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Light stand providing light for every stick of incense at the event.
薪火相傳 - 場地提供點明燈以供信眾點燃香燭。
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The Ghost Festival, also known as the Hungry Ghost Festival, or Yu Lan is a traditional Chinese festival and holiday celebrated by Chinese in many countries. In the Chinese calendar (a lunisolar calendar), the Ghost Festival is on the 15th night of the seventh month (14th in southern China).
In Chinese tradition, the fifteenth day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar is called Ghost Day and the seventh month in general is regarded as the Ghost Month (鬼月), in which ghosts and spirits, including those of the deceased ancestors, come out from the lower realm.
Distinct from both the Qingming Festival (in spring) and Chung Yeung Festival (in autumn) in which living descendants pay homage to their deceased ancestors, on Ghost Day, the deceased are believed to visit the living.
On the fifteenth day the realms of Heaven and Hell and the realm of the living are open and both Taoists and Buddhists would perform rituals to transmute and absolve the sufferings of the deceased. Intrinsic to the Ghost Month is ancestor worship, where traditionally the filial piety of descendants extends to their ancestors even after their deaths.
Activities during the month would include preparing ritualistic food offerings, burning incense, and burning joss paper, a papier-mâché form of material items such as clothes, gold and other fine goods for the visiting spirits of the ancestors
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Follow my rediscovery of the Hungry Ghosts "Yu Lan" Festival here:
For my past visits to the Hungry Ghosts "Yu Lan" Festival here:
Hungry Ghosts "Yu Lan" Festival
More Chinese Temples images here:
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1. Registration Fee - a) To October 31, 1963 - 20 cents was the minimum fee providing up to $25 indemnity. b) From November 1, 1963 - 35 cents was the minimum fee providing up to $25 indemnity.
2. Special Delivery Fee - a) To October 31, 1963 - The special delivery fee was 10 cents. b) From November 1, 1963 - The special delivery fee was increased from 10 cents to 25 cents.
Special delivery is a service providing expedited delivery of mail. Special delivery is also sometimes called express mail, or as of today called Xpresspost. LINK to a newspaper article - Inauguration of Special Delivery Service (1 July 1898) - www.newspapers.com/clip/120335750/special-delivery-serice/
5 cents forward letter rate + 35 cents registration fee providing up to $25 indemnity. + 25 cents special delivery fee = 65 cents - LINK - postalhistorycorner.blogspot.com/2010/07/cameo-period-rat...
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JEDWAY was on the west coast of Moresby Island and had a two-fold existence. The first Jedway was established August 15, 1909 and closed May 31, 1931. In 1962 the town was re-opened as a mine site, and the post office existed from November 13, 1962 to June 1968, In many of the companies, the post office was located in the office and had limited hours. - this article was taken from - B.C. POST OFFICES Part 2: Queen Charlotte Islands - The Guideline, Journal of the VIPS, September 1984, page 3-5 - by Lester Small
In 1962 a major open-pit iron-ore mine began operations near Jedway. A large camp was established on the east side of Harriet Harbour, and a second Jedway post office opened. It closed in 1968 after the ore was depleted. All the buildings at the site were removed. This article was written by - Andrew Scott
The JEDWAY Post Office opened (first opening) - 15 August 1909 and closed - 31 May 1931 - (second opening) - 13 November 1962 - the Post Office permanently closed after business hours on - 28 June 1968. All mail addressed to Jedway, B.C. after the closing date was forwarded to Sandspit, B.C. for delivery.
LINK to a list of the Postmasters who worked at the JEDWAY Post Office (both openings) - recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record...
Pioneer Miner Dies in Queen Charlotte Islands - PRINCE RUPERT, March 28, 1931 - The passing of Ike Thompson, who died at Jedway, Queen Charlotte Islands, removes a pioneer mining man and one who was widely known not only in Western Canada, but also In the Western States. Born in Hants County, Nova Scotia, 61 years ago, Mr. Thompson as a young man went to Colorado. There he engaged in mining and followed this industry in Idaho and Montana, subsequently moving to British Columbia in 1892. He was through the Atlin and Klondike rush and later located In Northern B.C. In recent years he served as mining recorder and postmaster at Jedway. The surviving members of the family are: Mrs. Thompson, a well-known pioneer In the B. C., Yukon and Alaska mining camps; one brother and two sisters in Alberta and one brother at the old home in Nova Scotia. LINK - www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-obituary-for-ike-... and - www.newspapers.com/article/the-vancouver-sun-obituary-for...
LINK to a newspaper article - Ike Thompson's house at Jedway - www.newspapers.com/article/the-province-ike-thompsons-hou...
Ike Thompson
(b. February 1870 in Hant County, Nova Scotia - d. 6 March 1931 at age 61 in Jedway, British Columbia) - he was the Postmaster at Jedway, British Columbia from - 1 May 1917 until his death - 6 March 1931.
His wife - Sarah R. M. (nee ?) Thompson
(b. January 1872 in Ontario - d. 23 September 1932 at age 58 (60) in Prince Rupert, British Columbia) - LINK to her newspaper obituary - www.newspapers.com/article/the-province/125093302/ and - www.newspapers.com/article/the-province/125093373/
- sent from - / JEDWAY / PM / 11 V / 64 / B.C. / - cds cancel (RF D).
- sent by registered Special Delivery - / R / JEDWAY, B.C. / No. (168) / - registered boxed marking in black ink.
- arrived at - / VANCOUVER / 8 / 13 V / 64 / B.C. / - cds arrival backstamp
- sent by - Mr. and Mrs. C. Flanagan / Jedway, Q. C. Is. / B.C.
Calvin James Michael Flanagan
His wife - Sharon Gail (nee Miller) Flanagan
Addressed to: Liquor Control Board of BC / 230 East Hastings Street / Vancouver, BC
... providing a little context to my recent ice abstract images. This was morning light breaking just before 8am when I arrived down at the shoreline to begin shooting.
Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in Kinver, South Staffordshire.
It links the River Severn at Stourport in Worcestershire with the Trent and Mersey Canal in Great Haywood.
James Brindley was the chief engineer of the canal, which was part of his "Grand Cross" plan for waterways connecting the major ports at Hull (via the Trent), Liverpool (via the Mersey), Bristol (via the Severn) and London (via the Thames).
The Act of Parliament authorising the canal was passed on 14 May 1766. This created "The Company of Proprietors of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Navigation", which was empowered to raise an initial £70,000 (equivalent to £9,805,998 in 2019).
The canal was completed in 1771 for a cost that exceeded the authorised capital and opened to trade in 1772. It was a commercial success, with trade from the Staffordshire Potteries southwards to Gloucester and Bristol, and trade from the Black Country northwards to the Potteries via the junction with the Birmingham Canal at Aldersley.
The Company obtained a second Act of Parliament on 9 June 1790, authorising it to raise another £12,000 (equivalent to £1,444,462 in 2019), to improve the River Severn immediately below Stourport as far as Diglis, to improve navigation to and from the canal.
Trade declined when the newer Worcester and Birmingham Canal was opened in 1815, providing a more direct route between Birmingham and Bristol. To remain competitive, the company increased the hours when locks could be used, and by 1830 they were available 24 hours a day.
To resolve the situation, the Birmingham Canal Company and the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Company jointly promoted an Act of Parliament to authorise a short canal that would have left the Birmingham Canal at a higher level than the junction, crossed the Staffordshire and Worcestershire by an aqueduct, and then dropped down by a series of locks to join the Birmingham and Liverpool Junction Canal.
Despite the competition, and later competition from the railways, the canal company paid dividends to its shareholders until the end of the 19th century, although profits fell steadily from the 1860s. It remained independent until the Transport Act 1947 nationalised Britain's canals on 1 January 1948. In its latter years, the major trade was in coal from Cannock to a power station at Stourport which closed in 1949.
In 1959 the British Transport Commission planned to close the canal, but it was saved by a volunteer group, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Society.
Information Source:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire_and_Worcestershire_Canal
Seen providing park & ride services in association with an open day at the Toton Rail depot on 30th August 1998 is Nottingham City Transport Volvo Citybus/East Lancs 336 (R336RRA)
Male lions have impressive manes that serve multiple purposes. The mane is a symbol of masculinity and plays a vital role in attracting mates and intimidating potential rivals. It also serves as a defense mechanism during fights, providing protection to the head and neck. The size, color, and length of the mane can vary among individuals, with darker manes being more attractive to females. However, some male lions may have smaller or non-existent manes due to factors such as heat and nutrition.
Mid' 1970s out the back at Newton Rd. with Sifam providing the backdrop.
Half a dozen of Devon General's Roe bodied Atlanteans sit on the grassy knoll awaiting their fate following their delicensing due to structural faults discovered at recertification time.
I didn't take this but cross-referencing with shots that I did take in the late '70s / early '80s I can confirm that they are, right to left, 903, 908, 910, 902, ??? & 909.
The registration plates are legible on the nearest two and I can be certain of the other three due to the positioning of adverts when compared to my own shots of the vehicles concerned.
What I can say is that the mystery vehicle could be one that was returned to the road prior to 1979 or it could be 917. I don't have a frontal shot of 917 to compare, unfortunately.
908 was returned to the road. The ones that didn't ever return to service were 895, 902, 903, 910, 914, 917 and 922.
A couple of Laurel Trees providing shade for very smart cattle. Fanal Forest on the island of Madeira. We arrived early morning expecting, well actually wanting fog, but ended up with gloriously hot sunshine. Taken 01/06/2024
Season 5 at SWFEC has started out with so many questions - and we don’t even have an eaglet yet! First question - will the eagles build another nest on the same tree or will they build elsewhere? Shouldn’t someone help them start the nest building in the tree by providing some stabilizing boards? Well, as we have seen - they did rebuild; in the same tree; in the same area of the tree; and they didn’t even need our help.
The next question - will Harriet lay the first egg in December like she did last year? Or will she go back to her previous laying times in November? We found out - November it is!
And now - egg # 1. We all watched as she laid the first egg of Season 5 on November 22, 2016 and celebrated with M15 and Harriet. But the following day M15 was observed covering the egg which has invited numerous questions.
Third question - Why did he cover it? At the time he seemed to be on alert and left the exposed egg for a short time; only to return with a clump of straw which he proceeded to use to cover the egg. He then laid down on the egg # 1 and began incubating. Harriet returned later and uncovered the egg and proceeded to incubate at that time. Over the next two days the egg was partially covered and also covered so well it wasn’t seen. After egg # 2 arrived on November 25, egg # 1 was again seen in the nest bowl/bole, but still covered. On November 28th egg # 1 was uncovered completely and has been incubated along with egg # 2 since then.
So what might happen with this egg? Was it covered to protect it? Was it covered because it was in some way compromised and M15 knew? Or was it covered and kept warm enough while incubation was delayed until the clutch was completed? Eagles delay incubation in order for the eggs in their clutch to hatch closer together. During the delayed incubation the egg will often remain uncovered, especially if the ambient temperature is warm. Delaying incubation means delaying the developing embryo - the adults won’t be seen rolling the egg as often as when the clutch is complete.
We have seen egg # 1 a number of times and have not been able to tell if the egg has been compromised in some way (meaning cracked). IF the egg is cracked the embryo will not survive. But IF the egg is intact and was kept at a safe temperature - the egg could hatch. The adults may have just kept the egg covered while delaying incubation.
However, eagles have been known to incubate non-viable eggs throughout the entire incubation period until past the time when the egg should have hatched. Eggs that don’t hatch are usually pushed to the side of the nest, buried or removed from the nest by the adults. If the egg is cracked it may become crushed from nest traffic and eventually become part of the nest. Eagles have also been known to eat eggs that are broken (good calcium).
There has been some speculation that three eggs were laid this season and egg # 1 is buried deep in the nest and the two eggs seen on the camera are actually eggs 2 and 3. There has not been a 3rd egg seen in the nest and what we think is egg # 1 does appear to have some of the same markings as the first egg had. Harriet was also observed uncovering egg # 1 to join egg # 2. It is possible it was ‘cleaned’ up a bit from its time being covered by the grasses/straw. A few viewers have thought they saw cracks/hole in the egg, but so far we haven’t seen any view of the egg where we can be sure of what we are seeing. For now we can only wait and see what the future will bring in regard to whether or not one or both eggs hatch.
The following information from Ornithology 3rd Edition by Frank B. Gill may interest some of our viewers: The first priority of incubation is to keep the eggs close to the optimum temperature for development - this is, from 37° to 38°C. (98.6° - 100.4° F). Internal egg temperatures are low at first, but they increase steadily owing both to parental incubation and to heat generated internally by the growing embryo’s own metabolism. Serious problems result if the embryo is exposed to temperatures outside of the range of 35° to 40.5°C (95° to 104.9°F). Exposure to higher temperatures is lethal, and even a short exposure to lower temperatures between 26° and 35°C (78.8° to 95°F) can disrupt normal development. Below 26°C (78.8°F), the development of young embryos simply stops. For these reasons, frequent or continuous warming is necessary unless ambient air temperatures are very high. Incubating parents keep the internal temperatures of their eggs remarkably stable, despite the conflicts that incubation behavior itself presents. The natural incubation rhythm of a species is geared directly to the maintenance of critical egg temperatures. At lower air temperatures, sessions on the egg are longer and recesses for food and drink are shorter.
STYX - Full Band - Deck Stage Show - Day Two - 7:15 PM
(left-double-click for a closer-look - screen in screen in screen!)
Styx is an American rock band from Chicago that formed in
1972 and is best known for melding hard rock guitar balanced
with acoustic guitar, synthesizers mixed with acoustic piano,
upbeat tracks with power ballads, and incorporating elements
of international musical theatre. - (three Incredible Shows!)
(RLC IX - 2022) - STYX
www.youtube.com/watch?v=phERXtG8T10 (fooling yourself)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZesLFPBHCSI (rockin' the paradise)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GY4FQD5YSM (blue collar man)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLD9xndZ-LE (come sail away)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1O1FV0xHQVs (Renegade)
Rock Legends Cruise IX ~ Feb. 14th - 18th, 2022
Independence of the Seas ~ Royal Caribbean Line
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Independence_of_the_Seas
Port Canaveral - Nassau - Port Canaveral (Five Days)
20 Bands! ~ Five Day Party ~ three stages ~ 60 Shows!
Concerts all day-and-night from 10AM to 2:00AM
*Rock Legends VII - (Feb 2019) - Cruise Video Montage
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pIMWuGq2WI&feature=youtu.be&...
2022 Bands: (5 other bands canceled with Covid symptoms)
Deep Purple - STYX - Don Mclean - Don Felder - Pat Travers
Blue Oyster Cult - Little Feat - Foghat - Warrant - Lita Ford
Pure Prairie League - Jefferson Starship - Anthony Gomes
The Fabulous Thunderbirds - George Lynch - Eric Gales
Gary Hoey - Two Wolf - Vanessa Collier - Preacher Stone
*Rock Legends VIII (Feb 2020) - Video Shows Sampler
www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9Nw7CqZ4VE
*ALL proceeds from ALL the Rock Legends Cruises go to NAHA :
Native American Heritage Association, a non-profit organization
dedicated to fighting hunger and providing basic life necessities
to families living on Reservations in South Dakota, U.S.A.
Saddle Tor
Dartmoor is a moor in southern Devon, England. Protected by National Park status as Dartmoor National Park, it covers 954 km2 (368 sq mi).
The granite which forms the uplands dates from the Carboniferous Period of geological history. The moorland is capped with many exposed granite hilltops known as tors, providing habitats for Dartmoor wildlife. The highest point is High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft) above sea level. The entire area is rich in antiquities and archaeology.
Dartmoor is managed by the Dartmoor National Park Authority, whose 22 members are drawn from Devon County Council, local district councils and Government.
Parts of Dartmoor have been used as military firing ranges for over 200 years. The public is granted extensive land access rights on Dartmoor (including restricted access to the firing ranges) and it is a popular tourist destination.
Dartmoor includes the largest area of granite in Britain, with about 625 km2 (241 sq mi) at the surface, though most of it is under superficial peat deposits. The granite (or more specifically adamellite) was intruded at depth as a pluton into the surrounding sedimentary rocks during the Carboniferous period, probably about 309 million years ago. It is generally accepted that the present surface is not far below the original top of the pluton; evidence for this includes partly digested shale xenoliths, contamination of the granite and the existence of two patches of altered sedimentary rock on top of the granite. A considerable gravity anomaly is associated with the Dartmoor pluton as with other such plutons. Measurement of the anomaly has helped to determine the likely shape and extent of the rock mass at depth.
Dartmoor is known for its tors – hills topped with outcrops of bedrock, which in granite country such as this are usually rounded boulder-like formations. More than 160 of the hills of Dartmoor have the word tor in their name but quite a number do not. However this does not appear to relate to whether or not there is an outcrop of rock on their summit. The tors are the focus of an annual event known as the Ten Tors Challenge, when around 2400 people aged between 14 and 19 walk for distances of 56, 72 or 88 km (35, 45 or 55 mi) between ten tors on many differing routes.
The highest points on Dartmoor are on the northern moor: High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft), and Yes Tor, 619 m (2,031 ft). The highest points on the southern moor are Ryder's Hill, 515 m (1,690 ft), Snowdon 495 m (1,624 ft), and an unnamed point, 493 m (1,617 ft) at between Langcombe Hill and Shell Top. The best-known tor on Dartmoor is Haytor (called Hey Tor by William Crossing), 457 m (1,499 ft).
Dartmoor is known for its myths and legends. It is reputedly the haunt of pixies, a headless horseman, a mysterious pack of "spectral hounds", and a large black dog, among others. During the Great Thunderstorm of 1638, the moorland village of Widecombe-in-the-Moor was even said to have been visited by the Devil.
Many landmarks have ancient legends and ghost stories associated with them, such as the allegedly haunted Jay's Grave, the ancient burial site of Childe's Tomb, the rock pile called Bowerman's Nose, and the stone crosses that mark former mediaeval routes across the moor.
A few stories have emerged in recent decades, such as the "hairy hands", that are said to attack motorists on the B3212 near Two Bridges; and the "Beast of Dartmoor", a supposed big cat.
Dartmoor has inspired a number of artists and writers, such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in The Hound of the Baskervilles and The Adventure of Silver Blaze, R. D. Blackmore, Eden Phillpotts, Beatrice Chase, Agatha Christie, Rosamunde Pilcher, and the Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fictional 1994 Quidditch World Cup final between Ireland and Bulgaria was hosted on the moor.
(Wikipedia)
Dartmoor [ˈdɑːtmʊə(r)/-mɔː(r)] ist eine Hügellandschaft auf einem etwa 954 km² großen Granitmassiv in der englischen Grafschaft Devon, dessen vornehmlich Moor und Heide tragenden Verebnungsflächen von einer Vielzahl sogenannter Tors (flache Wiesenhügel mit Granitfelsbildungen bis zu 10 Metern Höhe) überragt werden, die teilweise bis auf über 600 Meter ansteigen. Im Dartmoor-Gebiet finden sich zahlreiche Reste bronzezeitlicher Wohnstätten, Feldsysteme und Steinkreise. Charakteristisch sind außerdem die so genannten Clapper bridges aus dünnen Granitplatten.
Dreißig Prozent des Gemeindelandes ist baumloses Moor in Höhen über 366 Meter, dessen dicke Torfschicht fähig ist, große Wassermengen zu speichern. In einigen Gebieten wird die Heidelandschaft durch regelmäßiges Abbrennen erhalten. Naturliebhaber interessiert das Dartmoor vor allem als südlichst gelegener Nationalpark mit feuchtem, aber mildem Klima. Hinzu kommen einige attraktive Waldgebiete, zum Beispiel das Yarner Wood National Nature Reserve oder das Gebiet der Becky Falls mit einem hübschen Wasserfall. Drei dieser Wälder stammen wahrscheinlich noch aus der Zeit, als das ganze Areal zum königlichen Jagdgebiet gehörte. Einer davon könnte Wistman's Wood sein. Er liegt nördlich von Two Bridges und ist wegen seines seltsam verkrüppelten Bewuchses touristische Attraktion seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert. Bemerkenswert ist außerdem die reiche Flora mit Farnen und Flechten.
Im Parkgebiet gibt es eine große Auswahl an malerischen Flussläufen und imposanten Wasserfällen. Das Wasser des zum National Trust gehörenden Lydford Gorge zwängt sich zum Beispiel durch einen schmalen Spalt und wirbelt von da hinab in The Devil's Cauldron. Bemerkenswert ist auch der am Westrand des Parks befindliche Wasserfall The White Lady, ein 30 Meter hoher Vorhang aus weißem Wasserschaum. Im Dartmoor-Gebiet gibt es nur wenige Wiesen- und Weideflächen mit einer im Frühling blühenden Flora. In den Monaten August und September färben gelber Ginster und violettes Heidekraut die Landschaft.
Für Wanderer, vor allem für solche, die sich auf das Lesen von Karten verstehen, sind die Möglichkeiten immens. Die vom Park-Ranger-Service betreuten Wege addieren sich zu einer Gesamtlänge von 740 Kilometer. Außerdem ist auch das Moorland selbst der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich.
Die karge Moorlandschaft von Dartmoor beflügelte immer wieder in besonderer Weise die Phantasie von Schriftstellern. Der Dichter N. T. Carrington aus Plymouth schrieb 1826 das Poem Dartmoor, das in dem Jahr um ein Haar den Preis der Royal Society of Literature gewonnen hätte, wäre es nicht verspätet eingereicht worden. König Georg IV. war so angetan von dem Werk, dass er dem Poeten 50 Guineas anweisen ließ.
Eine schöne Beschreibung der Region gab R. D. Blackmore 1881 in einer seiner weniger bekannten Novellen, Christowell, a Dartmoor Tale.
Überaus populär geworden ist der 1898 begonnene, die ganze Region einschließende Romanzyklus von Eden Phillpotts.
Am effektvollsten setzte wahrscheinlich Sir Arthur Conan Doyle die Kargheit und die oft mystische Stimmung der Dartmoor-Landschaft in seinem Detektiv-Thriller Der Hund von Baskerville ins Bild. Dartmoor ist außerdem der Ort der Handlung in der ebenfalls aus seiner Feder stammenden Kurzgeschichte Silver Blaze, die sich um Sherlock Holmes und Dr. Watson dreht.
Sabine Baring-Gould durchstreifte, seinem ausgeprägten Hang zum Übersinnlichen folgend, in jungen Jahren allein die karge Dartmoorlandschaft.
Im Zuge der Edgar-Wallace-Filme der 1960er Jahre entstand 1964 der deutsche Kriminalfilm Das Wirtshaus von Dartmoor nach dem Roman von Victor Gunn (eigentlich Edwy Searles Brooks; 1889–1965). Die „Dartmoor-Aufnahmen“ des Films entstanden allerdings in West-Berlin.
Das Geheimnis von Sittaford von Agatha Christie (im original The Murder at Hazelmoor, 1931) handelt in einem fiktiven Ort Sittaford am Rande des Dartmoors.
Der Band Fünf Freunde im Nebel der populären Jugendbuchautorin Enid Blyton spielt ebenfalls im Dartmoor. Eine große Rolle spielen dabei die verlassene Eisenbahn und die immer noch vorhandenen Schienenwege. Auch Fünf Freunde und das Monster im Moor spielt im Dartmoor; in dieser Folge wird auf das im Dartmoor populäre Letterboxing eingegangen.
Der vierte Roman der David-Hunter-Reihe von Simon Beckett, Verwesung, spielt teilweise im Dartmoor.
Auch der Roman Im Schatten des Dartmoor von Jenny-Aline Veitinger hat diese Gegend zum Schauplatz.
(Wikipedia)
Olympus XA, Zuiko 35mm, f2,8, Kodak T-max 100, (50) Spur Acurol N, 20 Celsius degrees, 10 min. 30 sec.
Pembroke Castle (Welsh: Castell Penfro) is a medieval castle in the centre of Pembroke, Pembrokeshire in Wales. The castle was the original family seat of the Earldom of Pembroke. A Grade I listed building since 1951, it underwent major restoration during the early 20th century.
In 1093, Arnulf of Montgomery built the first castle at the site when he fortified the promontory beside the Pembroke River during the Norman invasion of Wales. A century later, the castle was given by Richard I to William Marshal, who became one of the most powerful men in 12th-century Britain. He rebuilt Pembroke Castle in stone, creating most of the structure that remains today. The castle is open to the public and is the largest privately owned castle in Wales.
The castle is sited on a strategic rocky promontory by the Milford Haven Waterway. The first fortification on the site was a Norman motte-and-bailey. It had earthen ramparts and a timber palisade.
In 1189, Pembroke Castle was acquired by William Marshal. He soon became Lord Marshal of England, and set about turning the earth and wood fort into an impressive Norman stone castle. The inner ward, which was constructed first, contains the huge round keep with its domed roof. Its original first-floor entrance was through an external stairwell. Inside, a spiral staircase connected its four stories. The keep's domed roof also has several putlog holes that supported a wooden fighting-platform. If the castle was attacked, the hoarding allowed defenders to go out beyond the keep's massive walls above the heads of the attackers.
The inner ward's curtain wall had a large horseshoe-shaped gateway. But only a thin wall was required along the promontory. This section of the wall has a small observation turret and a square stone platform. Domestic buildings including William Marshal's Great Hall and private apartments were within the inner ward. The 13th century keep is 23 metres (75 ft) tall with walls up to 6 metres (20 ft) thick at its base.
In the late 13th century, additional buildings were added to the inner ward, including a new Great Hall. A 55-step spiral staircase was also created that led down to a large limestone cave, known as Wogan Cavern, beneath the castle. The cave, which was created by natural water erosion, was fortified with a wall, a barred gateway and arrowslits. It may have served as a boathouse or a sallyport to the river where cargo or people could have been transferred.
The outer ward was defended by a large twin-towered gatehouse, a barbican and several round towers. The outer wall is 5 metres (16 ft) thick in places and constructed from Siltstone ashlar.
Although Pembroke Castle is a Norman-style enclosure castle with great keep, it can be more accurately described as a linear fortification because, like the later 13th-century castles at Caernarfon and Conwy, it was built on a rocky promontory surrounded by water. This meant that attacking forces could only assault on a narrow front. Architecturally, Pembroke's thickest walls and towers are all concentrated on its landward side facing the town, with Pembroke River providing a natural defense around the rest of its perimeter.
Pembroke Castle stands on a site that has been occupied at least since the Roman period. Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury founded the first castle here in the 11th century. Although only made from earth and wood, Pembroke Castle resisted several Welsh attacks and sieges over the next 30 years. The castle was established at the heart of the Norman-controlled lands of southwest Wales. Arnulf de Montgomery appointed Gerald de Windsor as his castellan at Pembroke.
When William Rufus died, Arnulf de Montgomery joined his elder brother, Robert of Bellême, in rebellion against Henry I, William's brother and successor as king; when the rebellion failed, he was forced to forfeit all his British lands and titles. Henry appointed his castellan, but when the chosen ally turned out to be incompetent, the King reappointed Gerald in 1102. By 1138 King Stephen had given Pembroke Castle to Gilbert de Clare who used it as an important base in the Norman invasion of Ireland.
In August 1189 Richard I arranged the marriage of Isabel, de Clare's granddaughter, to William Marshal who received both the castle and the title, Earl of Pembroke. He had the castle rebuilt in stone and established the great keep at the same time. Marshal was succeeded in turn by each of his five sons. His third son, Gilbert Marshal, was responsible for enlarging and further strengthening the castle between 1234 and 1241. All of Marshal's sons died childless. In 1247, the castle was inherited by William de Valence (a half-brother of Henry III), who had become Earl of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi, William Marshal's granddaughter.
The de Valence family held Pembroke for 70 years. During this time, the town was fortified with defensive walls, three main gates and a postern. Pembroke Castle became de Valence's military base for fighting the Welsh princes during the conquest of North Wales by Edward I between 1277 and 1295. On the death of Aymer de Valence, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, William de Valence's son, the castle passed through marriage to the Hastings family. In 1389, 17-year-old John Hastings died in a jousting accident, ending a line of inheritance stretching back 250 years.
Pembroke Castle then reverted to Richard II. Short tenancies were then granted by The Crown for its ownership. By 1400 Owain Glyndŵr had begun a rebellion in Wales. However, Pembroke escaped attack because the castle's Constable, Francis а Court, paid off Glyndŵr in gold. Then in 1452, the castle and the earldom were presented to Jasper Tudor by his half-brother Henry VI. Tudor brought his widowed sister-in-law, Margaret Beaufort, to Pembroke where, in 1457, she gave birth to her only child, who was to become King Henry VII of England.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, the castle was a place of peace until the outbreak of the English Civil War. Although most of South Wales sided with the King, Pembroke declared for Parliament. It was besieged by Royalist troops but was saved after Parliamentary reinforcements arrived by sea from nearby Milford Haven. Parliamentary forces then went on to capture the Royalist castles of Tenby, Haverfordwest and Carew.
In 1648, at the beginning of the Second Civil War, Pembroke's commander Colonel John Poyer led a Royalist uprising alongside Colonel Powell, Tenby Castle, and Sir Nicholas Kemoys, Chepstow Castle. Oliver Cromwell came to Pembroke on 24 May 1648 and took the castle after a seven-week siege. Its three leaders were found guilty of treason and Cromwell ordered the castle to be destroyed. Townspeople were even encouraged to disassemble the fortress and re-use its stone for their purposes.
The castle was then abandoned and allowed to decay. It remained in ruins until 1880, when a three-year restoration project was undertaken. Nothing further was done until 1928, when Major-General Sir Ivor Philipps acquired the castle and began an extensive restoration of the castle's walls, gatehouses, and towers. After his death, a trust was set up for the castle, jointly managed by the Philipps family and Pembroke town council.
In July 2022, archaeological survey funded by the Natural History Museum and the British Cave Research Society uncovered evidence of prehistoric megafauna such as reindeer and woolly mammoth bones, in addition to seashells, pigs and deer at Wogan Cavern. According to the researchers, the cave was occupied by residents as far back as the Paleolithic and Mesolithic Periods.
Pembroke has appeared in numerous feature films. These include the 1968 film The Lion in Winter, the 1976 film Jabberwocky, the BBC adaptation of C.S. Lewis's Prince Caspian, the film of Shakespeare's Richard II, and the 2016 Anglo-American romantic film Me Before You. It features as the fictional Penleven Castle in Cornwall in the 2015 comedy film The Bad Education Movie.
The Castle Pond has only been a ‘pond’ since the barrage was built in the late 1970s. To the west of the barrage wading birds can be seen feeding in the mud sediments, and redshank, curlew, common sandpiper, little egret and kingfisher are frequently seen from the barrage. It is a delight during the summer when the weather is warm to stand and watch dozens of swallows swooping to feed low over the water, martins flashing past you on the wing, and swifts screaming as they slice through the sky above hunting food.
Pembroke River is a short waterway near Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, West Wales.
Rising at Hogeston Hill, near Manorbier Newton, the river meanders through Lamphey and flows past Pembroke Castle to its confluence with Milford Haven Waterway at Pennar Mouth.
When the river reaches the town of Pembroke, there are three pools, the first of which is Mill Pond, then downstream is Middle Mill Pond, followed by Castle Pond below the castle. The river is navigable to small craft from Pennar to Mill Pond, but is normally closed at Castle Pond. A rally is held once a year to allow small craft into Castle Pond, and since 1994 an annual canoe race has been held in the river.
Pennarmouth is the opening of that branch of the Haven upon which Pembroke town lies, where the Custom house of Milford is kept. The entrance or breadth between rock and rock, is but 200 yards at-high water, and 112 yards at low water, and from nine to twelve feet deep. The navigation up this river to Pembroke town is much impeded by the rubbish of the lime-stone quarries being thrown into the river, which ought to be prevented, or the place, in process of time, will be stopped up. Within Pennarmouth a dock might be made which would contain all the vessels in England, and which would be, perhaps, the greatest thing in the world of that kind.
A dockyard was built soon afterwards, not on the Pembroke River, but on the River Cleddau just to the north, which became Pembroke Dockyard, developing into the town of Pembroke Dock. Writing in 1810, Richard Fenton notes that there is a Pembroke Ferry, although he does not name the river, which may have been across the Cleddau. The River Pembroke, though, was clearly still an important waterway, as Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of 1833 describes:
The town is beautifully situated on an elevated ridge projecting into the head of the Pennar Mouth Pill, forming the largest southern creek of Milford Haven, and which it divides into two branches, by which, at high water, it is nearly insulated and over each of which is a neat bridge of stone...the inhabitants consisting of persons of small independent fortune, shop keepers, publicans, and a few whose business is at the dock.
Lewis also refers to the river as "a branch of Milford Harbour (which) terminates at the town". Further, it says:
The entrance from Milford Haven to the creek at the head of which the town of Pembroke is situated, at low water, is little more than a hundred yards wide, and from nine to twelve feet deep; but proceeding upwards it immediately expands into a wide oozy reach, called Crow Pool, containing an abundance of excellent oysters.
In February 1889 the river was the scene of a tragedy when the Bentlass ferry boat capsized and sank, drowning all 16 passengers and crew.
Pembroke is a town and community in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with a population of 7,552. The names of both the town and the county (of which the county town is Haverfordwest) have a common origin; both are derived from the Cantref of Penfro: Pen, "head" or "end", and bro, "region", "country", "land", which has been interpreted to mean either "Land's End" or "headland".
Pembroke features a number of historic buildings, town walls, complexes and Pembroke Castle which was the birthplace of Henry Tudor, who became Henry VII of England.
Pembroke Castle, the substantial remains of a stone medieval fortress founded by the Normans in 1093, stands at the western tip of a peninsula surrounded by water on three sides. The castle was the seat of the powerful Earls of Pembroke and the birthplace of King Henry VII of England. Gerald de Windsor was the first recorded Constable of Pembroke. Pembroke town and castle and its surroundings are linked with the early Christian church. Following the final extension of the castle about 1254 the town was extended and defensive perimeter walls erected around the edge of the town. The walls survive on their medieval foundations, although much rebuilt over the centuries. A great many of the town's original medieval burgage plots survive and are divided by early stone walls that are of significant national importance.
Monkton Priory, sited on a hill across the river from the castle, founded in 1098 by Arnulf de Montgomery and granted by him to the Benedictine order, has very early foundations and retains much of the Norman walls of the nave. The choir and sanctuary were renovated in the nineteenth century. Monkton Hall, close by the Priory church, is regarded as the oldest domestic building in Pembrokeshire and possibly Wales and is thought to have been the guesthouse for visitors to the Priory.
The first stone building in the town was a defensive tower, now known as the Medieval Chapel, at 69a Main Street and built on a cliff edge. There are the remains of a great hall to the north and recently filled-in arched cellars. The building was thought to have been later used as an early church as the layout is the same as St. Govan's Chapel and was used by John Wesley in 1764 to preach Methodism. In 1866 it became the brewery for the York Tavern which was briefly Oliver Cromwell's headquarters at the end of the Siege of Pembroke during the English Civil War.
The town's main bridge across the River Pembroke, which also acts as a dam, crosses and constrains the millpond. The first bridge was constructed to house a tide mill, originally granted to the Knight's Templar in 1199. The last mill building was destroyed by fire in 1956.
On both banks of the Pembroke River to the west of the castle are many remains of early activities. The North Shore Quarries are relatively complete as are the remains of medieval and Elizabethan slipways where wooden vessels were built before the industrial dockyard and admiralty town was built on the grid pattern of Pembroke Dock. There is a very early complete graving dock in what was Hancock's Yard.
During the English Civil War, the strategic maritime shire was primarily in the control of the parliamentary forces which aspired to prevent communication to Ireland.
At Pennar Flats there was an early submarine base used for experiments in submarine warfare. Three of the houses on the then foreshore, part of the shipyard before the Admiralty Dock Yard was built, are still standing but are heavily altered.[citation needed]
The ferry port of Pembroke Dock is 3 miles (4.8 km) to the northwest of Pembroke. It was established in 1814.
Pembroke town stands on the South Pembrokeshire limestone peninsula by the estuary of the River Cleddau, flanked on all sides by woodland and arable farmland. The town is 8 miles (13 km) south of the county town of Haverfordwest.
The town is centred on Main Street, which is the only street that is inside the original Pembroke town walls. Outside the walls, residential estates have been built to the north towards Pembroke Dock, to the east towards Lamphey, and to the south. To the west of the town lies the village of Monkton, which is included as part of the community of Pembroke. At the 2001 census, the community had a population of 7,214.
The conurbation of Pembroke Dock and Pembroke has a combined population of 15,890 and as such is one of the major population centres of West Wales.
There are two tiers of local government covering Pembroke, at community (town) and county level: Pembroke Town Council and Pembrokeshire County Council. Pembroke Town Council is based at Pembroke Town Hall. The community of Pembroke covers an area of 4.58 square miles (1,190 ha) and includes the Pembroke St Mary North, St Mary South, St Michael and Monkton wards.
For representation on the county council, the four wards comprising Pembroke community each elect one councillor.
Pembroke is part of the Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire Senedd constituency and UK Parliamentary constituency.
The local Member of Parliament (MP) is Simon Hart, a Conservative.
Pembroke was an ancient borough, with evidence of borough charters dating back to at least 1168. The borough covered the two parishes of Pembroke St Mary and Pembroke St Michael plus part of the parish of Monkton (also known as Pembroke St Nicholas). The borough was reformed to become a municipal borough in 1836. The borough included a sizeable rural area within its boundaries as well as the built up area of Pembroke itself. The town of Pembroke Dock, which developed from the early nineteenth century as a separate urban area was nevertheless within the borough boundaries of Pembroke, falling within the parish of Pembroke St Mary. The part of the parish of Monkton outside the borough boundaries became a separate parish called Hundleton in 1894.
As Pembroke Dock grew through the nineteenth century it began to rival the old town of Pembroke for position as the main settlement within the borough. By 1895 Pembroke Borough Council had adopted the practice of holding its meetings alternately at Pembroke Town Hall and at Pembroke Dock, where the council had established its main administrative offices at 37 Bush Street (renumbered 71 Bush Street in 1906). The council remained based at 71 Bush Street (and later also expanded into neighbouring 73 Bush Street) until the early 1970s when it acquired Llanion Park, part of the Llanion Barracks at Pembroke Dock, to serve as its headquarters.
Pembroke Borough Council was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, with the area becoming part of the new district of South Pembrokeshire within the county of Dyfed on 1 April 1974. A community was established to cover the area of the former borough, with its council taking the name Pembroke Town Council. South Pembrokeshire District Council took over Llanion Park at Pembroke Dock to serve as its headquarters.
On 1 April 1986 the community of Pembroke was split into a Pembroke Dock community and a reduced Pembroke community, with Pembroke Town Council thereafter just covering the old town of Pembroke itself.
South Pembrokeshire was abolished in 1996, with the area becoming part of a re-established Pembrokeshire.
Primary and pre-school (ages 3–11) education in Pembroke is served by two state schools. In Pembroke town, Golden Grove CP School is a dual stream school established in 2002 following the amalgamation of Golden Manor Infants School and Grove Junior School. In Monkton, pupils can attend Monkton Priory CP School.
Secondary education is provided by Pembroke School (in Welsh: Ysgol Benfro), a mixed 11–18 comprehensive school of 1,600 pupils with a sixth form of about 200. The school was formed in 1972 as a result of the amalgamation of the former grammar school and secondary modern school. The school takes pupils from the Pembroke family of schools, which as well as Golden Grove and Monkton Priory includes community primary schools in Lamphey, Orielton, Pennar and Pembroke Dock, voluntary controlled primary schools in Angle, Cosheston and Stackpole, and St. Mary's Catholic Primary School in Pembroke Dock.
Pembroke 21C community association was founded in 2004, and is based out of the Foundry House building on the Commons, which they operate as a community centre. Activities carried out by 21C include organising the annual Pembroke Festival, running the town's fortnightly farmers' market and producing a quarterly newsletter which is distributed to all households in the town. Pembroke Rugby Club organises the town's annual carnival, which is usually held in June. Pembroke Library shares a building with the Tourist Information Centre on Commons Road and offers a full lending service and internet access.
Pembroke has been twinned with the towns of Bergen, Lower Saxony, Germany, since 1977 and Pembroke, Malta, since 2002.
Notable people
King Henry VII (1457–1509), King of England, born in Pembroke Castle.
William Lort Mansel (1753–1820), an English churchman and Cambridge fellow.
Frank Goodden (1889–1917), a pioneering British aviator and test pilot
Mervyn Johns (1899–1992), a Welsh stage, film and TV character actor.
W. F. Grimes CBE (1905–1988), a Welsh archaeologist, studied the prehistory of Wales.
Daniel Jones, OBE (1912–1993), a Welsh composer of classical music.
John Cooke CB, OBE (1922–2011), a British doctor and senior Royal Air force officer.
Peter Bishop (1953–2022), an English painter of mountain landscape of north Wales and an art historian.
Sport
William Bowen (1862–1925), a Welsh international rugby union player, capped 13 times for Wales.
Henry Davies (1865–1934), a Welsh horse racing jockey and first-class cricketer.
W. J. A. Davies OBE (1890–1967), a Welsh rugby union footballer, capped 22 times for England
Reg Thomas (1907–1946), a Welsh middle-distance runner, he competed at the 1928 and 1932 Summer Olympics
David Gwynne-James (1937−2011), a Welsh first-class cricketer, British Army officer and military historian.
Scott Gammer (born 1976), a Welsh former professional boxer, British heavyweight title-holder from 2006 to 2007
Jonathan Thomas (born 1982), a Welsh rugby union coach and former player, capped 67 times for Wales.
Pembroke Rugby Club is on Upper Lamphey Road. The ground is called Crickmarren. The club plays in WRU Division Five West. Pembroke's main game of the season is often the local derby with rivals the Pembroke Dock Harlequins. Pembroke produced Ospreys and Welsh international Jonathan Thomas, Welsh international Dominic Day and Scotland international Luke Hamilton.
Other sporting clubs in the area include the football team Monkton Swifts.
The town is home to Pembroke Cricket Club. The cricket club plays its home games at its Treleet ground on Upper Lamphey Road, opposite the rugby club. The club currently has a 1st and a 2nd team playing in divisions 2 and 4 of the Pembrokeshire league. The club colours are green and gold.
In February 2012, it was revealed that Pembroke was the UK's second-slowest broadband town. The average internet download speed in Pembroke was just over 1.6 Mbit/s (1600 kbit/s) compared to the UK average of 12.0 Mbit/s (12000 kbit/s) at the time.
BT's telephone exchange, which serves Pembroke and Pembroke Dock, was upgraded in 2014 under the Superfast Cymru programme and new cabinets were built to provide FTTC technology. Additional exchanges across Pembrokeshire are also being upgraded under the programme, with a goal of bringing superfast broadband to 96% of Wales by spring 2016.
Pembrokeshire is a county in the south-west of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and is otherwise surrounded by the sea. Haverfordwest is the largest town and administrative headquarters of Pembrokeshire County Council.
The county is generally sparsely populated and rural, with an area of 200 square miles (520 km2) and a population of 123,400. After Haverfordwest, the largest settlements are Milford Haven (13,907), Pembroke Dock (9,753), and Pembroke (7,552). St Davids (1,841) is a city, the smallest by population in the UK. Welsh is spoken by 17.2 percent of the population, and for historic reasons is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south.
Pembrokeshire's coast is its most dramatic geographic feature, created by the complex geology of the area. It is a varied landscape which includes high sea cliffs, wide sandy beaches, the large natural harbour of Milford Haven, and several offshore islands which are home to seabird colonies. Most of it is protected by Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, and can be hiked on the 190-mile (310 km) Pembrokeshire Coast Path. The interior of Pembrokeshire is relatively flat and gently undulating, with the exception of the Preseli Mountains in the north.
There are many prehistoric sites in Pembrokeshire, particularly in the Preseli Mountains. During the Middle Ages several castles were built by the Normans, such as Pembroke and Cilgerran, and St David's Cathedral became an important pilgrimage site. During the Industrial Revolution the county remained relatively rural, with the exception of Milford Haven, which was developed as a port and Royal Navy dockyard. It is now the UK's third-largest port, primarily because of its two liquefied natural gas terminals. The economy of the county is now focused on agriculture, oil and gas, and tourism.
Human habitation of the region that is now Pembrokeshire extends back to between 125,000 and 70,000 years and there are numerous prehistoric sites such as Pentre Ifan, and neolithic remains (12,000 to 6,500 years ago), more of which were revealed in an aerial survey during the 2018 heatwave; in the same year, a 1st-century Celtic chariot burial was discovered, the first such find in Wales. There may have been dairy farming in Neolithic times.
There is little evidence of Roman occupation in what is now Pembrokeshire. Ptolemy's Geography, written c. 150, mentioned some coastal places, two of which have been identified as the River Teifi and what is now St Davids Head, but most Roman writers did not mention the area; there may have been a Roman settlement near St Davids and a road from Bath, but this comes from a 14th-century writer. Any evidence for villas or Roman building materials reported by mediaeval or later writers has not been verified, though some remains near Dale were tentatively identified as Roman in character by topographer Richard Fenton in his Historical Tour of 1810. Fenton stated that he had "...reason to be of opinion that they had not colonized Pembrokeshire till near the decline of their empire in Britain".
Part of a possible Roman road is noted by CADW near Llanddewi Velfrey, and another near Wiston. Wiston is also the location of the first Roman fort discovered in Pembrokeshire, investigated in 2013.
Some artefacts, including coins and weapons, have been found, but it is not clear whether these belonged to Romans or to a Romanised population. Welsh tradition has it that Magnus Maximus founded Haverfordwest, and took a large force of local men on campaign in Gaul in 383 which, together with the reduction of Roman forces in south Wales, left a defensive vacuum which was filled by incomers from Ireland.
Between 350 and 400, an Irish tribe known as the Déisi settled in the region known to the Romans as Demetae. The Déisi merged with the local Welsh, with the regional name underlying Demetae evolving into Dyfed, which existed as an independent petty kingdom from the 5th century. In 904, Hywel Dda married Elen (died 943), daughter of the king of Dyfed Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, and merged Dyfed with his own maternal inheritance of Seisyllwg, forming the new realm of Deheubarth ("southern district"). Between the Roman and Norman periods, the region was subjected to raids from Vikings, who established settlements and trading posts at Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Caldey Island and elsewhere.
Dyfed remained an integral province of Deheubarth, but this was contested by invading Normans and Flemings who arrived between 1067 and 1111. The region became known as Pembroke (sometimes archaic "Penbroke":), after the Norman castle built in the cantref of Penfro. In 1136, Prince Owain Gwynedd at Crug Mawr near Cardigan met and destroyed a 3,000-strong Norman/Flemish army and incorporated Deheubarth into Gwynedd. Norman/Flemish influence never fully recovered in West Wales. In 1138, the county of Pembrokeshire was named as a county palatine. Rhys ap Gruffydd, the son of Owain Gwynedd's daughter Gwenllian, re-established Welsh control over much of the region and threatened to retake all of Pembrokeshire, but died in 1197. After Deheubarth was split by a dynastic feud, Llywelyn the Great almost succeeded in retaking the region of Pembroke between 1216 and his death in 1240. In 1284 the Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted to introduce the English common law system to Wales, heralding 100 years of peace, but had little effect on those areas already established under the Marcher Lords, such as Cemais in the north of the county.
Henry Tudor, born at Pembroke Castle in 1457, landed an army in Pembrokeshire in 1485 and marched to Cardigan. Rallying support, he continued to Leicestershire and defeated the larger army of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As Henry VII, he became the first monarch of the House of Tudor, which ruled England until 1603.
The Laws in Wales Act 1535 effectively abolished the powers of the Marcher Lords and divided the county into seven hundreds, roughly corresponding to the seven pre-Norman cantrefi of Dyfed. The hundreds were (clockwise from the northeast): Cilgerran, Cemais, Dewisland, Roose, Castlemartin, Narberth and Dungleddy and each was divided into civil parishes; a 1578 map in the British Library is the earliest known to show parishes and chapelries in Pembrokeshire. The Elizabethan era brought renewed prosperity to the county through an opening up of rural industries, including agriculture, mining and fishing, with exports to England and Ireland, though the formerly staple woollen industry had all but disappeared.
During the First English Civil War (1642–1646) the county gave strong support to the Roundheads (Parliamentarians), in contrast to the rest of Wales, which was staunchly Royalist. In spite of this, an incident in Pembrokeshire triggered the opening shots of the Second English Civil War when local units of the New Model Army mutinied. Oliver Cromwell defeated the uprising at the Siege of Pembroke in July 1648. On 13 August 1649, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland began when New Model Army forces sailed from Milford Haven.
In 1720, Emmanuel Bowen described Pembrokeshire as having five market towns, 45 parishes and about 4,329 houses, with an area of 420,000 acres (1,700 km2). In 1791 a petition was presented to the House of Commons concerning the poor state of many of the county's roads, pointing out that repairs could not be made compulsory by the law as it stood. The petition was referred to committee. People applying for poor relief were often put to work mending roads. Workhouses were poorly documented. Under the Poor Laws, costs and provisions were kept to a minimum, but the emphasis was often on helping people to be self-employed. While the Poor Laws provided a significant means of support, there were many charitable and benefit societies. After the Battle of Fishguard, the failed French invasion of 1797, 500 French prisoners were held at Golden Hill Farm, Pembroke. From 1820 to 1878 one of the county's prisons, with a capacity of 86, was in the grounds of Haverfordwest Castle. In 1831, the area of the county was calculated to be 345,600 acres (1,399 km2) with a population of 81,424.
It was not until nearly the end of the 19th century that mains water was provided to rural south Pembrokeshire by means of a reservoir at Rosebush and cast iron water pipes throughout the district.
Throughout much of the 20th century (1911 to 1961) the population density in the county remained stable while it rose in England and Wales as a whole. There was considerable military activity in Pembrokeshire and offshore in the 20th century: a naval base at Milford Haven because German U-boats were active off the coast in World War I and, in World War II, military exercises in the Preseli Mountains and a number of military airfields. The wartime increase in air activity saw a number of aircraft accidents and fatalities, often due to unfamiliarity with the terrain. From 1943 to 1944, 5,000 soldiers from the United States Army's 110th Infantry Regiment were based in the county, preparing for D-Day. Military and industrial targets in the county were subjected to bombing during World War II. After the end of the war, German prisoners of war were accommodated in Pembrokeshire, the largest prison being at Haverfordwest, housing 600. The County of Pembroke War Memorial in Haverfordwest carries the names of 1,200 of those that perished in World War I.
In 1972, a second reservoir for south Pembrokeshire, at Llys y Fran, was completed.
Pembrokeshire's tourism portal is Visit Pembrokeshire, run by Pembrokeshire County Council. In 2015 4.3 million tourists visited the county, staying for an average of 5.24 days, spending £585 million; the tourism industry supported 11,834 jobs. Many of Pembrokeshire's beaches have won awards, including Poppit Sands and Newport Sands. In 2018, Pembrokeshire received the most coast awards in Wales, with 56 Blue Flag, Green Coast or Seaside Awards. In the 2019 Wales Coast Awards, 39 Pembrokeshire beaches were recognised, including 11 awarded Blue Flag status.
The Pembrokeshire coastline is a major draw to tourists; in 2011 National Geographic Traveller magazine voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the second best in the world and in 2015 the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was listed among the top five parks in the world by a travel writer for the Huffington Post. Countryfile Magazine readers voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the top UK holiday destination in 2018, and in 2019 Consumers' Association members placed Tenby and St Davids in the top three best value beach destinations in Britain. With few large urban areas, Pembrokeshire is a "dark sky" destination. The many wrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast attract divers. The decade from 2012 saw significant, increasing numbers of Atlantic bluefin tuna, not seen since the 1960s, and now seen by some as an opportunity to encourage tourist sport fishing.
The county has a number of theme and animal parks (examples are Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo, Manor House Wildlife Park, Blue Lagoon Water Park and Oakwood Theme Park), museums and other visitor attractions including Castell Henllys reconstructed Iron Age fort, Tenby Lifeboat Station and Milford Haven's Torch Theatre. There are 21 marked cycle trails around the county.
Pembrokeshire Destination Management Plan for 2020 to 2025 sets out the scope and priorities to grow tourism in Pembrokeshire by increasing its value by 10 per cent in the five years, and to make Pembrokeshire a top five UK destination.
As the national sport of Wales, rugby union is widely played throughout the county at both town and village level. Haverfordwest RFC, founded in 1875, is a feeder club for Llanelli Scarlets. Village team Crymych RFC in 2014 plays in WRU Division One West. There are numerous football clubs in the county, playing in five leagues with Haverfordwest County A.F.C. competing in the Cymru Premier.
Triathlon event Ironman Wales has been held in Pembrokeshire since 2011, contributing £3.7 million to the local economy, and the county committed in 2017 to host the event for a further five years. Ras Beca, a mixed road, fell and cross country race attracting UK-wide competitors, has been held in the Preselis annually since 1977. The record of 32 minutes 5 seconds has stood since 1995. Pembrokeshire Harriers athletics club was formed in 2001 by the amalgamation of Cleddau Athletic Club (established 1970) and Preseli Harriers (1989) and is based in Haverfordwest.
The annual Tour of Pembrokeshire road-cycling event takes place over routes of optional length. The 4th Tour, in April 2015, attracted 1,600 riders including Olympic gold medallist Chris Boardman and there were 1,500 entrants to the 2016 event. Part of Route 47 of the Celtic Trail cycle route is in Pembrokeshire. The Llys y Fran Hillclimb is an annual event run by Swansea Motor Club, and there are several other county motoring events held each year.
Abereiddy's Blue Lagoon was the venue for a round of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series in 2012, 2013, and 2016; the Welsh Surfing Federation has held the Welsh National Surfing Championships at Freshwater West for several years, and Llys y Fran Country Park hosted the Welsh Dragonboat Championships from 2014 to 2017.
While not at major league level, cricket is played throughout the county and many villages such as Lamphey, Creselly, Llangwm, Llechryd and Crymych field teams in minor leagues under the umbrella of the Cricket Board of Wales.
Notable people
From mediaeval times, Rhys ap Gruffydd (c. 1132-1197), ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth, was buried in St Davids Cathedral. and Gerald of Wales was born c. 1146 at Manorbier Castle. Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) was born in 1457 at Pembroke Castle.
The pirate Bartholomew Roberts (Black Bart) (Welsh: Barti Ddu) was born in Casnewydd Bach, between Fishguard and Haverfordwest in 1682.
In later military history, Jemima Nicholas, heroine of the so-called "last invasion of Britain" in 1797, was from Fishguard, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton GCB, born in Haverfordwest, was killed at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and Private Thomas Collins is believed to be the only Pembrokeshire man that fought in the Battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879.
In the arts, siblings Gwen and Augustus John were both born in Pembrokeshire, as was the novelist Sarah Waters; singer Connie Fisher grew up in Pembrokeshire. The actor Christian Bale was born in Haverfordwest.
Stephen Crabb, a former Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Secretary of State for Wales, was brought up in Pembrokeshire and is one of the county's two Members of Parliament, the other being Simon Hart,[90] who served as Secretary of State for Wales from 2019 to 2022.
A Salvadoran sex worker leaves the room after providing sexual service to a client in a street sex bar in San Salvador, El Salvador. Although prostitution is not legal in El Salvador, dozens of street sex workers, wearing provocative miniskirts, hang out in the dirty streets close to the capital’s historic center. Sex workers of all ages are seen on the streets but a significant part of them are single mothers abandoned by their male partners. Due to the absence of state social programs, they often seek solutions to their economic problems in sex work. The environment of street sex business is strongly competitive and dangerous, closely tied to the criminal networks (street gangs) that demand extortion payments. Therefore, sex workers employ any tool at their disposal to struggle hard, either with their fellow workers, with violent clients or with gang members who operate in the harsh world of street prostitution. © Jan Sochor Photography
Providing rail support due to weather disruption. At Town Dyke Orchard Car Park, Carlisle. Ex Eavesway, Ashton in Makerfield
Porcupine Gorge is a vast 27km long gorge in dry savanna country. Through the centre runs Porcupine Creek, a tributary of Queensland’s longest river, the Flinders. The creek is the heart of life in the gorge, providing a permanent water source for wildlife.
European people settled in this part of north-west Queensland in 1864. Ernst Henry established Hughenden Station, the first cattle and sheep station in the area, after which the nearby town of Hughenden is named.
The township of Hughenden was surveyed in 21st of August 1877. Many properties quickly established around the town and what is today Porcupine Gorge National Park.
Sections of Porcupine Gorge once formed part of Wongalee cattle station. In October 1970, due to its geological significance, the gorge became a national park. The remainder of the park’s 3500ha was added in 1991.
Sometime in the prehistoric past, forces in the Earth’s crust uplifted this region above the lower country to the south. Between six and two million years ago it was then covered by sheets of basalt lava that erupted from small volcanoes. This basalt formed a hard cap over the elevated land surface.
Porcupine Creek began to erode through the basalt and, upon finding softer sedimentary rocks beneath, rapidly cut down to its present level. The hard basalt cap prevented its sandstone sides from eroding too quickly, creating the vertical walls of the gorge. Looking down for the “gutter” where the creek is still eroding the sandstone, continue the age-old process.
There are different layers of sedimentary rocks in the gorge. Two separate river systems deposited the two major visible layers. The dull, brown Blantyre Sandstone was laid down first, about 170 million years ago.
This was followed by the red-brown Gilbert River Formation about 145 to 120 millio0n years ago. Above these layers is the thin, white Wallumbilla Formation that was deposited from a shallow sea about 115 to 110 million years ago. The Porcupine Gorge Lookout is built on this layer.
The Gorge is home to a myriad of plant and animal life including raucous parrots and unusual spiny knob-tailed geckos. Echidnas and wallaroos hide out of sight amongst significant flora like kangaroo grass and pink gidgee trees. Pink and grey plumage of coloured galahs stand out in stark landscape. Galahs are an iconic Australian bird, well known for their distinctive “chi-chi” call and cheeky personality. Flocks can vary in size from 30 to 1000 birds - - an impressive sight.
The sandstone and basalt soils of Porcupine Gorge are home to the vulnerable pink gidgee tree (Acacia combiei) - - one of the few stands of this acacia in all of Australia. Its botanical name is a tribute to James Crombie, a local pastoralist who lived in this area during the late 1800s. Pink gidgees have typical yellow wattle flowers but pink heartwood which gives the tree its common name.
Source: Environment Protection Agency; Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services.
I apologize for not providing the proper titles and names of the artists for these amazing works of art. I believe that all of these porcelain artworks were created at the famous Meissen porcelain factory in the 1700s. I hope to do a little research in an attempt to discover more detailed information about each of these artworks. In the interim, you can learn more about them at Porcelain Museum website at porzellansammlung.skd.museum/en/about-us/
2008JAN19 SLYNNLEE-0285
Saddle Tor
Dartmoor is a moor in southern Devon, England. Protected by National Park status as Dartmoor National Park, it covers 954 km2 (368 sq mi).
The granite which forms the uplands dates from the Carboniferous Period of geological history. The moorland is capped with many exposed granite hilltops known as tors, providing habitats for Dartmoor wildlife. The highest point is High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft) above sea level. The entire area is rich in antiquities and archaeology.
Dartmoor is managed by the Dartmoor National Park Authority, whose 22 members are drawn from Devon County Council, local district councils and Government.
Parts of Dartmoor have been used as military firing ranges for over 200 years. The public is granted extensive land access rights on Dartmoor (including restricted access to the firing ranges) and it is a popular tourist destination.
Dartmoor includes the largest area of granite in Britain, with about 625 km2 (241 sq mi) at the surface, though most of it is under superficial peat deposits. The granite (or more specifically adamellite) was intruded at depth as a pluton into the surrounding sedimentary rocks during the Carboniferous period, probably about 309 million years ago. It is generally accepted that the present surface is not far below the original top of the pluton; evidence for this includes partly digested shale xenoliths, contamination of the granite and the existence of two patches of altered sedimentary rock on top of the granite. A considerable gravity anomaly is associated with the Dartmoor pluton as with other such plutons. Measurement of the anomaly has helped to determine the likely shape and extent of the rock mass at depth.
Dartmoor is known for its tors – hills topped with outcrops of bedrock, which in granite country such as this are usually rounded boulder-like formations. More than 160 of the hills of Dartmoor have the word tor in their name but quite a number do not. However this does not appear to relate to whether or not there is an outcrop of rock on their summit. The tors are the focus of an annual event known as the Ten Tors Challenge, when around 2400 people aged between 14 and 19 walk for distances of 56, 72 or 88 km (35, 45 or 55 mi) between ten tors on many differing routes.
The highest points on Dartmoor are on the northern moor: High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft), and Yes Tor, 619 m (2,031 ft). The highest points on the southern moor are Ryder's Hill, 515 m (1,690 ft), Snowdon 495 m (1,624 ft), and an unnamed point, 493 m (1,617 ft) at between Langcombe Hill and Shell Top. The best-known tor on Dartmoor is Haytor (called Hey Tor by William Crossing), 457 m (1,499 ft).
Dartmoor is known for its myths and legends. It is reputedly the haunt of pixies, a headless horseman, a mysterious pack of "spectral hounds", and a large black dog, among others. During the Great Thunderstorm of 1638, the moorland village of Widecombe-in-the-Moor was even said to have been visited by the Devil.
Many landmarks have ancient legends and ghost stories associated with them, such as the allegedly haunted Jay's Grave, the ancient burial site of Childe's Tomb, the rock pile called Bowerman's Nose, and the stone crosses that mark former mediaeval routes across the moor.
A few stories have emerged in recent decades, such as the "hairy hands", that are said to attack motorists on the B3212 near Two Bridges; and the "Beast of Dartmoor", a supposed big cat.
Dartmoor has inspired a number of artists and writers, such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in The Hound of the Baskervilles and The Adventure of Silver Blaze, R. D. Blackmore, Eden Phillpotts, Beatrice Chase, Agatha Christie, Rosamunde Pilcher, and the Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fictional 1994 Quidditch World Cup final between Ireland and Bulgaria was hosted on the moor.
(Wikipedia)
Dartmoor [ˈdɑːtmʊə(r)/-mɔː(r)] ist eine Hügellandschaft auf einem etwa 954 km² großen Granitmassiv in der englischen Grafschaft Devon, dessen vornehmlich Moor und Heide tragenden Verebnungsflächen von einer Vielzahl sogenannter Tors (flache Wiesenhügel mit Granitfelsbildungen bis zu 10 Metern Höhe) überragt werden, die teilweise bis auf über 600 Meter ansteigen. Im Dartmoor-Gebiet finden sich zahlreiche Reste bronzezeitlicher Wohnstätten, Feldsysteme und Steinkreise. Charakteristisch sind außerdem die so genannten Clapper bridges aus dünnen Granitplatten.
Dreißig Prozent des Gemeindelandes ist baumloses Moor in Höhen über 366 Meter, dessen dicke Torfschicht fähig ist, große Wassermengen zu speichern. In einigen Gebieten wird die Heidelandschaft durch regelmäßiges Abbrennen erhalten. Naturliebhaber interessiert das Dartmoor vor allem als südlichst gelegener Nationalpark mit feuchtem, aber mildem Klima. Hinzu kommen einige attraktive Waldgebiete, zum Beispiel das Yarner Wood National Nature Reserve oder das Gebiet der Becky Falls mit einem hübschen Wasserfall. Drei dieser Wälder stammen wahrscheinlich noch aus der Zeit, als das ganze Areal zum königlichen Jagdgebiet gehörte. Einer davon könnte Wistman's Wood sein. Er liegt nördlich von Two Bridges und ist wegen seines seltsam verkrüppelten Bewuchses touristische Attraktion seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert. Bemerkenswert ist außerdem die reiche Flora mit Farnen und Flechten.
Im Parkgebiet gibt es eine große Auswahl an malerischen Flussläufen und imposanten Wasserfällen. Das Wasser des zum National Trust gehörenden Lydford Gorge zwängt sich zum Beispiel durch einen schmalen Spalt und wirbelt von da hinab in The Devil's Cauldron. Bemerkenswert ist auch der am Westrand des Parks befindliche Wasserfall The White Lady, ein 30 Meter hoher Vorhang aus weißem Wasserschaum. Im Dartmoor-Gebiet gibt es nur wenige Wiesen- und Weideflächen mit einer im Frühling blühenden Flora. In den Monaten August und September färben gelber Ginster und violettes Heidekraut die Landschaft.
Für Wanderer, vor allem für solche, die sich auf das Lesen von Karten verstehen, sind die Möglichkeiten immens. Die vom Park-Ranger-Service betreuten Wege addieren sich zu einer Gesamtlänge von 740 Kilometer. Außerdem ist auch das Moorland selbst der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich.
Die karge Moorlandschaft von Dartmoor beflügelte immer wieder in besonderer Weise die Phantasie von Schriftstellern. Der Dichter N. T. Carrington aus Plymouth schrieb 1826 das Poem Dartmoor, das in dem Jahr um ein Haar den Preis der Royal Society of Literature gewonnen hätte, wäre es nicht verspätet eingereicht worden. König Georg IV. war so angetan von dem Werk, dass er dem Poeten 50 Guineas anweisen ließ.
Eine schöne Beschreibung der Region gab R. D. Blackmore 1881 in einer seiner weniger bekannten Novellen, Christowell, a Dartmoor Tale.
Überaus populär geworden ist der 1898 begonnene, die ganze Region einschließende Romanzyklus von Eden Phillpotts.
Am effektvollsten setzte wahrscheinlich Sir Arthur Conan Doyle die Kargheit und die oft mystische Stimmung der Dartmoor-Landschaft in seinem Detektiv-Thriller Der Hund von Baskerville ins Bild. Dartmoor ist außerdem der Ort der Handlung in der ebenfalls aus seiner Feder stammenden Kurzgeschichte Silver Blaze, die sich um Sherlock Holmes und Dr. Watson dreht.
Sabine Baring-Gould durchstreifte, seinem ausgeprägten Hang zum Übersinnlichen folgend, in jungen Jahren allein die karge Dartmoorlandschaft.
Im Zuge der Edgar-Wallace-Filme der 1960er Jahre entstand 1964 der deutsche Kriminalfilm Das Wirtshaus von Dartmoor nach dem Roman von Victor Gunn (eigentlich Edwy Searles Brooks; 1889–1965). Die „Dartmoor-Aufnahmen“ des Films entstanden allerdings in West-Berlin.
Das Geheimnis von Sittaford von Agatha Christie (im original The Murder at Hazelmoor, 1931) handelt in einem fiktiven Ort Sittaford am Rande des Dartmoors.
Der Band Fünf Freunde im Nebel der populären Jugendbuchautorin Enid Blyton spielt ebenfalls im Dartmoor. Eine große Rolle spielen dabei die verlassene Eisenbahn und die immer noch vorhandenen Schienenwege. Auch Fünf Freunde und das Monster im Moor spielt im Dartmoor; in dieser Folge wird auf das im Dartmoor populäre Letterboxing eingegangen.
Der vierte Roman der David-Hunter-Reihe von Simon Beckett, Verwesung, spielt teilweise im Dartmoor.
Auch der Roman Im Schatten des Dartmoor von Jenny-Aline Veitinger hat diese Gegend zum Schauplatz.
(Wikipedia)
Dr. Beeching had recommended this whole branch-line to be closed in the 60s yet lack of buses and public demand had kept the line open, although the branch from Bridport to Maiden Newton was only kept open due to a subsidy from the government of 36k GBP per year. This station was dirty and had been unstaffed since October 1969 and finally closed along with the whole branch 05-05-1975.
This station and all railway buildings were demolished in 1977. There are now two supermarkets in what was the station area. One built on the site of the station and the other where the goods shed was.
The booking office was behind the lady with the pushchair.
A scan from an Agfa CT18 slide.
Feel free to comment. A comment is worth a dozen faves!
All Rights Reserved and no reproduction or use unless I know you personally and have given written permission. Also providing the image has not been sold.
Tewksbury, MA
October 26, 2019
The hospital was established in 1852 as one of three state almshouses needed to help care for the unprecedented influx of immigrants into Massachusetts at that time. The almshouses were the Commonwealth's first venture into caring for the poor, a duty which had previously been carried out by the cities and towns. Opened on May 1, 1854 with a capacity for 500, the almshouse population grew to 668 by the end of the first week, and to over 800 by May 20th. By December 2, 1854, 2,193 "paupers" had been admitted. Nearly 90% of these listed European countries as their birthplace. The almshouse reported having 14 employees at that time, and was spending 94.5 cents per week per resident.
In 1866 the almshouse began accepting the "pauper insane" becoming the state's first facility to specifically accept cases with the diagnosis of chronic insanity. By 1874 the facility had become diversified: 40% was used as a mental illness ward, 27% as a hospital ward, and 33% as an almshouse. The chronically ill population continued to grow, alcoholics were admitted for treatment, and programs providing therapeutic industrial and occupational therapy were added in the 1870's. A Home Training School for Nurses was established in 1894, and the school became a full-fledged three-year program in 1898.
The most famous patient in the almshouse during the 19th century was Anne Sullivan, who later became the tutor and companion of Helen Keller. Anne Sullivan spent four years at the almshouse (1876-1880) before being transferred to the Perkins School for the Blind, now located in Watertown, Massachusetts. At age 20 she left the school to go to Helen Keller's home in Alabama. One of the buildings on today's Tewksbury Hospital Campus is named for Ms. Sullivan.
Reflecting its changing mission, the Tewksbury Almshouse became Tewksbury State Hospital in 1900, the Massachusetts State Infirmary in 1909, and Tewksbury State Hospital and Infirmary in 1938. Over the years, facilities were added for treating tuberculosis and other contagious diseases such as smallpox, venereal diseases and typhoid fever. Meanwhile it continued to serve as a last resort for many patients in need of shelter and supervised care, especially during the late 1920's and 1930's.
Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve is a U.S. national monument and national preserve in the Snake River Plain in central Idaho. It is along US 20 (concurrent with US 93 and US 26), between the small towns of Arco and Carey, at an average elevation of 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above sea level.
The Monument was established on May 2, 1924. In November 2000, a presidential proclamation by President Clinton greatly expanded the Monument area. The 410,000-acre National Park Service portions of the expanded Monument were designated as Craters of the Moon National Preserve in August 2002. It spreads across Blaine, Butte, Lincoln, Minidoka, and Power counties. The area is managed cooperatively by the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
The Monument and Preserve encompass three major lava fields and about 400 square miles (1,000 km2) of sagebrush steppe grasslands to cover a total area of 1,117 square miles (2,893 km2). The Monument alone covers 343,000 acres (139,000 ha). All three lava fields lie along the Great Rift of Idaho, with some of the best examples of open rift cracks in the world, including the deepest known on Earth at 800 feet (240 m). There are excellent examples of almost every variety of basaltic lava, as well as tree molds (cavities left by lava-incinerated trees), lava tubes (a type of cave), and many other volcanic features.
Craters of the Moon is in south-central Idaho, midway between Boise and Yellowstone National Park. The lava field reaches southeastward from the Pioneer Mountains. Combined U.S. Highway 20–26–93 cuts through the northwestern part of the monument and provides access to it. However, the rugged landscape of the monument itself remains remote and undeveloped, with only one paved road across the northern end.
The Craters of the Moon Lava Field spreads across 618 square miles (1,601 km2) and is the largest mostly Holocene-aged basaltic lava field in the contiguous United States. The Monument and Preserve contain more than 25 volcanic cones, including outstanding examples of spatter cones. The 60 distinct solidified lava flows that form the Craters of the Moon Lava Field range in age from 15,000 to just 2,000 years. The Kings Bowl and Wapi lava fields, both about 2,200 years old, are part of the National Preserve.
This lava field is the largest of several large beds of lava that erupted from the 53-mile (85 km) south-east to north-west trending Great Rift volcanic zone, a line of weakness in the Earth's crust. Together with fields from other fissures they make up the Lava Beds of Idaho, which in turn are in the much larger Snake River Plain volcanic province. The Great Rift extends across almost the entire Snake River Plain.
Elevation at the visitor center is 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above sea level.
Total average precipitation in the Craters of the Moon area is between 15–20 inches (380–510 mm) per year. Most of this is lost in cracks in the basalt, only to emerge later in springs and seeps in the walls of the Snake River Canyon. Older lava fields on the plain have been invaded by drought-resistant plants such as sagebrush, while younger fields, such as Craters of the Moon, only have a seasonal and very sparse cover of vegetation. From a distance this cover disappears almost entirely, giving an impression of utter black desolation. Repeated lava flows over the last 15,000 years have raised the land surface enough to expose it to the prevailing southwesterly winds, which help to keep the area dry. Together these conditions make life on the lava field difficult.
Paleo-Indians visited the area about 12,000 years ago but did not leave much archaeological evidence. Northern Shoshone created trails through the Craters of the Moon Lava Field during their summer migrations from the Snake River to the camas prairie, west of the lava field. Stone windbreaks at Indian Tunnel were used to protect campsites from the dry summer wind. No evidence exists for permanent habitation by any Native American group. A hunting and gathering culture, the Northern Shoshone pursued elk, bears, American bison, cougars, and bighorn sheep — all large game who no longer range the area. The most recent volcanic eruptions ended about 2,100 years ago and were likely witnessed by the Shoshone people. Ella E. Clark has recorded a Shoshone legend which speaks of a serpent on a mountain who, angered by lightning, coiled around and squeezed the mountain until liquid rock flowed, fire shot from cracks, and the mountain exploded.
In 1879, two Arco cattlemen named Arthur Ferris and J.W. Powell became the first known European-Americans to explore the lava fields. They were investigating its possible use for grazing and watering cattle but found the area to be unsuitable and left.
U.S. Army Captain and western explorer B.L.E. Bonneville visited the lava fields and other places in the West in the 19th century and wrote about his experiences in his diaries. Washington Irving later used Bonneville's diaries to write the Adventures of Captain Bonneville, saying this unnamed lava field is a place "where nothing meets the eye but a desolate and awful waste, where no grass grows nor water runs, and where nothing is to be seen but lava."
In 1901 and 1903, Israel Russell became the first geologist to study this area while surveying it for the United States Geological Survey (USGS). In 1910, Samuel Paisley continued Russell's work and later became the monument's first custodian. Others followed and in time much of the mystery surrounding this and the other Lava Beds of Idaho was lifted.
The few European settlers who visited the area in the 19th century created local legends that it looked like the surface of the Moon. Geologist Harold T. Stearns coined the name "Craters of the Moon" in 1923 while trying to convince the National Park Service to recommend protection of the area in a national monument.
The Snake River Plain is a volcanic province that was created by a series of cataclysmic caldera-forming eruptions which started about 15 million years ago. A migrating hotspot thought to now exist under Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park has been implicated. This hot spot was under the Craters of the Moon area some 10 to 11 million years ago but 'moved' as the North American Plate migrated northwestward. Pressure from the hot spot heaves the land surface up, creating fault-block mountains. After the hot spot passes the pressure is released and the land subsides.
Leftover heat from this hot spot was later liberated by Basin and Range-associated rifting and created the many overlapping lava flows that make up the Lava Beds of Idaho. The largest rift zone is the Great Rift; it is from this 'Great Rift fissure system' that Craters of the Moon, Kings Bowl, and Wapi lava fields were created. The Great Rift is a National Natural Landmark.
In spite of their fresh appearance, the oldest flows in the Craters of the Moon Lava Field are 15,000 years old and the youngest erupted about 2000 years ago, according to Mel Kuntz and other USGS geologists. Nevertheless, the volcanic fissures at Craters of the Moon are considered to be dormant, not extinct, and are expected to erupt again in less than a thousand years. There are eight major eruptive periods recognized in the Craters of the Moon Lava Field. Each period lasted about 1000 years or less and were separated by relatively quiet periods that lasted between 500 and as long as 3000 years. Individual lava flows were up to 30 miles (50 km) long with the Blue Dragon Flow being the longest.
Kings Bowl Lava Field erupted during a single fissure eruption on the southern part of the Great Rift about 2,250 years ago. This eruption probably lasted only a few hours to a few days. The field preserves explosion pits, lava lakes, squeeze-ups, basalt mounds, and an ash blanket. The Wapi Lava Field probably formed from a fissure eruption at the same time as the Kings Bowl eruption. More prolonged activity over a period of months to a few years led to the formation of low shield volcanoes in the Wapi field. The Bear Trap lava tube, between the Craters of the Moon and the Wapi lava fields, is a cave system more than 15 miles (24 km) long. The lava tube is remarkable for its length and for the number of well-preserved lava cave features, such as lava stalactites and curbs, the latter marking high stands of the flowing lava frozen on the lava tube walls. The lava tubes and pit craters of the monument are known for their unusual preservation of winter ice and snow into the hot summer months, due to shielding from the sun and the insulating properties of basalt.
A typical eruption along the Great Rift and similar basaltic rift systems starts with a curtain of very fluid lava shooting up to 1,000 feet (300 m) high along a segment of the rift up to 1 mile (1.6 km) long. As the eruption continues, pressure and heat decrease and the chemistry of the lava becomes slightly more silica rich. The curtain of lava responds by breaking apart into separate vents. Various types of volcanoes may form at these vents: gas-rich pulverized lava creates cinder cones (such as Inferno Cone – stop 4), and pasty lava blobs form spatter cones (such as Spatter Cones – stop 5). Later stages of an eruption push lava streams out through the side or base of cinder cones, which usually ends the life of the cinder cone (North Crater, Watchmen, and Sheep Trail Butte are notable exceptions). This will sometimes breach part of the cone and carry it away as large and craggy blocks of cinder (as seen at North Crater Flow – stop 2 – and Devils Orchard – stop 3). Solid crust forms over lava streams, and lava tubes (a type of cave) are created when lava vacates its course (examples can be seen at the Cave Area – stop 7).
Geologists feared that a large earthquake that shook Borah Peak, Idaho's tallest mountain, in 1983 would restart volcanic activity at Craters of the Moon, though this proved not to be the case. Geologists predict that the area will experience its next eruption some time in the next 900 years with the most likely period in the next 100 years.
All plants and animals that live in and around Craters of the Moon are under great environmental stress due to constant dry winds and heat-absorbing black lavas that tend to quickly sap water from living things. Summer soil temperatures often exceed 150 °F (66 °C) and plant cover is generally less than 5% on cinder cones and about 15% over the entire monument. Adaptation is therefore necessary for survival in this semi-arid harsh climate.
Water is usually only found deep inside holes at the bottom of blow-out craters. Animals therefore get the moisture they need directly from their food. The black soil on and around cinder cones does not hold moisture for long, making it difficult for plants to establish themselves. Soil particles first develop from direct rock decomposition by lichens and typically collect in crevices in lava flows. Successively more complex plants then colonize the microhabitat created by the increasingly productive soil.
The shaded north slopes of cinder cones provide more protection from direct sunlight and prevailing southwesterly winds and have a more persistent snow cover (an important water source in early spring). These parts of cinder cones are therefore colonized by plants first.
Gaps between lava flows were sometimes cut off from surrounding vegetation. These literal islands of habitat are called kīpukas, a Hawaiian name used for older land surrounded by younger lava. Carey Kīpuka is one such area in the southernmost part of the monument and is used as a benchmark to measure how plant cover has changed in less pristine parts of southern Idaho.
Idaho is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the United States. It shares a small portion of the Canada–United States border to the north, with the province of British Columbia. It borders Montana and Wyoming to the east, Nevada and Utah to the south, and Washington and Oregon to the west. The state's capital and largest city is Boise. With an area of 83,570 square miles (216,400 km2), Idaho is the 14th largest state by land area. With a population of approximately 1.8 million, it ranks as the 13th least populous and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states.
For thousands of years, and prior to European colonization, Idaho has been inhabited by native peoples. In the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country, an area of dispute between the U.S. and the British Empire. It officially became a U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846, but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863, instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory. Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, becoming the 43rd state.
Forming part of the Pacific Northwest (and the associated Cascadia bioregion), Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions. The state's north, the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle, is closely linked with Eastern Washington, with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone—the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone. The state's south includes the Snake River Plain (which has most of the population and agricultural land), and the southeast incorporates part of the Great Basin. Idaho is quite mountainous and contains several stretches of the Rocky Mountains. The United States Forest Service holds about 38% of Idaho's land, the highest proportion of any state.
Industries significant for the state economy include manufacturing, agriculture, mining, forestry, and tourism. Several science and technology firms are either headquartered in Idaho or have factories there, and the state also contains the Idaho National Laboratory, which is the country's largest Department of Energy facility. Idaho's agricultural sector supplies many products, but the state is best known for its potato crop, which comprises around one-third of the nationwide yield. The official state nickname is the "Gem State."
The history of Idaho is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Idaho, one of the United States of America located in the Pacific Northwest area near the west coast of the United States and Canada. Other associated areas include southern Alaska, all of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, western Montana and northern California and Nevada.
Humans may have been present in Idaho for 16,600 years. Recent findings in Cooper's Ferry along the Salmon River in western Idaho near the town of Cottonwood have unearthed stone tools and animal bone fragments in what may be the oldest evidence of humans in North America. Earlier excavations in 1959 at Wilson Butte Cave near Twin Falls revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America. Native American tribes predominant in the area in historic times included the Nez Perce and the Coeur d'Alene in the north; and the Northern and Western Shoshone and Bannock peoples in the south.
Idaho was one of the last areas in the lower 48 states of the US to be explored by people of European descent. The Lewis and Clark expedition entered present-day Idaho on August 12, 1805, at Lemhi Pass. It is believed that the first "European descent" expedition to enter southern Idaho was by a group led in 1811 and 1812 by Wilson Price Hunt, which navigated the Snake River while attempting to blaze an all-water trail westward from St. Louis, Missouri, to Astoria, Oregon. At that time, approximately 8,000 Native Americans lived in the region.
Fur trading led to the first significant incursion of Europeans in the region. Andrew Henry of the Missouri Fur Company first entered the Snake River plateau in 1810. He built Fort Henry on Henry's Fork on the upper Snake River, near modern St. Anthony, Idaho. However, this first American fur post west of the Rocky Mountains was abandoned the following spring.
The British-owned Hudson's Bay Company next entered Idaho and controlled the trade in the Snake River area by the 1820s. The North West Company's interior department of the Columbia was created in June 1816, and Donald Mackenzie was assigned as its head. Mackenzie had previously been employed by Hudson's Bay and had been a partner in the Pacific Fur Company, financed principally by John Jacob Astor. During these early years, he traveled west with a Pacific Fur Company's party and was involved in the initial exploration of the Salmon River and Clearwater River. The company proceeded down the lower Snake River and Columbia River by canoe, and were the first of the Overland Astorians to reach Fort Astoria, on January 18, 1812.
Under Mackenzie, the North West Company was a dominant force in the fur trade in the Snake River country. Out of Fort George in Astoria, Mackenzie led fur brigades up the Snake River in 1816-1817 and up the lower Snake in 1817-1818. Fort Nez Perce, established in July, 1818, became the staging point for Mackenzies' Snake brigades. The expedition of 1818-1819 explored the Blue Mountains, and traveled down the Snake River to the Bear River and approached the headwaters of the Snake. Mackenzie sought to establish a navigable route up the Snake River from Fort Nez Perce to the Boise area in 1819. While he did succeed in traveling by boat from the Columbia River through the Grand Canyon of the Snake past Hells Canyon, he concluded that water transport was generally impractical. Mackenzie held the first rendezvous in the region on the Boise River in 1819.
Despite their best efforts, early American fur companies in this region had difficulty maintaining the long-distance supply lines from the Missouri River system into the Intermountain West. However, Americans William H. Ashley and Jedediah Smith expanded the Saint Louis fur trade into Idaho in 1824. The 1832 trapper's rendezvous at Pierre's Hole, held at the foot of the Three Tetons in modern Teton County, was followed by an intense battle between the Gros Ventre and a large party of American trappers aided by their Nez Perce and Flathead allies.
The prospect of missionary work among the Native Americans also attracted early settlers to the region. In 1809, Kullyspell House, the first white-owned establishment and first trading post in Idaho, was constructed. In 1836, the Reverend Henry H. Spalding established a Protestant mission near Lapwai, where he printed the Northwest's first book, established Idaho's first school, developed its first irrigation system, and grew the state's first potatoes. Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding were the first non-native women to enter present-day Idaho.
Cataldo Mission, the oldest standing building in Idaho, was constructed at Cataldo by the Coeur d'Alene and Catholic missionaries. In 1842, Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, with Fr. Nicholas Point and Br. Charles Duet, selected a mission location along the St. Joe River. The mission was moved a short distance away in 1846, as the original location was subject to flooding. In 1850, Antonio Ravalli designed a new mission building and Indians affiliated with the church effort built the mission, without nails, using the wattle and daub method. In time, the Cataldo mission became an important stop for traders, settlers, and miners. It served as a place for rest from the trail, offered needed supplies, and was a working port for boats heading up the Coeur d'Alene River.
During this time, the region which became Idaho was part of an unorganized territory known as Oregon Country, claimed by both the United States and Great Britain. The United States gained undisputed jurisdiction over the region in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, although the area was under the de facto jurisdiction of the Provisional Government of Oregon from 1843 to 1849. The original boundaries of Oregon Territory in 1848 included all three of the present-day Pacific Northwest states and extended eastward to the Continental Divide. In 1853, areas north of the 46th Parallel became Washington Territory, splitting what is now Idaho in two. The future state was reunited in 1859 after Oregon became a state and the boundaries of Washington Territory were redrawn.
While thousands passed through Idaho on the Oregon Trail or during the California gold rush of 1849, few people settled there. In 1860, the first of several gold rushes in Idaho began at Pierce in present-day Clearwater County. By 1862, settlements in both the north and south had formed around the mining boom.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints missionaries founded Fort Lemhi in 1855, but the settlement did not last. The first organized town in Idaho was Franklin, settled in April 1860 by Mormon pioneers who believed they were in Utah Territory; although a later survey determined they had crossed the border. Mormon pioneers reached areas near the current-day Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming and established most of the historic and modern communities in Southeastern Idaho. These settlements include Ammon, Blackfoot, Chubbuck, Firth, Idaho Falls, Iona, Pocatello, Rexburg, Rigby, Shelley, and Ucon.
Large numbers of English immigrants settled in what is now the state of Idaho in the late 19th and early 20th century, many before statehood. The English found they had more property rights and paid less taxes than they did back in England. They were considered some of the most desirable immigrants at the time. Many came from humble beginnings and would rise to prominence in Idaho. Frank R. Gooding was raised in a rural working-class background in England, but was eventually elected as the seventh governor of the state. Today people of English descent make up one fifth of the entire state of Idaho and form a plurality in the southern portion of the state.
Many German farmers also settled in what is now Idaho. German settlers were primarily Lutheran across all of the midwest and west, including Idaho, however there were small numbers of Catholics amongst them as well. In parts of Northern Idaho, German remained the dominant language until World War I, when German-Americans were pressured to convert entirely to English. Today, Idahoans of German ancestry make up nearly one fifth of all Idahoans and make up the second largest ethnic group after Idahoans of English descent with people of German ancestry being 18.1% of the state and people of English ancestry being 20.1% of the state.
Irish Catholics worked in railroad centers such as Boise. Today, 10% of Idahoans self-identify as having Irish ancestry.
York, a slave owned by William Clark but considered a full member of Corps of Discovery during expedition to the Pacific, was the first recorded African American in Idaho. There is a significant African American population made up of those who came west after the abolition of slavery. Many settled near Pocatello and were ranchers, entertainers, and farmers. Although free, many blacks suffered discrimination in the early-to-mid-late 20th century. The black population of the state continues to grow as many come to the state because of educational opportunities, to serve in the military, and for other employment opportunities. There is a Black History Museum in Boise, Idaho, with an exhibit known as the "Invisible Idahoan", which chronicles the first African-Americans in the state. Blacks are the fourth largest ethnic group in Idaho according to the 2000 census. Mountain Home, Boise, and Garden City have significant African-American populations.
The Basque people from the Iberian peninsula in Spain and southern France were traditionally shepherds in Europe. They came to Idaho, offering hard work and perseverance in exchange for opportunity. One of the largest Basque communities in the US is in Boise, with a Basque museum and festival held annually in the city.
Chinese in the mid-19th century came to America through San Francisco to work on the railroad and open businesses. By 1870, there were over 4000 Chinese and they comprised almost 30% of the population. They suffered discrimination due to the Anti-Chinese League in the 19th century which sought to limit the rights and opportunities of Chinese emigrants. Today Asians are third in population demographically after Whites and Hispanics at less than 2%.
Main articles: Oregon boundary dispute, Provisional Government of Oregon, Oregon Treaty, Oregon Territory, Washington Territory, Dakota Territory, Organic act § List of organic acts, and Idaho Territory
On March 4, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed an act creating Idaho Territory from portions of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory with its capital at Lewiston. The original Idaho Territory included most of the areas that later became the states of Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, and had a population of under 17,000. Idaho Territory assumed the boundaries of the modern state in 1868 and was admitted as a state in 1890.
After Idaho became a territory, legislation was held in Lewiston, the capital of Idaho Territory at the time. There were many territories acts put into place, and then taken away during these early sessions, one act being the move of the capital city from Lewiston to Boise City. Boise was becoming a growing area after gold was found, so on December 24, 1864, Boise City was made the final destination of the capital for the Territory of Idaho.
However, moving the capital to Boise City created a lot of issues between the territory. This was especially true between the north and south areas in the territory, due to how far south Boise City was. Problems with communicating between the north and south contributed to some land in Idaho Territory being transferred to other territories and areas at the time. Idaho’s early boundary changes helped create the current boundaries of Washington, Wyoming, and Montana States as currently exist.
In a bid for statehood, Governor Edward A. Stevenson called for a constitutional convention in 1889. The convention approved a constitution on August 6, 1889, and voters approved the constitution on November 5, 1889.
When President Benjamin Harrison signed the law admitting Idaho as a U.S. state on July 3, 1890, the population was 88,548. George L. Shoup became the state's first governor, but resigned after only a few weeks in office to take a seat in the United States Senate. Willis Sweet, a Republican, was the first congressman, 1890 to 1895, representing the state at-large. He vigorously demanded "Free Silver" or the unrestricted coinage of silver into legal tender, in order to pour money into the large silver mining industry in the Mountain West, but he was defeated by supporters of the gold standard. In 1896 he, like many Republicans from silver mining districts, supported the Silver Republican Party instead of the regular Republican nominee William McKinley.
During its first years of statehood, Idaho was plagued by labor unrest in the mining district of Coeur d'Alene. In 1892, miners called a strike which developed into a shooting war between union miners and company guards. Each side accused the other of starting the fight. The first shots were exchanged at the Frisco mine in Frisco, in the Burke-Canyon north and east of Wallace. The Frisco mine was blown up, and company guards were taken prisoner. The violence soon spilled over into the nearby community of Gem, where union miners attempted to locate a Pinkerton spy who had infiltrated their union and was passing information to the mine operators. But agent Charlie Siringo escaped by cutting a hole in the floor of his room. Strikers forced the Gem mine to close, then traveled west to the Bunker Hill mining complex near Wardner, and closed down that facility as well. Several had been killed in the Burke-Canyon fighting. The Idaho National Guard and federal troops were dispatched to the area, and union miners and sympathizers were thrown into bullpens.
Hostilities would again erupt at the Bunker Hill facility in 1899, when seventeen union miners were fired for having joined the union. Other union miners were likewise ordered to draw their pay and leave. Angry members of the union converged on the area and blew up the Bunker Hill Mill, killing two company men.
In both disputes, the union's complaints included pay, hours of work, the right of miners to belong to the union, and the mine owners' use of informants and undercover agents. The violence committed by union miners was answered with a brutal response in 1892 and in 1899.
Through the Western Federation of Miners (WFM) union, the battles in the mining district became closely tied to a major miners' strike in Colorado. The struggle culminated in the December 1905 assassination of former Governor Frank Steunenberg by Harry Orchard (also known as Albert Horsley), a member of the WFM. Orchard was allegedly incensed by Steunenberg's efforts as governor to put down the 1899 miner uprising after being elected on a pro-labor platform.
Pinkerton detective James McParland conducted the investigation into the assassination. In 1907, WFM Secretary Treasurer "Big Bill" Haywood and two other WFM leaders were tried on a charge of conspiracy to murder Steunenberg, with Orchard testifying against them as part of a deal made with McParland. The nationally publicized trial featured Senator William E. Borah as prosecuting attorney and Clarence Darrow representing the defendants. The defense team presented evidence that Orchard had been a Pinkerton agent and had acted as a paid informant for the Cripple Creek Mine Owners' Association. Darrow argued that Orchard's real motive in the assassination had been revenge for a declaration of martial law by Steunenberg, which prompted Orchard to gamble away a share in the Hercules silver mine that would otherwise have made him wealthy.
Two of the WFM leaders were acquitted in two separate trials, and the third was released. Orchard was convicted and sentenced to death. His sentence was commuted, and he spent the rest of his life in an Idaho prison.
Mining in Idaho was a major commercial venture, bringing a great deal of attention to the state. From 1860-1866 Idaho produced 19% of all gold in the United States, or 2.5 million ounces.
Most of Idaho's mining production, 1860–1969, has come from metals equating to $2.88 billion out of $3.42 billion, according to the best estimates. Of the metallic mining areas of Idaho, the Coeur d'Alene region has produced the most by far, and accounts for about 80% of the total Idaho yield.
Several others—Boise Basin, Wood River Valley, Stibnite, Blackbirg, and Owyhee—range considerably above the other big producers. Atlanta, Bear Valley, Bay Horse, Florence, Gilmore, Mackay, Patterson, and Yankee Fork all ran on the order of ten to twenty million dollars, and Elk City, Leesburg, Pierce, Rocky Bar, and Warren's make up the rest of the major Idaho mining areas that stand out in the sixty or so regions of production worthy of mention.
A number of small operations do not appear in this list of Idaho metallic mining areas: a small amount of gold was recovered from Goose Creek on Salmon Meadows; a mine near Cleveland was prospected in 1922 and produced a little manganese in 1926; a few tons of copper came from Fort Hall, and a few more tons of copper came from a mine near Montpelier. Similarly, a few tons of lead came from a property near Bear Lake, and lead-silver is known on Cassia Creek near Elba. Some gold quartz and lead-silver workings are on Ruby Creek west of Elk River, and there is a slightly developed copper operation on Deer Creek near Winchester. Molybdenum is known on Roaring River and on the east fork of the Salmon. Some scattered mining enterprises have been undertaken around Soldier Mountain and on Chief Eagle Eye Creek north of Montour.
Idaho proved to be one of the more receptive states to the progressive agenda of the late 19th century and early 20th century. The state embraced progressive policies such as women's suffrage (1896) and prohibition (1916) before they became federal law. Idahoans were also strongly supportive of Free Silver. The pro-bimetallism Populist and Silver Republican parties of the late 1890s were particularly successful in the state.
Eugenics was also a major part of the Progressive movement. In 1919, the Idaho legislature passed an Act legalizing the forced sterilization of some persons institutionalized in the state. The act was vetoed by governor D.W. Davis, who doubted its scientific merits and believed it likely violated the Equal Protection clause of the US Constitution. In 1925, the Idaho legislature passed a revised eugenics act, now tailored to avoid Davis's earlier objections. The new law created a state board of eugenics, charged with: the sterilization of all feebleminded, insane, epileptics, habitual criminals, moral degenerates and sexual perverts who are a menace to society, and providing the means for ascertaining who are such persons.
The Eugenics board was eventually folded into the state's health commission; between 1932 and 1964, a total of 30 women and eight men in Idaho were sterilized under this law. The sterilization law was formally repealed in 1972.
After statehood, Idaho's economy began a gradual shift away from mining toward agriculture, particularly in the south. Older mining communities such as Silver City and Rocky Bar gave way to agricultural communities incorporated after statehood, such as Nampa and Twin Falls. Milner Dam on the Snake River, completed in 1905, allowed for the formation of many agricultural communities in the Magic Valley region which had previously been nearly unpopulated.
Meanwhile, some of the mining towns were able to reinvent themselves as resort communities, most notably in Blaine County, where the Sun Valley ski resort opened in 1936. Others, such as Silver City and Rocky Bar, became ghost towns.
In the north, mining continued to be an important industry for several more decades. The closure of the Bunker Hill Mine complex in Shoshone County in the early 1980s sent the region's economy into a tailspin. Since that time, a substantial increase in tourism in north Idaho has helped the region to recover. Coeur d'Alene, a lake-side resort town, is a destination for visitors in the area.
Beginning in the 1980s, there was a rise in North Idaho of a few right-wing extremist and "survivalist" political groups, most notably one holding Neo-Nazi views, the Aryan Nations. These groups were most heavily concentrated in the Panhandle region of the state, particularly in the vicinity of Coeur d'Alene.
In 1992 a stand-off occurred between U.S. Marshals, the F.B.I., and white separatist Randy Weaver and his family at their compound at Ruby Ridge, located near the small, northern Idaho town of Naples. The ensuing fire-fight and deaths of a U.S. Marshal, and Weaver's son and wife gained national attention, and raised a considerable amount of controversy regarding the nature of acceptable force by the federal government in such situations.
In 2001, the Aryan Nations compound, which had been located in Hayden Lake, Idaho, was confiscated as a result of a court case, and the organization moved out of state. About the same time Boise installed an impressive stone Human Rights Memorial featuring a bronze statue of Anne Frank and quotations from her and many other writers extolling human freedom and equality.
The demographics of the state have changed. Due to this growth in different groups, especially in Boise, the economic expansion surged wrong-economic growth followed the high standard of living and resulted in the "growth of different groups". The population of Idaho in the 21st Century has been described as sharply divided along geographic and cultural lines due to the center of the state being dominated by sparsely-populated national forests, mountain ranges and recreation sites: "unless you're willing to navigate a treacherous mountain pass, you can't even drive from the north to the south without leaving the state." The northern population gravitates towards Spokane, Washington, the heavily Mormon south-east population towards Utah, with an isolated Boise "[being] the closest thing to a city-state that you'll find in America."
On March 13, 2020, officials from the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare announced the first confirmed case of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 within the state of Idaho. A woman over the age of 50 from the southwestern part of the state was confirmed to have the coronavirus infection. She contracted the infection while attending a conference in New York City. Conference coordinators notified attendees that three individuals previously tested positive for the coronavirus. The Idahoan did not require hospitalization and was recovering from mild symptoms from her home. At the time of the announcement, there were 1,629 total cases and 41 deaths in the United States. Five days beforehand, on March 8, a man of age 54 had died of an unknown respiratory illness which his doctor had believed to be pneumonia. The disease was later suspected to be – but never confirmed as – COVID-19.
On March 14, state officials announced the second confirmed case within the state. The South Central Public Health District, announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in Blaine County had contracted the infection.[44] Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home. Later on in the day, three additional confirmed cases of COVID-19 were reported in the state by three of the seven health districts in the state, which brought the confirmed total cases of coronavirus to five in Idaho. Officials from Central District Health announced their second confirmed case, which was a male from Ada County in his 50s. He was not hospitalized and was recovering at home. South Central Public Health reported their second confirmed case in a female that is over the age of 70 who was hospitalized. Eastern Idaho Public Health reported a confirmed positive case in a woman under the age of 60 in Teton County. She had contracted the coronavirus from contact with a confirmed case in a neighboring state; she was not hospitalized. The South Central Public Health District announced that a woman over the age of 50 that resides in Blaine County had contracted the infection. Like the first case, she did not require hospitalization and she was recovering from mild symptoms from home.
On March 17, two more confirmed cases of the infection were reported, bringing the total to seven. The first case on this date was by officials from Central District Health reported that a female under the age of 50 in Ada County was recovering at home and was not hospitalized. The second confirmed case was a female over the age of 50 as reported by South Central Public Health officials.
On March 18, two additional confirmed cases were announced by South Central Public Health District officials. One is a male from Blaine County in his 40s and the other a male in his 80s from Twin Falls County. These cases were the first known community spread transmission of the coronavirus in South Central Idaho.
A Light Armored Vehicle with the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit’s Ground Combat Element, Battalion Landing Team 3rd Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment, provides security as a Landing Craft Air Cushion from the USS Iwo Jima’s Assault Craft Unit 4, approaches Onslow Beach, N.C., during a tactical offload of 24th MEU personnel and equipment, N.C., August 12, 2014. The offload was part of Amphibious Squadron/Marine Expeditionary Unit Integration, the second major exercise for the 24th MEU. The AAV’s were launched from the USS Arlington and USS Iwo Jima, both a part of the Iwo Jima Amphibious Ready Group.
(U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Mary M. Carmona/Released)
Time to look at some lesser known carriers which provide just as much variety alongside the biggest players in the sky...
Scotland's national carrier, Loganair is a regional carrier providing vital services from UK airports; the vast majority of flights emanating from the Scottish bases in Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow-International and Inverness; as well as having operating bases in the Isle of Man, plus City of Derry in Northern Ireland, as well as Newcastle and Teeside in the North East of England.
Founded 62 years in 1962, the carrier began providing services using small Piper PA-23 and later Britten-Norman BN-2 Islander to the Orkney Islands and Shetland. The company expanded following its acquisition by the Royal Bank of Scotland between 1968 to 1983, later being sold to Airlines of Britain Group, now by Airline Investments Limited since 2015.
The carrier began operating as a franchisee to British Airways in 1993, with aircraft branded as British Airways but operated by Loganair; the franchise ending in 2008 when the company signed with Flybe as a franchisee... This agreement ended in 2017 as the carrier announced it would be operating independently after last doing so 24 years ago. The carrier adopted a new livery, featuring a black underbelly, red engines and tartan tail.
The carrier has grown ever since going independent, taking advantage of the demise of Flybmi in 2019 and Flybe in 2020. Today, the carrier operates 42 aircraft, and continues to operate the shortest airline route in the world, from Westray to Papa Westray in the Orkney's.
Currently, Loganair operates 10 ATR turbo-props, which includes 6 ATR 42s and 4 ATR 72s. Loganair are due to receive 4 second-hand ATR 72s.
Lima Mike Tango Charlie is one of 4 ATR 72s operated by Loganair, delivered new to Air France regional subsidiary, HOP! on lease from NAC on 7th July 2015 as F-HOPX, simplified at Air France Hop on 1st September 2019 following restructuring before withdrawal on 31st January 2020 going off-lease before going over to Loganair as G-LMTC on 26th January 2022 on lease from NAC. She is powered by 2 Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127M engines.
ATR 72-600 G-LMTC 'Clan Cairns / Clann MhicCàrnaich' lifts off from Runway 23R at Manchester (MAN) on LM694 to Isle of Man (IOM).
Providing a nice comparison between the shortest and longest Old Shaped E200s available are LK07BDZ and YY64GWM parked up at St Albans City Station. Note that the Enviro 200 MMC can be produced to the full length of the Enviro 300 that it superseded. 594 was parked up for Rail Replacement of planned cancellations to Thameslink services. The Centrebus YY64 plate E200s feature 6 cylinder engines
A scan from a 35mm slide.
Feel free to comment. A comment is worth a dozen faves!
All Rights Reserved and no reproduction or use, unless I know you personally and have given written permission. Also providing the image has not been sold.
"Brinjal! brinjal! RM2 one piece. Can see, can touch!"
Vegetables stall at the bazaar in Kota Kinabalu City. They operate from early evening until late at night. This seller is among the more "colourful" and vocal ones here, providing entertainment and amusement when he calls out the deals. A wonderful character and very obliging for a portrait. (The boy is mimicking his calls.)
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Local vegetables at the stalls, mostly for muslim cooking; brinjals, bitter gourd (bitter melon), ladies fingers, cucumber, spinach, chili padi (tiny and very hot), etc.
Dartmoor is a moor in southern Devon, England. Protected by National Park status as Dartmoor National Park, it covers 954 km2 (368 sq mi).
The granite which forms the uplands dates from the Carboniferous Period of geological history. The moorland is capped with many exposed granite hilltops known as tors, providing habitats for Dartmoor wildlife. The highest point is High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft) above sea level. The entire area is rich in antiquities and archaeology.
Dartmoor is managed by the Dartmoor National Park Authority, whose 22 members are drawn from Devon County Council, local district councils and Government.
Parts of Dartmoor have been used as military firing ranges for over 200 years. The public is granted extensive land access rights on Dartmoor (including restricted access to the firing ranges) and it is a popular tourist destination.
Dartmoor includes the largest area of granite in Britain, with about 625 km2 (241 sq mi) at the surface, though most of it is under superficial peat deposits. The granite (or more specifically adamellite) was intruded at depth as a pluton into the surrounding sedimentary rocks during the Carboniferous period, probably about 309 million years ago. It is generally accepted that the present surface is not far below the original top of the pluton; evidence for this includes partly digested shale xenoliths, contamination of the granite and the existence of two patches of altered sedimentary rock on top of the granite. A considerable gravity anomaly is associated with the Dartmoor pluton as with other such plutons. Measurement of the anomaly has helped to determine the likely shape and extent of the rock mass at depth.
Dartmoor is known for its tors – hills topped with outcrops of bedrock, which in granite country such as this are usually rounded boulder-like formations. More than 160 of the hills of Dartmoor have the word tor in their name but quite a number do not. However this does not appear to relate to whether or not there is an outcrop of rock on their summit. The tors are the focus of an annual event known as the Ten Tors Challenge, when around 2400 people aged between 14 and 19 walk for distances of 56, 72 or 88 km (35, 45 or 55 mi) between ten tors on many differing routes.
The highest points on Dartmoor are on the northern moor: High Willhays, 621 m (2,037 ft), and Yes Tor, 619 m (2,031 ft). The highest points on the southern moor are Ryder's Hill, 515 m (1,690 ft), Snowdon 495 m (1,624 ft), and an unnamed point, 493 m (1,617 ft) at between Langcombe Hill and Shell Top. The best-known tor on Dartmoor is Haytor (called Hey Tor by William Crossing), 457 m (1,499 ft).
Dartmoor is known for its myths and legends. It is reputedly the haunt of pixies, a headless horseman, a mysterious pack of "spectral hounds", and a large black dog, among others. During the Great Thunderstorm of 1638, the moorland village of Widecombe-in-the-Moor was even said to have been visited by the Devil.
Many landmarks have ancient legends and ghost stories associated with them, such as the allegedly haunted Jay's Grave, the ancient burial site of Childe's Tomb, the rock pile called Bowerman's Nose, and the stone crosses that mark former mediaeval routes across the moor.
A few stories have emerged in recent decades, such as the "hairy hands", that are said to attack motorists on the B3212 near Two Bridges; and the "Beast of Dartmoor", a supposed big cat.
Dartmoor has inspired a number of artists and writers, such as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in The Hound of the Baskervilles and The Adventure of Silver Blaze, R. D. Blackmore, Eden Phillpotts, Beatrice Chase, Agatha Christie, Rosamunde Pilcher, and the Reverend Sabine Baring-Gould. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fictional 1994 Quidditch World Cup final between Ireland and Bulgaria was hosted on the moor.
(Wikipedia)
Dartmoor [ˈdɑːtmʊə(r)/-mɔː(r)] ist eine Hügellandschaft auf einem etwa 954 km² großen Granitmassiv in der englischen Grafschaft Devon, dessen vornehmlich Moor und Heide tragenden Verebnungsflächen von einer Vielzahl sogenannter Tors (flache Wiesenhügel mit Granitfelsbildungen bis zu 10 Metern Höhe) überragt werden, die teilweise bis auf über 600 Meter ansteigen. Im Dartmoor-Gebiet finden sich zahlreiche Reste bronzezeitlicher Wohnstätten, Feldsysteme und Steinkreise. Charakteristisch sind außerdem die so genannten Clapper bridges aus dünnen Granitplatten.
Dreißig Prozent des Gemeindelandes ist baumloses Moor in Höhen über 366 Meter, dessen dicke Torfschicht fähig ist, große Wassermengen zu speichern. In einigen Gebieten wird die Heidelandschaft durch regelmäßiges Abbrennen erhalten. Naturliebhaber interessiert das Dartmoor vor allem als südlichst gelegener Nationalpark mit feuchtem, aber mildem Klima. Hinzu kommen einige attraktive Waldgebiete, zum Beispiel das Yarner Wood National Nature Reserve oder das Gebiet der Becky Falls mit einem hübschen Wasserfall. Drei dieser Wälder stammen wahrscheinlich noch aus der Zeit, als das ganze Areal zum königlichen Jagdgebiet gehörte. Einer davon könnte Wistman's Wood sein. Er liegt nördlich von Two Bridges und ist wegen seines seltsam verkrüppelten Bewuchses touristische Attraktion seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert. Bemerkenswert ist außerdem die reiche Flora mit Farnen und Flechten.
Im Parkgebiet gibt es eine große Auswahl an malerischen Flussläufen und imposanten Wasserfällen. Das Wasser des zum National Trust gehörenden Lydford Gorge zwängt sich zum Beispiel durch einen schmalen Spalt und wirbelt von da hinab in The Devil's Cauldron. Bemerkenswert ist auch der am Westrand des Parks befindliche Wasserfall The White Lady, ein 30 Meter hoher Vorhang aus weißem Wasserschaum. Im Dartmoor-Gebiet gibt es nur wenige Wiesen- und Weideflächen mit einer im Frühling blühenden Flora. In den Monaten August und September färben gelber Ginster und violettes Heidekraut die Landschaft.
Für Wanderer, vor allem für solche, die sich auf das Lesen von Karten verstehen, sind die Möglichkeiten immens. Die vom Park-Ranger-Service betreuten Wege addieren sich zu einer Gesamtlänge von 740 Kilometer. Außerdem ist auch das Moorland selbst der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich.
Die karge Moorlandschaft von Dartmoor beflügelte immer wieder in besonderer Weise die Phantasie von Schriftstellern. Der Dichter N. T. Carrington aus Plymouth schrieb 1826 das Poem Dartmoor, das in dem Jahr um ein Haar den Preis der Royal Society of Literature gewonnen hätte, wäre es nicht verspätet eingereicht worden. König Georg IV. war so angetan von dem Werk, dass er dem Poeten 50 Guineas anweisen ließ.
Eine schöne Beschreibung der Region gab R. D. Blackmore 1881 in einer seiner weniger bekannten Novellen, Christowell, a Dartmoor Tale.
Überaus populär geworden ist der 1898 begonnene, die ganze Region einschließende Romanzyklus von Eden Phillpotts.
Am effektvollsten setzte wahrscheinlich Sir Arthur Conan Doyle die Kargheit und die oft mystische Stimmung der Dartmoor-Landschaft in seinem Detektiv-Thriller Der Hund von Baskerville ins Bild. Dartmoor ist außerdem der Ort der Handlung in der ebenfalls aus seiner Feder stammenden Kurzgeschichte Silver Blaze, die sich um Sherlock Holmes und Dr. Watson dreht.
Sabine Baring-Gould durchstreifte, seinem ausgeprägten Hang zum Übersinnlichen folgend, in jungen Jahren allein die karge Dartmoorlandschaft.
Im Zuge der Edgar-Wallace-Filme der 1960er Jahre entstand 1964 der deutsche Kriminalfilm Das Wirtshaus von Dartmoor nach dem Roman von Victor Gunn (eigentlich Edwy Searles Brooks; 1889–1965). Die „Dartmoor-Aufnahmen“ des Films entstanden allerdings in West-Berlin.
Das Geheimnis von Sittaford von Agatha Christie (im original The Murder at Hazelmoor, 1931) handelt in einem fiktiven Ort Sittaford am Rande des Dartmoors.
Der Band Fünf Freunde im Nebel der populären Jugendbuchautorin Enid Blyton spielt ebenfalls im Dartmoor. Eine große Rolle spielen dabei die verlassene Eisenbahn und die immer noch vorhandenen Schienenwege. Auch Fünf Freunde und das Monster im Moor spielt im Dartmoor; in dieser Folge wird auf das im Dartmoor populäre Letterboxing eingegangen.
Der vierte Roman der David-Hunter-Reihe von Simon Beckett, Verwesung, spielt teilweise im Dartmoor.
Auch der Roman Im Schatten des Dartmoor von Jenny-Aline Veitinger hat diese Gegend zum Schauplatz.
(Wikipedia)
"Shadowed Farmhouse"
Painted by Robert Addison 1977
My favorite artists over the years include Edward Hopper, Norman Rockwell, Winslow Homer, Andrew Wyeth, and Robert Addison. Everyone knows the first four, but not many know of Robert Addison.
"The artist is the late Robert William Addison, a Chicago based artist for over 40 years. Born on January 17, 1924 in Boise, Idaho. Mr. Addison originally intended to become an architect. Fortunately for the art world his plans were sidetracked when he joined the Army right out of high school. After a training maneuver injury, Mr. Addison occupied his recovery time painting. The Red Cross sponsored a show of his works in which all of his paintings were sold, providing Mr. Addison with the confidence to pursue a career as an illustrator. Fate struck again in 1948, as post war America was flooded with people wanting to become illustrators. Finding classes filled, Mr. Addison turned to Chicago’s School of the Art Institute where he intensified his commitment to fine art. "
Robert Addison Gallery
The joys of getting a Ryanair flight back in the daytime! The normal flightpath into Liverpool Airport from Europe & the East goes over Warrington and along the Mersey, taking in Fiddlers Ferry power station. Half of the towers were providing power on this day in September 2018 although the place has been closed for a couple of years now and demolition is due to start later in 2023.
The "low level" railway can be seen running across the middle of the shot, behind the plant.
Providing a seemingly excessive 5,000hp, 67007 and 67024 double-head a ‘footex’ down the GW main line at Acton Turville on 21 March, 2004. Southend Utd fans were on their way to Cardiff’s Millennium Stadium to watch their team lose 2-0 to Blackpool in the LDV Football League final.
The Florida Citrus Tower is a 226-foot-tall (69 m) structure built in 1956 in Clermont, Florida. Once the most famous landmarks of the Orlando area, it was built to allow visitors to observe the miles of orange groves surrounding it; developments in the citrus industry since its construction have left it providing a view of suburban neighborhoods today. With the antenna reaching over 500 feet (152 m) above sea level, it is the highest observation point in Florida.
In early 2015, the Citrus Tower received a new paint job, giving it a new but retro look, with an orange line going down the middle of each side.
The tower opened in 1956 after 13 months of construction. During the first several years of operation, the tower drew up to 500,000 visitors a year, thanks to its location on Highway 27 between Cypress Gardens and Silver Springs. However, in 1964 the Florida Turnpike was extended north, providing a faster route south through Central Florida. Since then, the tower has been sold several times. In 1988, a tram was built to offer visitors tours of various citrus crops. The tower was purchased in 1995 by Greg Homan.
The Citrus Tower includes a wishing well where visitors can hear their coin drop to the bottom; proceeds are donated to the Green Isle Children Ranch. At the lobby is ROOM: Valencia: a banquet facility, gift shop, and museum of the tower's history. During Christmas season, lights on the tower dance to Christmas music. Near the tower is the Presidents Hall of Fame, with wax tributes to 43 Presidents of the United States of America and a full-scale replica of the interior of the White House.
Credit for the data above is given to the following website:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Citrus_Tower
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont,_Florida
© All Rights Reserved - you may not use this image in any form without my prior permission.
Metra F40C 611 was still providing the locomotion on a Milwaukee District scoot in downtown Chicago in the summer of 2004. Pushing an inbound past the then-open Lake Street tower, this view has since been taken away since a big-ass tunnel was built here and a huge-ass condo built on the top of the tracks.
Add to that turd sandwich the fact that you can no longer access the roof of the tire place that this was taken from and that the 611 is now in storage at Western Avenue and it makes me glad I made this image so many years ago.
Providing fuel for the scientists at the Very Large Telescope in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Shot by moonlight
Providing the bulk, if not all of the free shuttle services from Bala town to the narrow gauge railway on the day of our visit was this ex Crosville Bristol FS Lodekka. Preserved 7227 FM (DFG157) is seen early Sunday afternoon heading for the Lake Railway on what was a generally very well used service to an even more popular steam gala.
While Oliver Cromwell was indifferent about how the Irish were to get to either hell or to Connacht the late Queen Victoria was more helpful by providing a bridge to do so! This O'Dea shot from 1963 of the bridge plate on Banagher Bridge is Tuesdays offering...
Today's contributors link us to three of the stalwart resources that we sometmies rely-upon in this stream: the Dictionary of Irish Architects (DIA), National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH), and Wikipedia. Between them, these entries confirm that the traffic across this part of the Shannon wasn't always "one-way"; but that Sarsfield's Jacobite forces marched east at this crossing - coming to meet the Williamites in the late 17th century. While some of its defensive structures remain (including "Cromwell's Castle"), that particular bridge was replaced in the 1840s; when, as the plaque tells us, Thomas Philip de Grey was Lord Lieutenant. Given the length of the bridge, and the length of each individual span, today's contributors point-out how sturdily it was built - as it carries much more and heavier traffic than could've been envisioned when it was first designed. Nearly 180 years ago....
Photographer: James P. O'Dea
Collection:James P. O'Dea
Date: 17 January 1963
NLI Ref.: ODEA 35/21
You can also view this image, and many thousands of others, on the NLI’s catalogue at catalogue.nli.ie
~E X P L O R E D
On the way to Deosai from Astore. It rained a lot at night and weather in the morning was superb. can not explain the feelings in words.
Astore Valley is located in Astore District in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The best time to visit is May to October. The valley, adjoining the eastern side of Nanga Parbat (8,126 m), is about 120 km long and 5,092 km² in area. The valley has more than 100 villages with a total population of 71,666 (Census 1998. Some of which are Chilm, Bubin, Gorikot, Eid Ghah, Fina, Bulen, Chongra and Tari Shing. Chilm is the most beautiful village among all the villages of Astore, because it is the starting point of Deosai, the world's second highest plane. Astor lie at the junction of several mountain routes, providing ample and varied trekking opportunities, including many short walks through this beautiful area. Tracks head eastwards from the Bulashbar area, up towards the wild but beautiful Deosai Mountains and Plains. To the north west, a trekking route leads to the Muthat Pass and continues on to Fairy Meadow. In the southwest, Rupal valley provides numerous opportunities for short and long treks. Rama lake is a must see!
Source: Wiki
Etihad has a long history of providing interesting liveries and colour schemes since commencing operations over 16 years ago in late-2003. The carrier already have a good looking livery, but their special liveries are certainly more eye-catching...
The carrier has historically been a sponsor for the Formula 1 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix which has seen two special liveries, one currently adorned now by a Boeing 787, whilst a second on a long withdrawn Airbus A340-600; whilst have also seen a refresh of their Blue Moon Rising Manchester City livery now also adorned on their Boeing 787. A now sadly defunct livery is their Visit Abu Dhabi purple livery once adorned on their Airbus A330-300.
More recently, the carrier have recently begun a partnership with the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company to celebrate 89th National Day of the Kingdom to honour the leadership and people of Saudi Arabia.
To mark this partnership, a large number of Boeing 787s and a handful of Airbus A380s have received special decals promoting ADNOC with Choose... decals being adorned on the front of the fuselage.
In regards to the Airbus A380s, 4 have received ADNOC special decals, 2 each sporting either Choose South Korea and Choose the United Kingdom. The largest selection of decals are sported on their Boeing 787s unsurprisingly given its the backbone of their wide-body fleet.
Currently, Etihad Airways operates 10 Airbus A380s.
Alpha Papa Echo is one of 10 Airbus A380s in service with Etihad Airways, delivered new to the flag-carrier on 19th October 2015 and she is powered by 4 Engine Alliance GP7270 engines. She has carried ADNOC Choose the United Kingdom decals since October 2019.
Airbus A380-861 A6-APE on final approach into Runway 27L at London Heathrow (LHR) on EY19 from Abu Dhabi (AUH).
Since 1979 Hergesheimer Motorsports has been providing the absolute highest quality, dependable service to Porsche owners who expect the very best from there cars. We are the most comprehensive Porsche service and race shop in Southern California, providing everything from routine scheduled maintenance to highly specilised chassis development and track support.
For more information on this particular build, visit The Pink BSR thread on Renntrack.com.
To find out more about Hergesheimer MotorSports' comprehensive Porsche services, please visit www.hergesheimer.com. or call (949) 458-7223.
Additionally, for the latest HRG news and trivia, follow us on our HRGruppe facebook page.
Photo courtesy of Alexander Bermudez
Since 1979 Hergesheimer Motorsports has been providing the absolute highest quality, dependable service to Porsche owners who expect the very best from there cars. We are the most comprehensive Porsche service and race shop in Southern California, providing everything from routine scheduled maintenance to highly specilised chassis development and track support.
For more information, photos and discussion on this build, visit the Guess who just got a Boxter? thread on Renntrack.com.
To find out more about Hergesheimer MotorSports' comprehensive Porsche services, please visit www.hergesheimer.com. or call (949) 458-7223.
Additionally, for the latest HRG news and trivia, follow us on our HRGruppe facebook page.
Photo courtesy of Alexander Bermudez
French postcard by Editions Mercuri, no. 634. Spanish poster for Another Country (Marek Kanievska, 1984).
British actor Rupert Everett (1959) grew up in privileged circumstances, but the wry, sometimes arrogant intellectual was a rebel from the very beginning. He had his breakthrough in Another Country (1984) as an openly gay student at an English public school in the 1930s. He has since appeared in many other films including The Comfort of Strangers (1990), My Best Friend's Wedding (1997) and An Ideal Husband (1999).
Rupert James Hector Everett was born in Burnham Deepdale, Great Britain to Major Anthony Michael Everett and his wife Sara née Maclean. He has a brother, Simon Anthony Cunningham Everett. Everett was brought up as a Roman Catholic. From the age of seven, Everett was educated at Farleigh School, Hampshire, and from the age of thirteen was educated by Benedictine monks at Ampleforth College, Yorkshire. At this prestigious Roman Catholic public school. he trained classically on the piano. He dropped out of school at 16 and ran away to London to become an actor. In order to support himself, he worked as a male prostitute for drugs and money. After being dismissed from the Central School of Speech and Drama ((University of London) for clashing with his teachers, he travelled to Scotland and got a job at the avant-garde Citizens' Theatre in Glasgow. Everett's break came in 1981 at the Greenwich Theatre and later West End production of 'Another Country', playing a gay schoolboy opposite Kenneth Branagh. His character, Guy Bennett, is based on the double agent Guy Burgess. The play was filmed, Another Country (Marek Kanievska, 1984) with Cary Elwes and Colin Firth. Brian J. Dillard at AllMovie: “Rupert Everett and Colin Firth give strong, economical performances as the homosexual dandy and the fervent Marxist who, for different reasons, chafe at the restrictions of their society. Both characters are callow and self-absorbed, but Firth's principled thinker and Everett's ambitious romantic undergo subtle transformations that make them ultimately sympathetic.” He followed on with Dance With a Stranger (Mike Newell, 1985), based on the true story of Ruth Ellis (Portrayed by Miranda Richardson), the last woman to be executed in England. In Italy, he starred in the Gabriel Garcia Marquez adaptation Cronaca di una morte annunciata/ Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Francesco Ros, 1987i) with Ornella Muti. Everett began to develop a promising film career until he co-starred with Bob Dylan in the huge flop Hearts of Fire (Richard Marquand, 1987). Around the same time, Everett recorded and released an album of pop songs entitled Generation of Loneliness. Despite being managed by the largely successful pop svengali Simon Napier-Bell (who steered Wham! to international fame), the public didn't take to his change in direction. The shift was short-lived, and he would only return to pop indirectly by providing backing vocals for his friend Madonna on her 1999 cover of 'American Pie' and on the track 'They Can't Take That Away from Me' on Robbie Williams' 'Swing When You're Winning' in 2001. Following this flop, Everett disappeared for a while, taking up residence in Paris and writing a semi-autobiographical novel, 'Hello, Darling, Are You Working?'. He also came out as gay.
Rupert Everett returned to the screen opposite Christopher Walken and Helen Mirren in The Comfort of Strangers (Paul Schrader, 1990). He was successful as the fat and lazy Prince of Wales (the later George IV) in The Madness of King George (Nicholas Hytner, 1994), and appeared among the all star cast of Prêt-à-Porter (Robert Altman, 1994). The Italian comics character Dylan Dog, created by Tiziano Sclavi, is graphically inspired by him. Everett appeared in a film adaptation, Dellamorte Dellamore/Cemetery Man (Michele Soavi, 1994) as a killer of zombies. In 1995 he released a second novel, 'The Hairdressers of St. Tropez'. His film career was revitalized by his award-winning performance in the comedy My Best Friend's Wedding (P.J. Hogan, 1997), playing Julia Roberts's gay friend. Robert Firsching at AllMovie: “Rupert Everett is terrific as Roberts' gay confidant, and there are some surprising scenes, including a woman with her tongue stuck to an ice sculpture in a most untoward location. It was a huge hit at the box office, with enough genuine romance to satisfy purists and enough bite for those with a slightly different attitude.”Everett has since appeared in a number of high-profile film roles, including as Christopher Marlowe in Shakespeare in Love (John Madden, 1998), Lord Arthur Goring in An Ideal Husband (Oliver Parker, 1999) and Oberon in A Midsummer Night's Dream (Michael Hoffman, 1999). In 1999, he also played Madonna's best friend in The Next Best Thing (John Schlesinger. 1999), and the villainous Sanford Scolex/Dr. Claw in Disney's Inspector Gadget (David Kellogg, 1999) with Matthew Broderick.
Rupert Everett became a Vanity Fair contributing editor and wrote a film screenplay on playwright Oscar Wilde's final years. He also appeared in another film adaptation of a Wilde play, The Importance of Being Earnest (Oliver Parker, 2002) with Colin Firth. Later roles include his royal portrayals in To Kill a King (Mike Barker, 2003) and Stage Beauty (Richard Eyre, 2004), In 2006, he published a memoir, 'Red Carpets and Other Banana Skins', in which he revealed he had a six-year affair with British television presenter Paula Yates. Since then, Everett lead the 2007 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, played a double role in the film St. Trinian's (Oliver Parker, Barnaby Thompson, 2007) and the sequel St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold (Oliver Parker, Barnaby Thompson, 2009), and has appeared several times on TV, causing regularly some outrage. In recent years, Everett has returned to his acting roots appearing in several theatre productions; He made his Broadway debut in 2009 in the Noël Coward play 'Blithe Spirit', starring alongside Angela Lansbury. During the summer of 2010, he played in a revival of 'Pygmalion' as Professor Henry Higgins at the Chichester Festival Theatre and reprised this role in 2011, at the Garrick Theatre in London's West End, starring alongside Diana Rigg as Higgins's mother and Kara Tointon as Eliza.
Rupert Everett went on to play Oscar Wilde in 'The Judas Kiss' in 2013 and was about to play George on Broadway in 'Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?' when the play closed before it officially opened due to the COVID pandemic in 2020. On TV, he played the effortlessly suave Sherlock Holmes in Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Silk Stocking (Simon Cellan Jones, 2004), the Marquis de Feron in the British series The Musketeers (2016) and Carroll Quinn in a second British series Adult Material (Dawn Shadforth, 2020). Known for his aloof handsomeness and often smug, piss-elegant characters, he engagingly portrayed a jet-setter in the contemporary film People (Fabien Onteniente, 2004); provided the voice of the unprincely Prince Charming in the animated features Shrek 2 (Andrew Adamson, Kelly Asbury, Conrad Vernon, 2004) and Shrek the Third (Chris Miller, Raman Hui, 2007); played a British defector opposite Sharon Stone in the romantic thriller A Different Loyalty (Marek Kanievska, 2004) and a millionaire playboy involved in a hit-and-run in Separate Lies (Julian Fellowes, 2005). He also has a part in the comedy film Wild Target (Jonathan Lynn, 2010), starring Bill Nighy, and the comedy Hysteria (Tanya Wexler, 2011) about the first vibrator. He appeared as King George VI (father of Queen Elizabeth) opposite Emily Watson's Queen Mum in the romantic dramedy A Royal Night Out (Julian Jarrold, 2015). He also played a monsignor in Altamira (Hugh Hudson, 2016) opposite Antonio Banderas. He wrote and directed The Happy Prince (Rupert Everett, 2018), in which he also starred as tortured gay playwright Oscar Wilde during his last days. His co-star was Colin Firth, the co-star of his film debut, Another Country. Although Rupert Everett urged in 2009 gay stars not to 'come out' and to keep their sexuality a secret as it could end their film career’, he himself is a living testament disproving the theory that a truly talented and successful romantic leading man cannot survive the career-killing stigma of being openly gay.
Sources: Brian J. Dillard (AllMovie), Gary Brumburgh (IMDb), Wikipedia, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.