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Sphalerite-calcite from Ohio, USA.
Blackish = sphalerite (ZnS - zinc sulfide)
Whitish = calcite (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate)
Grayish = carbonate host rock
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 6100 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The sulfide minerals contain one or more sulfide anions (S-2). The sulfides are usually considered together with the arsenide minerals, the sulfarsenide minerals, and the telluride minerals. Many sulfides are economically significant, as they occur commonly in ores. The metals that combine with S-2 are mainly Fe, Cu, Ni, Ag, etc. Most sulfides have a metallic luster, are moderately soft, and are noticeably heavy for their size. These minerals will not form in the presence of free oxygen. Under an oxygen-rich atmosphere, sulfide minerals tend to chemically weather to various oxide and hydroxide minerals.
Sphalerite is a somewhat common zinc sulfide mineral (ZnS). It has a metallic to submetallic to resinous to adamantine luster. Many metals can substitute for the zinc, such as iron, cadmium, and manganese. Sphalerite almost always has some iron in it, so a better chemical formula would be (Zn,Fe)S. Sphalerite has a wide color range, depending principally on iron content. Pure to almost pure sphalerite is whitish to greenish. With increasing iron content, sphalerite becomes yellowish to brownish to blackish. One variety of sphalerite has a strikingly intense dark red color (ruby sphalerite). Its streak color also varies with iron content from whitish to pale yellowish to brownish. Sphalerite is also distinctive in being moderately heavy for its size and having six different planes of cleavage.
Sphalerite is the most important zinc ore mineral. Zinc produced from sphalerite is used for many purposes, including mixing with copper to produce brass, rust protection of iron & steel, and for making modern American pennies (although the cost of making each zinc penny is more than 1¢).
Locality: quarry in Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA
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Photo gallery of sphalerite:
Protitanichthys sp. - fossil fish from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
The semicircular structure at left is an eye.
-----------------------------------
From exhibit signage:
Arthrodires were a type of placoderm, early jawed fishes that became extinct before the end of the Devonian Period. The head and thoracic area of arthrodires and other placoderms were covered with a mineralized armor, while the rest of the body was naked or covered with scales. Some arthrodires grew quite large, like Dunkleosteus, which probably exceeded six meters in length and was the terror of Devonian seas.
Protitanichthys sp.
A nearly complete armored head shield of a large arthrodire placoderm fish. This individual Protitanichthys was probably about four feet in length. (quite rare)
-----------------------------------
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Placodermi, Arthrodira, Coccosteidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protitanichthys
and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodira
and
Rock gypsum from the Devonian of Ohio, USA.
Sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of loose sediments. Loose sediments become hard rocks by the processes of deposition, burial, compaction, dewatering, and cementation.
There are three categories of sedimentary rocks:
1) Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments produced by weathering & erosion of any previously existing rocks.
2) Biogenic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments that were once-living organisms (plants, animals, micro-organisms).
3) Chemical sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments formed by inorganic chemical reactions. Most sedimentary rocks have a clastic texture, but some are crystalline.
Rock gypsum (also known as gyprock) is a chemical sedimentary rock. It is an example of an evaporite - it forms by the evaporation of water (usually seawater) and the precipitation of dissolved minerals. Rock salt & rock gypsum often occur together in evaporitic successions. Rock gypsum is composed of the mineral gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O - hydrous calcium sulfate). Heating of gypsum or rock gypsum drives off the water, leaving only calcium sulfate behind (the mineral anhydrite). Adding water to anhydrite results in the formation of gypsum again.
Rock gypsum, unlike rock salt, does not have a salty taste, and is softer (H = 2) - it can be scratched with a fingernail. Rock gypsum’s color is often a mottled whitish-light grayish-light brownish. It is usually microcrystalline and powdery looking (it’s much finer-grained than typical rock salt deposits). Rock gypsum superficially resembles chalk. Chalk is calcitic, and so will bubble in acid - rock gypsum does not bubble in acid. Rock gypsum samples vary from extremely friable to moderately solid.
Stratigraphy: attributed to the Lucas Formation, Middle Devonian
Locality: undisclosed site in Paulding County (likely a quarry), northwestern Ohio, USA
An 1886 building, similar in appearance to the Lenawee County Courthouse in Adrian, Michigan. Edward Fallis, a native of Toledo, designed both structures.
Paulding is, by all accounts, Ohio's most topographically featureless county, and it remained sparsely populated until the final decades of the nineteenth century. Between 1880 and 1890, its population nearly doubled, from 13,485 to 25,932.
Just over the edge of a rock face leaves find temporary shelter from the surrounding rapids rushing towards Bond Falls. Paulding, Upper Michigan on Oct. 8, 2017.
Protitanichthys sp. - fossil fish armor from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
-----------------------------------
From exhibit signage:
Arthrodires were a type of placoderm, early jawed fishes that became extinct before the end of the Devonian Period. The head and thoracic area of arthrodires and other placoderms were covered with a mineralized armor, while the rest of the body was naked or covered with scales. Some arthrodires grew quite large, like Dunkleosteus, which probably exceeded six meters in length and was the terror of Devonian seas.
-----------------------------------
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Placodermi, Arthrodira, Coccosteidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protitanichthys
and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodira
and
Gold, agate, yellow sapphires, dementoid garnets, red garnets, amethyst
by Tiffany & Co. (1837-present)
designed by Paulding Farnham (1859-1927)
Gift of the Duchesse de Mouchy, 1965
"The agate body of this perfume bottle was carved to resemble honeycomb, while the gold and silver ornament depicting bees and honeysuckle flowers continues the theme. Originally, a conical yellow sapphire adorned the top of the lid. The report by the French ministry of commerce on Tiffany's display at the World's Columbian Exposition highlighted this bottle as a particularly fine and original example of the firm's oeuvre"
Protitanichthys sp. - fossil fish from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
The semicircular structure at right is an eye.
-----------------------------------
From exhibit signage:
Arthrodires were a type of placoderm, early jawed fishes that became extinct before the end of the Devonian Period. The head and thoracic area of arthrodires and other placoderms were covered with a mineralized armor, while the rest of the body was naked or covered with scales. Some arthrodires grew quite large, like Dunkleosteus, which probably exceeded six meters in length and was the terror of Devonian seas.
Protitanichthys sp.
A nearly complete armored head shield of a large arthrodire placoderm fish. This individual Protitanichthys was probably about four feet in length. (quite rare)
-----------------------------------
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Placodermi, Arthrodira, Coccosteidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protitanichthys
and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodira
and
January 13, 2025. Crews from Engine & Squad 1, Truck 2, Battalion 2, and DC 3410 handle a small room in contents fire in the city of Dallas, along with Dallas PD and Metro Atlanta EMS.
Circa 1900, Tiffany & Co., designed by Paulding Farnham (American, 1859-1927), with gems selected by George Frederick Kunz (American, 1856-1932)
The Iris Corsage represents the combination of art, science, and national pride that characterized World's Fairs. A pamphlet by Tiffany explained how the piece showcases the mineral wealth of the United States: the 120 sapphires are from Montana. Other innovative materials have been skillfully employed to mimic the appearance of a bearded iris: green gold is used for the stem, and blued steel complements the sapphires that form the petals.
Montana sapphires, diamonds, demantoid garnets, golden topaz, blued steel, gold alloys, platinum
57-939, acquired by Henry Walters, 1900
(transcribed from exhibit plaque)
Part of "From Rye to Raphael: The Walters Story", at The Walters Art Museum.
Viewed from Dabbs Bridge Rd. in Paulding County, GA.
YES! This is the second shot of this barn that I placed in Flickr.com, but it is a closer view and more in focus.
There is one black cow, of many, in this image. She may be hard to find, so look at the elevation of the barn floor and then look straight left near the edge of the photo.
Beaux-Arts Semi-detached Houses (1949)
2012–14 Paulding Ave.
Morris Park, Bronx
© Matthew X. Kiernan
NYBAI15-7501
A hand edited photo for publication of the USS Fanning DD-37 a Paulding class Destroyer and to the right is the Destroyer USS Sigourney DD-81 a Wickes (Little) class destroyer
during WWI
Protitanichthys sp. - fossil fish from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
The subcircular structure is an eye.
-----------------------------------
From exhibit signage:
Arthrodires were a type of placoderm, early jawed fishes that became extinct before the end of the Devonian Period. The head and thoracic area of arthrodires and other placoderms were covered with a mineralized armor, while the rest of the body was naked or covered with scales. Some arthrodires grew quite large, like Dunkleosteus, which probably exceeded six meters in length and was the terror of Devonian seas.
Protitanichthys sp.
A nearly complete armored head shield of a large arthrodire placoderm fish. This individual Protitanichthys was probably about four feet in length. (quite rare)
-----------------------------------
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Placodermi, Arthrodira, Coccosteidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protitanichthys
and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodira
and
Paulding County, GA
2023 Freightliner M2-106/Rosenbaur
750gal/1250gpm
Job #1875723
Engine 1 serves the city of Dallas.
Paulding County Fire Station 1:
169 Thomas B. Murphy DR
Dallas, GA 30132
Holonema sp. - fossil fish armor from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
-----------------------------------
From exhibit signage:
Arthrodires were a type of placoderm, early jawed fishes that became extinct before the end of the Devonian Period. The head and thoracic area of arthrodires and other placoderms were covered with a mineralized armor, while the rest of the body was naked or covered with scales. Some arthrodires grew quite large, like Dunkleosteus, which probably exceeded six meters in length and was the terror of Devonian seas.
-----------------------------------
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Placodermi, Arthrodira, Holonematidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonema
and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodira
and
Protitanichthys sp. - fossil fish from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
The subcircular structure is an eye.
-----------------------------------
From exhibit signage:
Arthrodires were a type of placoderm, early jawed fishes that became extinct before the end of the Devonian Period. The head and thoracic area of arthrodires and other placoderms were covered with a mineralized armor, while the rest of the body was naked or covered with scales. Some arthrodires grew quite large, like Dunkleosteus, which probably exceeded six meters in length and was the terror of Devonian seas.
Protitanichthys sp.
A nearly complete armored head shield of a large arthrodire placoderm fish. This individual Protitanichthys was probably about four feet in length. (quite rare)
-----------------------------------
Classification: Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Placodermi, Arthrodira, Coccosteidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
-----------------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protitanichthys
and
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrodira
and
Paulding County, GA
2017 E-ONE Cyclone II Metro
500gal/1250gpm/100'
Job #141108
Truck 11 serves northern Paulding County
Paulding County Fire Station 11:
61 Harmony Grove Chruch RD
Acworth, GA 30101
Army JROTC Cadets from North Paulding High School plunge into an obstacle during the cross-country rescue course, one of the five challenges Cadet Raider Teams had to compete in November 5 at the 2022 Army JROTC National Raider Championships. This outdoor competition featured all-service and Army JROTC Cadet teams from around the country competing in physically and mentally challenging team events November 3-6 at the Gerald Lawhorn Boy Scout Camp in Molena, Ga. (Photo by Sarah Windmueller, U.S. Army Cadet Command Public Affairs)
Fluorite from Ohio, USA. (public display, Geology Department, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio, USA)
A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are about 5400 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates.
The halides are the "salt minerals", and have one or more of the following anions: Cl-, F-, I-, Br-.
Fluorite is a calcium fluoride mineral (CaF2). The most diagnostic physical property of fluorite is its hardness (H≡4). Fluorite typically forms cubic crystals and, when broken, displays four cleavage planes (also quite diagnostic). When broken under controlled conditions, the broken pieces of fluorite form double pyramids. Fluorite is a good example of a mineral that can be any color. Common fluorite colors include clear, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, and brown. The stereotypical color for fluorite is purple. Purple is the color fluorite "should be". A mineral collector doesn't have fluorite unless it's a purple fluorite (!).
Fluorite occurs in association with some active volcanoes. HF emitted from volcanoes can react with Ca-bearing rocks to form fluorite crystals. Many hydrothermal veins contain fluorite. Much fluorite also occurs in the southern Illinois area (Mississippi Valley-type deposits).
Geologic context: vug-filling fluorite crystals in carbonate rock of the Detroit River Group or Dundee Limestone (Lower to Middle Devonian)
Locality: Stoneco Incorporated's Auglaize Quarry, southwest of the town of Junction, northeastern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA
------------------------
Photo gallery of fluorite:
This is Township Road 152, just east of State Route 49, in rural Paulding County, Ohio. The muddy dirt road has to be the worst road that I have ever seen in the midwestern United States! The sign says "Road Closed When Wet," and you can see why!
I photographed it on a rainy, foggy winter morning. This is the first of two photographs that I made of this scene.
2-25-20
Army JROTC Cadets from North Paulding High School plunge into an obstacle during the cross-country rescue course, one of the five challenges Cadet Raider Teams had to compete in November 5 at the 2022 Army JROTC National Raider Championships. This outdoor competition featured all-service and Army JROTC Cadet teams from around the country competing in physically and mentally challenging team events November 3-6 at the Gerald Lawhorn Boy Scout Camp in Molena, Ga. (Photo by Sarah Windmueller, U.S. Army Cadet Command Public Affairs)
This lovely edifice was erected in 1892 using the designs of architects Bruce and Morgan. It stands on the center square in downtown Dallas, Georgia, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Cadets from the South Paulding High School Army JROTC Raider Team race downhill during the 5K event November 4 at the Gerald Lawhorn Boy Scout Camp in Molena, Ga. This outdoor competition featured Army JROTC Cadet teams from around the country competing in a series of five physically challenging events as part of the 2022 Army JROTC National Raider Championships that took place November 3-6, 2022. (Photo by Sarah Windmueller, U.S. Army Cadet Command Public Affairs)
Phacops rana crassituberculata Stumm, 1953 - fossil trilobites from the Devonian of Ohio, USA. (Dave Mielke collection; temporary public display, Ohio Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio, USA)
This fossil is also known as Eldredgeops rana crassituberculata.
Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods. They first appear in Lower Cambrian rocks and the entire group went extinct at the end of the Permian. Trilobites had a calcitic exoskeleton and nonmineralizing parts underneath (legs, gills, gut, etc.). The calcite skeleton is most commonly preserved in the fossil record, although soft-part preservation is known in some trilobites (Ex: Burgess Shale and Hunsruck Slate). Trilobites had a head (cephalon), a body of many segments (thorax), and a tail (pygidium). Molts and carcasses usually fell apart quickly - most trilobite fossils are isolated parts of the head (cranidium and free cheeks), individual thoracic segments, or isolated pygidia. The name "trilobite" was introduced in 1771 by Johann Ernst Immanuel Walch and refers to the tripartite division of the trilobite body - it has a central axial lobe that runs longitudinally from the head to the tail, plus two side lobes (pleural lobes).
Seen here are famous trilobites whose remains are relatively common in the Middle Devonian-aged Silica Formation of northeastern Ohio. These are Phacops rana crassituberculata (also known as Eldredgeops, an unnecessary genus name based on taxonomic oversplitting). Phacops trilobite fossils occur with other typical Middle Paleozoic shallow marine invertebrates: brachiopods, bryozoans, crinoids, and corals.
Classification: Animalia, Arthropoda, Trilobita, Polymerida, Phacopidae
Stratigraphy: Silica Formation (also known as the Silica Shale), Givetian Stage, upper Middle Devonian
Locality: quarry northwest of the town of Paulding, northern Paulding County, northwestern Ohio, USA (41° 10' 52.55" North latitude, 84° 37' 19.32" West longitude)
----------------------------
See info. at:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite
and
I had a dealer trade run last week and ran across Uncle Sam beckoning me to come in and buy fireworks. I had to pass him by.
The Fannin-Cooper Farm in Paulding County was honored as a 2013 Georgia Centennial Farm because it was farmed by multiple families for more than 100 years and because it is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The farm has been operated continuously since 1858 by the Fannin and Cooper families and is owned by Anthony A. Cooper, Jr. The Fannins raised corn and cotton, as well as cattle and hogs. The 84-acre farmstead includes two houses, outbuildings, and farmland. Today the main crops are hay, timber and cattle.
Photo by Charlie Miller
This lovely edifice was erected in 1892 using the designs of architects Bruce and Morgan. It stands on the center square in downtown Dallas, Georgia, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Gentle, uninterrupted flow of water and the surrounding beauty of fall foliage.
Bond Falls is a waterfall on the middle branch of the Ontonagon River, a few miles east of Paulding in Haight Township in southern Ontonagon County, Michigan. The total drop of the falls is about 50 feet (15 m).
This lovely edifice was erected in 1892 using the designs of architects Bruce and Morgan. It stands on the center square in downtown Dallas, Georgia, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
Army JROTC Cadets from North Paulding High School race through the cross-country rescue course, one of the five challenges Cadet Raider Teams had to compete in November 5 at the 2022 Army JROTC National Raider Championships. This outdoor competition featured all-service and Army JROTC Cadet teams from around the country competing in physically and mentally challenging team events November 3-6 at the Gerald Lawhorn Boy Scout Camp in Molena, Ga. (Photo by Sarah Windmueller, U.S. Army Cadet Command Public Affairs)
Rock gypsum from the Devonian of Ohio, USA.
Sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of loose sediments. Loose sediments become hard rocks by the processes of deposition, burial, compaction, dewatering, and cementation.
There are three categories of sedimentary rocks:
1) Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments produced by weathering & erosion of any previously existing rocks.
2) Biogenic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments that were once-living organisms (plants, animals, micro-organisms).
3) Chemical sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments formed by inorganic chemical reactions. Most sedimentary rocks have a clastic texture, but some are crystalline.
Rock gypsum (also known as gyprock) is a chemical sedimentary rock. It is an example of an evaporite - it forms by the evaporation of water (usually seawater) and the precipitation of dissolved minerals. Rock salt & rock gypsum often occur together in evaporitic successions. Rock gypsum is composed of the mineral gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O - hydrous calcium sulfate). Heating of gypsum or rock gypsum drives off the water, leaving only calcium sulfate behind (the mineral anhydrite). Adding water to anhydrite results in the formation of gypsum again.
Rock gypsum, unlike rock salt, does not have a salty taste, and is softer (H = 2) - it can be scratched with a fingernail. Rock gypsum’s color is often a mottled whitish-light grayish-light brownish. It is usually microcrystalline and powdery looking (it’s much finer-grained than typical rock salt deposits). Rock gypsum superficially resembles chalk. Chalk is calcitic, and so will bubble in acid - rock gypsum does not bubble in acid. Rock gypsum samples vary from extremely friable to moderately solid.
Stratigraphy: attributed to the Lucas Formation, Middle Devonian
Locality: undisclosed site in Paulding County (likely a quarry), northwestern Ohio, USA
1911 Photo of USS Sterett DD-27, a Paulding class destroyer
A Cadet from North Paulding High School in Dallas, Georgia, comes up for air after low crawling through an obstacle on the Cross-Country Rescue Course during the JROTC's National Raider Championships held at the Gerald Lawhorn Boy Scout Camp in Molena, Georgia, Nov. 4-5. (Photo by Michael Maddox, Cadet Command Public Affairs)