)
Priya (1978)
Rowdy Rajani (1978)
Sondhadu Needana (1978)
Thiru Kalyaanam (1978)
Thyaagam (1978)
Tripura Sundari (1978)
Vaazha Ninaiththaal Vaazhalaam (1978)
Vattathukkul Chathuram (1978)
Vayasu Pilichindi (1978)
Alukkoru Aasai (1977)
Avar Enakke Sontham (1977)
Bhuvana Oru Kelvikkuri (1977)
Dheepam (1977)
Dhurga Dhevi (1977)
Gayatri (1977)
Kavikuyil (1977)
Odi Vilaiyaadu Thaaththaa (1977)
Pathinaru Vayathinile (1977)
Pen Jenman (1977)
Sainthadamma Sainthadu (1977)
Thunaiyiruppaal Meenatchi (1977)
Vyamoham (1977)
Annakili (1976)
Athirshtam Azhaikkirathu (1976)
Badra Kali (1976)
Paalooti Valartha Kili (1976)
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Day Three ... after lunch we went to the nearby Minneriya National Park.
From Wikipedia -
Minneriya National Park is a national park in North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The area was designated as a national park in 1997, having been originally declared as a wildlife sanctuary in 1938.
The reason for declaring the area as protected is to protect the catchment of Minneriya tank and the wildlife of the surrounding area. The tank is of historical importance, having been built by King Mahasen in third century AD. The park is a dry season feeding ground for the elephant population dwelling in forests of Matale, Polonnaruwa, and Trincomalee districts.
The park's fauna includes 24 species of mammals, 160 species of birds, 9 species of amphibians, 25 species of reptiles, 26 species of fish, and 75 species of butterflies.
The park is an important habitat for the two endemic monkeys of Sri Lanka: purple-faced langur and toque macaque. Large herbivorous mammals such as Sri Lankan sambar deer and Sri Lankan axis deer frequent the park. Rare and endangered species such as Sri Lankan leopard and Sri Lankan sloth bear inhabit in Minneriya. Minneriya is one of the areas where the gray slender loris is reportedly found in Sri Lanka.
The Minneriya reservoir is an important habitat for large water birds such as lesser adjutant, painted stork, and spot-billed pelican. Minneriya is a dormitory for many resident as well as migrant bird species. Flocks of 2000 little cormorants have been reported. Great white pelican, ruddy turnstone, and grey heron are the other water birds here. Among the endemic birds are Sri Lanka junglefowl, Sri Lanka hanging parrot, brown-capped babbler, Sri Lanka grey hornbill, black-crested bulbul and crimson-fronted barbet. The number of threatened birds recorded from this national park is 11.
Amphibians of Fejervarya pulla and Polypedates cruciger have been recorded from the area. There are eight species of endemic reptiles, and all of them are considered threatened. Painted-lip lizard and Lankascincus fallax are among them. Saltwater crocodile, Indian python, Asian water monitor, and Bengal monitor are among the other reptiles. Four of the fresh water fishes recorded from Minneriya are endemic to Sri Lanka.
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range and combinations of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Structure[edit]
Fashion designers can work in a number of many ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion as 'in-house designers' which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Designing a garment[edit]
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 are considered as fashion design.
It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture[edit]
Main article: Haute couture
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.[1][2] Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.[3]
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter)[edit]
Main article: Ready-to-wear
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market[edit]
Main article: Mass market
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.[4][5][6]
There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion."[7] Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.[8]
Income[edit]
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.[9] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£28,340) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.[10]
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range and combinations of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Structure[edit]
Fashion designers can work in a number of many ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion as 'in-house designers' which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Designing a garment[edit]
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 are considered as fashion design.
It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture[edit]
Main article: Haute couture
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.[1][2] Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.[3]
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter)[edit]
Main article: Ready-to-wear
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market[edit]
Main article: Mass market
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.[4][5][6]
There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion."[7] Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.[8]
Income[edit]
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.[9] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£28,340) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.[10]
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range and combinations of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Structure[edit]
Fashion designers can work in a number of many ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion as 'in-house designers' which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Designing a garment[edit]
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 are considered as fashion design.
It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture[edit]
Main article: Haute couture
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.[1][2] Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.[3]
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter)[edit]
Main article: Ready-to-wear
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market[edit]
Main article: Mass market
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.[4][5][6]
There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion."[7] Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.[8]
Income[edit]
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.[9] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£28,340) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.[10]
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range and combinations of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Structure[edit]
Fashion designers can work in a number of many ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion as 'in-house designers' which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Designing a garment[edit]
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 are considered as fashion design.
It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture[edit]
Main article: Haute couture
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.[1][2] Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.[3]
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter)[edit]
Main article: Ready-to-wear
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market[edit]
Main article: Mass market
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.[4][5][6]
There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion."[7] Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.[8]
Income[edit]
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.[9] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£28,340) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.[10]
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range and combinations of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Structure[edit]
Fashion designers can work in a number of many ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion as 'in-house designers' which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Designing a garment[edit]
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 are considered as fashion design.
It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture[edit]
Main article: Haute couture
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.[1][2] Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.[3]
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter)[edit]
Main article: Ready-to-wear
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market[edit]
Main article: Mass market
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.[4][5][6]
There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion."[7] Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.[8]
Income[edit]
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.[9] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£28,340) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.[10]
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range and combinations of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Structure[edit]
Fashion designers can work in a number of many ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion as 'in-house designers' which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Designing a garment[edit]
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 are considered as fashion design.
It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture[edit]
Main article: Haute couture
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.[1][2] Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.[3]
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter)[edit]
Main article: Ready-to-wear
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market[edit]
Main article: Mass market
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.[4][5][6]
There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion."[7] Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.[8]
Income[edit]
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.[9] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£28,340) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.[10]
Fashion design is the art of the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to clothing and accessories. Fashion design is influenced by cultural and social latitudes, and has varied over time and place. Fashion designers work in a number of ways in designing clothing and accessories such as bracelets and necklace, because of the time required to bring a garment onto the market, must at times anticipate changing consumer tastes.
Fashion designers attempt to design clothes which are functional as well as aesthetically pleasing. They must consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn. They have a wide range and combinations of materials to work with and a wide range of colors, patterns and styles to choose from. Though most clothing worn for everyday wear falls within a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such as evening wear or party dresses.
Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and every-day wear.
Structure[edit]
Fashion designers can work in a number of many ways. Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion as 'in-house designers' which owns the designs. They may work alone or as part of a team. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. The garments bear the buyer's label. Some fashion designers set up their own labels, under which their designs are marketed. Some fashion designers are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-fashion department stores. These designers create original garments, as well as those that follow established fashion trends. Most fashion designers, however, work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men’s, women’s, and children’s fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to be designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a designer director.
Designing a garment[edit]
Fashion designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape fabric on a dress form. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), he or she will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computerized system. The pattern maker's job is very precise and painstaking. The fit of the finished garment depends on their accuracy. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit.
Fashion design is generally considered to have started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the first designer to have his label sewn into the garments that he created. Before the former draper set up his maison couture (fashion house) in Paris, clothing design and creation was handled by largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at royal courts. Worth's success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to describe him. While all articles of clothing from any time period are studied by academics as costume design, only clothing created after 1858 are considered as fashion design.
It was during this period that many design houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their design, they ordered it and the resulting garment made money for the house. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economy.
The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories
Haute couture[edit]
Main article: Haute couture
Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take priority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.[1][2] Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes little direct profit for the fashion houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.[3]
Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter)[edit]
Main article: Ready-to-wear
Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include, spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal.
Mass market[edit]
Main article: Mass market
Currently the fashion industry relies more on mass market sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wear garments using trends set by the famous names in fashion. They often wait around a season to make sure a style is going to catch on before producing their own versions of the original look. In order to save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can easily be done by machine. The end product can therefore be sold much more cheaply.[4][5][6]
There is a type of design called "kutch" design originated from the German word "kitschig" meaning "ugly" or "not aesthetically pleasing." Kitsch can also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion."[7] Often, high-waisted trousers, associated with the 1980s, are considered a "kitsch" fashion statement.[8]
Income[edit]
Globe icon.
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010)
Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $42,150 and $87,120.[9] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£28,340) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.[10]