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Every Friday morning at 7 cyclists of all stripes — and occasionally people on foot — gather at a different Portland park every week to make coffee, share baked goods and talk about bikes, bike travel, home improvement and all sorts of other things. Participants of the nationwide event use varieties of camp stoves and different types of coffee making equipment that vary as much as the participants and their bikes.
Portland Sunday Parkways
Portland, Oregon
PortlandSundayParkways.com
(c) Photos by Ayleen Crotty
AyleenCrotty.com
Constructed by Henry VIII between 1539 and 1541, forming part of the King's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire, and defended the Portland Roads anchorage.
Shortly after its construction it was armed with eleven artillery pieces, intended for use against enemy shipping, operating in partnership with its sister castle of Sandsfoot on the other side of the anchorage.
During the English Civil War, Portland was taken by the Royalist supporters of King Charles I, and then survived two sieges before finally surrendering to Parliament in 1646.
The Device programme was hugely expensive, costing a total of £376,000 (estimated as between £2 and £82 billion in today's money); much of this was raised from the proceeds of the Dissolution of the Monasteries a few years before.
The Device Forts represented a major, radical programme of work; the historian Marcus Merriman describes it as "one of the largest construction programmes in Britain since the Romans", Brian St John O'Neil as the only "scheme of comprehensive coastal defence ever attempted in England before modern times", while Cathcart King likened it to the Edwardian castle building programme in North Wales
The Device Forts saw almost no action before peace was declared in 1546. Some of the defences were left to deteriorate and were decommissioned only a few years after their construction
Portland Sunday Parkways
Portland, Oregon
PortlandSundayParkways.com
(c) Photos by Ayleen Crotty
AyleenCrotty.com