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RHP Zack Wheeler
East Paulding HS
Dallas, GA
Committed to Kennesaw State University
#6 pick in 2009 MLB Draft to the San Francisco Giants
Phacops rana crassituberculata Stumm, 1953 - enrolled fossil trilobite from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
This fossil is also known as Eldredgeops rana crassituberculata.
Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. They first appear in Lower Cambrian rocks and the entire group went extinct at the end of the Permian. Trilobites had a calcitic exoskeleton and nonmineralizing parts underneath (legs, gills, gut, etc.). The calcite skeleton is most commonly preserved in the fossil record, although soft-part preservation is known in some trilobites (Ex: Burgess Shale and Hunsruck Slate). Trilobites had a head (cephalon), a body of many segments (thorax), and a tail (pygidium). Molts and carcasses usually fell apart quickly - most trilobite fossils are isolated parts of the head (cranidium and free cheeks), individual thoracic segments, or isolated pygidia. The name "trilobite" was introduced in 1771 by Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch and refers to the tripartite division of the trilobite body - it has a central axial lobe that runs longitudinally from the head to the tail, plus two side lobes (pleural lobes).
Seen here is a famous trilobite whose remains are relatively common in the Middle Devonian-aged Silica Formation of northeastern Ohio. This is Phacops rana crassituberculata (also known as Eldredgeops, an unnecessary genus name based on taxonomic oversplitting). Phacops trilobite fossils occur with other typical Middle Paleozoic shallow marine invertebrates: brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, and corals.
Classification: Animalia, Arthropoda, Trilobita, Polymerida, Phacopidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
----------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite
and
Paulding Exempted Village Schools 28 - 2002 Blue Bird GMC - Retired; Cardinal Bus Sales - Lima, Ohio
Merlin Entertainments Orlando Eye, International Drive, Orlando, Florida - 7th November 2014 (Photographer: Nigel G. Worrall)
During the construction site tour, James Paulding, General Manager of New Openings North America, provided insight on the expansion of Merlin Entertainments into central Florida including these must-see attractions, and updates on the LEGOLAND Florida Hotel. Also attending the event is John Stine, Director of Marketing for I-Drive 360, providing updates on the development. Explore the three new attractions coming to Orlando – The Orlando Eye, Madame Tussauds, and Sea Life Orlando Aquarium.
Thank you to our event sponsors:
UK & Trade and Investment: www.gov.uk/ukti
AFEX: www.afex.com/unitedstates
Orlando City Soccer Club: www.orlandocitysc.com
Tavistock Group: www.tavistock.com
Aston Martin: www.astonmartinorlando.com
Jaguar: www.jaguarorlando.com
Merlin Entertainments: www.merlinentertainments.biz
Madame Tussauds: www.madametussauds.com/Orlando/
Orlando Sealife Aquarium: www.visitsealife.com/orlando/
Legoland: www.florida.legoland.com
The Orlando Eye: www.officialorlandoeye.com
iDrive 360: www.i-drive360.com
On Saturday, September 23, 2017 the Old Van Cortlandtville Cemetery Association held a Plaque Dedication to unveil a new marker for the John Paulding gravesite. I was honored to be a part of the ceremony and also to secure the funds needed to create the plaque. Knowing of my interest and involvement in promoting history and being a Revolutionary War Reenactor for over 40 years, members of the association approached me hoping I would help in the creation of the plaque. I was glad to have the opportunity to have a hand in the initiative to create the plaque and was able to obtain the funding required to have the plaque created and installed.
The act of John Paulding and his comrades Isaac Van Wart and David Williams capturing British spy Major John Andre was a turning point in our nation’s history. In recent years, the story has a renewed interest due the background setting of West Point, George Washington, Benedict Arnold and especially the new details regarding the spy ring involved in the war. A number of books and even a television series has appeared in just the last few years giving renewed interest in the story.
John Paulding, the lead figure in the capture of Andre, is buried in the Old Van Cortlandt Cemetery just yards from the historic Revolutionary War Era Old St. Peter’s Church. He died in 1818 at the age of 60 and was honored with a prominent site and stone/obelisk structure. Over time, the words engraved into the marble monument have faded and it is just a matter of time until they are lost forever. The new plague that was installed replicates the engraved words exactly so as to preserve them for generations to come.
Located on the grounds of the old Greene County Courthouse in Paragould, this WWI Monument was erected in 1920 using the work of sculptor John Paulding of Illinois. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
I have no idea what this building is or was, but it seems to me to have been a maintenance facility or perhaps a school house. It is located behind the Jasper County Courthouse in the tiny community of Paulding. Today the grounds around it are used for what looks like parking for county vehicles. It is rapidly decaying.
Paulding Exempted Village Schools 23 - 1997 Blue Bird TC/2000 FE - Retired; Cardinal Bus Sales - Lima, Ohio
Melocrinites sp. - fossil crinoid from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
Crinoids (sea lilies) are sessile, benthic, filter-feeding, stalked echinoderms that are relatively common in the marine fossil record. Crinoids are also a living group, but are relatively uncommon in modern oceans. A crinoid is essentially a starfish-on-a-stick. The stick, or stem, is composed of numerous stacked columnals, like small poker chips. Stems and individual columnals are the most commonly encountered crinoid fossils in the field. Intact, fossilized crinoid heads (crowns, calices, cups) are unusual. Why? Upon death, the crinoid body starts disintegrating very rapidly. The soft tissues holding the skeletal pieces together decay and the skeleton falls apart.
Classification: Animalia, Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Melocrinidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
----------------------------
See info. at:
Petroleum in a Hexagonaria fossil coral from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
Corals are essentially sea anemones (polyps) that make a skeleton, which is usually mineralized. Most corals are colonial, but some are solitary. This particular fossil is Hexagonaria, a colonial rugose coral having many hexagonally-shaped corallites, as seen in plan view (click on the photo to zoom in - the corallite shapes are a tad difficult to discern here).
The black areas are petroleum. Hydrocarbons have migrated into fractures and other porous areas of the coral. The black spots are corallite centers. This specimen is from northwestern Ohio, which had a significant petroleum system that was heavily exploited in the late 1800s. Ohio used to be the # 1 petroleum exporter in the world!
Classification: Animalia, Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Rugosa, Phillipsastraeidae
Stratigraphy: Dundee Limestone, Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
and
Orbiculoidea doria (Hall, 1863) inarticulate brachiopod & Aulopora sp. corals encrusting a Megastrophia brachiopod from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
The dark brown object is Orbiculoidea, an inarticulate brachiopod that is encrusting a strophomenid brachiopod from Ohio's famous Silica Formation, a richly fossiliferous unit. The encrusters to the right of the Orbiculoidea are auloporids, a group of extinct tabulate corals. Auloporids consist of calcareous colonies of hard substrate-encrusting, trumpet-shaped corallites. They first appear in the Ordovician and go extinct in the Permian.
Classification of inarticulate: Animalia, Brachiopods, Inarticulata, Lingulata, Linguliida, Disciniidae
Classification of corals: Animalia, Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Tabulata, Auloporidae
Classification of host brachiopod: Animalia, Brachiopoda, Articulata (also known as Rhynchonelliformea), Strophomenida, Strophodontidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
Paulding Exempted Village Schools 23 - 1997 Blue Bird TC/2000 FE - Retired; Cardinal Bus Sales - Lima, Ohio
Merlin Entertainments Orlando Eye, International Drive, Orlando, Florida - 7th November 2014 (Photographer: Nigel G. Worrall)
During the construction site tour, James Paulding, General Manager of New Openings North America, provided insight on the expansion of Merlin Entertainments into central Florida including these must-see attractions, and updates on the LEGOLAND Florida Hotel. Also attending the event is John Stine, Director of Marketing for I-Drive 360, providing updates on the development. Explore the three new attractions coming to Orlando – The Orlando Eye, Madame Tussauds, and Sea Life Orlando Aquarium.
Thank you to our event sponsors:
UK & Trade and Investment: www.gov.uk/ukti
AFEX: www.afex.com/unitedstates
Orlando City Soccer Club: www.orlandocitysc.com
Tavistock Group: www.tavistock.com
Aston Martin: www.astonmartinorlando.com
Jaguar: www.jaguarorlando.com
Merlin Entertainments: www.merlinentertainments.biz
Madame Tussauds: www.madametussauds.com/Orlando/
Orlando Sealife Aquarium: www.visitsealife.com/orlando/
Legoland: www.florida.legoland.com
The Orlando Eye: www.officialorlandoeye.com
iDrive 360: www.i-drive360.com
Whitish gray = calcite (CaCO3)
Brown = dolostone
Lustrous blackish-yellowish-reddish masses at center = sphalerite (ZnS)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 6100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2). The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals. Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores. The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc. Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size. These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen. Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.
Sphalerite is a somewhat common zinc sulfide mineral (ZnS). It has a metallic to submetallic to resinous to adamantine luster. Many metals can substitute for the zinc, such as iron, cadmium, and manganese. Sphalerite almost always has some iron in it, so a better chemical formula would be (Zn,Fe)S. Sphalerite has a wide color range, depending principally on iron content. Pure to almost pure sphalerite is whitish to greenish. With increasing iron content, sphalerite becomes yellowish to brownish to blackish. One variety of sphalerite has a strikingly intense dark red color (ruby sphalerite). Its streak color also varies with iron content from whitish to pale yellowish to brownish. Sphalerite is also distinctive in being moderately heavy for its size and having six different planes of cleavage.
Sphalerite is the most important zinc ore mineral. Zinc produced from sphalerite is used for many purposes, including mixing with copper to produce brass, rust protection of iron & steel, and for making modern American pennies.
Stratigraphy: loose block likely derived from the Lucas Dolomite, upper Detroit River Group, Devonian
Locality: Auglaize Quarry (= Shelly Company, Stoneco's Auglaize Facility), southeast of the town of Junction, northeastern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 27.83" North latitude, 84° 25' 19.75" West longitude)
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Photo gallery of sphalerite:
Rock gypsum from the Devonian of Ohio, USA.
Sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of loose sediments. Loose sediments become hard rocks by the processes of deposition, burial, compaction, dewatering, and cementation.
There are three categories of sedimentary rocks:
1) Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments produced by weathering & erosion of any previously existing rocks.
2) Biogenic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments that were once-living organisms (plants, animals, micro-organisms).
3) Chemical sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments formed by inorganic chemical reactions. Most sedimentary rocks have a clastic texture, but some are crystalline.
Rock gypsum (also known as gyprock) is a chemical sedimentary rock. It is an example of an evaporite - it forms by the evaporation of water (usually seawater) and the precipitation of dissolved minerals. Rock salt & rock gypsum often occur together in evaporitic successions. Rock gypsum is composed of the mineral gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O - hydrous calcium sulfate). Heating of gypsum or rock gypsum drives off the water, leaving only calcium sulfate behind (the mineral anhydrite). Adding water to anhydrite results in the formation of gypsum again.
Rock gypsum, unlike rock salt, does not have a salty taste, and is softer (H = 2) - it can be scratched with a fingernail. Rock gypsum’s color is often a mottled whitish-light grayish-light brownish. It is usually microcrystalline and powdery looking (it’s much finer-grained than typical rock salt deposits). Rock gypsum superficially resembles chalk. Chalk is calcitic, and so will bubble in acid - rock gypsum does not bubble in acid. Rock gypsum samples vary from extremely friable to moderately solid.
Stratigraphy: attributed to the Lucas Formation, Middle Devonian
Locality: undisclosed site in Paulding County (likely a quarry), northwestern Ohio, USA
Funding for this Carnegie library was granted on July 13, 1912 in the form of $40,000. It stands at 205 South Main Street, and is claimed to be the first Carnegie library to serve an entire county. The building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
The building was designed by Howard & Merriam using a Beaux-Arts style.
Paulding is a small northwestern Ohio county seat, located to the east of Fort Wayne.
Strophodonta fossil brachiopod with encrusting Aulopora corals from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
Auloporids are a group of extinct tabulate corals. They consist of calcareous colonies of hard substrate-encrusting, trumpet-shaped corallites. They first appear in the Ordovician and go extinct in the Permian. The auloporids seen here are encrusting a strophomenid brachiopod from Ohio's famous Silica Formation, a richly fossiliferous unit.
Classification of corals: Animalia, Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Tabulata, Auloporidae
Classification of brachiopod: Animalia, Brachiopoda, Articulata (also known as Rhynchonelliformea), Strophomenida, Strophodontidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
This structure, located behind the small trailer unit post office in Paulding, was erected around the turn of the 19th century by the Pauly Jail Company of Missouri. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the 1990s and had deteriorated greatly since that time.
Paulding is one of two county seats for Jasper County.
Masonic Temple, corner of South Main Street and East Perry Street, Paulding, Ohio. It's not clear if this building is still in use, but it certainly looks in fine shape.
Located in Rose Hill Cemetery in Ardmore, Oklahoma, this World War I Monument was designed by John Paulding and is specifically dedicated to the Lieutenant Walter W. Drew. For more information about this statue and Mr. Paulding, please see this website: doughboysearcher.weebly.com/john-pauldings-doughboys.html
Stylolite from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (cross-section view)
This striated feature is a stylolite, a pressure dissolution feature that frequently has the appearance of a hospital EKG reading in cross-section view. These occur in carbonate rocks (limestones, dolostones, marbles), especially in or near orogenic belts.
Stratigraphy: attributed to the Lucas Formation, Middle Devonian
Locality: undisclosed site in Paulding County (likely a quarry), northwestern Ohio, USA
Whitish gray = calcite (CaCO3)
Brown = dolostone
Lustrous blackish-yellowish-reddish masses at center = sphalerite (ZnS)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 6100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2). The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals. Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores. The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc. Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size. These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen. Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.
Sphalerite is a somewhat common zinc sulfide mineral (ZnS). It has a metallic to submetallic to resinous to adamantine luster. Many metals can substitute for the zinc, such as iron, cadmium, and manganese. Sphalerite almost always has some iron in it, so a better chemical formula would be (Zn,Fe)S. Sphalerite has a wide color range, depending principally on iron content. Pure to almost pure sphalerite is whitish to greenish. With increasing iron content, sphalerite becomes yellowish to brownish to blackish. One variety of sphalerite has a strikingly intense dark red color (ruby sphalerite). Its streak color also varies with iron content from whitish to pale yellowish to brownish. Sphalerite is also distinctive in being moderately heavy for its size and having six different planes of cleavage.
Sphalerite is the most important zinc ore mineral. Zinc produced from sphalerite is used for many purposes, including mixing with copper to produce brass, rust protection of iron & steel, and for making modern American pennies.
Stratigraphy: loose block likely derived from the Lucas Dolomite, upper Detroit River Group, Devonian
Locality: Auglaize Quarry (= Shelly Company, Stoneco's Auglaize Facility), southeast of the town of Junction, northeastern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 27.83" North latitude, 84° 25' 19.75" West longitude)
-------------------
Photo gallery of sphalerite:
Petrocrania hamiltoniae (Hall, 1860) - inarticulate brachiopods encrusting a Mediospirifer? brachiopod from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
The two discoidal objects seen here are craniid brachiopods encrusting a spiriferid brachiopod from Ohio's famous Silica Formation, a richly fossiliferous unit.
Classification of inarticulates: Animalia, Brachiopods, Inarticulata, Craniata, Craniida, Craniidae
Classification of host brachiopod: Animalia, Brachiopoda, Articulata (also known as Rhynchonelliformea), Spiriferida, Spinocyrtiidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
Destroyer crews watching some activity on USS Paulding DD-22 during WWI, the two closest ships are unknown.
Orbiculoidea doria (Hall, 1863) inarticulate brachiopod & Aulopora sp. corals encrusting a Megastrophia brachiopod from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
The dark brown object is Orbiculoidea, an inarticulate brachiopod that is encrusting a strophomenid brachiopod from Ohio's famous Silica Formation, a richly fossiliferous unit. The encrusters to the right of the Orbiculoidea are auloporids, a group of extinct tabulate corals. Auloporids consist of calcareous colonies of hard substrate-encrusting, trumpet-shaped corallites. They first appear in the Ordovician and go extinct in the Permian.
Classification of inarticulate: Animalia, Brachiopods, Inarticulata, Lingulata, Linguliida, Disciniidae
Classification of corals: Animalia, Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Tabulata, Auloporidae
Classification of host brachiopod: Animalia, Brachiopoda, Articulata (also known as Rhynchonelliformea), Strophomenida, Strophodontidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
Located on the grounds of the Yamhill County Courthouse in McMinnville, this statue by sculptor John Paulding is one of three such World War I memorials in Oregon.
Petroleum in a favositid fossil coral in the Devonian of Ohio, USA.
Corals are essentially sea anemones (polyps) that make a skeleton, which is usually mineralized. Most corals are colonial, but some are solitary. This particular fossil is a favositid, or "honeycomb coral", an extinct group of tabulate corals.
The black areas are petroleum. Hydrocarbons have migrated into fractures and other porous areas of the coral. This specimen is in a quarry in northwestern Ohio, which had a significant petroleum system that was heavily exploited in the late 1800s. Ohio used to be the # 1 petroleum exporter in the world!
Classification: Animalia, Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Tabulata, Favositidae
Stratigraphy: Dundee Limestone, Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favosites
and
The structure seen here is a stylolite, a pressure dissolution feature that frequently has the appearance of a hospital EKG reading. These occur in many limestones, dolostones, and some marbles, especially in or near orogenic belts.
Stratigraphy: loose block derived from the Dundee Limestone or Lucas Dolomite, Devonian
Locality: Auglaize Quarry (= Shelly Company, Stoneco's Auglaize Facility), southeast of the town of Junction, northeastern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 27.83" North latitude, 84° 25' 19.75" West longitude)
Legend--indians not happy about railroad...engineer gets out to look at track one night...injun chops off his head. Ghost comes back everynight with lantern...ohhhhhh....spooky....the bright dot at the end of the "road" is the Paulding Light in Watersmeet, MI . The light does flash on and off intermittantly...Unsolved Mysteries the FBI and various other geeks, I mean scientists have studied it and have no explanation...I say it's a Yooper with a flashlight...
Located at the southern corner of the Connecticut Street Armory at the intersection of Niagara and Connecticut streets, this monument was erected in 1922.
Please refer to this website for more information on the Paulding Doughboy statues located around the nation: doughboysearcher.weebly.com/e-m-viquesney-vs-john-pauldin...
Buffalo is the second largest city in New York with a metropolitan population of roughly 1.2 million (in 2020). It serves as the seat of Erie County, and is situated at the head of the Niagara River at the eastern end of Lake Erie.
Located in a small city park across the street from the Freeburg post office
For more information regarding this statue, please refer to this website: doughboysearcher.weebly.com/the-doughboy-war-viquesney-vs...
Very dark reddish brown = sphalerite (ZnS)
Brown = dolostone
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 6100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2). The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals. Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores. The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc. Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size. These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen. Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.
Sphalerite is a somewhat common zinc sulfide mineral (ZnS). It has a metallic to submetallic to resinous to adamantine luster. Many metals can substitute for the zinc, such as iron, cadmium, and manganese. Sphalerite almost always has some iron in it, so a better chemical formula would be (Zn,Fe)S. Sphalerite has a wide color range, depending principally on iron content. Pure to almost pure sphalerite is whitish to greenish. With increasing iron content, sphalerite becomes yellowish to brownish to blackish. One variety of sphalerite has a strikingly intense dark red color (ruby sphalerite). Its streak color also varies with iron content from whitish to pale yellowish to brownish. Sphalerite is also distinctive in being moderately heavy for its size and having six different planes of cleavage.
Sphalerite is the most important zinc ore mineral. Zinc produced from sphalerite is used for many purposes, including mixing with copper to produce brass, rust protection of iron & steel, and for making modern American pennies.
Stratigraphy: loose block likely derived from the Lucas Dolomite, upper Detroit River Group, Devonian
Locality: Auglaize Quarry (= Shelly Company, Stoneco's Auglaize Facility), southeast of the town of Junction, northeastern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 27.83" North latitude, 84° 25' 19.75" West longitude)
-------------------
Photo gallery of sphalerite: