Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcome X

 

Dr. King's philosophy was one of non-violence, and this article looks at the alternative views of Malcolm X which are not aired quite so frequently.

 

Dr. King is probably remembered as the most famous African-American leader in US history. At the time of his assassination in 1968 he was at the forefront of the civil rights movement in the US. He left behind him a legacy of committed, non-violent resistance to an unjust system. But perhaps his greatest legacy is his aspiration for a future in which racial division would be a thing of the past: his famous dream.

 

But there were limits to the effectiveness of King’s philosophy. His approach was essentially what theorist Robert Cox would call a ‘problem solving’ approach - in other words, King seemed to be trying to work for change within an existing system for most of his life. Another 1960s black leader whose ideas presented more of a challenge to the existing structures of US society:

 

Malcolm X. He was similarly assassinated three years before Martin Luther King. Although his approach to the problem of institutional racism in America was an essential component of the civil rights struggle, we hear much less about his ideas.

 

Whenever Malcom X is brought up it is first necessary to dispense with the inevitable accusations: yes, Malcom X was - for a time - a so-called ‘racist in reverse’. He once believed in an exclusionary form of Islam, believing that the white man was the devil. This did not refer to some white people, or to most white people, but to ALL white people.

 

But Malcolm X changed his views on that score. Indeed, his entire life was marked by his willingness to alter his views. He made many remarkable changes throughout his life, moving from a life of armed robbery, gambling, and dealing in cocaine and marijuana to an ascetic life as a devout Muslim. And by the time of his return from visiting Mecca in 1964, he had changed his views on white people. His travels through the Middle East and Africa had led him to learn the error of his racist views of whites. In a dramatic turnaround, he wrote an open letter for distribution to the press in which he rejected his earlier racism.

 

He still believed in his struggle to fight for the emancipation of his race, but no longer believed that all white people were his enemies.

 

Of course, the reality of 1960s North America was that many whites were the enemies of black people. And both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King were struggling to change the situation, so that African-Americans would not continue to be the victims of America.

 

Their methods and views were very different. Dr. King was a Christian minister, whereas Malcolm X not only became a Muslim in a jailhouse conversion, but had a history of hostility towards Christianity. One of the most powerful images in Spike Lee’s biopic of Malcolm X is of Denzel Washington, as Malcolm, arguing in jail about the colour of Jesus’ skin. He was arguing that Jesus was born in a part of the world where the indigenous population had historically been ‘people of colour’.

 

He later moderated his criticism of Christianity, and was willing to work alongside black Christian leaders, but - similar to a Marxist view of religion - he always felt that black people in America had been kept passive by Christianity since the time of slavery. They would tolerate hell in the present because of the promise of heaven in the hereafter.

 

One of the most interesting differences between the philosophies of the two men, and one which is pertinent today given the imminent 1916 celebrations, is their attitude to violence. Martin Luther King espoused a ‘turn the other cheek’ philosophy, whereas Malcolm X had a philosophy of “vigorous action in self defence”. These two philosophies were juxtaposed in another Spike Lee film, ‘Do the Right Thing‘, which finishes with a quote from each man.

 

However, Malcolm X did not believe in violence in all crcumstances, and generally spoke about violence as a defensive mechanism rather than as aggression. He suggested that black people should form rifle clubs. It should be remembered that gun ownership was entirely legal, and that this was in a context where the Ku Klux Klan were very active, and civil rights legislation had yet to be enacted.

 

On one occasion, he advocated self defence after seeing television footage from Alabama of Martin Luther King being knocked down by a racist. He sent a message to Lincoln Rockwell, one of the white supremacist agitators in Alabama and the leader of the American Nazi Party, warning him that if these racist attacks continued they would be met with “maximum physical retaliation”. His philosophy was not motivated by hate, but by ‘intelligence’. He believed that self-defence was morally justified, and also cited hypocrisy of the US drafting black men to be violent in its army, but then condemning them for being ready to defend themselves in a just cause at home:

 

"They're violent in Korea, they're violent in Germany, they're violent in the south Pacific, they're violent in Cuba, they're violent wherever they go. But when it comes time for you and me to protect ourselves against lynchings, they tell us to be nonviolent" (Detroit, Feb 14th 1965 - 8 days before his death).

It is important to remember, as noted in Malcolm’s eulogy by actor Ossie Davis, that Malcolm X was never personally associated with any violence himself. His view was that a black population that was willing to defend itself would make for a more peaceful society, as they would be less likely to be the victims of attack. It was also clear that the government was failing to protect the black community, and Malcolm X believed that a proactive African-American policy of self defence would force the government to step in and do its job.

 

Malcolm X saw the futility of trying to change the system from within, and in appealling to the government for change. He believed in taking action to improve circumstances of discrimination or oppression. He spoke about a 'do it yourself philosophy, a do it right now philosophy, an it's already too late philosophy'. He knew that African-American people could not achieve fairness in the system of the time, and this was the reason for his militancy and urgency. But he was also conscious that his militancy would make the more moderate path of Martin Luther King appear more acceptable in comparison. At a speech in Jan/Feb 1965 in Selma, Alabama, where King was in jail, Malcolm X spoke at a rally and sat beside King's wife on the podium. Dr. King's wife told ‘Jet’ magazine that Malcolm X told her that he "wanted to present an alternative; that it mght be easier for whites to accept Martin's proposals after hearing him (Malcolm X)... He seemed rather anxious to let Martin know that he was ...trying to make it easier [for him]" (cited in Alex Haley's introduction to The Autobiography of Malcolm X). So in his militancy, Malcolm X was also consciously attempting to open up a space for more moderate voices to be heard.

 

Malcolm X's approach was an essential component of the civil rights struggle, and I believe that his commitment, his militancy, and his unwillingness to compromise or be co-opted mean that his ideas have far more emancipatory potential than those of Martin Luther King.

 

Malcolm X died while his ideas were still developing - who knows what solutions he would have come up with if he had been allowed to live?

 

255/365

 

I saw these lights when I was driving back from my thanksgiving dinner. Spotify was playing Bombay Bicycle Club and it all kind of hit me.

 

I think what I like most about thanksgiving is that all of the roads are quiet and everyone is inside. It makes outside a pleasant place to be.

  

I've decided to be more "proactive" with getting more likes on my fbook page so let's do thissss

 

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Bonorong is a Sanctuary for wildlife run by a passionate team of like-minded people. We’re a social enterprise: a little business with a biiiig heart. The skills and funds generated through the Sanctuary allow us to proactively address problems in our surrounding environment and communities.

 

A visit to Bonorong is a chance to come closer than ever to something wild and fragile. You’ll come face to face with animals that went extinct long ago in other parts of Australia — the same animals we’re working hard to protect now.

Was invited to visit a farm in east Kent today, where proactive management of field margins and in woods have resulted in an explosion of orchids. Mostly Southern Marsh, but some Common Spotted too, and therefore many, many of their bastard offspring as well.

 

Some of the hybrids had spotted leaves, many did not, so who knows what their heritage was?

 

But sometimes, you just have to look and admire them for their beauty.

 

A great day among the orchids and buttercups.

The Mounted Patrol Unit (MPU) was established in January of 2010 as an operational police unit. The officers receive a Basic Equitation riding course from the Toronto Police Service where they are educated on horsemanship, riding skills and roadwork.

 

The mandate of the MPU is to offer high visibility policing, crowd management and active crime prevention in the City of Hamilton. The MPU also works closely with the Police Services’ Action Team to respond to areas identified by hotspot analysis that require focused proactive patrol.

 

The priorities of the MPU are to heighten the Service’s ability to accomplish:

 

crime prevention

managing entertainment districts

conducting search and rescue

providing park and trail safety

The MPU consists of 5 horses, 4 full time officers and 4 spare officers in order to ensure year round coverage. The Unit deploys 8 shifts per week, covering; day, afternoon and night shifts.

 

The horses are all Percheron and Percheron-cross geldings which stand between 17'3 and 18'1 hands high (about 6 feet tall at their withers).

 

The horses names are all historically significant to the City of Hamilton:

 

Lincoln - In memory of The Honourable Lincoln Alexander, former Lieutenant Governor of Ontario

Griffin - After the Griffin House in Dundas, part of the Underground Railroad

RHLI - Royal Hamilton Light infantry, pronounced Riley. We support our troops!

MacNab - Sir Allan MacNab fought in the War of 1812 as a 14 year old boy, lived at Dundurn Castle and was former Premier of the Province of Canada

Argyll - Named after The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (Princess Louise’s), Argyll honours the close connection between the Hamilton Police Service and the local regiment.

 

*Hamilton Police Service

Bonorong is a Sanctuary for wildlife run by a passionate team of like-minded people. We’re a social enterprise: a little business with a biiiig heart. The skills and funds generated through the Sanctuary allow us to proactively address problems in our surrounding environment and communities.

 

A visit to Bonorong is a chance to come closer than ever to something wild and fragile. You’ll come face to face with animals that went extinct long ago in other parts of Australia — the same animals we’re working hard to protect now.

Leopard orchid

Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Native to south-east Asia (Malaysia) to south-west Pacific

Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, USA (Cultivated)

 

Each raceme (flowering cluster) is about 3 ft. (1 m) long with each flower about 2 inches (5 cm) across.

 

This is a smaller relative of the Giant or Tiger orchid (Grammatophyllum speciosum), the largest orchid in the world with pseudobulbs more than 8 ft. (2.5 m), racemes of about 10 ft. (3 m) with each flower 4 inches (10 cm) wide, and growing to weigh a ton or more!

 

Grammatophyllum scriptum var. citrinum

www.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/7939330534/in/photolist-...

 

**NOTE**

While I enjoy orchids, as an environmentally conscious orchid grower in Hawaiʻi, I am proactive when it comes to removing and properly destroying any and all seed pods from the plants so as not to encourage their spreading into our fragile native Hawaiian forests.

Grand Rapids Eastern #2104 crosses the Grand River after departing the yard with 15 cars for points east of town. The Grand Trunk Western built this bridge with the supports wide enough to accept a second track if they ever deemed it necessary. GTW was always pretty proactive when it came to things like that!

 

Interested in purchasing a high-quality digital download of this photo, suitable for printing and framing? Let me know and I will add it to my Etsy Shop, MittenRailandMarine! Follow this link to see what images are currently listed for sale: www.etsy.com/shop/MittenRailandMarine

 

If you are interested in specific locomotives, trains, or freighters, please contact me. I have been photographing trains and ships for over 15 years and have accumulated an extensive library!

www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/obras/mama-2/

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maman_(sculpture)

  

Museo Guggenheim Museum. Bilbao. País Vasco. Basque Country. Spain

  

Mamá. Su autora, Louise Bourgeois, 1911-2010, la presenta como un homenaje a su madre. Dijo de ella :

"La Araña es una oda a mi madre. Ella era mi mejor amiga. Como una araña, mi madre era tejedora. Mi familia estaba en el negocio de restauración de tapices, y mi madre estaba a cargo del taller. Igual que las arañas, mi madre era muy astuta. Las arañas son presencias agradables que comen mosquitos. Sabemos que los mosquitos esparcen enfermedades y por lo tanto, no son bienvenidos. Entonces, las arañas son proactivas y de mucha ayuda, justo como lo era mi madre..."

 

Maman. The author, Louise Bourgeois, 1911-2010, presented as a tribute to his mother :

"The Spider is an ode to my mother. She was my best friend. Like a spider, my mother was a weaver. My family was in the business of restoration of tapestries, and my mother was in charge of the workshop. Like spiders, my mother was very clever. Spiders are friendly presences that eat mosquitoes. We know that mosquitoes spread diseases and therefore are not welcome. So, spiders are proactive and very helpful, just as it was my mother ..."

 

© all rights reserved by B℮n

 

Please take your time... to View it large on black

 

We drive on the glorious wine roads of Tuscany. Grapes and olives require similar climatic and soil conditions and share coinciding harvest times, making them a natural pair in the fields. Long-term agricultural biodiversity appeals to vineyard owners, who realize that economic and seasonal variables, as well as consumer taste, make production of more than one quality product a proactive approach. Additionally, olive groves protect vineyards against strong winds, acting as windbreaks. We visit the farms and cellars and ofcourse taste the great Chianti wine. Discover the most celebrated region of Tuscany. The vineyards of this area produce one of the best wines in the world: Chianti Classico. This Wine represents a major source of wealth for the Chianti area, no wonder then that this product has been particularly looked after and protected, in order to distinguish its quality from other wine productions. I hope you like my collection of Tuscany. Thanks for all comments and faves.

 

1. center Tuscan house harmoniously set on the vineyards of Casale, 2. top left Travel through the Tuscany landscape of cypress-dotted hills, 3. The lush grapevines under the Tuscan Sun, 4. The warm colors of the Tuscany sunset, 5. Sunlight and air enriches the Chianti grapes grown on textured terriors, 6. Tuscany where olives and grapes meet, 7. 1000 years of history at The Abbey of the Good Harvest, 8. Sangiovese grapes for Tuscane Chianti wine, 9. Encircled city wall of San Gimignano at dusk, 10. On our way to wine estate Casale Dello Sparviero, 11. Truly magical atmosphere in San Gimignano by night, 12. Unforgettable skyline of San Gimignano, 13. Sunset in the heart of Tuscany.

 

Denk je aan Toscana, dan zie je stadjes op heuveltoppen, wijngaarden omzoomd door cipressen zover het oog reikt. Liefhebbers weten dat je overal tussen die landerijen. wijnhuizen kunt vinden waar je ook nog eens kunt proeven... het idee alleen al doet je toch bijna het water in de mond lopen. Ook als je weer thuis bent en je neemt een slok van je meegebrachte wijn, ben je er in je gedachten weer helemaal: op dat zonovergoten terras in Castellina in Chianti of bij dat fantastische restaurant met die truffelgerechten in Monteriggioni. Zeg je wijn in Toscana, dan zeg je Chianti, een wijn die zich in de laatste 30 jaar tot Classico heeft ontwikkeld. Chianti is de bekendste en populairste van alle Italiaanse wijnen. De wijn wordt gemaakt van de alom aanwezige Sangiovese-druif. Ik hoop dat m'n foto's je inspireren om deze prachtige provincie een keer te gaan bezoeken. Bedankt voor alle opmerkingen en favorieten.

 

Created with fd's Flickr Toys

 

This proactive ice cream van was touring the beach and serving customers who didn't want to trek back to the shops and cafes at the shore. I'm sure he did plenty of business but not from me because I wanted something rather higher quality than soft serve...

Yup, I turn 39 today... The end of my 30's! *sigh* It hasn't been a great birthday week, but that doesn't stop it from arriving!

 

Birthday horoscope... The planets zone in on friendships and relationships today. It’s definitely a day for contacts and connections. Be proactive: send an email to a friend; arrange an evening out. Someone who’s been out of touch is likely to get back in touch if you deliver the right signals! (...So far this hasn't happened... I did get a call that was a wrong number today... should that count?)

 

Texture courtesy of pareeerica

I know I haven't been proactive in uploading photos for some time now, it seems to be that the concept of uni and having so much free time to do whatever I want has gotten the better of me.

 

But, here is a photo I took when I was in Ireland during December last year.

A last look at the old Geneseo substation; it will likely be gone before summer. The way the various poles inside the substation lean suggests that structural failure may be imminent! Next picture over is of the new substation a short distance away.

 

The switches on the incoming lines are also the very last ones of their type on the system, all obsolete units that have stayed in place 'just because'.

 

The majority of the towns served by this company are VERY small (a town of 1000 is considered a mid-size town for this company; only three of their towns exceed 10,000 people), so the company has long adhered to an 'if it ain't broke don't fix it' mentality, but the last few years they have begun to get proactive regarding rebuilds and replacements.

This photo, in particular means a lot to me. Firstly, because I haven't taken a personal photo is...how long? 3 months? So much for a 365 project.

 

Secondly, because the idea has been resonating in my head for so long. Usually I make up my ideas on the spot, whereas this one I had time to think about, time to analyse, and time to know exactly what I wanted to do.

 

I'm in an incredibly transitional phase of my life, much like many of my peers right now. In college, honestly, I don't have much of a social life. I haven't made that 'bestest friend' or anyone I'm really close with. The people I spend the most time with here are from my hometown. And I have been struggling with the social aspect of college- the fact that everyone around me seems to have differing interests than myself. I know the friends I want are out there, I just have yet to find them.

Anyway... there was a period of about two weeks where I ate every meal alone, and while most of the time I enjoy being alone, it got quite lonesome. So I stopped moping and tried to be proactive about the situation. And despite some pretty heavy emotional setbacks, I feel optimistic.

 

oh, yeah...the photo.

I have an entire analyzation done in my head. I know what this photo means to me. But I'll leave that up to you to interpret on your own

 

[145/365]

It isn't really my day today.

It's one of those days where I wanted to cry. And for someone to just hold me.

I really wish I could tell you all why. But lets just say that being alone, despite how much I thought it was a good thing, really isn't after a long period of time.

 

Today I went outside and danced. I put on my classical music (I actually listen to music from the classical and romantic period a lot more than any other genre) I used to do ballet, and I stopped. It's only now that I regret stopping. Ballet is just so natural for me. It makes me, well, let go.

 

Kristina, her mum and I are seriously discussing travelling to the USA for christmas and new years eve this year, but I'm going to have to work really hard to earn enough money to buy a return ticket and for somewhere to stay. If you'd like to help me out, I'll be selling prints. By the end of this month, prices will be up. I just have to motivate myself, which is hard lately, to be proactive and get stuff done.

Also, if anyone would like to meet up and shoot with Kristina and I, let me know. I already know a couple of you that have jumped in and said they're up for it. It'd be awesome to meet some of you.

But for now it's just a plan, not too sure if it will happen. I will try as hard as I can to do it, though. Always been my dream, and we only live once.

 

I'm sorry for the lack of creativity today. I just can't put myself together enough to take a decent shot.

Goodnight flickr.

 

P.s I'm going to take a million photos of kristina from now on, I'm so sick of my face being in photos.

 

Formspring Ask me whatever you wish | Tumblr Follow for inspiration | Facebook Page once I reach 500 likes, Kristina and I have a surprise |

 

Might be doing a cover soon. Since you all ask daily what my singing sounds like. but I'm scared. Eek.

© all rights reserved by B℮n

 

Please take your time... to View it large on black

 

Chianti is a red Italian wine produced in Tuscany. The first definition of a wine-area called Chianti was made in 1716. The earliest documentation of a Chianti wine dates back to the thirteenth century when viticulture was known to flourish in the Chianti Mountains around Florence. Discover the most celebrated region of Tuscany. The vineyards of this area produce one of the best wines in the world: Chianti Classico. This Wine represents a major source of wealth for the Chianti area, no wonder then that this product has been particularly looked after and protected, in order to distinguish its quality from other wine productions. This is why a rigid legislation has been introduced to regulate the production of Classic Chianti. The first limit obviously regards the geographical area where the grape must grow. But not only the vineyards must be cultivated in the prescribed area: the whole process of wine-making, storage and bottling must take place inside the protected zone. The grape variety from which Chianti is produced is Sangiovese. The alcoholic strength must not exceed 12 %. In addition to this, there are other requirements that must be followed, regarding the average amount of dry product (24 g/l); the acidity rate (4,5 g/l), the colour (intense ruby red), the smell (fruity, with nuances of wildflowers, berries, cherries or plums) and taste (harmonious, dry, strong and with respectable tannin).

 

We drive on the glorious wine roads of Tuscany. Grapes and olives require similar climatic and soil conditions and share coinciding harvest times, making them a natural pair in the fields.

Long-term agricultural biodiversity appeals to vineyard owners, who realize that economic and seasonal variables, as well as consumer taste, make production of more than one quality product a proactive approach. Additionally, olive groves protect vineyards against strong winds, acting as windbreaks. We visit the farms and cellars and ofcourse taste the great Chianti wine.

 

Denk je aan Toscana, dan zie je stadjes op heuveltoppen, wijngaarden omzoomd door cipressen zover het oog reikt. Liefhebbers weten dat je overal tussen die landerijen. wijnhuizen kunt vinden waar je ook nog eens kunt proeven... het idee alleen al doet je toch bijna het water in de mond lopen. Ook als je weer thuis bent en je neemt een slok van je meegebrachte wijn, ben je er in je gedachten weer helemaal: op dat zonovergoten terras in Castellina in Chianti of bij dat fantastische restaurant met die truffelgerechten in Monteriggioni. Zeg je wijn in Toscana, dan zeg je Chianti, een wijn die zich in de laatste 30 jaar tot Classico heeft ontwikkeld. Chianti is de bekendste en populairste van alle Italiaanse wijnen. De wijn wordt gemaakt van de alom aanwezige Sangiovese-druif, die graag veel zon heeft en goed bestand is tegen grote temperatuurschommelingen. De belangrijkste Chianti-zones worden gevormd door de streek Chianti Classico gelegen rond Castellina. Zoals met zoveel in Italia, is ook de wijnbouw begonnen in het zuiden, maar hebben de noorderlingen het later overgenomen. Na de Romeinse tijd kwam de zuidelijke wijnbouw in de versukkeling. De oudste ononderbroken wijntraditie. In de Renaissance kwam de productie weer helemaal terug en wel in...Toscana. Rijke handelaars en bankiers zoals de families Frescobaldi en Antinori namen druivenrassen mee uit Frankrijk en legden daarmee de basis voor het feit dat Toscana tegenwoordig de oudste onononderbroken wijntradities van Italië kent.

 

Be Proactive and Partner, Partner, Partner

Meet Emily Bennett Taylor, who partnered with City of Hope in Monrovia, California….

Emily was diagnosed with Stage 4 Lung Cancer at the age of 28…..hear her story here Emily Bennett Taylor

 

my way

Carver One (2007-09) Engine 659cc Daihatsu EF 3 cyld.

Production 300 approx

Registration Number R 123 UFO (Cherished number, originally issued for allocation c. 1979-80, from Hereford for Radnorshire)

  

In September 1994, Brink Technologies Group B.V. was founded and the first prototype of the Carver One was built that same year. In 2003, Carver launched 24 limited-edition vehicles, the Vandenbrink Carver. With the first Carver Ones were delivered in 2007. Two years later, in early 2009, Toyota halted all sales of Daihatsu engines to third parties, including the 660cc engine that powered the Carver One. Consequently, the production of the Carver One had to be halted. In June 2009 Carver Europe declared bankruptcy due to lack of demand at its 30,000 euro price, and ceased commercial production and sales, with the Carver Technology and the patents were excluded from the bankruptcy and remain in the hands of the original owners. Approximately 200 Carver Ones were produced.

 

Dynamic Vehicle Control system

 

The unique property of the Carver vehicles is its automatic balancing "Dynamic Vehicle Control" system. The DVC technology was invented to allow for full stability when turning at high speeds in an enclosed narrow vehicle. With the DVC system, the car's bodywork moves independently from the rear wheels and engine. The DVC system automatically adjusts the tilt angle of the vehicle to the speed and acceleration of the vehicle in such a way that it always is in balance. It was designed as a proactive instead of a reactive system, meaning a Carver tilts before cornering, much like when an airplane tilts to one side in order to turn in that direction

 

Diolch am 83,614,011 o olygfeydd anhygoel, mae pob un yn 90cael ei werthfawrogi'n fawr.

 

Thanks for 83,614,011 amazing views, every one is greatly appreciated.

 

Shot 25.07.2021 at Beaumanor Hall, Woodhouse, Leic. 148-058

 

Hi im in Aino. I love being a guerrilla blonde bimbo !!!! I love makeup, wigs, long thick lashes, long polished leather pants, sexy girdle and outfits, high heels and hose, corset jewelry, perfume, you understand that !!!!! everything and everything feminine !!!! i love big lush women and i am very verbally inclined !!!!!! yes i love to keep my partner happy !!!! I also enjoy being with lesbian-sissy girls like me !!!! I love photography the more proactive the better !!!!

 

I am a BBW type CD who adores slutty make-up, Satin and leather outfits . I have no illusions of fooling anyone. I just like to look slutty, feel slutty and act slutty with the right people. I love to play with tops. Both women and other slutty CDs are welcome. I have a huge leather outfits fetish. The more draglike and over the top the better! Blue & green eye makeup is the look that makes me feel the most slutty.

 

In the second century of the Immortal Hegemon's reign, he commanded a sweeping overhaul of the Golden Fleet. To this end, a number of experimental ships were built to test new technologies. Before any of them could be deployed, the Hegemon was assassinated and his empire descended into bloody civil war.

 

Years later, one of those lost ships appeared as the flagship of a pirate fleet operating on the fringes of civilized space. Now dubbed The Salamander, this ship quickly gained a fearsome reputation.

 

Length: 525 meters (approx. 105 studs)

Armament:

- 2 Spinal Mount Mass Drivers

- 3 Dual Heavy Beam Cannon Turrets

- 80 Multi-Role Anti-Ship Missiles

- 4 Light Gamma Ray Lasers

- 2 Dual Laser Turrets

Defenses:

- Proactive Segmented Armor

- Redundant Screen Arrays

Drives:

- Primary and Secondary Phased Impulse Drives

- Warp Fold Generators

 

---

 

I am quite happy with how my Ship turned out and I only wish I had the skill to produce better photos to show it off.

Just back from an eleven day trip to France and Italy, with nights spent in Turin, Bari, Rome, Milan and Paris. Sadly no time to spot in the French capital, not that I'd want to anyway...

 

Italy still as good as ever, intriguing to see a healthy older car population down south, even in the nicer bits. Rome is still good, although there has been a noticeable reduction in cars pre 1997 largely due to some (much needed) emission laws being introduced, although I can't tell how proactively they are being enforced given I saw numerous cars driving in regulated areas that weren't legal at various times.

Milan produced some surprising sights in the hour or so I had, but Bari was the standout location. I will make an effort to go down south again, but perhaps off of the trodden path.

Sabrina is just chilling, she's not a very proactive doll IMO but the other dolls really like her so I keep her around XD

 

Custom LV luggage by the talented Miss America 2011, and mood board available for adoption here: www.etsy.com/ca/listing/169157437/1-miniature-mixed-media...

Sundsby Manor is situated in beautiful surroundings on the island Mjörn to be proactive , 5 min from Stenungsund. Nature and surroundings offer a great variety, this is a lovely park that is nestled among mountains, deciduous forest and coastal bays .

 

You can find here also a long narrow carp pond with walking track " carp trail " that evening is lit.

 

The park also features a nature playground for children and for those who want to hike is a 4.2 km long trail. The trail goes through beautiful countryside , here are picnic areas with breathtaking views and caves that tickles the imagination of both young and old!

 

New for the 2013 season is to the manor now has a vegetable garden run by Tjörns Municipality in collaboration with Terra et mare and LEADER . Here it will be grown perennials as well as vegetables of various kinds. Some of the vegetables you will find on any of the dishes in the restaurant or on a sandwich in the cafe.

 

Sundsby dates back to the 1300s but the Farmhouse and the story is from the 1500s. Margaret Huitfeldt who lived on Sundsby manor between 1635-1683 is the person most associated with the manor . At the exhibition, which is in East Wing , you can take part in both her ​​as its history. Here you can also get information about the archaeological excavations made ​​on the manor .

“Parallel Universe” by Spanish artist Okuda San Miguel.

 

Urban art by Okuda for the Bloop Festival, Sant Antoni de Portmany, Ibiza.

 

The Bloop Festival is a multidisciplinary event that combines art and innovation and focuses on proactive art.

The event has left 30 murals and large-format installations across Sant Antoni de Portmany in different editions of the festival.

One piece that was created in 2015 is tucked away towards the back of the town on Carrer d’ Alacant is a vast colourful piece by Spanish artist Okuda San Miguel and adorns two walls of the same building titled “Parallel Universe”.

 

Every year specific artists are asked to create murals in line with a specific key theme.

Over the years artists from across the world have been invited to San Antonio to add their own creations to the sides of the buildings and form their own part of the Open Air Gallery.

ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways) 2095 005-1 Hollenstein (carrying the old BBÖ loco as well as its old number 2095.05) stands at Lunz am See, the then eastern terminus of the Ybbstalbahn. It had just arrived with train R6905, 09.32 from Waidhofen an der Ybbs, and the loco had yet to run round for the return journey.

 

The Ybbstalbahn (Ybbs Valley Railway) was a 760mm gauge line in Austria, running 70.9km from Waifhofen an der Ybbs in the west to Kienberg-Gaming in the east, and with a 5.7km branch at the western end from Gstadt to Ybbsitz. It was opened in stages between July 1896 and November 1898, with the Ybbsitz branch opening in March 1899.

 

ÖBB began the process of ridding itself of its narrow gauge lines in the late 1980s, first by removing freight from them and then by closing them or transferring responsibility for them to the local Land (province) - although the Ybbstalbahn was the last to retain freight. Thus the easternmost section, between Kienberg-Gaming and Lunz am See - the so-called "Bergstrecke" (mountain section) - closed in May 1988, but the track was not lifted and it reopened as a preserved line in 1990 (with the heritage trains able to run into ÖBB's station at Lunz am See - as is usually the case with such operations in mainland Europe).

 

From the end of 2010 ÖBB planned to cease operating a number of standard gauge secondary lines as well as its entire remaining narrow gauge network within the Niedersachsen Land (Lower Austria). The Land was fairly proactive in taking over some of them, through its NÖVOG operating company, although not all would remain as operational railways. The Ybbstalbahn was taken over by NÖVOG on 1st January 2011, but only the westernmost 5.5km section between Waidhofen and the junction at Gstadt was to retain a passenger service. However, this closure date was academic as storms in late June 2009 caused mudslides which blocked the track in several places between Gstadt and Großhollenstein, and trains between Gstadt and Lunz were replaced by buses; the line was never cleared, and trains did not restart. The track east from Gstadt to Göstling was lifted in early 2014, this section being converted to a cycle path which opened just over three years later; the section east of Göstling remained, however, to become an extension of the heritage line. In December 2020 the remaining short section at the Waidhofen end was cut back further, to run just 3km and terminate at Pestalozistraße; it runs as the "Waidhofen CityBahn".

 

We'd first visited this line in August 2008, while travelling from Graz to Vienna the long way round. There was a mostly hourly class 5090 diesel railcar service between Waidhofen and Großhollenstein (there were a few gaps in the morning), with an all-day hourly service between Waidhofen and Ybbsitz (either through trains, or portions of or connections off or onto Großhollenstein trains); in addition, three Großhollenstein trains each way were extended to or from Lunz am See, and were formed of a class 2095 loco and coaches (as depicted here). Starting at Waidhofen (and with a tight connection from the standard gauge station to the narrow gauge platforms, which are in the station forecourt), we managed to do the branch to Ybbsitz (where we stepped back a train and had lunch) and then catch a loco-hauled Lunz train as far as Großhollenstein; if we'd gone all the way to Lunz and back we'd not have reached Vienna until very late in the evening, and we thought we'd be able to do the rest of the line on another occasion, as we'd need to come back to do the preserved section (which wasn't running all the way into Lunz at the time).

 

However, in November 2008 proposals were published to close the whole line and replace it with a network of buses - which would probably have reduced journey times! The timetable changed in December, and the service on the Ybbsitz branch was replaced by buses apart from one each way which remained a train. So we realised that this visit to Austria might be our last chance to do the entire line... and it was closer than we thought, as a couple of weeks later the line closed temporarily following storm damage and was not repaired; buses officially replaced trains with the December 2009 timetable.

 

So our journey today from Linz to Graz (via Vienna) involved a start at 07.30, a wait of nearly an hour at Amstetten, a five-minute connection at Waidhofen (and our standard gauge train set off a few minutes late, having waited for a late-running connection on the Westbahn), and then a connection of a sensible length (allowing photos) at Lunz onto a Post Bus to Kienberg-Gaming, where we connected nicely onto a standard gauge train to Pochlarn.

 

Visit Brian Carter's Non-Transport Pics to see my photos of landscapes, buildings, bridges, sunsets, rainbows and more.

People today don’t entertain with silverware and fancy punch bowls. Between my mother and Hadley’s mother, we have way too many possessions. And I proactively have shared them with

his sons and my nieces and nephews and yet, here we are still.

89/365

Red-Shouldered Hawk (Buteo Lineautus) ~ Hillsborough County, Florida

 

I was watching this hawk about 25 feet into the forest from the trail. It was moving from perch to perch quickly and certainly seemed to be taking a proactive approach to hunting on this particular morning. At one point it banked and flew in my direction and I took a few shots with very low expectations as there was quite a bit of cover and branches.

 

When I got home I was pleasantly surprised how this one came out. As perhaps some of you can relate to, the surprises are not usually of the 'pleasant' variety!

 

Thanks for visiting!

Explored....

 

I thought she was so pretty until I got closer! She need proactive solution before we do the photo shoot again ;-) ... ha ha (Saturday Humor, no fency mail from Moon Activist please)

  

Wow, thanks again for the FP!

Went out with my intern, Jon a few days ago to shoot Rock Creek Park. If you follow me on SnapChat (abpanphoto) you would of seen that I fell in the creek :( The lower part of my legs got completely drenched and I have a nice bruise from the occasion but thats what you get when you're trying to be proactive to get the shot. This was NOT the shot I was trying to get but hey, you can't win them all.

Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).

 

Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions

 

"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".

 

The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.

 

The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.

 

Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.

 

Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:

 

Wet with cool dew drops

fragrant with perfume from the flowers

came the gentle breeze

jasmine and water lily

dance in the spring sunshine

side-long glances

of the golden-hued ladies

stab into my thoughts

heaven itself cannot take my mind

as it has been captivated by one lass

among the five hundred I have seen here.

 

Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.

 

Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.

 

There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.

 

Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.

 

The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.

 

In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:

 

During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".

 

Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.

 

While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’

 

Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.

 

An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.

 

Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983

 

Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture

Main article: Commercial graffiti

With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.

 

In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".

 

Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.

 

Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.

 

Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.

 

Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.

 

There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.

 

The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.

 

Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.

 

Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis

 

Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.

 

Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.

 

Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"

 

Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal

 

In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.

 

Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.

 

Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.

 

Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.

 

With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.

 

Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.

 

Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.

 

Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.

 

Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.

 

Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.

 

Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.

 

Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.

 

The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.

 

I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.

 

The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.

 

Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.

 

Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.

 

In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".

 

There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.

 

Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.

 

A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.

By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.

 

Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.

 

In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.

 

A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.

 

From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

 

In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.

 

Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.

 

Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.

 

Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.

  

In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.

 

Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.

 

In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.

 

In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."

 

In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.

 

In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.

 

In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.

 

In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.

 

In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.

 

The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.

 

To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."

 

In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.

 

In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.

 

Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".

 

Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)

In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.

 

Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.

 

Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.

 

In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.

 

Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.

 

Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.

 

To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.

 

When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.

Quit smoking.

Eat well.

Be active.

Get screened.

 

You can also view the PINK on BLACK

Low's Paphiopedilum

Orchidaceae (Orchid family)

Native to Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Sulawesi.

Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, USA (Cultivated)

IUCN: Endangered

 

The only Paphiopedilum species which is mostly found as an epiphyte in nature.

 

Full View www.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/13904910210/in/pool-natur

 

**NOTE**

While I enjoy orchids, as an environmentally conscious orchid grower in Hawaiʻi, I am proactive when it comes to removing and properly destroying any and all seed pods from the plants so as not to encourage their spreading into our fragile native Hawaiian forests.

 

Police Scotland unmarked Ford Focus Proactive Team seen parked up at Aberdeen Train Station.

13th May 2019.

 

© Calum's 999 & Transport Photography. All rights reserved.

A lovely stay in a location that honors First Responders. No, it’s not a 5 star lodge, but it’s nice with kind, proactive, and attentive employees working in a clean and well unkept environment.

Police Scotland unmarked Vauxhall Astra Proactive Team seen parked up at Union Sq. This does have blues, but they are not easy to spot!

16th April 2019.

 

© Calum's 999 & Transport Photography. All rights reserved.

Inspiration

 

please explain how you would use the MISS SL ♛ 2023 title to make a positive impact on our community if you were to win. Please limit this description to 100 words or less

 

There is huge responsibility in winning Miss SL 2023. I would see if Miss SL had any projects they wanted me to lead, and what I could do proactively. As well as mentoring, I would network with magazines, organisations and events, hold regular fun meetup events, like dances or seminars, and see what else is possible. I would work hard and creatively, using my real life business skills. This competition has shown there are talented people out there who simply need awareness, information, peer networking and encouragement. I would make it my mission to try and reach them.

  

Description

 

Uptown Girl Gown - Junbug

Full perm mesh bow on back [pIRA]

Adorare Gloves - kotte

Lady Pumps - Pure Poison

The Queen's Gambit headpiece worn as a chestpiece - Heartsdale Jewellery

Eleganzia Pearl Earring worn as part of chestpiece - Heartsdale Jewellery

Boho Elegance Bracelet - Heartsdale Jewellery

Viv Earrings - Holy Evolutionary

Mon Bel Amour Hairpin - Aisling

 

Hair - Raon

 

Makeup - Top1Salon, [Apparencia], Shiny Stuffs, Deetalez, Eyeliner made by model

 

Dedicated to Ventura County Sheriff’s Deputy Eugene Kostiuchenko who was tragically killed by a drunk driver. Kostiuchenko, 41, was killed on Oct. 28, 2014 when he was struck by a car on the 101 Freeway near Lewis Road in Camarillo, CA. Deputy Kostiuchenko had just finished a traffic stop and was returning to his vehicle when he was hit by the car.

 

The Police Operations Division of the California State University, Northridge Department of Police Services is divided into four primary functions that include the: Patrol Unit (read more below), Police Services Communications/Dispatch Unit, Investigations Unit, and Community Policing Team.

 

The Patrol Unit is at the core of the University Police Department when executing the fundamental community-policing values and philosophies expected of its 26 sworn officers. Providing a multi-dimensional and directed patrol approach to the law enforcement services they provide ensures a consistent proactive approach in meeting the community's expectations of excellent public service. The division functions primarily utilizing four, 12-hour shifts, providing continuous patrol of the University and surrounding community 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Uniformed police utilized proactive multi-dimensional patrol techniques through the use of police cars, motorcycles, T3 electric vehicles, bicycles, and foot patrols. Directed patrol plans are integrated into this approach by shift supervisors on a daily basis, using crime analysis and other data to impact problem areas on the around campus.

 

The CSUN Police K9 unit is comprised of two officers and two K9’s, trained in explosives detection and narcotics detection. This unit has specially outfitted vehicles conducive to providing transportation for K9’s during patrol.

January storm leaves the Mojave Desert, providing a perfect sunset.

Packard was still considered the finest Automobile one could buy in the US in 1951.

 

The Packard Mayfair shown here was an entry in the hardtop Coupe segment, riding on Packard's junior wheelbase, but with a higher level of trim. The bodystyle had become very popular, industry-wide, and the Mayfair was more reactive than proactive to the market.

 

The car ran Packard's aging flathead straight-eight, the V8 engine was still a few years away. The car was handsome though - two-tone paint combinations, and a playful trim design for the rear fenders.

 

Packard sold a total of 101,000 cars for 1951 (a small subset being the Mayfair), but trouble was only a few years away.

www.adamswaine.co.uk

Stockbury enjoys a very proactive community with great benefit to the orchard. November see the yearly celebration of the orchard with Halloween and a great firework display, enjoyed by people from far and wide. Sometimes apple pressing can be seen on that night using one of the first apple presses local to Stockbury. Throughout the rest of the year the orchard is a base for biodiversity walks, picnics and cherry celebrations.

Nestling in the back are bee hives used to pollinate the fruit trees and the honey a product of the orchard. When the trees were in fruit, a local resident remembers,

‘romancing his fiancé in the orchard whilst keeping the birds from stealing the cherries’.

Once the new trees grow the orchard will be back in full production.

I met Maria and her friend, Amber (see my next stranger), in Nottingham. Both were quick to say yes to being photographed for my stranger project.

 

We’d met next to a building with dark green walls, and as Maria was wearing a red top, I decided to use it as the background so I could utilize the colour contrast as I knew it would make for an eye-catching combination. We tried a couple of different viewpoints but I liked this angle the best due to how the wall fades into shadow.

 

Maria is from London but lives in Nottingham at the moment whilst studying for a Masters in architecture.

 

I asked Maria about her hobbies and she said she has lots of them and told me about a few of them. Maria said she’d been doing Yoga for the last three years and also enjoyed indoor climbing. She is a keen figure skater too. The previous day, Maria had had her first acting lesson for a long time (she’d last acted years ago) as she’d recently decided she like to be an actor in films of any and all genres.

 

What is Maria’s greatest strength? “High awareness,” she said.

 

What single word would Maria use to describe herself? “Brave,” was her answer. I then asked Amber what word she’d use to describe Maria and she said, “proactive.”

 

If I could grant Maria a wish, what would it be? After a moments thought Maria said, “to be happy and achieve all my goals.”

 

Thank-you Maria for agreeing to be photographed for my stranger project. I hope you like your portrait.

 

This picture is number 474 in my 100 Strangers project, yes, I’ve decided to do a fifth round. Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page

 

This is my 436th submission to the Human Family Group. To view more street portraits and stories visit www.flickr.com/groups/thehumanfamily/

 

White-winged Dove

 

Overview

ID Info

 

White-winged Dove

 

Adult

White-winged Dove by Ganesh Jayaraman

 

Doves

White-winged Dove

Zenaida asiatica

ORDER: Columbiformes

FAMILY: Columbidae

 

Habitat

Towns

 

Food

Seeds

 

Nesting

Tree

 

Behavior

Ground Forager

 

Conservation

Low Concern

 

Basic Descriptionå

Originally a bird of desert thickets, the White-winged Dove has become a common sight in cities and towns across the southern U.S. When perched, this bird’s unspotted brown upperparts and neat white crescents along the wing distinguish it from the ubiquitous Mourning Dove. In flight, those subdued crescents become flashing white stripes worthy of the bird’s common name. Take a closer look and you’ll see a remarkably colorful face, with bright-orange eyes and blue “eye shadow.”

 

More ID Info

Range map for White-winged Dove

Year-round

Breeding

Migration

Nonbreeding

Range map provided by Birds of the World

Explore Maps

Find This Bird

 

Look for White-winged Doves near urban areas, including in cities, in the southern U.S. They forage on the ground in small groups, perch on bird feeders, or nest in big shade trees. They’re a delicate tan when perched, but in flight, they become quite striking, with long white wing stripes setting off dark outer wings. In the forests and cactus deserts of the Southwest, they’re often found near water in the morning and afternoon.

 

Other Names

Zenaida Aliblanca (Spanish)

Tourterelle à ailes blanches (French)

 

Backyard Tips

White-winged Doves often eat at elevated bird feeders. They’re fond of seeds, including sunflower, milo, corn, safflower, and they may also eat berries from shrubs. White-winged Doves sometimes fly into windows when startled, so it’s important to make sure your windows are bird-safe.

 

Cool Facts

In the Sonoran Desert, nesting White-winged Doves eat mostly the nectar, pollen, fruit, and seeds of the saguaro cactus. They’re so dependent on the saguaro they time their migration and nesting to match its fruiting schedule. Saguaro seeds are the only small seeds that a White-winged Dove will bother with—possibly because they sit in a large, cup-shaped fruit that makes them easy to eat.

 

Like other doves and pigeons, White-winged Doves have some unusual abilities. They can suck and swallow water without moving their heads. And they use a secretion from the esophagus, known as crop milk, to feed nestlings. Both parents may consume snails and bone fragments to help their bodies create the nutritious fluid.

 

Although the White-winged Dove is mostly resident in the Southwest, it is expanding its range, and individuals can be found far afield. White-winged Doves have been seen from Alaska to Ontario, Maine, Newfoundland, and most places in between.

 

During the twentieth century, habitat loss and heavy hunting led to a serious drop in White-winged Dove populations in Texas—from as many as 12 million to fewer than 1 million by 1939. But with proactive management of hunting and the species’ ability to adapt to urban living, the population rebounded to some 2.2 million by 2001, and its range is still expanding.

 

In the early 1980s, the singer Stevie Nicks introduced millions of Americans to the White-winged Dove with her song “Edge of Seventeen,” which hit #11 on the Billboard charts.

 

The oldest White-winged Dove on record was at least 21 years and 9 months old. It was banded in Arizona in 1958 and recovered in Mexico in 1980.