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Scouts Camporee on Omaha Beach Honors Heroes and Promotes Peace.
By Robert Turtil
U.S. Scouts gathered April 24 to 27 for the 2014 Omaha Beach Camporee, in event held every three years in Normandy, France. This years Camporee was particularly special, because it was recognized as the opening event of the 70th anniversary of the D Day landings planned for June. Hundreds of Scouts from France, Britain, Poland, Switzerland, the BeNeLux and Scandinavian countries, Germany and other nations joined for a weekend of remembrance.
U.S. embassy personnel and active duty service members brought their families from facilities around Europe and North Africa. More than a few F-16 fighter jockeys directed AstroVans from the Autobahn to the AutoRoute to the D-514, while others followed the more historic route across, or below, the English Channel. Some Scouts flew from American cities over their spring break, and as usual, moms led the charge when dads couldn’t get away. All converged on a welcoming destination for Americans on the French coast.
Nearly 4,200 troops and their supporting families battled sometimes horizontal rain to re-live the history, and recognize the sacrifices of American and Allied soldiers, many close to their own age, who have fought and died fighting for freedom and peace. World War Two Veterans were honored, and sacrifices made during The Great War, Korea, Vietnam and The War on Terror were also recognized by scout leaders and other volunteers, many of whom are U.S. Veterans, the traditional backbone of scouting in America.
Campsites were pitched in the rain, the mud and the dark; pots of pasta were swamped by tent malfunctions. The elements provoked short-term tears and tantrums, and perhaps a sleepless night. But complaints were mitigated with stories of invasion boats packed with seasick assault troops, mud filled foxholes, and cold k-rations, as Scouts peered at the sogginess of this Norman spring. But, as EVERY Scout knows, only fun will be remembered of the mud and chill of this weekend.
Scout convoys raced around the invasion coast following ambitious schedules: Utah Beach, Point D’Hoc, Sainte Mere Eglise, Arromanches, the Pegasus Bridge and many museums. Scouts and Veterans were the special guests of honor at the historic and grand Notre Dame Cathedral of Bayeux where clergy, along with national and local leaders, christened a newly forged Bell of Peace and Freedom. The Cathedral was a packed and flowing sea of international scout uniforms, flags and neckerchiefs… all highlighted by sunbeams streaking through stained-glass windows.
90 year-old, World War ll Army Air Force Veteran Captain Samuel Wiley Hammersmith, B-25 pilot with 28 missions in the Pacific, mingled with Scouts throughout the weekend.
New Eagles and candidates for the Order of the Arrow were sworn in at an Omaha Beach campfire in the most meaningful of ceremonies for Scouts and their families. A French Air Force flyover, a military band and youth choir opened the Messengers of Peace multimedia presentation, bringing home the sacrifices made in the past and the promise of peace Scouting seeks to contribute worldwide. That evening, friendships were made, neckerchiefs swapped, and Paella shared at sunset on the beach, followed by a fusillade of fireworks.
Sunday’s closing ceremony was held in the drizzle at the Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial. Each Troop flew its colors and laid a wreath at the base of the huge bronze statue, The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves. Scouts and their families then joined hundreds of others walking the many acres of markers, looking for specific names, or just looking, at the beauty- with history, the sense of sacrifice and a touch of tears that the damp, perfect green grass of the cemetery envokes. Slowly the parking lot emptied as each American Troop and Patrol headed in every direction across Europe and the ocean… home.
If you would like to support the Scouts quest to preserve Omaha Beach as a UNESCO World Heritage site, follow this link and sign the petition:
www.change.org/petitions/unesco-save-the-d-day-beaches-ma...
Photos Courtesy Robert Turtil
promoting my newest Program-Suit.
You can go to your Chevy Dealer and buy a Program-Car right !
It is a Low-mileage pr-owned car.
I can drive down to my local Salvation Army dealer (store) and buy a nice sexy program-suit.
It is hopefully Low-Mileage, and gently used.
Oh happy Daze :)
South African Gospel Music promoted by SAHC at the Barbican Centre London Reception in the Fountain Room with Ditshupo aka Dee Beautiful Nurse from Botswana in Green Dress
We promote the following photographers:
Alamsyah Rauf
Aleksander Poniewierski
Artur Stefanowski
Bilal M Ismail
Eric Fagerheim
Frederic Mendiola
G. Brad Lewis
George Malets
Hengki Lee
Jan Varchola
Jasper Resari
Jay Patel
Joanna Lemanska
Leon Baas
Máximo Panés
Mustafa Dedeoglu
Nordin Seruyan
Paul Bence
Saelan Wangsa
Sanae Matsuzaki
Sebastian Opitz
Varina Patel
Victor Jonay Delgado Padilla
Yohanes Ones
Salado, a Bufow resident, poses for a photograph with her winning team in Marka, Lower Shabelle, Somalia, on 15 December 2022. In partnership with IOM and with the support of the United Nations Peace Building Fund, FAO is working towards reducing inter-communal tension over natural resources in Marka District. The project supports young people and women from various clans to lead in the development of inclusive and participatory resource management mechanism and governance systems, and in the design and implementation of canal and irrigation infrastructure.
Photo credits must be given to: ©FAO. Editorial use only. Copyright FAO.
Prior to this I had the Geomet'r GNC-35 which did not give elevation information. It died unexpectantly after about 60 days.
The Promote GPS captures the satellites extremely quickly, and it does provide height above mean sea level in meters. Also the date and time from the GPS show up in the EXIF data.
LOS ANGELES - The Los Angeles Fire Department is proud to honor the achievements of seventy LAFD uniformed and civilian members who have successfully completed the demanding process of promoting in rank or status within the Department.
Expressing her pride in their accomplishments, City of Los Angeles Fire Chief Kristin M. Crowley oversaw a formal promotion ceremony at the LAFD Frank Hotchkin Memorial Training Center in Elysian Park on Thursday, July 20, 2023.
Individually honored at the event were:
Deputy Chief:
Jason Hing
Jaime Moore
Battalion Chief:
Shin Black
Matthew Conroy
Benjamin Culp
Donald Dillenberger
Aaron Guggenheim
Sloane Joseph
Adam Knabe
Damon Leach
Kyle Rausch
Thomas Raymond
Eric Roberts
Arturo Tarango
Shawn Tukua
Brian Wall
Captain II:
Amy Bastman
David Dunivan
Leon Dunn
Dustin Gates
Brian Harris
Milton Johnson
Wonmeen Jun
Craig Kuykendall
Ronald Landers
Ruben Lopez
John Marasco
Eric Matillo
Jeffrey Sambar
Roberto Sanchez
John Smith III
Nathan Sweet
Edward Tumbleson
Jennifer Wilcox
Jesse Wong
Captain I:
George Anderson Jr.
Abel Avalos
Daniel Balzano
Henry Chavez
Joseph Cunningham
Christopher Klimpel
Mark Perine
Anthony Randolph
Justin Randolph
James Sharlein
Casey Stevens
Christopher Swailes
Robert Villa
Fire Helicopter Pilot III:
Cherif Amin
Anthony V. Cecola
David Habib III
Jonith Johnson Jr.
Joel A. Smith
Fire Helicopter Pilot I:
Kyle Brantner
Scott Keelin
Alexander Kriewall
Paramedics:
Jacob Anderson
Steven Bui
Marc Correy
Kevin Lumada
Christopher Vu
Civilians:
Rebecca M. Alvarado (Executive Administrative Assistant II)
Alina Bieschke (Hazardous Materials Specialist)
Mariano Bucag (Senior Management Analyst I)
Nicole Castro (Management Analyst)
Jennifer Corona (Senior Management Analyst I)
Vidal Garcia (Fire Protection Engineer Associate IV)
Minh Le (Hazardous Materials Supervisor)
Deanna Minatiskan-Vargas (Senior Administrative Clerk)
Aleta-Jean Orozco (Secretary)
Photo Use Permitted via Creative Commons - Credit: LAFD Photo | Gary Apodaca
LAFD Event: 040123 - Promotional Ceremony
Connect with us: LAFD.ORG | News | Facebook | Instagram | Reddit | Twitter: @LAFD @LAFDtalk
South African Gospel Music promoted by SAHC at the Barbican Centre London Reception in the Fountain Room with Ditshupo aka Dee Beautiful Nurse from Botswana in Green Dress and Kansani in Burberry Check Dress from SA
Rasheda is a field organiser for the gender quality action learning programme. She hosts courtyard meetings for community members, addressing violence against women and promoting gender equality.
BEGINNINGS: 1866-1883
The beginnings of the Expiatory Temple of the Holy Family, known as the Sagrada Familia, go back to 1866 when Josep Maria Bocabella i Verdaguer founded the Spiritual Association of Devotees of Saint Joseph, which in 1874 began campaigning for the construction of an expiatory temple dedicated to the Holy Family. In 1881, enabled by various donations, the Association purchased a 12,800m² plot of land, located between the streets of Marina, Provença, Sardenya, and Mallorca, to build the temple on.
The first stone was laid on St Joseph’s day, 19 March, 1882, in a ceremony presided over by the Bishop of Barcelona, Josep Urquinaona. It signalled the start of construction, first in the crypt located under the apse, following the Neo-gothic design drawn up by the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar y Lozano, the Sagrada Familia’s first architect. After a short while, due to disagreements with the promotors, he resigned from the post of chief architect and the job fell to Antoni Gaudí.
GAUDÍ: 1883-1926
After taking over the project in 1883, Gaudí continued work on the crypt, which was finished in 1889. Later he began work on the apse, while donations were received at a steady rate. After receiving a substantial anonymous donation, Gaudí proposed a new and grander design. He proposed abandoning the old Neo-gothic plan in favour of a design that was more monumental and innovative, both in regard to the form and structure as well as the construction. Gaudí’s design consisted of a large church with a floor plan based on a Latin cross and soaring towers. It was to be immensely symbolic, both architecturally and sculpturally, and convey the teachings of the Gospels and the Christian Church.
In 1892 the foundations for the Nativity facade were started. This facade was built first because, as Gaudí himself put it, “If, instead of building this decorated, richly ornamented facade, we had started with the hard, bare and skeletal Passion facade, people would have rejected it.” In 1894 the apse facade was finished, and the Rosary portal, one of the entrances to the cloister on the Nativity side, was finished in 1899.
In 1909 Gaudí built the Sagrada Familia provisional school buildings, for children of Sagrada Familia workers and local children, on the south-west corner of the site. In the following year, 1910, a model of the Nativity facade was displayed at the Grand Palais in Paris in an exhibition featuring Gaudí’s work organised by his friend and patron Eusebi Güell. The Pasion facade was designed in 1911.
In 1914 Gaudí decided to concentrate exclusively on the construction of the Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Familia, a fact which explains why he did not undertake any other major work in the later years of his life. He became so involved that he lived his final months close by his studio workshop; a space located next to the apse used for producing scale models, drawings and designs, sculptures and for taking photographs, amongst other activities.
In 1923 he produced the final design for the naves and roofs. Construction work however progressed slowly. The first bell tower on the Nativity facade, 100 metres high and dedicated to Saint Barnabus, was finished on 30 November 1925. This was the only tower Gaudí saw completed. On 10 June 1926 he died as a result of injuries sustained three days earlier when he was tragically knocked down by a tram. On 12 June he was buried in the Chapel of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in the crypt of the Sagrada Familia, where his mortal remains rest to this day.
Over all these years a sizable group of architects, draughtsmen, sculptors and modellers collaborated with Gaudí on the construction.
HANDOVER: 1926-1938
After the death of Gaudí, his close collaborator Domènec Sugrañes took over the management of the works until 1938.
In 1930 the bell towers on the Nativity facade were finished, and in 1933 the Faith portal and central cypress tree were also completed.
In July 1936, after the military uprising and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, revolutionaries set fire to the crypt, burnt down the provisional school of the Sagrada Familia and destroyed the studio workshop. Original plans, drawings and photographs were lost and many large-scale plaster models were broken. It should be pointed out that, from when Gaudí took the helm in 1883 and despite these acts of vandalism, work on the Sagrada Familia, although disrupted, never came to a complete stop, and has always gone ahead according to the architect’s original concept.
HERITAGE: 1938-1999
After the Spanish Civil War building resumed on the Sagrada Familia and it continued to slowly rise. Between 1939 and 1940 the architect Francesc de Paula Quintana i Vidal, who had started working with Gaudí in 1919, restored the fire-damaged crypt and repaired many of the broken models, which were then used to continue construction according to Gaudí’s original plan.
The next directors were also men who had known and collaborated with Gaudí, Isidre Puig-Boada and Lluís Bonet i Garí, who were in charge of works until 1983. They were succeeded by Francesc de Paula Cardoner i Blanch, Jordi Bonet i Armengol, and lastly Jordi Faulí i Oller, who has currently been in charge since 2012.
In 1952 the 35th International Eucharistic Congress was held in Barcelona and several events took place in the Sagrada Familia to mark the occasion. In the same year the steps to the Nativity facade were built and the facade was floodlit for the first time. This lighting became a permanent feature in 1964 thanks to the Barcelona City Council.
Work continued at a steady pace and in 1954 the foundations to support the Passion facade were started, based on several studies Gaudí had carried out between 1892 and 1917. After the foundations were laid the Passion facade crypt was built on them, and in 1961 a museum was opened in the crypt to provide visitors with information about the history and technical, artistic and symbolic aspects of the temple. The four bell towers on the Passion facade were completed in 1976.
1955 was a significant year for the Sagrada Familia; it was the year of the first fund-raising drive to raise money to pay for the building works. The initiative was so successful that it has been repeated every year since, and is a way of allowing society as a whole to participate in the construction of the temple.
Numerous sculptors have left their mark of the Nativity facade. On Saint Joseph’s day, 19 March, 1958 the group of statues by Jaume Busquets representing the Holy Family was put in place.
In 1986 the sculptor Josep Maria Subirachs was charged with producing the statues and sculpture for the Passion façade, which were executed in accordance with his very personal style for over 25 years.
21st CENTURY 2000 – 2015
In 2000 the vaulting in the central nave and the transepts was built, and the foundations of the Glory facade were started. In the same year, to mark the new millennium, a Mass was held inside the temple which showcased the grandeur of the building.
In 2001 the central window of the Passion facade was finished and stained glass by Joan Vila-Grau representing the Resurrection was installed. The four columns of the crossing were also finished.
Gaudí and his work were celebrated in 2002, with the Barcelona City Council sponsoring International Gaudí Year to mark the 150th anniversary of his birth. The Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Familia participated with various initiatives, including the restoration, relocating and opening of the Sagrada Familia schools building.
In 2002 the sculptor Josep Maria Subirachs completed the wall of the Patriarchs and Prophets which Gaudí had envisaged for the top of the porch on the Passion facade, and in 2005 the sculpture representing the Ascension was positioned between the towers of this same facade. In the same period the windows in the central nave were installed and the Eucharistic symbols for bread and wine were completed by the Japanese sculptor Etsuro Sotoo.
In 2006 the choir inside the Glory facade was constructed, based on models by Gaudí. The vaulting in the ambulatory around the apse was finished in 2008. The vaulting in the crossing and the apse was finished between 2008 and 2010.
2010 was a milestone in the history of the Sagrada Familia: the temple was consecrated as a place of worship by His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI.
PRESENT
As of today, 70% of the work on the temple has been executed, and the goal is to complete all of the architectural work by 2026.
The following projects were completed in 2016:
Western sacristy: It was blessed in 2015 and is nearly finished now. Visitors enter the sacristy from inside the Basilica, via the Liturgical Path. Since mid-2016, visitors have been able to enter the cloister and get a close-up look inside.
Upper narthex on the Passion façade: The upper narthex, or cyma, on the Passion façade is nearly finished. Work is currently underway on the representation of the quarry and the garden where Jesus Christ was buried.
Interior of the Basilica: The choirs have been finished, with the benches covered in stone and the wrought-iron railings with the musical notes of the hymns sung throughout the year.
The upper stained-glass windows in the apse have been visible since December 2015 and those on the Nativity staircase, since July 2016.
The stained-glass windows on the staircases in the apse on the Passion side are also now in place, as of December 2016. The apse staircase completes the stained-glass windows inside the Basilica, except for those on the Glory façade.
The goal for 2020 is to finish all six central towers:
Tower of the Virgin Mary: Rising up from the apse. The centre of the star crowning this tower will be the same height as the towers of the evangelists (135 metres), so the tip of the star will be nearly 140 metres high.
Towers of the evangelists: These four towers currently stand at 76 of the 135 metres they will have by 2020.
Tower of Jesus Christ: This will be the tallest of them all, 172.5 metres high. The next big milestone, after the temple was consecrated in 2010, will be when this tower is finished with the cross that will top it. The harmonious ensemble of the eighteen towers will give the building great vertical strength.
Work on the temple will finish with the construction of the main façade, the Glory façade.
Rita Ora was too busy last week promoting her upcoming album - www.politestar.com/rita-ora-was-too-busy-last-week-promot...
Rita Ora was too busy last week promoting her upcoming album - www.politestar.com/rita-ora-was-too-busy-last-week-promot...
Rita Ora was too busy last week promoting her upcoming album - www.politestar.com/rita-ora-was-too-busy-last-week-promot...
Rita Ora was too busy last week promoting her upcoming album - www.politestar.com/rita-ora-was-too-busy-last-week-promot...
South African Gospel Music promoted by SAHC at the Barbican Centre London Reception in the Fountain Room with Ditshupo aka Dee Beautiful Nurse from Botswana in Green Dress and Kansani in Burberry Check Dress from SA
PAHO promotes public health approaches for diabetes prevention and care. In occasion of World Diabetes Day 2014, PAHO’s campaign encouraged this year healthy living, reducing diabetes risk factors and establishing personal healthy lifestyle goals.
There was an active participation from PAHO workers, who choose a personal goal and committed to it by taking their selfie.’
The Peebles Railway was a railway company that built a line connecting the town of Peebles in Peeblesshire, Scotland, with Edinburgh. It opened on 4 July 1855, and it worked its own trains.
The friendly North British Railway later promoted a line, at first identified as the Galashiels, Innerleithen and Peebles Railway, from Peebles to Galashiels, making a connection with the Peebles Railway there, and also with the Caledonian Railway which had its own line at Peebles. The GI&PR line was built by the North British Railway and opened on 1 October 1864.
In 1860 the Peebles Railway company leased its line to the North British Railway, which operated the Galashiels and Edinburgh sections as a continuous through route.
Road transport of goods and passengers provided fierce competition in the 1950s and the line closed in 1962. No railway use is now made of the former lines.
History
Before the Peebles railway
In the eighteenth century Peebles had become an important manufacturing town, chiefly for woollen weaving and also the preparation of cotton and linen products, and also brewing. Its location on the banks of the Upper River Tweed put it on the communication routes of the area, constrained by the hills north and south surrounding Windlestraw Law and Dollar Law respectively.
When the turnpikes were introduced, Peebles was within five hours of Edinburgh by post-chaise. In 1807 Thomas Telford was commissioned to design a double-track waggonway connecting Glasgow and Berwick, a distance of 125 miles (201 km), running through Carluke, Peebles and Melrose. The waggonway would have been horse-operated, and was intended to form an outlet for iron products and lime to the borders area, and agricultural products, in particular grain, to the industrial towns of central Scotland.
The mountainous terrain of the route would have required steep gradients which would have been challenging for horse traction, and the estimated cost of construction was £365,000, a huge amount at that time, and the scheme was dropped.
A second waggonway scheme was proposed in 1821, this time designed by Robert Stevenson, on an alternative route but it too was considered too ambitious to be practicable.
In 1838 the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway was authorised by Act of Parliament. Although local railways had been operating in Scotland, this was a major advance, connecting the two great cities. As the construction progressed, public opinion became active over making a connection between central Scotland and the merging English railway network. The controversy became very heated, and a great number of schemes were put forward, including some that would run through Peebles. Not all of the schemes were realistic, and in time they reduced to what became the North British Railway line between Edinburgh and Berwick, the Caledonian Railway between Edinburgh and Glasgow and Carlisle through the valley of the River Annan, and what became the Glasgow and South Western Railway via Kilmarnock and Dumfries. These great companies were all authorised by Parliament in the middle years of the 1840s.
The Caledonian Railway proposed the Caledonian Extension Railway in 1845, to run eastward from the Lanark area through Biggar and Stobo to Peebles, continuing through Galashiels to Kelso; this would have cost £1,500,000, the same as the Caledonian Railway itself from Edinburgh and Glasgow to Carlisle. However the proposal was rejected in Parliament.
In 1845 too, the North British Railway suggested a Peebles branch from Galashiels on the line that it was then building, which became the Waverley Route. The townspeople of Peebles did not think an eastward line to Galashiels was their highest priority. Supporters of an independent railway to Edinburgh had also been active, and on 23 June 1845 a meeting was held in Edinburgh. It was told that a line had been designed leaving the Edinburgh and Hawick Railway near the later Niddrie station.
In the 1846 Parliamentary session, the Edinburgh and Peebles Bill failed standing orders, and the North British Peebles branch was withdrawn by its proposers: neither line would proceed.
The Peebles Railway
As the Scottish railway network developed in the following years, the cost of transporting goods to and from towns connected to a line fell dramatically; and Peebles, and other towns not connected, felt at a marked disadvantage in the cost of the necessities of living, and in moving its manufactures to markets, and this heightened the feeling that Peebles must have a railway line. John Bathgate was the principal promoter of the Peebles Railway.
In April 1852 a meeting was held, at which a revised version of the failed Edinburgh and Peebles scheme was tabled. The engineer Thomas Bouch was engaged. The line would run through Penicuik and join the Hawick line at Eskbank, near Dalkeith, shortening the length of new construction, and the line could be built for £80,000. There was considerable enthusiasm locally and in London for the line and numerous persons registered for shares, although in the event many of them did not proceed with the commitment they had made. Enthusiasm took hold of the provisional committee too, for they sought tenders for the construction of the line and accepted one.
There remained the issue of actually obtaining the Act of Parliament incorporating the company, but this went through without great difficulty and on 8 July 1853; the Peebles Railway was authorised, with capital of £70,000.
Getting the line ready
The directors put in hand the construction of the line, under Bouch's supervision, and the share subscriptions were coming in satisfactorily. They considered the working of the line, and talked to the North British Railway but found their financial terms unacceptable. They went to some lengths to explore the possibility of getting an independent contractor to work the line, but this proved fruitless, and the company decided to work the line itself. They set about procuring the rolling stock, and planning the workforce, for operating and for track and rolling stock maintenance, that would be required.
On 2 April 1855 the line was ready enough for the steam locomotive Soho to be brought to Peebles, but this seems to have been a demonstration run, for it was not until 29 May that passenger coaches and goods wagons were brought to Peebles.
The line was considered ready for inspection by the Board of Trade Inspecting Officer, and Captain Tyler visited on 28 June. The inspection was thought to have gone well, but the formal approval received from the Board of Trade stipulated working by one engine only, and that sidings were required to shunt goods trains before passenger trains[note 2] were started. The Company had issued printed bye-laws and regulations, but these referred to disciplinary matters and not to operating rules; the Company had two locomotives and appear not to have given thought to signalling arrangements. While considering what was to be done, the Company started operating within the BoT requirements, and on 4 July 1855 the train service started. This apparently involved the construction of a passing loop at Penicuik.
Relations with the contractor for constructing the line appear to have deteriorated in the final months, and after opening it was stated in a General Shareholders' Meeting that there was an outstanding debt of £5,600, but that the Board would not pursue for damages.
The line in operation
Three trains operated in each direction daily, except Sundays. Leaving Edinburgh the Peebles coaches were attached at the rear of an NBR Hawick train, and detached at Eskbank. There the Peebles Railway locomotive coupled to the detached portion and took the train on to Peebles. The physical junction was at Hardengreen. The locomotives ran tender first from Eskbank to Peebles.
The trains were an instant success, carryings being beyond what could have been anticipated, and the first full week brought in receipts of £99, climbing a month later to £166. The stations were Peebles, Eddleston, Leadburn, Penicuik, Roslin and Hawthornden, but at the last minute it was agreed to provide a station at Bonnyrigg, and this was opened a month after the opening of the line itself.
In 1856 the North British Railway operated seven trains each way daily except Sundays, of which four were passenger trains. One of these was a "fast passenger" service leaving Peebles at 08:50 and taking 65 minutes, returning at 16:20 and also taking 65 minutes.
Soon after the opening one of the locomotives, St Ronans, became defective, "because it could not negotiate the curves on the track". Although the Company owned two locomotives and was only allowed to use one at a time, nonetheless it found it necessary to hire in a replacement. The other locomotive was named Tweed. The locomotive fleet was soon augmented but the details are unclear. The carriage stock was also required to be increased, but these acquisitions were straining the capital resources of the company and deferment of payment was practised.
The electric telegraph was installed on the line (and the NBR section), giving Peebles telegraph communication with Edinburgh for the first time, from 1858.
Additional capital
A Parliamentary Act was obtained on 27 June 1857 authorising the issue of an additional £27,000 in shares; improvements and rectification of some deficiencies in the original construction of the line needed attention.
In 1859 it was decided to install turntables at Peebles and Hardengreen Junction, as the tender-first running was said to cause excessive wear on the locomotives and the track. The North British Railway had to install the Hardengreen turntable and this seems to have been delayed, being ready in 1860.
The track had been laid with the cheapest materials at the advice of the engineer Thomas Bouch, and already in 1858 it was giving trouble, being in need of major renewal. The routine maintenance was carried out by platelayers with the assistance of a labourer, each responsible for about two miles of route. In August 1860 all the wooden bridges on the line were tarred and repainted.
Extending the line
The Peebles lines in 1866
The Peebles lines in 1866
For some time the community of Innerleithen had agitated for a railway connection, by the building of an independent line from Peebles. A number of attempts were made to bring this about without success, until in 1860 a line was proposed from Galashiels to Peebles through Innerleithen. Agreement was made for the North British Railway to run the trains. The railway was promoted as the Galashiels, Innerleithen and Peebles Railway (GI&PR). A Parliamentary Bill failed in 1860, but being re-presented the following year as an NBR branch, it gained the Royal Assent on 28 June 1861. The capital authorised was £95,000.
A Caledonian dependency, the Symington, Biggar and Broughton Railway, had been extended to Peebles and the GI&PR line would meet it, as well as the Peebles Railway, there.
The first section, from Peebles to Innerleithen, was opened on 10 October 1864 and the remainder on 18 June 1866. The Peebles Railway terminus at Peebles was unsuitable for the through services contemplated, and after unsuccessful overtures to the Caledonian Railway proposing a joint station, the North British Railway built a new single platform station to serve the Galashiels line and the Peebles Railway trains. It was a modest affair, opening in 1864. The Peebles Railway station continued in use for the time being, renamed Peebles (Old).
The train service now operated from Galashiels to Edinburgh via Peebles, as a through route; there were five trains daily, two on Sundays, with some short workings.
The Caledonian Railway station at Peebles was on the south side of the River Tweed and a connection was to be made crossing the river; the connection with the GI&PR line was intended to be a triangle, allowing through running towards Galashiels and towards Edinburgh.
It is doubtful whether the eastward curve was completed, although the earthworks were formed.[note 6] The NBR wished to prevent the Caledonian gaining access to Galashiels, which the curve would have enabled.
When the line opened throughout, the NBR operated passenger trains through from Edinburgh to Galashiels via Peebles.
Lease to the North British Railway
From about 1858 the Peebles Railway considered sale of its line to the NBR "before major expenditure on the line would be required". The NBR itself was planning to absorb several local railways and negotiations were fruitful. On 14 April 1860 a shareholders' meeting heard the proposed sale, but rejected it. The Company Chairman resigned immediately. A further proposal, to lease the line to the NBR, was tabled the following year, on 1 February 1861, and shareholders voted for it. The terms were generous: the line was profitable but considerable upgrade work was necessary. The NBR agreed to pay for PR shareholders to receive between 5% and 6% dividends, as well as considerable other expenses including purchase of the Peebles Railway rolling stock for £20,000. The Peebles Railway (Lease) Act authorised the move on 11 July 1861.
Connecting lines
The Peebles Railway company determined not to extend its line or make branches, but it co-operated with independent concerns that wished to do so and to make connections with its line. In North British Railway days a similar policy was followed.
The Leadburn, Linton and Dolphinton Railway was authorised by Act of 3 June 1862, to form a junction with the Peebles Railway line at Leadburn. It opened on 4 July 1864. The Dolphinton station was separate from the Caledonian Railway station there, although shunt transfers were possible through a siding connection.
During the construction of the Dolphinton line, there was a collision at the junction at Leadburn on 29 October 1863. A construction train working on the Dolphinton line ran away on a steep gradient to Leadburn. The only protection to the main line was a scotch block at Leadburn, and the runaway vehicles ran over the block and collided head on with an approaching passenger train on the Peebles line; a boy was killed and several persons were injured.
The Esk Valley Railway was being promoted in 1860; it was to run to Polton, a village with several important paper mills, from a junction with the Peebles Railway at Hardengreen. The North British Railway provided much of the deposit required to submit the Parliamentary Bill, and the Peebles Railway gave its consent. The Esk Valley Railway got its authorising Act on 21 July 1863, and the line opened on 16 April 1867. The point of divergence of the Esk Valley line was a short distance south of Hardengreen Junction, and the Esk Valley line ran parallel with the Peebles Railway for that section; it was later agreed to convert the two single lines to operate as one double track from Hardengreen Junction to Esk Valley Junction.
The first station on the Esk Valley line was to be called Bonnyrigg. It was closer to the town than the Peebles Railway Bonnyrigg station, but the Peebles Railway was unwilling at first to change the name of its own station. The PR later agreed to change the name of its Bonnyrigg station to Bonnyrigg Road. This led to confusion of passengers, and the NBR renamed the station Broomieknowe and the Peebles Railway station reverted to Bonnyrigg.
The nominally independent Penicuik Railway was authorised by Act of 20 June 1870, for a 4-mile (6.4 km) branch from Hawthornden on the Peebles Railway to Penicuik. It was opened on 2 September 1872, and the company was absorbed by the NBR on 1 August 1876 along with the Esk Valley Railway.
The Peebles Railway had a Penicuik station, which was a considerable distance from the town, and it was now renamed Pomathorn
The North British Railway had renamed Roslin as Rosslyn in 1864 and renamed it again Rosslynlee in 1872 because of the Rosslyn station on the Penicuik Railway line. Rosslyn on the Penicuik line was renamed Rosslyn Castle on 11 Feb 1874. Rosslynlee closed from 1 January 1917 to 2 June 1919.
Amalgamation
From 1870 the Peebles Railway and the NBR considered amalgamation, and agreement having been reached, the North British Railway (Additional Powers) Act of 13 July 1876 authorised the amalgamation, which became effective on 1 August 1876.
Angling Club Cottage Platform
Edinburgh Angling Club had acquired a house, named The Nest, close to the River Tweed, near Clovenfords. (The location is on Cliff Road, a short distance west of the roundabout junction of the present-day A72 and A707.) In 1898 an unadvertised halt named Angling Club Cottage Platform was provided there for the use of club members. The halt became disused in the mid-twentieth century.
The twentieth century
Passenger train services had now been enhanced to six daily from Galashiels to Edinburgh via Peebles with an additional Saturdays Innerleithen to Edinburgh train; by now the typical journey time was a little under an hour from Peebles to Edinburgh. A Peeblesshire Express was introduced for business travel from Peebles to Edinburgh. It left Peebles at 08:44 daily, stopping at Leadburn to attach a portion from Broomlee on the Dolphinton branch, arriving at Edinburgh at 09:37. The return train left Edinburgh at 16:32 Monday to Friday, and 13:33 on Saturdays.
In 1905 the North British Railway extended and improved the Peebles station, although it remained a one-platform station, with no passing loop.
The Border Show was held in Peebles by the Highland and Agricultural Society in July 1906, and the North British was asked to arrange special services at reduced rates, which it declined to do. In 1904 the NBR had declared that it considered Peebles an inappropriate location for the heavy traffic that the show would attract, due to the limited track facilities there. 20,000 visitors daily were expected, requiring 20 to 30 trains. Considerable public criticism resulted, and in March 1905 the NBR realised that the rival Caledonian Railway was improving its own Peebles branch. This resulted in an immediate move to arrange the necessary facilities. Additional stabling sidings and a passing loop were provided, and the Old station was to be reopened temporarily for passenger use. The company was still concerned about line capacity and issued a public notice that "The Company will not guarantee passengers will reach Peebles and will not be responsible for delays." In the event the trains ran and some delays were experienced. The NBR lost considerable good will because of its stance over the matter.
There was a daily goods service over the link line between the Caledonian and North British stations at Peebles, but there was never a regular passenger service. Light engines used it after the closure of Peebles (NBR) engine shed if they required to turn, using the Caledonian turntable. However some passenger excursions used the link. On 25 June 1936 a Caledonian Railway excursion from Lanark ran to Galashiels, using the link, and reversing in Peebles NBR station.
In 1923 the railways of Great Britain were "grouped" following the Railways Act 1921; the North British Railway was a constituent of the new London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Twenty five years later, nationalisation of the nation's railways took place, and the Peebles route was part of the Scottish Region of British Railways. Now that both railway lines to Peebles were under the same ownership, Peebles NBR station was renamed Peebles (East) on 25 September 1952, although the former Caledonian Railway branch had closed to passengers by then. The NBR station reverted to simple Peebles in February 1958.
Diesel multiple unit trains were introduced on the line from 17 February 1958 after a demonstration run on 11 June 1956; a considerably enhanced passenger service was introduced in the Edinburgh suburban area, extending out as far as Rosewell.
A new station, Rosslynlee Hospital Halt, was opened on 11 December 1958 to serve Rosslynlee Hospital; the exiting Rosslynlee station was not conveniently situated for the hospital. The House Steward at the hospital sold tickets.
However the general decline in local rural passenger services was hastened by the improving bus services, and the Peebles line was nominated for closure. The final passenger trains ran on 3 February 1962, and the following day the route between Hawthornden Junction and Galashiels via Peebles was closed completely.
The Edinburgh suburban passenger service from Edinburgh to Rosewell and Hawthornden continued until Saturday 8 September 1962, being closed from 10 September. The Penicuik branch continued to operate a goods train service, and the Peebles Railway section from Hardengreen Junction to Hawthornden Junction (where the Penicuik line diverged) remained open to serve those trains, until they ceased in 1967.
The entire network of lines is closed to railway activity; the section between Hardengreen Junction and Rosewell has been converted to a cycleway.
Locations on the line were:
Hardengreen Junction; the Peebles Railway diverged from the Hawick line;
Esk Valley Junction; the Esk Valley line diverged;
Bonnyrigg; renamed Bonnyrigg Road from 1868; closed 10 September 1962;
Hawthornden; variously known as Rosewell and Hawthornden, and Hawthornden Junction and Rosewell; closed 10 September 1962;
Hawthornden Junction; the Penicuik Railway diverged;
Roslin; renamed Rosslyn 1864; renamed Rosslynlee 1872; closed 1 January 1917; reopened 2 June 1919;
Rosslynlee Hospital Halt; opened 11 December 1958;
Penicuik; renamed Pomathorn 1872; renamed Pomathorn Halt 1947;
Leadburn; the Dolphinton line diverged; the summit of the line at 935 feet was near Leadburn; closed 7 March 1955;
Earlyvale Gate; opened June 1856; trains stopped at the level crossing on market days etc.; closed 28 February 1857;
Eddleston;
Peebles; closed after 1 October 1864, superseded by new station built by NBR.
North British Railway extension to Galashiels: opened 1 October 1864; closed 5 February 1962.
Peebles; renamed Peebles East 1950; renamed Peebles 1958;
Cardrona;
Innerleithen;
Walkerburn; opened 15 January 1867;
Thornilee; opened 18 June 1866; soon renamed Thornielee; closed 6 November 1960;
Angling Club Cottage Platform; opened 1898; closed after 1932;
Clovenfords; opened 18 June 1866;
Kilnknowe Junction; convergence with the NBR line to Galashiels.
This is a photograph from the Tullamore Harriers AC "Quinlan Cup" Half Marathon which was held on Saturday 29th August 2015 in Tullamore, Co. Offaly, Ireland at 12:00. This is the third year of the event. The race is organised and promoted by Tullamore Harriers AC. The race starts on the Charleville Road just outside the entrance to Tullamore Harriers. The race proceeds south along the R421 and onto the N52 before taking a route onto local back roads. The race then completes a large rural road route before it joins to the R421 again and the final 1.5 miles are the same as the first mile of the race. The runners enter Tullamore stadium and complete one lap of the tartan track before the finish line. The course is challenging in places with some undulations along the route. But overall it is fair course. 2013 seen the first year of the event as the club commemorated the 60th Anniversary of the formation of Tullamore Harriers AC which today is one of Ireland's best known athletics clubs.
The race was perfectly organised. The weather was good for racing but there was a very strong headwind for the first 6 miles of the race which made the conditions difficult. The weather was dry and warm except for the torrential downpour at around 1:45pm which cleared the whole finish area of spectators and runners. There were stewarts all along the route, 3 drink stations with bottled water, superb facilities, and great after-race refreshments. The stewards along the route provided great encouragement to all of the runners. Tullamore Harriers and the local community really worked together to make this is a wonderful event. There was also a relay option where teams of two can run approximately 10.5km each. In total almost 700 participants took part. This was higher than the 568 participants who completed the race which is almost 150 more than the 2013 event.
We have a large set of photographs from today's race at the start and the finish until the 2-00 finish time. They are available on Flickr at www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157655560294853
Timing and event management was provided by Precision Timing. Results are available on their website at www.precisiontiming.net/result.aspx?v=2855
Our photographs from the 2014 Half Marathon on Flickr. www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157646587496250/
Our photographs from the 2013 Half Marathon on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157635307620452/
Half Marathon Route on MapMyRun: www.mapmyrun.com/ie/tullamore-l/half-marathon-tullamore-r...
2014 Race Results are available from PRECISION TIMING: www.precisiontiming.net/result.aspx?v=2136
2013 Race Results are available from PRECISION TIMING: www.precisiontiming.net/result.aspx?v=1448
Tullamore Harriers on Facebook: www.facebook.com/tullamore.harriers?fref=ts
As mentioned above this race half marathon started in 2013 and celebrated the 60th Anniversary (a Diamond Anniversary) of the foundation of Tullamore Harriers AC. The club was formed in the town in November 1953. However, it was almost 1979 before facilities close to what we see today open in the present day site. Over 50 provincial and national athletics meetings are held at Tullamore Harriers every year. The facilities available combined with it's central geographical location joining routes from North, South, East, and West make it a very attractive venue. The half marathon today firmly brings competitive national road racing back to "The Harriers". The Quinlan Cup which will be awarded to the winning club team. For more than 40 years the Harriers Quinlan Cup was the most prestigious event on the road racing calendar. Having started as a cross-country race back in 1957, it became a road race in 1967 and remained so until 2000 when the race was last held. During its reign as a blue-ribband event the Quinlan Cup was won by the likes of John Treacy and Eamonn Coughlan.
Today, the facilities at Tullamore Harriers are the envy of many athletics clubs in Ireland. The facilities provided by Tullamore make it one of the premier venues for local and national level athletics in Ireland. There is an Olympic standard tartan track, a fully equipped gym, changing facilities, press and media facilities, meeting room spaces, etc. The club also provides a social center and niteclub which makes "The Harriers" a very well known on the local social scene. Esssentially, the town of Tullamore would be a different place if it weren't for the presence of Tullamore Harriers AC.
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download this photographic image here directly to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. Have a look for a down-arrow symbol or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
Paulina Rubio promoting Pau-Latina at the Ritz Theater in Elizabeth NJ 2005
Paulina Susana Rubio Rue is a Mexican singer and actress.
The Ritz Theater
1148 E. Jersey St.
Elizabeth, NJ 07201
908-352-1919
Video
New Jersey USA
05-28-2005
SAIEE Western Cape Centre Initiative: Engineering the Future - School Group
Project to promote Electrical Engineering, Science and Technology
Engineering skills shortage has been identified as one of the aspects that
might hinder economic growth in South Africa. The paper compiled by Allyson
Lawless "Engineering Institutes look at the skills shortage that threatens
to affect the economic growth of South Africa", suggests increasing the
number of high calibre graduates from South Africa's tertiary institutions.
This can be done by increasing the number of engineering trained graduates
through our tertiary institutes.
Specific concern to the SAIEE is the shortage of electrical engineers. The
SAIEE needs to stimulate the appeal for electrical engineering amongst young
ones to choose electrical engineering as a career. The SAIEE needs to be the
authority in providing all information relating to studying electrical
engineering in South Africa. This information needs to be packaged in a
manner to appeal to the young ones.
The SAIEE Western Cape approached the MTN Sciencentre for an enrichment or
informative learner experience specifically geared to promoting careers in
electrical engineering. This will be done via a program of school group
visits to the MTN Sciencentre. Amongst the schools that this program target
are the Dinaledi schools, which were formed in 2001 to improve participation
and performance in maths and science, particularly among previously
disadvantaged learners.
To address the skills shortage will require intervention measures at high
school level. For this reason the SAIEE Western Cape Centre has embarked on
a project that aims to:-
* Encourage learners to take electrical engineering as a career
* improve the appreciation of engineering, science and technology
amongst educators
* To market the SAIEE as the authority in providing any details
regarding studying electrical engineering in SA
With the School Group Project, the SAIEE made it possible for 11 Schools to
be bussed into the MTN Sciencentre at Canal Walk, Cape Town. Each school
group consisted of 55 learners and 5 educators. The MTN Sciencentre contains
a floor of science and technological exhibitions. These exhibitions explore
science and technology like, wave propagation, gravity, forces, hydraulics,
electricity, magnetism, etc. They even have the largest working cellphone in
the world, as confirmed by the Guinness Book of World Records.
Each school was given an opportunity to spend an hour on the MTN Sciencentre
floor and interact with the Science and Technology exhibitions. The school
group was then separated into two groups. The one group participated in a
workshop to build an electric motor, while the other group is engaged in
science and technology activities at the centre; this would last for an hour
then the two groups would swop activities. After this both groups would
congregate at the MTN Sciencentre auditorium and they will be shown a video
on electrical engineering followed by a talk from one of the SAIEE members
(an electrical engineer) on what electrical engineering is about.
In the motor building workshop the school learners, including the teacher,
are introduced to concepts in magnetism, electromagnetism, working in teams,
communication and following instruction. The kids were working in small
groups of two or three and they build a small dc electric motor from kits
that were provided by the MTN Sciencentre. We had more that 50% success in
getting the small dc motor to run. It was great joy to see the smiles in the
learners' faces when their motors started running. For those whose motor
could not run would appreciate that in engineering we still need to work in
teams, communicate and follow instructions because their motor would fail
because they did not follow instructions or communicate.
The video and talk by an electrical engineer covered the following:-
* What is Electrical Engineering
* What is the work of an electrical engineer
* Where do you study Electrical Engineering
* What do you study
* What are the criteria
* Where can I go if I need assistance - SAIEE
The learners would be given an opportunity to ask questions. Most of their
questions were around the tertiary institution's entry levels; whether
electrical engineers are paid well; and study bursaries. After all is done,
the learners were treated to some lunch and sent (bussed) home.
605 learners from 11 schools participated in this project in the months of
April, May and June (before the World Cup). The list of such schools is
available below:-
A project like this would not be possible without the excellent partnership
between SAIEE, MTN Sciencentre and UCT SAIEE/IEEE Student Chapter.
1.MTN Sciencentre
*Busi, Ryan and Carmen for the putting the program together.
*John (a retired electrical engineer and part of MTN Sciencentre
staff), Fikiswa and Michael for facilitating the workshop and safely looking
after the learners without any hassles.
2.UCT SAIEE/IEEE Student Chapter
*Ragesh, big thanks for arranging UCT electrical engineering students
to come and assist with the facilitation of building the electrical motor.
The involvement of the students, makes the learners realise that with hard
work their dreams of going to tertiary education can be made real; with
determination and hard work, off-course.
*Michael Nyarko, Francis Masuabi, Benson Chan, Eric Chen, Denis Wong,
Ragesh Pillai, Leen Remmelzwaal, Chris Fourie and Derrick Marumo, for taking
the time from your hectic varsity lives to facilitate the workshops. Your
contribution will go a long way in the minds of the young learners.
3.SAIEE members
* Mr Larry Khuvutlu, for putting the program together and
participation with most of the school visits; facilitating and giving the
talk at times.
* Mr Wilfred Fritz, Mr Jaime Mabota (SAIEE WCC Chairman), Mr Rod
Harker and Ms Unati Nombakuse, for facilitating and giving the talks.
The SAIEE has committed an investment of R 30 544; an investment that our
country needs, if it to achieve its desired economic growth and development;
half poverty by 2014; build and maintain power stations. We need more of
projects like these.
Promote your brand with this handy promotional Flags & Custom Sticky Notes. Your recipients will find this gift a worthy addition to their homes and offices. These Custom Sticky Notes allow them to quickly jot their personal thoughts or important notes from a meeting.
HHS Secretary Alex Azar joined top health officials and global health partners at a World Health Assembly side event to look at ways to boost public trust in vaccines as our most reliable front line defense against disease. WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus delivered closing remarks at the event entitled “Promoting Vaccine Confidence: Enhancing Global Immunization Efforts to Protect the Health of all Generations.”
“Vaccines are some of the most thoroughly tested medical products we have,” said Secretary Azar in opening remarks at the event. “Vaccines are safe, effective, and lifesaving. But around the world, complacency among the public, coupled with misunderstanding and misinformation, is causing vaccination rates to decline, with tragic results.”
Speakers at the event included EU Commissioner Dr. Vytenis Andriukaitis, Dr. Luiz Henrique Mandetta, Minister of Health, Brazi:, Dr. Theresa Tam, Chief Public Health Officer of Canada; Prof. Dr. Alexandru Rafila, Romania, Member of WHO Executive Board, Dr. Seth Berkley CEO, GAVI Vaccine Alliance and Prof. Dr. Peter Hotez, Dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine. The event was moderated by Dr. Katherine O'Brien, Director, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO.
Read HHS Secretary Azar’s opening remarks at the event: geneva.usmission.gov/2019/05/21/secretary-azar-remarks-on...
U.S. Mission Photo/Eric Bridiers
PAHO promotes public health approaches for diabetes prevention and care. In occasion of World Diabetes Day 2014, PAHO’s campaign encouraged this year healthy living, reducing diabetes risk factors and establishing personal healthy lifestyle goals.
There was an active participation from PAHO workers, who choose a personal goal and committed to it by taking their selfie.’
Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi (/ˌɡærɪˈbɑːldi/ GARR-ib-AHL-dee, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe ɡariˈbaldi] ⓘ;[note 1] 4 July 1807 – 2 June 1882) was an Italian general, patriot, revolutionary and republican. He contributed to Italian unification and the creation of the Kingdom of Italy. He is considered to be one of Italy's "fathers of the fatherland", along with Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and Giuseppe Mazzini.[1] Garibaldi is also known as the "Hero of the Two Worlds" because of his military enterprises in South America and Europe.[2]
Garibaldi was a follower of the Italian nationalist Mazzini and embraced the republican nationalism of the Young Italy movement.[3] He became a supporter of Italian unification under a democratic republican government. However, breaking with Mazzini, he pragmatically allied himself with the monarchist Cavour and Kingdom of Sardinia in the struggle for independence, subordinating his republican ideals to his nationalist ones until Italy was unified. After participating in an uprising in Piedmont, he was sentenced to death, but escaped and sailed to South America, where he spent 14 years in exile, during which he took part in several wars and learned the art of guerrilla warfare.[4] In 1835 he joined the rebels known as the Ragamuffins (farrapos), in the Ragamuffin War in Brazil, and took up their cause of establishing the Riograndense Republic and later the Catarinense Republic. Garibaldi also became involved in the Uruguayan Civil War, raising an Italian force known as Redshirts, and is still celebrated as an important contributor to Uruguay's reconstitution.
In 1848, Garibaldi returned to Italy and commanded and fought in military campaigns that eventually led to Italian unification. The provisional government of Milan made him a general and the Minister of War promoted him to General of the Roman Republic in 1849. When the war of independence broke out in April 1859, he led his Hunters of the Alps in the capture of major cities in Lombardy, including Varese and Como, and reached the frontier of South Tyrol; the war ended with the acquisition of Lombardy. The following year, 1860, he led the Expedition of the Thousand on behalf of, and with the consent of, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia. The expedition was a success and concluded with the annexation of Sicily, Southern Italy, Marche and Umbria to the Kingdom of Sardinia before the creation of a unified Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861. His last military campaign took place during the Franco-Prussian War as commander of the Army of the Vosges.
Garibaldi became an international figurehead for national independence and republican ideals, and is considered by twentieth-century historiography and popular culture as Italy's greatest national hero.[5][6] He was showered with admiration and praise by many contemporary intellectuals and political figures, including Abraham Lincoln,[7] William Brown,[8] Francesco de Sanctis, Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Malwida von Meysenbug, George Sand, Charles Dickens,[9] and Friedrich Engels.[10]
Garibaldi also inspired later figures like Jawaharlal Nehru and Che Guevara.[11] Historian A. J. P. Taylor called him "the only wholly admirable figure in modern history".[12] In the popular telling of his story, he is associated with the red shirts that his volunteers, the Garibaldini, wore in lieu of a uniform.
Early life
House in which Garibaldi was born
Garibaldi was born and christened Joseph-Marie Garibaldi[13][note 2] on 4 July 1807 in Nice, which had been conquered by the French Republic in 1792, to the Ligurian family of Domenico Garibaldi from Chiavari[14] and Maria Rosa Nicoletta Raimondi from Loano.[15] In 1814, the Congress of Vienna returned Nice to Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. (Nice would be returned to France in 1860 by the Treaty of Turin, over the objections of Garibaldi.)
Garibaldi's family's involvement in coastal trade drew him to a life at sea. He participated actively in the Nizzardo Italians community and was certified in 1832 as a merchant navy captain.[citation needed]
He lived in the Pera district of Constantinople from 1828 to 1832. He became an instructor and taught Italian, French, and mathematics.[16]
In April 1833, he travelled to Taganrog, in the Russian Empire, aboard the schooner Clorinda with a shipment of oranges. During ten days in port, he met Giovanni Battista Cuneo from Oneglia, a politically active immigrant and member of the secret Young Italy movement of Giuseppe Mazzini. Mazzini was a passionate proponent of Italian unification as a liberal republic via political and social reform. Garibaldi joined the society and took an oath dedicating himself to the struggle to liberate and unify his homeland from Austrian dominance.[citation needed]
In November 1833, Garibaldi met Mazzini in Genoa, starting a long relationship that later became troubled. He joined the Carbonari revolutionary association, and in February 1834 participated in a failed Mazzinian insurrection in Piedmont. A Genoese court sentenced Garibaldi to death in absentia, and he fled across the border to Marseille.[citation needed]
South America
Garibaldi and his men carrying boats from Lagoa dos Patos to Tramandahy lake during the war in Rio Grande do Sul
Garibaldi first sailed to the Beylik of Tunis before eventually finding his way to the Empire of Brazil. Once there, he took up the cause of the Riograndense Republic in its attempt to separate from Brazil, joining the rebels known as the Ragamuffins in the Ragamuffin War of 1835.
During this war, he met Ana Maria de Jesus Ribeiro da Silva, commonly known as Anita. When the rebels proclaimed the Catarinense Republic in the Brazilian province of Santa Catarina in 1839, she joined him aboard his ship, Rio Pardo, and fought alongside him at the battles of Imbituba and Laguna.
In 1841, Garibaldi and Anita moved to Montevideo, Uruguay, where Garibaldi worked as a trader and schoolmaster. The couple married in Montevideo the following year. They had four children; Domenico Menotti (1840–1903), Rosa (1843–1845), Teresa Teresita (1845–1903), and Ricciotti (1847–1924).[17] A skilled horsewoman, Anita is said[by whom?] to have taught Giuseppe about the gaucho culture of Argentina, southern Brazil and Uruguay. Around this time he adopted his trademark clothing—the red shirt, poncho, and sombrero commonly worn by gauchos.
In 1842, Garibaldi took command of the Uruguayan fleet and raised an Italian Legion of soldiers—known as Redshirts—for the Uruguayan Civil War. This recruitment was possible as Montevideo had a large Italian population at the time: 4,205 out of a total population of 30,000 according to an 1843 census.[18]
Garibaldi during the battle of Sant'Antonio, 1846
Garibaldi aligned his forces with the Uruguayan Colorados led by Fructuoso Rivera and Joaquín Suárez, who were aligned with the Argentine Unitarian Party. This faction received some support from the French and British in their struggle against the forces of former Uruguayan president Manuel Oribe's Blancos, which was also aligned with Argentine Federales under the rule of Buenos Aires caudillo Juan Manuel de Rosas. The Italian Legion adopted a black flag that represented Italy in mourning, with a volcano at the centre that symbolized the dormant power in their homeland. Though contemporary sources do not mention the Redshirts, popular history asserts that the legion first wore them in Uruguay, getting them from a factory in Montevideo that had intended to export them to the slaughterhouses of Argentina.[citation needed] These shirts became the symbol of Garibaldi and his followers.
Between 1842 and 1848, Garibaldi defended Montevideo against forces led by Oribe. In 1845, he managed to occupy Colonia del Sacramento and Martín García Island, and led the infamous sacks of Martín García island and Gualeguaychú during the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. Garibaldi escaped with his life after being defeated in the Costa Brava combat, delivered on 15 and 16 August 1842, thanks to the mercy of Admiral William Brown. The Argentines, wanting to pursue him to finish him off, were stopped by Brown who exclaimed "let him escape, that gringo is a brave man."[19] Years later, a grandson of Garibaldi would be named William, in honour of Admiral Brown. Adopting amphibious[18] guerrilla tactics, Garibaldi later achieved two victories during 1846, in the Battle of Cerro and the Battle of San Antonio del Santo.
Induction to Freemasonry
Garibaldi joined Freemasonry during his exile, taking advantage of the asylum the lodges offered to political refugees from European countries. At the age of 37, during 1844, Garibaldi was initiated in the L' Asil de la Vertud Lodge of Montevideo. This was an irregular lodge under a Brazilian Freemasonry not recognized by the main international masonic obediences, such as the United Grand Lodge of England or the Grand Orient de France.
While Garibaldi had little use for Masonic rituals, he was an active Freemason and regarded Freemasonry as a network that united progressive men as brothers both within nations and as a global community. Garibaldi was eventually elected as the Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy.[20][21]
Garibaldi regularized his position later in 1844, joining the lodge Les Amis de la Patrie of Montevideo under the Grand Orient of France.
Election of Pope Pius IX, 1846
The fate of his homeland continued to concern Garibaldi. The election of Pope Pius IX in 1846 caused a sensation among Italian patriots, both at home and in exile. Pius's initial reforms seemed to identify him as the liberal pope called for by Vincenzo Gioberti, who went on to lead the unification of Italy. When news of these reforms reached Montevideo, Garibaldi wrote to the Pope:
If these hands, used to fighting, would be acceptable to His Holiness, we most thankfully dedicate them to the service of him who deserves so well of the Church and of the fatherland. Joyful indeed shall we and our companions in whose name we speak be, if we may be allowed to shed our blood in defence of Pius IX's work of redemption.[22]
Mazzini, from exile, also applauded the early reforms of Pius IX. In 1847, Garibaldi offered the apostolic nuncio at Rio de Janeiro, Bedini, the service of his Italian Legion for the liberation of the peninsula. Then news of the outbreak of the Sicilian revolution of 1848 in January and revolutionary agitation elsewhere in Italy, encouraged Garibaldi to lead approximately 60 members of his legion home.
Return to Italy
First Italian War of Independence
Portrait of Garibaldi in 1848
Popular print showing Garibaldi wearing uniforms of 1848, 1860 and 1859 wars
Garibaldi returned to Italy amidst the turmoil of the revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states and was one of the founders and leaders of the Action Party. Garibaldi offered his services to Charles Albert of Sardinia, who displayed some liberal inclinations, but he treated Garibaldi with coolness and distrust. Rebuffed by the Piedmontese, he and his followers crossed into Lombardy where they offered assistance to the provisional government of Milan, which had rebelled against the Austrian occupation. In the course of the following unsuccessful First Italian War of Independence, Garibaldi led his legion to two minor victories at Luino and Morazzone.
After the crushing Piedmontese defeat at the Battle of Novara on 23 March 1849, Garibaldi moved to Rome to support the Roman Republic recently proclaimed in the Papal States. However, a French force sent by Louis Napoleon threatened to topple it. At Mazzini's urging, Garibaldi took command of the defence of Rome. In fighting near Velletri, Achille Cantoni saved his life. After Cantoni's death, during the Battle of Mentana, Garibaldi wrote the novel Cantoni the Volunteer.
Garibaldi during the siege of Rome
On 30 April 1849, the Republican army, under Garibaldi's command, defeated a numerically far superior French army at the Porta San Pancrazio gate of Rome. Subsequently, French reinforcements arrived, and the Siege of Rome began on 1 June. Despite the resistance of the Republican army, the French prevailed on 29 June. On 30 June the Roman Assembly met and debated three options: surrender, continue fighting in the streets, or retreat from Rome to continue resistance from the Apennine mountains. Garibaldi, having entered the chamber covered in blood, made a speech favouring the third option, ending with: Ovunque noi saremo, sarà Roma.[23] (Wherever we will go, that will be Rome).
The sides negotiated a truce on 1–2 July, Garibaldi withdrew from Rome with 4,000 troops, and ceded his ambition to rouse popular rebellion against the Austrians in central Italy. The French Army entered Rome on 3 July and reestablished the Holy See's temporal power. Garibaldi and his forces, hunted by Austrian, French, Spanish, and Neapolitan troops, fled to the north, intending to reach Venice, where the Venetians were still resisting the Austrian siege.[24] After an epic march, Garibaldi took temporary refuge in San Marino, with only 250 men having not abandoned him. Anita, who was carrying their fifth child, died near Comacchio during the retreat.
North America and the Pacific
Garibaldi eventually managed to reach Porto Venere, near La Spezia, but the Piedmontese government forced him to emigrate again. He went to Tangier, where he stayed with Francesco Carpanetto, a wealthy Italian merchant. Carpanetto suggested that he and some of his associates finance the purchase of a merchant ship, which Garibaldi would command. Garibaldi agreed, feeling that his political goals were, for the moment, unreachable, and he could at least earn a living.[25]
Garibaldi's poncho and red shirt at the Museum of the Risorgimento, Milan
The ship was to be purchased in the United States. Garibaldi went to New York City, arriving on 30 July 1850. However, the funds for buying a ship were lacking. While in New York, he stayed with various Italian friends, including some exiled revolutionaries. He attended the Masonic lodges of New York in 1850, where he met several supporters of democratic internationalism, whose minds were open to socialist thought, and to giving Freemasonry a strong anti-papal stance.[21]
The inventor Antonio Meucci employed Garibaldi in his candle factory on Staten Island[26] (the cottage where he stayed is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places and is preserved as the Garibaldi Memorial). Garibaldi was not satisfied with this, and in April 1851 he left New York with his friend Carpanetto for Central America, where Carpanetto was establishing business operations. They first went to Nicaragua, and then to other parts of the region. Garibaldi accompanied Carpanetto as a companion, not a business partner, and used the name Giuseppe Pane.[25]
Carpanetto went on to Lima, Peru, where a shipload of his goods was due, arriving late in 1851 with Garibaldi. En route, Garibaldi called on revolutionary heroine Manuela Sáenz. At Lima, Garibaldi was generally welcomed. A local Italian merchant, Pietro Denegri, gave him command of his ship Carmen for a trading voyage across the Pacific, for which he required Peruvian citizenship, which he obtained that year.[27] Garibaldi took the Carmen to the Chincha Islands for a load of guano. Then on 10 January 1852, he sailed from Peru for Canton, China, arriving in April.[25]
After side trips to Xiamen and Manila, Garibaldi brought the Carmen back to Peru via the Indian Ocean and the South Pacific, passing clear around the south coast of Australia. He visited Three Hummock Island in the Bass Strait.[25] Garibaldi then took the Carmen on a second voyage: to the United States via Cape Horn with copper from Chile, and also wool. Garibaldi arrived in Boston and went on to New York. There he received a hostile letter from Denegri and resigned his command.[25] Another Italian, Captain Figari, had just come to the U.S. to buy a ship and hired Garibaldi to take the ship to Europe. Figari and Garibaldi bought the Commonwealth in Baltimore, and Garibaldi left New York for the last time in November 1853.[26] He sailed the Commonwealth to London, and then to Newcastle upon Tyne for coal.[25]
Tyneside
The Commonwealth arrived on 21 March 1854. Garibaldi, already a popular figure on Tyneside, was welcomed enthusiastically by local working men — although the Newcastle Courant reported that he refused an invitation to dine with dignitaries in the city. He stayed in Huntingdon Place Tynemouth for a few days,[28] and in South Shields on Tyneside for over a month, departing at the end of April 1854. During his stay, he was presented with an inscribed sword, which his grandson Giuseppe Garibaldi II later carried as a volunteer in British service in the Second Boer War.[29] He then sailed to Genoa, where his five years of exile ended on 10 May 1854.[25]
Second Italian War of Independence
Garibaldi in the Alps
Battle of Varese
Garibaldi returned to Italy in 1854. Using an inheritance from the death of his brother, he bought half of the Italian island of Caprera (north of Sardinia), devoting himself to agriculture. In 1859, the Second Italian War of Independence (also known as the Franco-Austrian War) broke out in the midst of internal plots at the Sardinian government. Garibaldi was appointed major general and formed a volunteer unit named the Hunters of the Alps (Cacciatori delle Alpi). Thenceforth, Garibaldi abandoned Mazzini's republican ideal of the liberation of Italy, assuming that only the Sardinian monarchy could effectively achieve it. He and his volunteers won victories over the Austrians at Varese, Como, and other places.
Garibaldi was very displeased as his home city of Nice (Nizza in Italian) had been surrendered to the French in return for crucial military assistance. In April 1860, as deputy for Nice in the Piedmontese parliament at Turin, he vehemently attacked Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, for ceding the County of Nice (Nizzardo) to Emperor Napoleon III of France. In the following years, Garibaldi (with other passionate Nizzardo Italians) promoted the Italian irredentism of his native city, supporting the Niçard Vespers riots in 1871.
Campaign of 1860
See also: Expedition of the Thousand
Garibaldi departing on the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860
On 24 January 1860, Garibaldi married 18-year-old Giuseppina Raimondi. Immediately after the wedding ceremony, she informed him that she was pregnant with another man's child and Garibaldi left her the same day.[30] At the beginning of April 1860, uprisings in Messina and Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies provided Garibaldi with an opportunity. He gathered a group of volunteers called i Mille (the Thousand), or the Redshirts as popularly known, in two ships named Il Piemonte and Il Lombardo, and left from Quarto, in Genoa, on 5 May in the evening and landed at Marsala, on the westernmost point of Sicily, on 11 May.
Battle of Calatafimi
Swelling the ranks of his army with scattered bands of local rebels, Garibaldi led 800 volunteers to victory over an enemy force of 1,500 at the Battle of Calatafimi on 15 May. He used the counter-intuitive tactic of an uphill bayonet charge. He saw that the hill was terraced, and the terraces would shelter his advancing men. Though small by comparison with the coming clashes at Palermo, Milazzo, and Volturno, this battle was decisive in establishing Garibaldi's power on the island. An apocryphal but realistic story had him say to his lieutenant Nino Bixio, "Here we either make Italy, or we die."[31]: 253 In reality, the Neapolitan forces were ill-guided, and most of its higher officers had been bribed.[citation needed]
Garibaldi in Palermo in 1860, photographed by Gustave Le Gray
The next day, he declared himself dictator of Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. He advanced to the outskirts of Palermo, the capital of the island, and launched a siege on 27 May. He had the support of many inhabitants, who rose up against the garrison, but before they could take the city, reinforcements arrived and bombarded the city nearly to ruins. At this time, a British admiral intervened and facilitated a truce, by which the Neapolitan royal troops and warships surrendered the city and departed. The young Henry Adams — later to become a distinguished American writer — visited the city in June and described the situation, along with his meeting with Garibaldi, in a long and vivid letter to his older brother Charles.[32] Historians Clough et al. argue that Garibaldi's Thousand were students, independent artisans, and professionals, not peasants. The support given by Sicilian peasants was not out of a sense of patriotism but from their hatred of exploitive landlords and oppressive Neapolitan officials. Garibaldi himself had no interest in social revolution and instead sided with the Sicilian landlords against the rioting peasants.[33]
People cheering as Garibaldi rides into Naples on horseback, 7 September 1860
By conquering Palermo, Garibaldi had won a signal victory. He gained worldwide renown and the adulation of Italians. Faith in his prowess was so strong that doubt, confusion, and dismay seized even the Neapolitan court. Six weeks later, he marched against Messina in the east of the island, winning a ferocious and difficult Battle of Milazzo. By the end of July, only the citadel resisted.
Meeting between Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II on the bridge of Teano on 26 October 1860
Having conquered Sicily, he crossed the Strait of Messina and marched north. Garibaldi's progress was met with more celebration than resistance, and on 7 September he entered the capital city of Naples, by train. Despite taking Naples, however, he had not to this point defeated the Neapolitan army. Garibaldi's volunteer army of 24,000 was not able to defeat conclusively the reorganized Neapolitan army — about 25,000 men — on 30 September at the Battle of Volturno. This was the largest battle he ever fought, but its outcome was effectively decided by the arrival of the Royal Sardinian Army.
Following this, Garibaldi's plans to march on to Rome were jeopardized by the Piedmontese, who, while technically his ally, were unwilling to risk war with France, whose army protected the Pope. The Piedmontese themselves had conquered most of the Pope's territories in their march south to meet Garibaldi, but they had deliberately avoided Rome, the capital of the Papal state. Garibaldi chose to hand over all his territorial gains in the south to the Piedmontese and withdrew to Caprera and temporary retirement. Some modern historians consider the handover of his gains to the Piedmontese as a political defeat, but he seemed willing to see Italian unity brought about under the Piedmontese Crown. The meeting at Teano between Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II is the most important event in modern Italian history but is so shrouded in controversy that even the exact site where it took place is in doubt.[citation needed]
Aftermath
Garibaldi on Caprera
Garibaldi deeply disliked the Sardinian Prime Minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. To an extent, he simply mistrusted Cavour's pragmatism and realpolitik, but he also bore a personal grudge for Cavour's trading away his home city of Nice to the French the previous year. On the other hand, he supported the Sardinian monarch, Victor Emmanuel II, who in his opinion had been chosen by God for the liberation of Italy.[citation needed] In his famous meeting with Victor Emmanuel at Teano on 26 October 1860, Garibaldi greeted him as King of Italy and shook his hand. Garibaldi rode into Naples at the king's side on 7 November, then retired to the rocky island of Caprera, refusing to accept any reward for his services.[citation needed]
At the outbreak of the American Civil War (in 1861), he was a very popular figure. The 39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment was named Garibaldi Guard after him.[34] Garibaldi expressed interest in aiding the Union, and he was offered a major general's commission in the U.S. Army through a letter from Secretary of State William H. Seward to Henry Shelton Sanford, the U.S. Minister at Brussels, 27 July 1861.[7] On 9 September 1861, Sanford met with Garibaldi and reported the result of the meeting to Seward:
He said that the only way in which he could render service, as he ardently desired to do, to the cause of the United States, was as Commander-in-chief of its forces, that he would only go as such, and with the additional contingent power—to be governed by events—of declaring the abolition of slavery—that he would be of little use without the first, and without the second it would appear like a civil war in which the world at large could have little interest or sympathy.[35]
But Abraham Lincoln was not ready to abolish slavery; Sanford's meeting with Garibaldi occurred a year before Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. Sanford's mission was hopeless, and Garibaldi did not join the Union army.[36] A historian of the American Civil War, Don H. Doyle, however, wrote, "Garibaldi's full-throated endorsement of the Union cause roused popular support just as news of the Emancipation Proclamation broke in Europe."[37] On 6 August 1863, after Lincoln had issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, Garibaldi wrote to Lincoln, "Posterity will call you the great emancipator, a more enviable title than any crown could be, and greater than any merely mundane treasure."[38]
On 5 October 1860, Garibaldi set up the International Legion bringing together different national divisions of French, Poles, Swiss, Germans and other nationalities, with a view not just of finishing the liberation of Italy, but also of their homelands. With the motto "Free from the Alps to the Adriatic",[39] the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. Mazzini was discontented with the perpetuation of monarchial government, and continued to agitate for a republic. Garibaldi, frustrated at inaction by the king, and bristling over perceived snubs, organized a new venture. This time, he intended to take on the Papal States.
Expedition against Rome
Garibaldi in the Aspromonte Mountains (oil on canvas)
Garibaldi himself was intensely anti-Catholic and anti-papal. His efforts to overthrow the Pope by military action mobilized anti-Catholic support. There were major anti-Catholic riots in his name across Britain in 1862, with the Irish Catholics fighting in defense of their Church.[40] Garibaldi's hostility to the Pope's temporal domain was viewed with great distrust by Catholics around the world, and the French Emperor Napoleon III had guaranteed the independence of Rome from Italy by stationing a French garrison there. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking Rome and the Pope's seat there, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed he had the secret support of his government. Once he was excommunicated by the Pope, he chose the Protestant pastor Alessandro Gavazzi as his army chaplain.[41]
Garibaldi is welcomed by cheering crowds in Trafalgar Square as he arrives in London, England.
In June 1862, he sailed from Genoa to Palermo to gather volunteers for the impending campaign, under the slogan Roma o Morte (Rome or Death). An enthusiastic party quickly joined him, and he turned for Messina, hoping to cross to the mainland there. He arrived with a force of around two thousand, but the garrison proved loyal to the king's instructions and barred his passage. They turned south and set sail from Catania, where Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. He landed at Melito di Porto Salvo on 14 August and marched at once into the Calabrian mountains.
Garibaldi after being wounded on the Aspromonte Massif
Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving. General Enrico Cialdini dispatched a division of the regular army, under Colonel Emilio Pallavicini, against the volunteer bands. On 28 August, the two forces met in the rugged Aspromonte. One of the regulars fired a chance shot, and several volleys followed, killing a few of the volunteers. The fighting ended quickly, as Garibaldi forbade his men to return fire on fellow subjects of the Kingdom of Italy. Many of the volunteers were taken prisoner, including Garibaldi, who had been wounded by a shot in the foot. The episode was the origin of a famous Italian nursery rhyme: Garibaldi fu ferito ("Garibaldi was wounded").
A government steamer took him to a prison at Varignano near La Spezia, where he was held in a sort of honourable imprisonment and underwent a tedious and painful operation to heal his wound. His venture had failed, but he was consoled by Europe's sympathy and continued interest. After he regained his health, the government released Garibaldi and let him return to Caprera.
En route to London in 1864 he stopped briefly in Malta, where many admirers visited him in his hotel.[42] Protests by opponents of his anticlericalism were suppressed by the authorities. In London, his presence was received with enthusiasm by the population.[43] He met the British Prime Minister Viscount Palmerston, as well as revolutionaries then living in exile in the city. At that time, his ambitious international project included the liberation of a range of occupied nations, such as Croatia, Greece, and Hungary. He also visited Bedford and was given a tour of the Britannia Iron Works, where he planted a tree (which was cut down in 1944 due to decay).[44]
Final struggle with Austria
Battle of Bezzecca
Garibaldi took up arms again in 1866, this time with the full support of the Italian government. The Austro-Prussian War had broken out, and Italy had allied with Prussia against the Austrian Empire in the hope of taking Venetia from Austrian rule in the Third Italian War of Independence. Garibaldi gathered again his Hunters of the Alps, now some 40,000 strong, and led them into the Trentino. He defeated the Austrians at Bezzecca, and made for Trento.
Garibaldi at Mentana, 3 November 1867
The Italian regular forces were defeated at Lissa on the sea, and made little progress on land after the disaster of Custoza. The sides signed an armistice by which Austria ceded Venetia to Italy, but this result was largely due to Prussia's successes on the northern front. Garibaldi's advance through Trentino was for nought, and he was ordered to stop his advance to Trento. Garibaldi answered with a short telegram from the main square of Bezzecca with the famous motto: Obbedisco! ("I obey!").[This quote needs a citation]
After the war, Garibaldi led a political party that agitated for the capture of Rome, the peninsula's ancient capital. In 1867, he again marched on the city, but the Papal army, supported by a French auxiliary force, proved a match for his badly armed volunteers. He was shot in the leg in the Battle of Mentana, and had to withdraw from the Papal territory. The Italian government again imprisoned him for some time, after which he returned to Caprera.
Garibaldi in Dijon during the Franco-Prussian War, painted in 1877
In the same year, Garibaldi sought international support for altogether eliminating the papacy. At the 1867 congress for the League of Peace and Freedom in Geneva he proposed: "The papacy, being the most harmful of all secret societies, ought to be abolished."[45]
Franco-Prussian War
When the Franco-Prussian War broke out in July 1870, Italian public opinion heavily favoured the Prussians, and many Italians attempted to sign up as volunteers at the Prussian embassy in Florence. After the French garrison was recalled from Rome, the Italian Army captured the Papal States without Garibaldi's assistance. Following the wartime collapse of the Second French Empire after the Battle of Sedan, Garibaldi, undaunted by the recent hostility shown to him by the men of Napoleon III, switched his support to the newly declared Government of National Defense of France. On 7 September 1870, within three days of the revolution in Paris that ended the Empire, he wrote to the Movimento of Genoa, "Yesterday I said to you: war to the death to Bonaparte. Today I say to you: rescue the French Republic by every means."[46]
Subsequently, Garibaldi went to France and assumed command of the Army of the Vosges, an army of volunteers. French socialist Louis Blanc referred to Garibaldi as a "soldier of revolutionary cosmopolitanism" based on his support for liberation movements throughout the world.[47] After the war he was elected to the French National Assembly, where he briefly served as a member of Parliament for Alpes-Maritimes before returning to Caprera.[48][49]
Involvement with the First International
When the Paris Commune erupted in 1871, Garibaldi joined with younger radicals such as Felice Cavallotti in declaring his full support for the Communards and internationalism.[50] Garibaldi suggested a grand alliance between various factions of the left: "Why don't we pull together in one organized group the Freemasonry, democratic societies, workers' clubs, Rationalists, Mutual Aid, etc., which have the same tendency towards good?".[50] He began organizing a Congress of Unity, which was supported by many of the radical, free-thinking, and socialist groups throughout Italy such as La Plebe.[50] The Congress was held in the Teatro Argentina despite being banned by the government, and endorsed a set of radical policies including universal suffrage, progressive taxation, compulsory lay education, administrative reform, and abolition of the death penalty.[50]
Garibaldi at Caprera
Garibaldi had long claimed an interest in vague ethical socialism such as that advanced by Henri Saint-Simon and saw the struggle for liberty as an international affair, one which "does not make any distinction between the African and the American, the European and the Asian, and therefore proclaims the fraternity of all men whatever nation they belong to".[47][51] He interpreted the International Workingmen's Association as an extension of the humanitarian ideals for which he had always fought. Although he did not agree with their calls for the abolition of property, Garibaldi defended the Communards and the First International against the attacks of their enemies: "Is it not the product of the abnormal state in which society finds itself in the world? [...] Shouldn't a society (I mean a human society) in which the majority struggle for subsistence and the minority want to take the larger part of the product of the former through deceptions and violence but without hard work, arouse discontent and thoughts of revenge amongst those who suffer?".[47]
Garibaldi wrote a letter to Celso Ceretti in which he declared: "The International is the sun of the future [sole dell'avvenire]!".[47][52] The letter was printed in dozens of workers' news sheets and papers, and was instrumental in persuading many fence-sitters to join the organization.[52] After Garibaldi's death, many of his disciples embraced the libertarian socialist ideas of Mikhail Bakunin.[53] As Italy still lacked an industrial proletariat, "Garibaldi's socialism represented most accurately craft trade-unionism and a general focus on economic egalitarianism".[54] His socialism was a "socialism wherein the struggle against every injustice, and a love for freedom, predominated. Garibaldi was not an unpractical man, but an active witness of that kind of generosity in feelings and firm wish for justice".[55] In the first volume of Carl Landauer's European Socialism, Garibaldi is mentioned alongside Mazzini as outstanding "Italian revolutionaries".[56]
According to Denis Mack Smith, "the difference is not so large when we find what Garibaldi meant by the term. Socialism for him was nothing very revolutionary, and perhaps he flaunted the word partly because he delighted to feel that it would shock the Mazzinians".[57] In describing the move to the left of Garibaldi and the Mazzinians, Lucy Riall writes that this "emphasis by younger radicals on the 'social question' was paralleled by an increase in what was called 'internationalist' or socialist activity (mostly Bakuninist anarchism) throughout northern and southern Italy, which was given a big boost by the Paris Commune". The rise of this socialism "represented a genuine challenge to Mazzini and the Mazzinian emphasis on politics and culture; and Mazzinis' death early in 1872 only served to underline the prevailing sense that his political era was over. Garibaldi now broke definitively with Mazzini, and this time he moved to the left of him. He came out entirely in favour of the Paris Commune and internationalism, and his stance brought him much closer to the younger radicals, especially Felice Cavallotti, and gave him a new lease on political life. From his support was born an initiative to relaunch a broad party of the radical left."[50]
Despite being elected again to the Italian parliament, first as part of the Historical Left and then of the Historical Far Left, Garibaldi spent much of his late years on Caprera.[17] However, he still managed to serve the Italian parliament with extreme distinction and supported an ambitious project of land reclamation in the marshy areas of southern Lazio. In 1879, Garibaldi founded the League of Democracy, along with Cavallotti, Alberto Mario and Agostino Bertani, which reiterated his support for universal suffrage, abolition of ecclesiastical property, the legal and political emancipation of women and a plan of public works to improve the Roman countryside that was completed.[50]
On the Ottoman Empire
In a 6 October 1875 letter from Caprera, "To my brothers of the Herzegovina and to the oppressed of Eastern Europe", Garibaldi wrote:
The Turk must go away to Broussa. He descended like a wolf, passing the Bosphorus, devastating, murdering, and violating those populations who gave us the Pelasgi, who were, perhaps, the first civilisers of Europe. He must no longer tread upon that part of the world kept by him in misery. At Broussa, with his vices, depredations, and cruelties, he will find enough people of Asia Minor to torment and plunge into desolation. Rise, then, heroic sons of Montenegro, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Servia, Therapia, Macedonia, Greece, Epirus, Albania, Bulgaria, and Roumania! All of you have a most splendid history. Among you were born Leonidas, Achilles, Alexander, Scanderbeg, and Spartacus. And today even, among your robust populations, you may still find a Spartacus and a Leonidas. Do not trust to diplomacy. That old woman without a heart certainly deceives you. But with you are all the men of heart throughout the world. England herself, till today favourable to the Turks, has manifested to you by means of the obolus and sympathy of one of her great men that she ought to prefer the alliance and gratitude of a confederation of free peoples to the decrepit confederation of The Empire of the Crescent. Then to Broussa with the Turk! Only thus can you make yourself independent and free. On this side of the Bosphorus the fierce Ottoman will always be under the stimulant of eternal war, and you will never obtain the sacred rights of man.[58][59][60][61]
Death
Funeral of Garibaldi
Tomb of Garibaldi at Caprera
Ill and confined to bed by arthritis, Garibaldi made trips to Calabria and Sicily. In 1880, he married Francesca Armosino, with whom he previously had three children. Before the wedding, he stated he was not a Catholic and was willing to become a Protestant.[62][63] Though raised a Catholic he abjured Christianity towards the end of his life and became a deist and a supporter of Freemasonry. On his deathbed, Garibaldi asked for his bed to be moved to where he could view the sea. On his death on 2 June 1882 at the age of almost 75, his wishes for a simple funeral and cremation were not respected. He was buried on his farm on the island of Caprera alongside his last wife and some of his children.[64]
In 2012, Garibaldi's descendants announced that, with permission from authorities, they would have Garibaldi's remains exhumed to confirm through DNA analysis that the remains in the tomb are indeed Garibaldi's. Some anticipated that there would be a debate about whether to preserve the remains or to grant his final wish for a simple cremation.[65] In 2013, personnel changes at the Ministry of Culture sidelined the exhumation plans. The new authorities were "less than enthusiastic" about the plan.[66]
Promoting "Scientology the Musical" from George Glass I saw the show and it was excellent, even if the subject matter more-or-less parodies itself.
South African Gospel Music promoted by SAHC at the Barbican Centre London Patience Ingrid and Pinise Saul RIP all South African Cultural Singers
This is a photograph from the 6th annual running of the Meath Spring Half Marathon and 10KM Road Races and Fun Runs which were promoted and hosted by Bohermeen Athletic Club at Bohermeen, Navan, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 11th of March 2018 at 11:00. The half marathon consists of a 11KM and 10KM repeated loop around the roads of Bohermeen and Oristown. The 10KM race just completes the 2nd part of the half marathon. The finish line is on the running track within Bohermeen Community Center. The course is a fast fair course with a few small hills. In 2016 the original course was 'reversed' which just meant that the traditional course changed to accommodate the large number of participants and the narrow country roads on which both the race participants and race traffic must both share before, during and after the race. Most runners agreed that this made the course much faster as a result. This year there was a total of over 1,000 participants in both races.
The other great variable in road racing - the weather - was dry, clear and compared to recent weeks unseasonably warm. At several parts of the course there was a slight headwind which made these sections that little more difficult. Temperatures were around 10C-12C.
The race also includes the 45th Rennicks Cup (Men's overall team) and the 42nd Father Delany Cup (Women's overall team).
Bohermeen AC is steeped in Irish athletics history since 1927 and it is this experience and exceptional community spirit and volunteering which has made this event today so successful. Having now organised the event for six years running it is certain that the event will continue to grow and expand become one of the mainstays on the Irish athletic club road racing calendar for many years to come.
This race takes place about one month after the Supervalu 10 Mile Road Race in Trim (just down the road from Bohermeen). Indeed these races truly kick-start the whole road racing season of fixtures amongst the clubs in Meath who are now famous for the quality and standard of the road races staged and organised.
The race is supported by substantial local sponsorship from businesses in the local area. McNally Logistics and Transportation are the main sponsors of this year's event. The company specialises in national and international haulage.
Timing and event management was provided by http://www.myrunresults.com/. Their website is here [www.myrunresults.com/] and will contain the results to today's race.
Some useful Internet links related to the race
MapMyRun GPS Trace of the Route in 2016: www.mapmyrun.com/routes/view/988503627
Google Streetview of the Race Start: goo.gl/maps/rtj1X
Google Streetview of the Race Finish and Race Headquarters: goo.gl/maps/qVttR
Photographs from previous events
Our Flickr Photograph set from the 6th Spring Half Marathon 2017: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157677904981873
Our Flickr Photograph set from the 5th Spring Half Marathon 2016: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157665850980555
Our Flickr Photograph set from the 4th Spring Half Marathon 2015: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/albums/72157648897769373
Our Flickr Photograph set from the 3rd Spring Half Marathon 2014: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157641717197563
Our Flickr Photograph set from the 2nd Spring Half Marathon 2013: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157632906920970/
Our Flickr set from the 1st Spring Marathon (2012) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157629146137284/
Photographs from the 2013 event from our friend Paul Reilly [pjrphotography.zenfolio.com/p670974697]
U.S. Army Garrison Red Cloud and Area I Commander, Col. Jack Haefner promoted Chaplain David Mvondo, the garrison chaplain, to major at Warrior Chapel February 5.
Society of Friends of Music in Vienna
The Society of Friends of Music in Vienna (briefly : Wiener Musikverein) is a traditional club in Vienna to promote musical culture. It was founded in 1812.
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of the site!)
Founded Concert 1812
Foundation
On 29 November and 3 December 1812 was performed in the Winter Riding School of the Hofburg the Handel oratorio Timothy. This concert can be considered as a trigger for the founding of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna. As the founder of the association is Joseph Sonnleithner (1766-1835) then secretary of the imperial Viennese court theater (Burgtheater and Kärntnertortheater). The proceeds of the concert should benefit the newly founded institution. Emperor Franz I donated 1,000 guilders, the net profit amounted to 25,934 florins finally Viennese currency. First office of the company was the Lobkowitz Palace today Lobkowitzplatz.
Goals
According to its statutes, which originated in 1814, is the "Empor renewed progress on music in all its branches" primary purpose of the Company.
The Friends of Music Society reaches(d) this in three ways:
The establishment of a conservatory,
The systematic collection of musicological documents (archive)
Organizing their own concerts.
To date, private commitment of individual members shapes the functioning of the Company. Since January 2000, all editions of the monthly appearing club newspaper "music lovers" on the website of the company are available .
Concerts
On the initiative of Antonio Salieri's first choral activities at the Musikverein go back, for example, also in 1824 at the Vienna initial or first performances of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis and 9th Symphony was involved. After there had been choral concerts of the Association for many years, then in 1858 was the official establishment of the Concert Choir held as a branch association of the Vienna Musikverein. The first principal conductor of the Vienna Singing Society was Johann von Herbeck, directs the choir since 1991, Johannes Prinz.
Musikverein (1831-1870) to the Tuchlauben (home to the Red Hedgehog), first building on the right, then No. 558, now No. 12
First concert hall of the society
1829 , the Company purchased a scoring for Kärnthnerviertl house on the Tuchlauben (home to the Red Hedgehog, rented from 1822, then House # 558, today Tuchlauben 12) with several business offices and apartments, it had the house demolished and gave at Franz Lossl (Site Manager: Carl Högl) by around 88,000 guilders (including equipment) the construction of a three storey new building with a concert hall on the 1st Floor in order. The site was approximately opposite the former Ofenlochgasse, since 1863 Kleeblattgasse. The Brandstätte that time not yet branched of from the Tuchlauben, but was a small place near the St. Stephen's Cathedral.
The festival opening concert of the hall took place on 4 November 1831 instead (then the cholera raged in Vienna). The Musikverein contributed among other things at this location (visitor concerts were still highly popular in the large ball room of the Hofburg ) essentially to the public concert life in Vienna.
The hall proved with 700 seats soon to be too small, but was still used for almost 40 years. 1846 gas lighting was installed. In the upper floors of the Conservatory and the archives of the Society, offices and rehearsal rooms were located.
The Society of Friends of Music in 1870 moved into their new house and sold its first house in the same year. In the subsequent use of it emerged inter alia the Strampfer-Theatre. The building was demolished in 1885.
Vienna Musikverein in 1898
Today's office of the Company
1863, Emperor Franz Joseph I donates the society from the state capital, the area on the bank of the river opposite the Vienna Karlskirche (church). It was on the former glacis of the 1858 demolished city walls around the old town. 1861-1869 emerged near the present-day Vienna State Opera, on the neighboring construction site on the riverbank 1865-1868 the Vienna Künstlerhaus, on the direction of ring road adjacent square 1862-1865 today's Imperial Hotel.
The of Theophil Hansen, who later built the Parliament, designed house, shortened to Vienna Musikverein, was on 6 January 1870 opened with a celebratory concert. That same year, the High Steward of the Emperor, Prince Constantine zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, was in gratitude for the favor of the imperial court for the new building project appointed as a honorary member of the society.
1869 Carl Heissler was the first conductor of the orchestra of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna. 187, and 1872 was the Russian composer Anton Rubinstein artistic director of the company. After a short time he was replaced by Johannes Brahms.
Children and Youth Projects
In order to convey the joy of music and access to classical culture children and adolescents, the Friends of Music Society offers a pertinent program: In April 1989, it was the first "Celebration for Children" in all the rooms of the Musikverein building, since the offer has been steadily expanded and now includes more than 150 projects for all ages 3-19 years. The 20-year anniversary of the youth concerts was celebrated with a big party at the Vienna Musikverein in 2009. Symbol of child and youth concerts of the Society of Friends of Music is the concert clown Allegretto.
Artistic performances will be processed in accordance with the relevant age requirements paying particular attention to opportunities for active contribution. These include sing and dance along to the little ones, a gallery of children's drawings on the Internet and artist talks under the slogan "meet the artist" with internationally renowned conductors, soloists and composers for 15- to 19- year-old.
Conservatory of the Society of Music Lovers
The Conservatory was the first public music school in Vienna and was founded in 1819 by the violinist Joseph Böhm. As early as 1818, the Court Kapellmeister Antonio Salieri began to form a singing class. The general musical newspaper wrote here about 7 January 1818: "As the beginning of a newly established Conservatory imparts our worthy Hofkapellm. (chapel masteer) Salieri already to 12 girls and 12 boys gratuitous singing lessons."
On 19 April, the first 24 students of the Conservatory presented themselves in a collective concert of the Friends of Music to the public and sing an A cappella choral of Salieri. The dedication on the autograph reads: "Ringraziamento because farsi alli Benefattori del Conservatorio della musica nazionale inglese dalli primi Ventiquattro allieve dodici Ragazzi e dodici Ragazze, di detto luogo, nella quarta accademia dei dilettanti il giorno 19 Aprile 1818".
In the 19th Century, this facility has been significantly expanded, in the 1890s it had more than 1,000 students and found imitation in Vienna in other such facilities. In 1909, the private institute was to resolution of the emperor as "k.k. Academy of Music and Dramatic Art" nationalized. Thus, it is predecessor of today's University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna.
Archive
The archives of the Society of Friends of Music is one of the most important music collections in the world.
Personalities
Musikverein building of 1870 (2006)
Musikverein building at night
Founder
Joseph Sonnleithner (1766-1835)
Co-Founder
Fanny von Arnstein (1758-1818)
Prince Franz Joseph Maximilian von Lobkowitz (1772-1816) , Major General, art lover and patron
Famous members
Leopold of Sonnleithner (1797-1873), lawyer and music collector
January Václav Voříšek (1791-1825), composer, pianist and organist, as a member in 1818.
Franz Schubert (1797-1828), full member from 12 June 1827
Concert directors
Carl Heissler, lithography by Joseph Kriehuber, 1866
Carl Heissler (1823-1878), Artistic Director 1869-1871
Anton Rubinstein, Artistic Director 1871-1872
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), concert director 1872-1875
Eduard Schön (1825-1879), Ministerialrat and composer, director in 1870
Johann von Herbeck (1831-1877), conductor and composer
Hans Richter (1843-1916), conductor, director until 1900
Franz Schalk (1863-1931), concert director 1904-1921
Ferdinand Löwe (1865-1925), concert director
Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886-1954), concert director 1921-1927 (jointly with Leopold Reichwein)
Leopold Reichwein (1878-1945), concert director 1921-1927 (together with Wilhelm Furtwängler)
Robert Heger (1886-1978), concert director 1925-1933
Walter Legge (1906-1979), director from 1946
Herbert von Karajan (1908-1989), last concert director 1948-1964
Vice Presidents
Raphael Georg Kiesewetter (1773-1850), privy councillor and musician, vice president 1821-1843
Nikolaus Dumba (1830-1900), industrialist, vice president in 1880
Gustav Ortner (born 1935) , diplomat, vice president since 2001
Directorate members
Heinrich Eduard Josef von Lannoy (1787-1853), conductor and composer, member
Martin Gustav Nottebohm (1817-1882), musicologist and composer, member from 1858
Anthony van Hoboken (1887-1983), musicologist and collector, member since 1957
Brothers Czartoryski, circa 1870
Secretaries
Leopold Alexander Zellner, general secretary in 1880
Botstiber Hugo (1875-1941), secretary and office director 1905-1912
Angyan Thomas (born 1953), general and artistic director since 1988
Archivist
Martin Gustav Nottebohm in 1864
Eusebius Mandyczewski (1857-1929), musicologist and composer, from 1887
Karl Geiringer (1899-1989), musicologist and librarian, 1930-1938
Otto Biba (born 1946), musicologist and director of the archive, since 1979
Rasheda is a field organiser for the gender quality action learning programme. She hosts courtyard meetings for community members, addressing violence against women and promoting gender equality.
HHS Secretary Alex Azar joined top health officials and global health partners at a World Health Assembly side event to look at ways to boost public trust in vaccines as our most reliable front line defense against disease. WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus delivered closing remarks at the event entitled “Promoting Vaccine Confidence: Enhancing Global Immunization Efforts to Protect the Health of all Generations.”
“Vaccines are some of the most thoroughly tested medical products we have,” said Secretary Azar in opening remarks at the event. “Vaccines are safe, effective, and lifesaving. But around the world, complacency among the public, coupled with misunderstanding and misinformation, is causing vaccination rates to decline, with tragic results.”
Speakers at the event included EU Commissioner Dr. Vytenis Andriukaitis, Dr. Luiz Henrique Mandetta, Minister of Health, Brazi:, Dr. Theresa Tam, Chief Public Health Officer of Canada; Prof. Dr. Alexandru Rafila, Romania, Member of WHO Executive Board, Dr. Seth Berkley CEO, GAVI Vaccine Alliance and Prof. Dr. Peter Hotez, Dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine. The event was moderated by Dr. Katherine O'Brien, Director, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO.
Read HHS Secretary Azar’s opening remarks at the event: geneva.usmission.gov/2019/05/21/secretary-azar-remarks-on...
U.S. Mission Photo/Eric Bridiers
HHS Secretary Alex Azar joined top health officials and global health partners at a World Health Assembly side event to look at ways to boost public trust in vaccines as our most reliable front line defense against disease. WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus delivered closing remarks at the event entitled “Promoting Vaccine Confidence: Enhancing Global Immunization Efforts to Protect the Health of all Generations.”
“Vaccines are some of the most thoroughly tested medical products we have,” said Secretary Azar in opening remarks at the event. “Vaccines are safe, effective, and lifesaving. But around the world, complacency among the public, coupled with misunderstanding and misinformation, is causing vaccination rates to decline, with tragic results.”
Speakers at the event included EU Commissioner Dr. Vytenis Andriukaitis, Dr. Luiz Henrique Mandetta, Minister of Health, Brazi:, Dr. Theresa Tam, Chief Public Health Officer of Canada; Prof. Dr. Alexandru Rafila, Romania, Member of WHO Executive Board, Dr. Seth Berkley CEO, GAVI Vaccine Alliance and Prof. Dr. Peter Hotez, Dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine. The event was moderated by Dr. Katherine O'Brien, Director, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO.
Read HHS Secretary Azar’s opening remarks at the event: geneva.usmission.gov/2019/05/21/secretary-azar-remarks-on...
U.S. Mission Photo/Eric Bridiers
Asian Heritage Foundation's Jiyo is organizing a 4-day long handicraft and designer’s exhibition at The Ashok, Chanakyapuri. It is also hosting South Asia's first food exhibition named Sanjha Chulha, curated by Dr. Pushpesh Panth to promote the incredible variety of local and regional cuisines of South Asia showcasing the diversity of culinary art.
After hovering around the Lotus Bazaar (the handicraft market) for 10-15 minutes, we landed up at the nicely decorated interior of The Audh, one of the best restaurants of The Ashok, for an interaction session with chef Rajan Loomba.
Rajan Loomba, senior executive chef of The Ashok, who has been attached to the hotel for a very long time, explained how culinary arts have evolved rapidly in recent years. "Eating out was a rare thing in our boyhood. Wedding parties were perhaps the only means of eating out at that time", Chef Loomba continued, "Now a days the growing usage of mobile phones and internet has given a boom to this industry. Growing number of foodies and food blogging websites are also playing a enormous role here." Then moving on to the concept of Sanjha Chulha, which literarily means Community Kitchen, Chef clarified that despite political barriers how people from SAARC countries are trying to connect through art and culture. This festival is another step towards that. Chef mentioned that once you leave Asia, people hardly recognize cuisine of these 9 countries separately as the basic flavor and spices used are very similar in these places. "Look how people from Bangladesh are selling food in the street using Indian names", Mr. Loomba cited. "Diversity is there, but somehow we are connected somewhere" and this food festival is an attempt to explore that connection. When we asked how they select a few dishes given such a wide range of dishes available in these countries, Chef told that they made a selection from the dishes they can make using the available resources on the basis of feedback received over several buffet parties. They got a huge help from embassies to stitch together recipes and make them even better. Here Mr. Loomba shared a beautiful memory about how they got one of their very special dishes Irani Raita, a usual Raita with raisins, honey and peeled cucumber skin from Late Usha Narayanan, wife of 10th President of India, Late K.R. Narayanan.
Meantime we got to taste a few dishes: Mutton Kebab, Momo, Murg Rihana, Anda Keema Kaleji, Afgani Shorba, Coconut Naan, Rice, Haleem etc. Items were light and tasted good. Chef specially mentioned two dishes: Murg Rihana and Haleem. "Murg Rihanna is a different take on Butter Chicken ", Mr. Loomba continued "and spices of Halim are bought by one delegate from Pakistan". Specialty of the Halim is that they put chicken instead of mutton in it, which is a new concept to me. Coconut Naan along with juicy Shorba (light mutton stew) melted in our mouth. Spice level of all dishes are kept at the minimum level as their usual visitors are very health conscious. As an example Chef mentioned health consciousness of our PM Mr. Modi who wanted cookies without butter and how team of Chefs had a brainstorming session to solve it.
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HHS Secretary Alex Azar joined top health officials and global health partners at a World Health Assembly side event to look at ways to boost public trust in vaccines as our most reliable front line defense against disease. WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus delivered closing remarks at the event entitled “Promoting Vaccine Confidence: Enhancing Global Immunization Efforts to Protect the Health of all Generations.”
“Vaccines are some of the most thoroughly tested medical products we have,” said Secretary Azar in opening remarks at the event. “Vaccines are safe, effective, and lifesaving. But around the world, complacency among the public, coupled with misunderstanding and misinformation, is causing vaccination rates to decline, with tragic results.”
Speakers at the event included EU Commissioner Dr. Vytenis Andriukaitis, Dr. Luiz Henrique Mandetta, Minister of Health, Brazi:, Dr. Theresa Tam, Chief Public Health Officer of Canada; Prof. Dr. Alexandru Rafila, Romania, Member of WHO Executive Board, Dr. Seth Berkley CEO, GAVI Vaccine Alliance and Prof. Dr. Peter Hotez, Dean of the Baylor College of Medicine National School of Tropical Medicine. The event was moderated by Dr. Katherine O'Brien, Director, Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, WHO.
Read HHS Secretary Azar’s opening remarks at the event: geneva.usmission.gov/2019/05/21/secretary-azar-remarks-on...
U.S. Mission Photo/Eric Bridiers