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View allAll Photos Tagged PRIMACY
ATLANTIC OCEAN
You are the second in the world on the surface
You don't even care, your simplicity
You really just want to unite peoples, nations
Transforming fraternal peoples into destiny.
The trade winds, blow back and forth
Provoking in you the sea currents
Generating, then, the circular currents
Behold, my dear Great Sea, your primacy.
Mercedes Pordeus
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Vista de la ciutat medieval de Mdina des de llevant, entorn del que fou la base aeria de Ta Kali (Ta'Qali) en maltès.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
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Panorama of the medieval city of Mdina, seen from the east, around the former RAF air base of Ta Kali (Ta'Qali in Maltese).
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
An abandoned quarry sits filled with groundwater south of Boulder Creek and reflects the resplendent rays of the morning sun near Boulder, Colorado. Looking at this scene many months later, and still within a reasonable proximity to Earth Day, my mind kept being inexplicably drawn to a few words from Hamlet:
To die, to sleep - to sleep, perchance to dream. Ay, there's the rub! For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, when we have shuffled off this mortal coil, must give us pause - there's the respect that makes calamity of so long life.
Will the legacy we leave our children and grandchildren be like those dreams? Should our actions in life give us pause? As we seek and quarry, focusing on the now and the me, to what end will it lead? We know our experience of this life on this blue planet will end, however we might like to put off the reality of that thought for another day. Do we owe anything to those whom we assume will still exist when that day comes? If there is anything I hope my children and grandchildren and their children will be able to experience, it is wild places on this Earth. Places where an introspective view of human primacy is irrelevant. Places where frogs sing and animals move without a yoke to human purpose. Places to which we owe the best of ourselves.
“We humans are alone in this world for a reason. We murdered and butchered anything that challenged our primacy.” (Dr Ford)
Yesterday, on my way home, I had a sudden urge to get some exercise. So I spontaneously left the highway and went for an hour-long walk in the woods near Großröhrsdorf.
That's when I managed to take this photo.
By the way, I deliberately chose a different order in the title than is usual in this saying. And for good reason.
There's a psychological phenomenon (the primacy-recency effect) that causes the most recently received information to always carry more weight and therefore be more easily remembered.
And since I want to encourage you to focus more on the bright side of life, this step was necessary.
Als ich gerstern auf dem Weg nach Hause war, hatte ich das spontane Bedürfnis nach etwas Bewegung. Und so habe ich die Autobahn spontan verlassen und bin bei Großröhrsdorf eine Stunde bei den Wald spaziert.
Dabei ist mir dann dieses Foto gelungen.
Ich habe im Titel übrigens bewusst eine andere Reihenfolge gewählt, als es in dieser Redensart üblich ist. Und das aus gutem Grund.
Ee gibt nämlich ein psychologisches Phänomen (den Primacy-Recency-Effekt) welches dazu führt, dass die zuletzt aufgenommenen Informationen immer das höhere Gewicht haben und somit besser im Gedächtnis haften bleiben.
Und da ich Euch dazu ermutigen möchte, Euren Fokus auf die Lichtseite des Lebens zu verstärken, war dieser Schritt erforderlich.
Campotosto Lago (Abruzzo - Italia): sotto il Gran Sasso trovi luoghi incantevoli, come questo lago, in cui la tranquillità e la natura si contendono il primato.
Campotosto Lake (Abruzzo - Italy): under the Gran Sasso you will find enchanting places, like this lake, where tranquility and nature compete for primacy.
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pukam Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa "parched land"), and Tampadipa "bronzed country"). The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
A pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Vista de la ciutat medieval de Mdina des del mirador de Mtarfa. La actual vila de Mtarfa fou fundada com aquarterament del exèrcit britanic al s. XIX.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
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Panorama of the medieval city of Mdina, seen from the Mtarfa viewpoint. The town of Mtarfa was fuounded as British Army barracks in the XIX Century.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
Teilhard's theology was, in a sense, Franciscan Christology now seen through the lens of modern science and evolution. When Teilhard discovered Duns Scotus's notion of the primacy of Christ through the Sicilian Franciscan Father Allegra, he exclaimed: “There is the theology of the future!”16 With Teilhard I began to appreciate the critical role evolution plays in shifting the understanding of God from static to dynamic, from eternal presence to God of the future. Understanding Jesus as the Christ could only make sense in light of evolution, if indeed Incarnation and creation are one and the same act of God's self-giving love.
-Birth of a Dancing Star From Cradle Catholic to Cyborg Christian, Ilia Delio, OSF
I will leave the familiar world for a while........
HUGS AND STAY WELL MY FRIENDS!
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The teachings of Zarathustra (Zoroaster) appeared in Persia at some point during the period 1700-1800 BCE.[6][7]
His wisdom became the basis of the religion Zoroastrianism, and generally influenced the development of the Iranian branch of Indo-Iranian philosophy. Zarathustra was the first who treated the problem of evil in philosophical terms.[7]
He is also believed to be one of the oldest monotheists in the history of religion.
He espoused an ethical philosophy based on the primacy of good thoughts (pendar-e-nik), good words (goftar-e-nik), and good deeds (kerdar-e-nik).
The works of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism had a significant influence on Greek philosophy and Roman philosophy. Plato learnt of Zoroastrian philosophy through Eudoxus and incorporated much of it into his own Platonic realism.[8]
Zarathustra was known as a sage, magician and miracle-worker in post-Classical Western culture, though almost nothing was known of his ideas until the late eighteenth century. By this time his name was associated with lost ancient wisdom and was appropriated by Freemasons and other groups who claimed access to such knowledge.
In 2005, the Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy ranked Zarathustra number two in the chronology of philosophical events. Zarathustra's impact lingers today due in part to the system of rational ethics he founded called Mazda-Yasna. The word Mazda-Yasna is avestan and is translated as "Worship of Wisdom" in English.
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
El "Casino Notabile" és un palauet de finals s. XIX construit a les afores de Mdina, al turó de Saqqajja. L'arquitecte fou Webster Paulson.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
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The "Casino Notabile" is a former belvedere and social club outside Mdina, in Malta. Built on the Saqqajja hill, it's architect was Webster Paulson.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
L'esglesia de L'Anunciació de Maria (Knisja tal-Lunzjata tal-Madonna), al costat del Priorat de les Carmelites, a Mdina. Va servir temporalment de catedral després del terratremol de 1693.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
====================================
This is the tal-Lunzjata tal-Madonna church, by the Carmelite Priory, in Mdina. It served as temporary cathedral after the 1693 earthquake.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
1911 Baker Electric Special Extension Coupe, Model V
In the first decades of the 20th century, electric vehicles seemed poised for primacy. Early internal-combustion engines were rudimentary, dangerous, and difficult to operate, requiring all sorts of pump priming and starter torqueing. Those tasks were uncouth for the wealthy gentlemen who were the automobile’s first customers and downright risky for the era’s women, clothed in voluminous, billowing Edwardian dresses and patriarchal notions of competence. Electric cars, on the other hand, were extremely simple to use. So long as the heavy batteries were maintained and charged, all one had to do was click the on switch, twist the go lever, and roll.
Having founded the American Ball Bearing Company in 1895, Midwestern engineer Walter C. Baker understood the basics of carriage production. This background gave him faith that he could make the leap into car building. Teaming up with his father-in-law and brother-in-law, he started the Baker Motor Vehicle Company in Cleveland in 1899. Seeing the aforementioned advantages inherent in electric vehicles, Baker decided to place his faith in this powertrain.
“Number one, it’s comfortable, and it’s not terribly difficult to drive,” said Stew Somerville, a volunteer mechanic at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome museum in upstate New York, which holds a 1911 Baker in its eclectic collection. “But part of the attraction of the electric automobile was the fact that it did not emit gasoline fumes, you didn’t have to crank-start the engine, there was no big wheel to wrestle with. It was a very smooth-handling automobile. You didn’t even have a loud, offensive horn. There’s a dainty little bell to warn of its coming.” Period ads were frequently, although not exclusively, pitched directly at women.
Baker’s first car to market was a two-seater, the Imperial Runabout. Priced at a competitive $850, it was first shown in New York at the city’s (and nation’s) first auto show. It attracted a number of notable buyers, including Thomas Edison, who purchased one as his very first car. (Edison designed the long-lived nickel-iron batteries used in some Baker vehicles.) By 1906, Baker was, briefly, the world’s top producer of electric vehicles.
But like many of his cohort in the emergent automotive industry, Baker wasn’t just in it for the business. He was in it for the speed. As his company was enjoying success in the consumer market, he was pursuing his dream by developing a series of advanced, record-setting racing cars. His first, the Torpedo, was built in 1902, at great personal expense to Baker. With its 11 batteries, 14-hp mid-mounted motor, outrageously low-slung 48-inch height, streamlined and lightweight white-pine and oilcloth body, and bizarre webbed canvas seat restraints, it seemed poised to set a world land speed record.
Sadly, in that year’s Automobile Club of America speed trials on Staten Island, the car was involved in a disastrous crash. After crossing the 1-kilometer (0.6 mile) mark in just over 30 seconds, Baker and his co-driver lost control and crashed into a group of spectators. One person died at the scene, and another died later from injuries. The drivers were both arrested and charged with manslaughter but were freed when it was determined that the crowd had pushed past protective barriers and onto the course. (Baker’s innovative safety harness likely protected the car’s occupants from serious injury.)
Further attempts with two smaller, single-seater race cars he named Torpedo Kid were also employed in pursuit of the land speed record but were subsequently abandoned following another, nonlethal spectator crash in 1903. Baker has often been noted as the first person to cross the 100-mph barrier, although his records weren’t official due to these wrecks.
Given this peril, Baker decided to forgo his quest for top speed. As gasoline-powered vehicles increased in popularity and gained infrastructural support, he shifted his attention instead to diminishing the electric car’s liabilities, particularly their limited range. He worked diligently on new battery designs, shaft drives, and other componentry. In 1910, Baker’s new chief engineer, Emil Gruenfeldt, set a record for distance driven on a single charge, taking a Baker Victoria for a 201-mile trip at an average speed of 12 mph. Not exactly Ludicrous speed, but an impressive feat nonetheless.
Baker’s successes gave the company prominence among the elite, and the company capitalized on this publicly. In advertisements around 1909, the brand boldly boasted about the King of Siam owning a Baker. The company made a similar splash in American politics when President William H. Taft’s administration purchased a 1909 model as one of the White House’s first automobiles. (A steam-powered White and two gasoline-powered Pierce-Arrows were also included, Taft hedging his bets on how the battle of the powertrains was going to play out.) Taft later added a 1912 Baker Victoria that went on to be driven by five First Ladies. The Baker brand maintains some celebrity allure today, with car-collecting comedian Jay Leno holding a 1909 model in his expansive collection.
As a means of offsetting some of the powertrain’s inherent shortcomings, Baker made investments in battery-charging infrastructure. The brand announced plans to open stations at every major intersection in Cleveland and to grow the network from there, although this effort became cost prohibitive and never came to fruition. Expansion into the production of electric trucks, police patrol wagons, and even trucks and bomb handlers for the U.S. Army during World War I was not enough to fend off the rising dominance of the internal-combustion engine, especially after the proliferation of the electric starter, first available on the 1912 Cadillac, significantly increased safety and convenience. By 1915, the Baker company was defunct.
By Brett Berk, Car and Driver
FRAME
“The frame gives incredible power to photovision: it establishes a hierarchy from the center of attention (the center of power) to the invisible (totally subdued by the seeing) outside of it. This power makes the documentary photographer a master. If the photographer surrenders to the discipline of art, his power is artistic, that is, it establishes the primacy of some aesthetic categories over others. If a photographer gives himself up to the discipline of politics, he fosters an uncritical perception of some hierarchy by the audience and thus strengthens the power of some over others. If the photographer is committed to the economic interest, he directs and intensifies consumption. Finally, if the photographer takes a critical position, then his work undermines the hierarchies of the named disciplines and gives the viewers the opportunity to free themselves from the networks of power that prescribe the visible and invisible, important and tertiary, necessary and harmful.
Thus, the framework makes it possible to establish orders of power, and undermine them. This means that the photographer - like any other master of image, word or judgment - is faced with a choice to give a voice to power or peace, order or chaos, to close access to truth or open it up. Each photograph is an event where the visible and the seeing can communicate or be in a blind and inauthentic world. "
See more about this magical journey youtu.be/iU0h0pbhQf4
Selected for Explored at #486 on 17 Nov 2023
A nearly identical image appears on the Wikipedia page "Four Evangelists" as of 18 Nov 2023.
"According to Catholic lore, Trophimus of Arles (French: Trophime) was the first bishop of Arles, in today's southern France." Source: WIkipedia article on Saint Trophime dated 11/16/2023
"In the typanum above the lintel, Christ is in his Majesty surrounded by symbols of the four Evangelists. The symbols are the Lion (St Mark); the Angel (St Matthew); the Ox (St Luke); and the Eagle (St John).
"The throne of the Lord is supported by the four creatures, illustrating the Primacy of the Gospels.
"On the lintel below are 12 seated figures: the Apostles." Source: idlespeculations-terryprest.blogspot.com/2007/03/portico-...
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Caminant pels serens carrers de Mdina, es disfruta de la seva magnificencia tot i la calor d'inicis de la tarda.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
Triq il-Villegaignon vol dir "carrer de Villegaignon".
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While walking through the stone streets of Mdina, even in a hot July afternoon, you can admire it's beautiful serenity.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Caminant pels serens carrers de Mdina, es disfruta de la seva magnificencia tot i la calor d'inicis de la tarda.
Aquesta és la catedral de Mdina (Il-Katidral Metropolitan ta' San Pawl), com a tal el centre religiós més important de tot Malta. L'edifici actual és barroc del 1696-1705, substituint un anterior de gotic que fou destruit per un terratremol.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
Triq il-Villegaignon vol dir "carrer de Villegaignon".
====================================
While walking through the stone streets of Mdina, even in a hot July afternoon, you can admire it's beautiful serenity.
This is the Cathedral of Mdina (Il-Katidral Metropolitan ta' San Pawl), as such the most important religious centre in all of Malta. The current building is Baroque from 1696-1705, replacing an earlier Gothic one that was destroyed by an earthquake.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
L'esglesia de L'Anunciació de Maria (Knisja tal-Lunzjata tal-Madonna), al costat del Priorat de les Carmelites, a Mdina. Va servir temporalment de catedral després del terratremol de 1693.
Caminant pels serens carrers de Mdina, es disfruta de la seva magnificencia tot i la calor d'inicis de la tarda.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
Triq il-Villegaignon vol dir "carrer de Villegaignon".
====================================
This is the tal-Lunzjata tal-Madonna church, by the Carmelite Priory, in Mdina. It served as temporary cathedral after the 1693 earthquake.
While walking through the stone streets of Mdina, even in a hot July afternoon, you can admire it's beautiful serenity.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
Front View
1911 Baker Electric Special Extension Coupe, Model V
In the first decades of the 20th century, electric vehicles seemed poised for primacy. Early internal-combustion engines were rudimentary, dangerous, and difficult to operate, requiring all sorts of pump priming and starter torqueing. Those tasks were uncouth for the wealthy gentlemen who were the automobile’s first customers and downright risky for the era’s women, clothed in voluminous, billowing Edwardian dresses and patriarchal notions of competence. Electric cars, on the other hand, were extremely simple to use. So long as the heavy batteries were maintained and charged, all one had to do was click the on switch, twist the go lever, and roll.
Having founded the American Ball Bearing Company in 1895, Midwestern engineer Walter C. Baker understood the basics of carriage production. This background gave him faith that he could make the leap into car building. Teaming up with his father-in-law and brother-in-law, he started the Baker Motor Vehicle Company in Cleveland in 1899. Seeing the aforementioned advantages inherent in electric vehicles, Baker decided to place his faith in this powertrain.
“Number one, it’s comfortable, and it’s not terribly difficult to drive,” said Stew Somerville, a volunteer mechanic at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome museum in upstate New York, which holds a 1911 Baker in its eclectic collection. “But part of the attraction of the electric automobile was the fact that it did not emit gasoline fumes, you didn’t have to crank-start the engine, there was no big wheel to wrestle with. It was a very smooth-handling automobile. You didn’t even have a loud, offensive horn. There’s a dainty little bell to warn of its coming.” Period ads were frequently, although not exclusively, pitched directly at women.
Baker’s first car to market was a two-seater, the Imperial Runabout. Priced at a competitive $850, it was first shown in New York at the city’s (and nation’s) first auto show. It attracted a number of notable buyers, including Thomas Edison, who purchased one as his very first car. (Edison designed the long-lived nickel-iron batteries used in some Baker vehicles.) By 1906, Baker was, briefly, the world’s top producer of electric vehicles.
But like many of his cohort in the emergent automotive industry, Baker wasn’t just in it for the business. He was in it for the speed. As his company was enjoying success in the consumer market, he was pursuing his dream by developing a series of advanced, record-setting racing cars. His first, the Torpedo, was built in 1902, at great personal expense to Baker. With its 11 batteries, 14-hp mid-mounted motor, outrageously low-slung 48-inch height, streamlined and lightweight white-pine and oilcloth body, and bizarre webbed canvas seat restraints, it seemed poised to set a world land speed record.
Sadly, in that year’s Automobile Club of America speed trials on Staten Island, the car was involved in a disastrous crash. After crossing the 1-kilometer (0.6 mile) mark in just over 30 seconds, Baker and his co-driver lost control and crashed into a group of spectators. One person died at the scene, and another died later from injuries. The drivers were both arrested and charged with manslaughter but were freed when it was determined that the crowd had pushed past protective barriers and onto the course. (Baker’s innovative safety harness likely protected the car’s occupants from serious injury.)
Further attempts with two smaller, single-seater race cars he named Torpedo Kid were also employed in pursuit of the land speed record but were subsequently abandoned following another, nonlethal spectator crash in 1903. Baker has often been noted as the first person to cross the 100-mph barrier, although his records weren’t official due to these wrecks.
Given this peril, Baker decided to forgo his quest for top speed. As gasoline-powered vehicles increased in popularity and gained infrastructural support, he shifted his attention instead to diminishing the electric car’s liabilities, particularly their limited range. He worked diligently on new battery designs, shaft drives, and other componentry. In 1910, Baker’s new chief engineer, Emil Gruenfeldt, set a record for distance driven on a single charge, taking a Baker Victoria for a 201-mile trip at an average speed of 12 mph. Not exactly Ludicrous speed, but an impressive feat nonetheless.
Baker’s successes gave the company prominence among the elite, and the company capitalized on this publicly. In advertisements around 1909, the brand boldly boasted about the King of Siam owning a Baker. The company made a similar splash in American politics when President William H. Taft’s administration purchased a 1909 model as one of the White House’s first automobiles. (A steam-powered White and two gasoline-powered Pierce-Arrows were also included, Taft hedging his bets on how the battle of the powertrains was going to play out.) Taft later added a 1912 Baker Victoria that went on to be driven by five First Ladies. The Baker brand maintains some celebrity allure today, with car-collecting comedian Jay Leno holding a 1909 model in his expansive collection.
As a means of offsetting some of the powertrain’s inherent shortcomings, Baker made investments in battery-charging infrastructure. The brand announced plans to open stations at every major intersection in Cleveland and to grow the network from there, although this effort became cost prohibitive and never came to fruition. Expansion into the production of electric trucks, police patrol wagons, and even trucks and bomb handlers for the U.S. Army during World War I was not enough to fend off the rising dominance of the internal-combustion engine, especially after the proliferation of the electric starter, first available on the 1912 Cadillac, significantly increased safety and convenience. By 1915, the Baker company was defunct.
By Brett Berk, Car and Driver
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pukam Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa "parched land"), and Tampadipa "bronzed country"). The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
A pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
Excerpt from Wikipedia:
The church contains a projection of limestone rock in front of the present altar which is venerated as a "Mensa Christi", Latin for table of Christ. According to tradition this is the spot where Jesus is said to have laid out a breakfast of bread and fish for the Apostles, and told Peter to "Feed my sheep" after the miraculous catch, the third time he appeared to them after his resurrection. (John 21:1–24) It is disputed whether this table, or the one enshrined at the nearby Church of the Multiplication, is the one mentioned by the pilgrim Egeria in her narrative of the Holy Land circa 380. There is also another table of Christ enshrined at the Mensa Christi Church in Nazareth.
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Foto presa amb una càmera de format mitjà Ensign Commando fabricada el 1946; Ilford FP4+.
Aquesta és la catedral de Mdina (Il-Katidral Metropolitan ta' San Pawl), com a tal el centre religiós més important de tot Malta. L'edifici actual és barroc del 1696-1705, substituint un anterior de gotic que fou destruit per un terratremol.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
====================================
Picture taken with an Ensign Commando medium format camera, made in England in 1946; Ilford FP4+, home developed.
This is the Cathedral of Mdina (Il-Katidral Metropolitan ta' San Pawl), as such the most important religious centre in all of Malta. The current building is Baroque from 1696-1705, replacing an earlier Gothic one that was destroyed by an earthquake.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
Caminant pels serens carrers de Mdina, es disfruta de la seva magnificencia tot i la calor d'inicis de la tarda.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
Triq il-Villegaignon vol dir "carrer de Villegaignon".
====================================
While walking through the stone streets of Mdina, even in a hot July afternoon, you can admire it's beautiful serenity.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
1911 Baker Electric Special Extension Coupe, Model V
In the first decades of the 20th century, electric vehicles seemed poised for primacy. Early internal-combustion engines were rudimentary, dangerous, and difficult to operate, requiring all sorts of pump priming and starter torqueing. Those tasks were uncouth for the wealthy gentlemen who were the automobile’s first customers and downright risky for the era’s women, clothed in voluminous, billowing Edwardian dresses and patriarchal notions of competence. Electric cars, on the other hand, were extremely simple to use. So long as the heavy batteries were maintained and charged, all one had to do was click the on switch, twist the go lever, and roll.
Having founded the American Ball Bearing Company in 1895, Midwestern engineer Walter C. Baker understood the basics of carriage production. This background gave him faith that he could make the leap into car building. Teaming up with his father-in-law and brother-in-law, he started the Baker Motor Vehicle Company in Cleveland in 1899. Seeing the aforementioned advantages inherent in electric vehicles, Baker decided to place his faith in this powertrain.
“Number one, it’s comfortable, and it’s not terribly difficult to drive,” said Stew Somerville, a volunteer mechanic at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome museum in upstate New York, which holds a 1911 Baker in its eclectic collection. “But part of the attraction of the electric automobile was the fact that it did not emit gasoline fumes, you didn’t have to crank-start the engine, there was no big wheel to wrestle with. It was a very smooth-handling automobile. You didn’t even have a loud, offensive horn. There’s a dainty little bell to warn of its coming.” Period ads were frequently, although not exclusively, pitched directly at women.
Baker’s first car to market was a two-seater, the Imperial Runabout. Priced at a competitive $850, it was first shown in New York at the city’s (and nation’s) first auto show. It attracted a number of notable buyers, including Thomas Edison, who purchased one as his very first car. (Edison designed the long-lived nickel-iron batteries used in some Baker vehicles.) By 1906, Baker was, briefly, the world’s top producer of electric vehicles.
But like many of his cohort in the emergent automotive industry, Baker wasn’t just in it for the business. He was in it for the speed. As his company was enjoying success in the consumer market, he was pursuing his dream by developing a series of advanced, record-setting racing cars. His first, the Torpedo, was built in 1902, at great personal expense to Baker. With its 11 batteries, 14-hp mid-mounted motor, outrageously low-slung 48-inch height, streamlined and lightweight white-pine and oilcloth body, and bizarre webbed canvas seat restraints, it seemed poised to set a world land speed record.
Sadly, in that year’s Automobile Club of America speed trials on Staten Island, the car was involved in a disastrous crash. After crossing the 1-kilometer (0.6 mile) mark in just over 30 seconds, Baker and his co-driver lost control and crashed into a group of spectators. One person died at the scene, and another died later from injuries. The drivers were both arrested and charged with manslaughter but were freed when it was determined that the crowd had pushed past protective barriers and onto the course. (Baker’s innovative safety harness likely protected the car’s occupants from serious injury.)
Further attempts with two smaller, single-seater race cars he named Torpedo Kid were also employed in pursuit of the land speed record but were subsequently abandoned following another, nonlethal spectator crash in 1903. Baker has often been noted as the first person to cross the 100-mph barrier, although his records weren’t official due to these wrecks.
Given this peril, Baker decided to forgo his quest for top speed. As gasoline-powered vehicles increased in popularity and gained infrastructural support, he shifted his attention instead to diminishing the electric car’s liabilities, particularly their limited range. He worked diligently on new battery designs, shaft drives, and other componentry. In 1910, Baker’s new chief engineer, Emil Gruenfeldt, set a record for distance driven on a single charge, taking a Baker Victoria for a 201-mile trip at an average speed of 12 mph. Not exactly Ludicrous speed, but an impressive feat nonetheless.
Baker’s successes gave the company prominence among the elite, and the company capitalized on this publicly. In advertisements around 1909, the brand boldly boasted about the King of Siam owning a Baker. The company made a similar splash in American politics when President William H. Taft’s administration purchased a 1909 model as one of the White House’s first automobiles. (A steam-powered White and two gasoline-powered Pierce-Arrows were also included, Taft hedging his bets on how the battle of the powertrains was going to play out.) Taft later added a 1912 Baker Victoria that went on to be driven by five First Ladies. The Baker brand maintains some celebrity allure today, with car-collecting comedian Jay Leno holding a 1909 model in his expansive collection.
As a means of offsetting some of the powertrain’s inherent shortcomings, Baker made investments in battery-charging infrastructure. The brand announced plans to open stations at every major intersection in Cleveland and to grow the network from there, although this effort became cost prohibitive and never came to fruition. Expansion into the production of electric trucks, police patrol wagons, and even trucks and bomb handlers for the U.S. Army during World War I was not enough to fend off the rising dominance of the internal-combustion engine, especially after the proliferation of the electric starter, first available on the 1912 Cadillac, significantly increased safety and convenience. By 1915, the Baker company was defunct.
By Brett Berk, Car and Driver
(from Wikipedia)
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pukam Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa "parched land"), and Tampadipa "bronzed country"). The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
A pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
First Impressions Last.
This is thanks to something called the primacy effect, which means that when someone experiences something before other things in a sequence, they remember that first thing more.
If you don't manage the first impression correctly, they might get the wrong idea , and it's difficult to shift.
Mezzano (TN) è un piccolo Comune con poco più di 1.600 abitanti nella Valle del Primiero affacciato alle imponenti cime delle dolomiti del gruppo delle Pale di San Martino.
Appena al di fuori del centro abitato si possono ammirare vecchie cascine con animali che razzolano e pascolano, nonché numerose cataste di legname; segni di vita rurale che ancora resistono e che ne hanno valso il primato di uno dei "Borghi più belli d'Italia".
Mezzano (TN) is a small Municipality with just over 1,600 inhabitants in the Primiero Valley overlooking the imposing peaks of the Dolomites of the Pale di San Martino group.
Just outside the town you can admire old farmhouses with animals scratching and grazing, as well as numerous piles of wood; signs of rural life that still resist and which have earned it the primacy of one of the "Most beautiful villages in Italy".
IN ENGLISH BELOW THE LINE
El "Casino Notabile" és un palauet de finals s. XIX construit a les afores de Mdina, al turó de Saqqajja. L'arquitecte fou Webster Paulson.
El centre politic i social de l'illa de Malta fou fins finals de l'edat mitjana, al centre de l'illa, en els turons que dominen la plana central. Aquí, des d'època fenicia s'hi establí LA ciutat de Malta, originariament Melita, pel que sembla. Així continuà durant tota la llarga ocupació romana. Amb les sotragades de l'expansió islamica, aquesta ciutat que havia anat expandint-se, fou arrasada i deshabitada força temps. Després fou habitada per arabs nord-africans, que li posaren un nou nom, Medina, ja que era la única ciutat a tot Malta. Això continuà així fins i tot amb el nou domini primer normand, després angeví i després català de Malta. La ciutat, anomenada localment Mdina, o també Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, no cedí la primacía política fins que l'Ordre de l'Hospital arribà el 1523 per a establir la nova capital al Gran Port, a Birgu, interesats en el domini naval com estaven ells. Finalment, Valetta agafà el relleu fins als nostres dies.
Però Mdina, amb la seva extensió fora muralles amb un altre nom (Rabat, és a dir, "barriada"). continua essent un pol cultural de Malta. I la seva posició privilegiada es nota quan hi arribes, amb unes vistes fantastiques sobre l'entorn, i una arquitectura noble i serena, literalment de pedra picada. L'anomenen "la ciutat del silenci".
====================================
The "Casino Notabile" is a former belvedere and social club outside Mdina, in Malta. Built on the Saqqajja hill, it's architect was Webster Paulson.
The political and social center of the island of Malta was until the end of the Middle Ages, in the center of the island, on the hills that dominate the central plain. Here, since Phoenician times, THE city of Malta was established, originally Melita, apparently. It continued like this throughout the long Roman occupation. With the upheavals of Islamic expansion, this city that had been expanding, was razed and uninhabited for quite a while. It was then inhabited by North African Arabs, who gave it a new name, Medina, since it was the only city in all of Malta. This continued even with the new first Norman, then Angevin and then Catalan rule of Malta. The city, locally called Mdina, or also Cittá Vecchia - Cittá Notabile, did not cede political primacy until the Order of the Hospital arrived in 1523 to establish the new capital in the Grand Port, in Birgu, interested in naval dominance as they were. Finally, Valletta took over until today.
But Mdina, with its extension outside the walls with another name (Rabat, meaning "neighborhood"). continues to be a cultural hub of Malta. And its privileged position is noticeable when you arrive, with fantastic views over the surroundings, and a noble and serene architecture, literally of stone masonry. They call it "the city of silence"
Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Lyon, Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, France.
La Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, a menudo llamada simplemente catedral de Lyon o Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne es la catedral y primado de Lyon (Francia). El término primado viene de Primat des Gaules, título histórico del obispo de Lyon.
Construida entre 1180 y 1480, mezcla el estilo Románico con el Gótico. Cuenta con un reloj astronómico del siglo XIV.
La construcción comenzó en el siglo XII con la pared del monasterio. Las partes más bajas del ábside, las capillas de ambos lados y el transepto fueron construidos entre 1165 y 1180 en estilo Románico. El techo del ábside y el transepto en estilo Gótico, las dos torres orientales, los primeros cuatro tramos de la nave y la bóveda fueron completados entre el siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIII.
A mediados del siglo XIII, las ventanas del coro y los dos rosetones del transepto fueron completados. Entre finales del siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIV, los últimos cuatro tramos y la parte más baja de la fachada fueron completadas. El final del siglo XIV presenció la terminación de los últimos tramos de la bóveda y los rosetones de la fachada en 1392.
En el siglo XV, la parte superior de la fachada y las torres fueron completadas. La estatua de Dios Padre fue ubicada en la parte más alta del frontón en 1481. La capilla de los Borbones (nombrada así por los arzobispos que ordenaron su construcción), de un estilo Gótico tardío, fue construida entre finales del siglo XV y comienzos del siglo XVI.
En 1562, la catedral fue destruida por las tropas calvinistas del barón de Adrets. Las ventanas de la gran nave medieval y del tímpano del largo portal fueron destruidas en el siglo XVIII por orden de los Canónigos. Durante la revolución, la catedral sufrió algunos daños.
Entre 1791 y 1793, el arzobispo Lamourette ordenó la modificación de los coros. Esto incluyó la destrucción del atril.
El coro fue restaurado a su disposición medieval entre 1935 y 1936. Durante la liberación de Lyon en septiembre de 1944, algunas de las vidrieras de colores fueron destruidas.
La fachada fue restaurada en 1982.
The Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, often called simply Lyon Cathedral or Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne is the cathedral and primate of Lyon (France). The term primacy comes from Primat des Gaules, the historical title of the Bishop of Lyon.
Built between 1180 and 1480, it mixes the Romanesque style with the Gothic. It has an astronomical clock from the 14th century.
Construction began in the 12th century with the wall of the monastery. The lower parts of the apse, the chapels on both sides and the transept were built between 1165 and 1180 in the Romanesque style. The roof of the apse and the transept in Gothic style, the two eastern towers, the first four sections of the nave and the vault were completed between the 12th century and the first third of the 13th century.
In the middle of the 13th century, the windows of the choir and the two rose windows of the transept were completed. Between the end of the 12th century and the first third of the 14th century, the last four sections and the lowest part of the facade were completed. The end of the 14th century witnessed the completion of the last sections of the vault and the rose windows of the facade in 1392.
In the 15th century, the upper part of the facade and the towers were completed. The statue of God the Father was located in the highest part of the pediment in 1481. The Bourbon Chapel (named after the archbishops who ordered its construction), of a late Gothic style, was built between the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the century XVI.
In 1562, the cathedral was destroyed by the Calvinist troops of Baron Adrets. The windows of the great medieval nave and the tympanum of the long portal were destroyed in the 18th century by order of the Canons. During the revolution, the cathedral suffered some damage.
Between 1791 and 1793, Archbishop Lamourette ordered the modification of the choirs. This included the destruction of the lectern.
The choir was restored to its medieval disposition between 1935 and 1936. During the liberation of Lyon in September 1944, some of the stained glass windows were destroyed.
The facade was restored in 1982.
Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Lyon, Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, France.
La Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, a menudo llamada simplemente catedral de Lyon o Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne es la catedral y primado de Lyon (Francia). El término primado viene de Primat des Gaules, título histórico del obispo de Lyon.
Construida entre 1180 y 1480, mezcla el estilo Románico con el Gótico. Cuenta con un reloj astronómico del siglo XIV.
La construcción comenzó en el siglo XII con la pared del monasterio. Las partes más bajas del ábside, las capillas de ambos lados y el transepto fueron construidos entre 1165 y 1180 en estilo Románico. El techo del ábside y el transepto en estilo Gótico, las dos torres orientales, los primeros cuatro tramos de la nave y la bóveda fueron completados entre el siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIII.
A mediados del siglo XIII, las ventanas del coro y los dos rosetones del transepto fueron completados. Entre finales del siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIV, los últimos cuatro tramos y la parte más baja de la fachada fueron completadas. El final del siglo XIV presenció la terminación de los últimos tramos de la bóveda y los rosetones de la fachada en 1392.
En el siglo XV, la parte superior de la fachada y las torres fueron completadas. La estatua de Dios Padre fue ubicada en la parte más alta del frontón en 1481. La capilla de los Borbones (nombrada así por los arzobispos que ordenaron su construcción), de un estilo Gótico tardío, fue construida entre finales del siglo XV y comienzos del siglo XVI.
En 1562, la catedral fue destruida por las tropas calvinistas del barón de Adrets. Las ventanas de la gran nave medieval y del tímpano del largo portal fueron destruidas en el siglo XVIII por orden de los Canónigos. Durante la revolución, la catedral sufrió algunos daños.
Entre 1791 y 1793, el arzobispo Lamourette ordenó la modificación de los coros. Esto incluyó la destrucción del atril.
El coro fue restaurado a su disposición medieval entre 1935 y 1936. Durante la liberación de Lyon en septiembre de 1944, algunas de las vidrieras de colores fueron destruidas.
La fachada fue restaurada en 1982.
The Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, often called simply Lyon Cathedral or Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne is the cathedral and primate of Lyon (France). The term primacy comes from Primat des Gaules, the historical title of the Bishop of Lyon.
Built between 1180 and 1480, it mixes the Romanesque style with the Gothic. It has an astronomical clock from the 14th century.
Construction began in the 12th century with the wall of the monastery. The lower parts of the apse, the chapels on both sides and the transept were built between 1165 and 1180 in the Romanesque style. The roof of the apse and the transept in Gothic style, the two eastern towers, the first four sections of the nave and the vault were completed between the 12th century and the first third of the 13th century.
In the middle of the 13th century, the windows of the choir and the two rose windows of the transept were completed. Between the end of the 12th century and the first third of the 14th century, the last four sections and the lowest part of the facade were completed. The end of the 14th century witnessed the completion of the last sections of the vault and the rose windows of the facade in 1392.
In the 15th century, the upper part of the facade and the towers were completed. The statue of God the Father was located in the highest part of the pediment in 1481. The Bourbon Chapel (named after the archbishops who ordered its construction), of a late Gothic style, was built between the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the century XVI.
In 1562, the cathedral was destroyed by the Calvinist troops of Baron Adrets. The windows of the great medieval nave and the tympanum of the long portal were destroyed in the 18th century by order of the Canons. During the revolution, the cathedral suffered some damage.
Between 1791 and 1793, Archbishop Lamourette ordered the modification of the choirs. This included the destruction of the lectern.
The choir was restored to its medieval disposition between 1935 and 1936. During the liberation of Lyon in September 1944, some of the stained glass windows were destroyed.
The facade was restored in 1982.
The Idea of Canary Wharf came from a basic need. The Big Bang deregulation of financial services in London had radically changed the way merchant banks operated.
Instead of the small, corridor and office based buildings occupied in the traditional square mile, the demand was now for large floor-plate, open plan space which could be used as a trading floor.
The Corporation of the City of London had been resisting such development, preferring instead to conserve its historical architecture and views. So banks like Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) had spent years trying without success to locate suitable space close to the financial heart of London.
[...]
Canary Wharf was, and remains, a direct challenge to the primacy of the City of London as the UK's principal centre for the finance industry. Relations between Canary Wharf and the Corporation of London have frequently been strained, with the City accusing Canary Wharf of poaching tenants, and Canary Wharf accusing the City of not catering to occupier needs.
Canary Wharf's national significance comes from what it replaces: The former docks were, as recently as 1961, the busiest in the world. They served huge industrial areas of east London and beyond. Both the docks and much of that industrial capacity are gone, with employment shifting to the kind of service industry accommodated in office buildings. In this respect, Canary Wharf could be cited as the strongest single symbol of the changed economic geography of the United Kingdom.
[...]
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pukam Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa "parched land"), and Tampadipa "bronzed country"). The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
A pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
This was the hot mainline of the "NorthWestern" when I was in high school; as a 14 year old I reached it by riding their fine commuter trains down into the City and out to Elmhurst. Although SD40's were probably just beginning to invade the roster by this time, the GP30/35 fleet probably held primacy on these priority trains from Chicago to the Union Pacific connections at Omaha or Fremont. Four GP35's, led by the 846, and some "pigs" probably indicated a determination to hustle this business to "Uncle Peter."
Yes, this is really the aircraft in which Cosmonaut-Number-One flew. Juri Gagarin was not only the first cosmonaut but also an outstanding pilot holding the steering wheels of a lot of different aircrafts during his lifetime. Although in this special aircraft he was not a chief pilot but a passenger. However there is no any shame to be a passenger of this jet. Because aboard of this machine a man felt the weightlessness first time in the world. Before Gagarin's Space start nobody knew how human's organizm survives a weightlessness. But it was necessary to train first astronauts to work in weightless state. Thus the one of passenger Tupolev's jets has been converted into flying laboratory. All passenger equipment has been removed from the hull. And the hollow space of it was lined by soft material to avoid occasional traumas. This Tu-104 'Red 47' was transfered to the Cosmonaut Corps of the USSR. And First Six cosmonauts, i.e. Juri Gagarin, German Titov, Andrian Nikolayev, Pavel Popovich, Grigorij Neliubov, Valerij Bykovskij trained the weightlessness on the deck of it. Excellent accelerating abilities of 'Tu' were used during this training. Tu-104 accelerated into stratosphere, keeping special 'ballistic' (parabola) trajectory calculated in such way, that it was real weightlessness during several minutes on the top part of it. Thanks to it the valuable experience has been gained allowing safe starts into the Universe. 'Red 47' served in Cosmonauts Corps until the full deterioration. After that it has been returned to it's Alma Mater - the Kharkov Aviation Plant where it was manufactured in 1950's. Now 'Red 47' is the most valuable showpiece of Plant's museum. Unfortunately aviation plant is considered as 'secret' even today. So this unique aircraft is virtually unreachable for non-employee of this plant. It may be added that even 'common' passenger Tu-104's are unique being the first Soviet jet airliner (and the second one in the world yielding the primacy only to British De-Havilland Comet), At Soviet time Tu-104 was the matter of legitimate pride being the real pasteboard of Communism and a real Soviet icon in fact.
Naturally it had a set of shortcomings which led to several air disasters - the natural consequence of design novelty. But this shortcomings were overcome during it's service
Unfortunately only couple of this machines survived in museums. But even now it is considered as one of most beautiful aircraft in the world
Да, это действительно самолет, в котором летал Космонавт Номер Один. Юрий Гагарин, был не только первым космонавтом, но и выдающимся летчиком, за свою жизнь успевший подержать штурвала множества различных самолетов. Хотя в этом особенном самолете он был не командиром корабля, а пассажиром. Однако вовсе не зазорно побывать пассажиром этого лайнера. Потому что на борту этой машины человек впервые в мире почувствовал невесомости. До Гагаринского старта никто в мире не знал, как человеческий организм переживет невесомость. Но надо было приучить первых космонавтов к работе в состоянии невесомости. Поэтому один из пассажирских самолетов Туполева был переоборудован в летающую лабораторию. Все пассажирское оборудование была демонтировано. Пустое пространство было обито мягким материалом, чтобы избежать случайных травм. Этот Ту-104 "Красный 47 ' был передан в отряд космонавтов СССР. И Первая Шестерка космонавтов, то есть Юрий Гагарин, Герман Титов, Андриан Николаев, Павел Попович, Григорий Нелюбов, Валерий Быковский тренировались в условиях невесомости на его борту. В ходе этой подготовки использовались великолепные динамические характеристики самолета. Ту-104 ускорялся в стратосфере, придерживаясь специальной "баллистической" (параболической) траектории, рассчитанной таким образом, что на её верхнем участке в течение нескольких минут была полная невесомость. Благодаря этому был накоплен неоценимый опыт, позволивший безопасно стартовать во Вселенную. "Красный 47' служил в Отряде Космонавтов до полного износа. После этого он был возвращен в свою Альма-Матер - Харьковский авиационный завод, где он был изготовлен в 1950-х годах. "Красный 47' сейчас - самый ценный экспонат заводского музея. К сожалению авиационный завод даже сегодня считается "секретным". Так что это уникальный самолет практически недоступен для не-сотрудников этого завода. К этому можно добавить, что даже "обычные" пассажирские Ту-104 являются уникальными, будучи первыми советскими реактивными авиалайнера (и вторыми в мире уступив первенство только британским De-Havilland Comet), В советское время Ту-104 был предметом законной гордости, был настоящей визитной карточкой коммунизма и по сути, подлинной советской иконой.
Естественно, у него было множество недостатков, которые привели к ряду катастроф воздуха - естественное следствие новизны конструкции. Но это недостатки были преодолены в процессе службы.
К сожалению, лишь пара таких машин сохранились в музеях. Но даже сейчас он считается одним из самых красивых в мире самолетов
1911 Baker Electric Special Extension Coupe, Model V
In the first decades of the 20th century, electric vehicles seemed poised for primacy. Early internal-combustion engines were rudimentary, dangerous, and difficult to operate, requiring all sorts of pump priming and starter torqueing. Those tasks were uncouth for the wealthy gentlemen who were the automobile’s first customers and downright risky for the era’s women, clothed in voluminous, billowing Edwardian dresses and patriarchal notions of competence. Electric cars, on the other hand, were extremely simple to use. So long as the heavy batteries were maintained and charged, all one had to do was click the on switch, twist the go lever, and roll.
Having founded the American Ball Bearing Company in 1895, Midwestern engineer Walter C. Baker understood the basics of carriage production. This background gave him faith that he could make the leap into car building. Teaming up with his father-in-law and brother-in-law, he started the Baker Motor Vehicle Company in Cleveland in 1899. Seeing the aforementioned advantages inherent in electric vehicles, Baker decided to place his faith in this powertrain.
“Number one, it’s comfortable, and it’s not terribly difficult to drive,” said Stew Somerville, a volunteer mechanic at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome museum in upstate New York, which holds a 1911 Baker in its eclectic collection. “But part of the attraction of the electric automobile was the fact that it did not emit gasoline fumes, you didn’t have to crank-start the engine, there was no big wheel to wrestle with. It was a very smooth-handling automobile. You didn’t even have a loud, offensive horn. There’s a dainty little bell to warn of its coming.” Period ads were frequently, although not exclusively, pitched directly at women.
Baker’s first car to market was a two-seater, the Imperial Runabout. Priced at a competitive $850, it was first shown in New York at the city’s (and nation’s) first auto show. It attracted a number of notable buyers, including Thomas Edison, who purchased one as his very first car. (Edison designed the long-lived nickel-iron batteries used in some Baker vehicles.) By 1906, Baker was, briefly, the world’s top producer of electric vehicles.
But like many of his cohort in the emergent automotive industry, Baker wasn’t just in it for the business. He was in it for the speed. As his company was enjoying success in the consumer market, he was pursuing his dream by developing a series of advanced, record-setting racing cars. His first, the Torpedo, was built in 1902, at great personal expense to Baker. With its 11 batteries, 14-hp mid-mounted motor, outrageously low-slung 48-inch height, streamlined and lightweight white-pine and oilcloth body, and bizarre webbed canvas seat restraints, it seemed poised to set a world land speed record.
Sadly, in that year’s Automobile Club of America speed trials on Staten Island, the car was involved in a disastrous crash. After crossing the 1-kilometer (0.6 mile) mark in just over 30 seconds, Baker and his co-driver lost control and crashed into a group of spectators. One person died at the scene, and another died later from injuries. The drivers were both arrested and charged with manslaughter but were freed when it was determined that the crowd had pushed past protective barriers and onto the course. (Baker’s innovative safety harness likely protected the car’s occupants from serious injury.)
Further attempts with two smaller, single-seater race cars he named Torpedo Kid were also employed in pursuit of the land speed record but were subsequently abandoned following another, nonlethal spectator crash in 1903. Baker has often been noted as the first person to cross the 100-mph barrier, although his records weren’t official due to these wrecks.
Given this peril, Baker decided to forgo his quest for top speed. As gasoline-powered vehicles increased in popularity and gained infrastructural support, he shifted his attention instead to diminishing the electric car’s liabilities, particularly their limited range. He worked diligently on new battery designs, shaft drives, and other componentry. In 1910, Baker’s new chief engineer, Emil Gruenfeldt, set a record for distance driven on a single charge, taking a Baker Victoria for a 201-mile trip at an average speed of 12 mph. Not exactly Ludicrous speed, but an impressive feat nonetheless.
Baker’s successes gave the company prominence among the elite, and the company capitalized on this publicly. In advertisements around 1909, the brand boldly boasted about the King of Siam owning a Baker. The company made a similar splash in American politics when President William H. Taft’s administration purchased a 1909 model as one of the White House’s first automobiles. (A steam-powered White and two gasoline-powered Pierce-Arrows were also included, Taft hedging his bets on how the battle of the powertrains was going to play out.) Taft later added a 1912 Baker Victoria that went on to be driven by five First Ladies. The Baker brand maintains some celebrity allure today, with car-collecting comedian Jay Leno holding a 1909 model in his expansive collection.
As a means of offsetting some of the powertrain’s inherent shortcomings, Baker made investments in battery-charging infrastructure. The brand announced plans to open stations at every major intersection in Cleveland and to grow the network from there, although this effort became cost prohibitive and never came to fruition. Expansion into the production of electric trucks, police patrol wagons, and even trucks and bomb handlers for the U.S. Army during World War I was not enough to fend off the rising dominance of the internal-combustion engine, especially after the proliferation of the electric starter, first available on the 1912 Cadillac, significantly increased safety and convenience. By 1915, the Baker company was defunct.
By Brett Berk, Car and Driver
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pukam Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa "parched land"), and Tampadipa "bronzed country"). The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
A pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Lyon, Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, France.
Reloj astronómico
Originario del siglo XVI.
Indica: la fecha, las posición de la luna, del sol y de la Tierra, además de la de las estrellas sobre Lyon. Está construido bajo los conocimiento de la época, en la que se afirmaba que el sol gira alrededor de la Tierra.
Sobre el reloj, una serie de autómatas comienzan a moverse varias veces al día: animales y una escena que representa la Anunciación.
La Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, a menudo llamada simplemente catedral de Lyon o Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne es la catedral y primado de Lyon (Francia). El término primado viene de Primat des Gaules, título histórico del obispo de Lyon.
Construida entre 1180 y 1480, mezcla el estilo Románico con el Gótico. Cuenta con un reloj astronómico del siglo XIV.
La construcción comenzó en el siglo XII con la pared del monasterio. Las partes más bajas del ábside, las capillas de ambos lados y el transepto fueron construidos entre 1165 y 1180 en estilo Románico. El techo del ábside y el transepto en estilo Gótico, las dos torres orientales, los primeros cuatro tramos de la nave y la bóveda fueron completados entre el siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIII.
A mediados del siglo XIII, las ventanas del coro y los dos rosetones del transepto fueron completados. Entre finales del siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIV, los últimos cuatro tramos y la parte más baja de la fachada fueron completadas. El final del siglo XIV presenció la terminación de los últimos tramos de la bóveda y los rosetones de la fachada en 1392.
En el siglo XV, la parte superior de la fachada y las torres fueron completadas. La estatua de Dios Padre fue ubicada en la parte más alta del frontón en 1481. La capilla de los Borbones (nombrada así por los arzobispos que ordenaron su construcción), de un estilo Gótico tardío, fue construida entre finales del siglo XV y comienzos del siglo XVI.
En 1562, la catedral fue destruida por las tropas calvinistas del barón de Adrets. Las ventanas de la gran nave medieval y del tímpano del largo portal fueron destruidas en el siglo XVIII por orden de los Canónigos. Durante la revolución, la catedral sufrió algunos daños.
Entre 1791 y 1793, el arzobispo Lamourette ordenó la modificación de los coros. Esto incluyó la destrucción del atril.
El coro fue restaurado a su disposición medieval entre 1935 y 1936. Durante la liberación de Lyon en septiembre de 1944, algunas de las vidrieras de colores fueron destruidas.
La fachada fue restaurada en 1982.
Astronomical clock
Originally from the 16th century.
It indicates: the date, the position of the moon, the sun and the Earth, as well as the position of the stars over Lyon. It is built under the knowledge of the time, in which it was stated that the sun revolves around the Earth.
Above the clock, a series of automatons begin to move several times a day: animals and a scene representing the Annunciation.
The Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, often called simply Lyon Cathedral or Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne is the cathedral and primate of Lyon (France). The term primacy comes from Primat des Gaules, the historical title of the Bishop of Lyon.
Built between 1180 and 1480, it mixes the Romanesque style with the Gothic. It has an astronomical clock from the 14th century.
Construction began in the 12th century with the wall of the monastery. The lower parts of the apse, the chapels on both sides and the transept were built between 1165 and 1180 in the Romanesque style. The roof of the apse and the transept in Gothic style, the two eastern towers, the first four sections of the nave and the vault were completed between the 12th century and the first third of the 13th century.
In the middle of the 13th century, the windows of the choir and the two rose windows of the transept were completed. Between the end of the 12th century and the first third of the 14th century, the last four sections and the lowest part of the facade were completed. The end of the 14th century witnessed the completion of the last sections of the vault and the rose windows of the facade in 1392.
In the 15th century, the upper part of the facade and the towers were completed. The statue of God the Father was located in the highest part of the pediment in 1481. The Bourbon Chapel (named after the archbishops who ordered its construction), of a late Gothic style, was built between the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the century XVI.
In 1562, the cathedral was destroyed by the Calvinist troops of Baron Adrets. The windows of the great medieval nave and the tympanum of the long portal were destroyed in the 18th century by order of the Canons. During the revolution, the cathedral suffered some damage.
Between 1791 and 1793, Archbishop Lamourette ordered the modification of the choirs. This included the destruction of the lectern.
The choir was restored to its medieval disposition between 1935 and 1936. During the liberation of Lyon in September 1944, some of the stained glass windows were destroyed.
The facade was restored in 1982.
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pukam Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa "parched land"), and Tampadipa "bronzed country"). The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
A pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Lyon, Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, France.
La Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, a menudo llamada simplemente catedral de Lyon o Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne es la catedral y primado de Lyon (Francia). El término primado viene de Primat des Gaules, título histórico del obispo de Lyon.
Construida entre 1180 y 1480, mezcla el estilo Románico con el Gótico. Cuenta con un reloj astronómico del siglo XIV.
La construcción comenzó en el siglo XII con la pared del monasterio. Las partes más bajas del ábside, las capillas de ambos lados y el transepto fueron construidos entre 1165 y 1180 en estilo Románico. El techo del ábside y el transepto en estilo Gótico, las dos torres orientales, los primeros cuatro tramos de la nave y la bóveda fueron completados entre el siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIII.
A mediados del siglo XIII, las ventanas del coro y los dos rosetones del transepto fueron completados. Entre finales del siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIV, los últimos cuatro tramos y la parte más baja de la fachada fueron completadas. El final del siglo XIV presenció la terminación de los últimos tramos de la bóveda y los rosetones de la fachada en 1392.
En el siglo XV, la parte superior de la fachada y las torres fueron completadas. La estatua de Dios Padre fue ubicada en la parte más alta del frontón en 1481. La capilla de los Borbones (nombrada así por los arzobispos que ordenaron su construcción), de un estilo Gótico tardío, fue construida entre finales del siglo XV y comienzos del siglo XVI.
En 1562, la catedral fue destruida por las tropas calvinistas del barón de Adrets. Las ventanas de la gran nave medieval y del tímpano del largo portal fueron destruidas en el siglo XVIII por orden de los Canónigos. Durante la revolución, la catedral sufrió algunos daños.
Entre 1791 y 1793, el arzobispo Lamourette ordenó la modificación de los coros. Esto incluyó la destrucción del atril.
El coro fue restaurado a su disposición medieval entre 1935 y 1936. Durante la liberación de Lyon en septiembre de 1944, algunas de las vidrieras de colores fueron destruidas.
La fachada fue restaurada en 1982.
The Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, often called simply Lyon Cathedral or Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne is the cathedral and primate of Lyon (France). The term primacy comes from Primat des Gaules, the historical title of the Bishop of Lyon.
Built between 1180 and 1480, it mixes the Romanesque style with the Gothic. It has an astronomical clock from the 14th century.
Construction began in the 12th century with the wall of the monastery. The lower parts of the apse, the chapels on both sides and the transept were built between 1165 and 1180 in the Romanesque style. The roof of the apse and the transept in Gothic style, the two eastern towers, the first four sections of the nave and the vault were completed between the 12th century and the first third of the 13th century.
In the middle of the 13th century, the windows of the choir and the two rose windows of the transept were completed. Between the end of the 12th century and the first third of the 14th century, the last four sections and the lowest part of the facade were completed. The end of the 14th century witnessed the completion of the last sections of the vault and the rose windows of the facade in 1392.
In the 15th century, the upper part of the facade and the towers were completed. The statue of God the Father was located in the highest part of the pediment in 1481. The Bourbon Chapel (named after the archbishops who ordered its construction), of a late Gothic style, was built between the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the century XVI.
In 1562, the cathedral was destroyed by the Calvinist troops of Baron Adrets. The windows of the great medieval nave and the tympanum of the long portal were destroyed in the 18th century by order of the Canons. During the revolution, the cathedral suffered some damage.
Between 1791 and 1793, Archbishop Lamourette ordered the modification of the choirs. This included the destruction of the lectern.
The choir was restored to its medieval disposition between 1935 and 1936. During the liberation of Lyon in September 1944, some of the stained glass windows were destroyed.
The facade was restored in 1982.
(from Wikipedia)
Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan, derived from Old Burmese Pukam Its classical Pali name is Arimaddana-pura, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa "parched land"), and Tampadipa "bronzed country"). The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya and Tampawaddy
Bagan stands out for not only the sheer number of religious edifices of Myanmar but also the magnificent architecture of the buildings, and their contribution to Burmese temple design. The artistry of the architecture of pagodas in Bagan prove the achievement of Myanmar craftsmen in handicrafts. The Bagan temple falls into one of two broad categories: the stupa-style solid temple and the gu-style hollow temple.
A pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type. Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).
Summary of Article 25 of the German Basic Law (Grundgesetz)
Article 25 of the German Basic Law establishes the relationship between international law and domestic law in Germany. Its main points are:
Integration of International Law: The general rules of international law are an integral part of federal law in Germany. They apply automatically and do not require separate national legislation for implementation
.
Primacy Over Federal Laws: These rules take precedence over ordinary federal laws. If a federal law conflicts with a general rule of international law, the international rule prevails
.
Direct Rights and Duties: The general rules of international law directly create rights and duties for all inhabitants of the federal territory. This means individuals can rely on these rules in German courts, provided the rules are sufficiently clear and self-executing
.
Scope: "General rules of international law" mainly refers to customary international law and universally recognized legal principles, not to every international treaty
.
Constitutional Hierarchy: While these international rules have priority over ordinary laws, they rank below the Basic Law (the Constitution) itself in the legal hierarchy
.
Conclusion:
Article 25 ensures that Germany is open to and bound by the general rules of international law, giving them direct effect and priority over conflicting national laws, while still maintaining the supremacy of the Constitution
O Københavns Domhus, ou Tribunal da Cidade de Copenhaga, ergue-se imponente na praça Nytorv, no coração da cidade. Construído entre 1805 e 1815 sob a égide do arquiteto Christian Frederik Hansen, após o devastador incêndio de 1795, o edifício neoclássico substituiu o antigo Paços do Concelho. A sua fachada, adornada por um pórtico hexástilo com colunas jónicas, exibe a inscrição "Med lov skal man land bygge" ("Com a lei se constrói o país"), uma máxima do Código da Jutlândia de 1241 que enaltece a primazia do Estado de Direito. Até 1905, o Domhus albergou tanto a Câmara Municipal como o tribunal, passando depois a funcionar exclusivamente como Tribunal Distrital de Copenhaga. A sua localização central, próximo da Strøget e das praças Gammeltorv-Nytorv, outrora palco de mercados e execuções, confere-lhe um significado histórico e arquitetónico inegável, sendo um testemunho da reconstrução de Copenhaga e um exemplo ímpar do estilo Império dinamarquês.
The Københavns Domhus, or Copenhagen City Court, stands imposingly on Nytorv Square in the heart of the city. Built between 1805 and 1815 under the aegis of architect Christian Frederik Hansen, after the devastating fire of 1795, the neoclassical building replaced the old Town Hall. Its façade, adorned with a hexastyle portico with Ionic columns, bears the inscription “Med lov skal man land bygge” (“With law shall the country be built”), a maxim from the Jutland Code of 1241 that extols the primacy of the rule of law. Until 1905, the Domhus housed both the City Council and the court, after which it functioned exclusively as the Copenhagen District Court. Its central location, close to Strøget and the Gammeltorv-Nytorv squares, once the scene of markets and executions, gives it undeniable historical and architectural significance, bearing witness to the reconstruction of Copenhagen and providing a unique example of the Danish Empire style.
Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste, Lyon, Auvernia-Ródano-Alpes, France.
La Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, a menudo llamada simplemente catedral de Lyon o Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne es la catedral y primado de Lyon (Francia). El término primado viene de Primat des Gaules, título histórico del obispo de Lyon.
Construida entre 1180 y 1480, mezcla el estilo Románico con el Gótico. Cuenta con un reloj astronómico del siglo XIV.
La construcción comenzó en el siglo XII con la pared del monasterio. Las partes más bajas del ábside, las capillas de ambos lados y el transepto fueron construidos entre 1165 y 1180 en estilo Románico. El techo del ábside y el transepto en estilo Gótico, las dos torres orientales, los primeros cuatro tramos de la nave y la bóveda fueron completados entre el siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIII.
A mediados del siglo XIII, las ventanas del coro y los dos rosetones del transepto fueron completados. Entre finales del siglo XII y el primer tercio del siglo XIV, los últimos cuatro tramos y la parte más baja de la fachada fueron completadas. El final del siglo XIV presenció la terminación de los últimos tramos de la bóveda y los rosetones de la fachada en 1392.
En el siglo XV, la parte superior de la fachada y las torres fueron completadas. La estatua de Dios Padre fue ubicada en la parte más alta del frontón en 1481. La capilla de los Borbones (nombrada así por los arzobispos que ordenaron su construcción), de un estilo Gótico tardío, fue construida entre finales del siglo XV y comienzos del siglo XVI.
En 1562, la catedral fue destruida por las tropas calvinistas del barón de Adrets. Las ventanas de la gran nave medieval y del tímpano del largo portal fueron destruidas en el siglo XVIII por orden de los Canónigos. Durante la revolución, la catedral sufrió algunos daños.
Entre 1791 y 1793, el arzobispo Lamourette ordenó la modificación de los coros. Esto incluyó la destrucción del atril.
El coro fue restaurado a su disposición medieval entre 1935 y 1936. Durante la liberación de Lyon en septiembre de 1944, algunas de las vidrieras de colores fueron destruidas.
La fachada fue restaurada en 1982.
The Cathédrale Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Lyon, often called simply Lyon Cathedral or Primatiale Saint-Jean-Baptiste-et-Saint-Étienne is the cathedral and primate of Lyon (France). The term primacy comes from Primat des Gaules, the historical title of the Bishop of Lyon.
Built between 1180 and 1480, it mixes the Romanesque style with the Gothic. It has an astronomical clock from the 14th century.
Construction began in the 12th century with the wall of the monastery. The lower parts of the apse, the chapels on both sides and the transept were built between 1165 and 1180 in the Romanesque style. The roof of the apse and the transept in Gothic style, the two eastern towers, the first four sections of the nave and the vault were completed between the 12th century and the first third of the 13th century.
In the middle of the 13th century, the windows of the choir and the two rose windows of the transept were completed. Between the end of the 12th century and the first third of the 14th century, the last four sections and the lowest part of the facade were completed. The end of the 14th century witnessed the completion of the last sections of the vault and the rose windows of the facade in 1392.
In the 15th century, the upper part of the facade and the towers were completed. The statue of God the Father was located in the highest part of the pediment in 1481. The Bourbon Chapel (named after the archbishops who ordered its construction), of a late Gothic style, was built between the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the century XVI.
In 1562, the cathedral was destroyed by the Calvinist troops of Baron Adrets. The windows of the great medieval nave and the tympanum of the long portal were destroyed in the 18th century by order of the Canons. During the revolution, the cathedral suffered some damage.
Between 1791 and 1793, Archbishop Lamourette ordered the modification of the choirs. This included the destruction of the lectern.
The choir was restored to its medieval disposition between 1935 and 1936. During the liberation of Lyon in September 1944, some of the stained glass windows were destroyed.
The facade was restored in 1982.