View allAll Photos Tagged OUTWARDS
ZEN MAGNETS - Neodymium Magnetic Balls (@Varies) - Fun with 5-ball pentagon rings part 3
(@060) - Diamond subunit (3-layer) = (4 x (3 x 5))
(@040) - 12-pointed star / Dome = =((6 x (Diamond subunit (3-layer)) + (6 x (3 x 5))
(@030) - 2-layer triangle subunit - (3 x (2 x 5))
(@120) - Outwards quad triangle subunit = (4 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@360) - Outwards quad-tri triangle = (3 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Outwards quad-tri star= (5 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Outwards quad-tri spaceship v1 = (5 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@480) - Outwards quad-tri square = (4 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Outwards quad-tri spaceship v2 = (5 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@120) - Inwards quad triangle subunit = (4 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@600) - Inwards quad-tri pentagon = (5 x (Inwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Inwards quad-tri spaceship v3 = (5 x (Inwards quad triangle subunit))
(@960) - Triangle subunit ring variations v1 = (8 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@720) - Triangle subunit ring variations v2 = (6 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@040) - Triangle subunit ring variations squares = (16 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@720) - Triangle subunit ring variations v2 = (6 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@070) - Heptagon subunit = (7 x (2 x 5))
(@140) - Heptagon subunit stacker v1 = (2 x (Heptagon subunit))
(@560) - Heptagon subunit stacker v2 = (8 x (Heptagon subunit))
Note: Outward = three pentagon rings facing outward, Inward = three pentagon rings facing inward. For polarity reversed, separate two from the rest, and use a separator card in-between to flip the two ball from top set to bottom set.
More build pics here:
Built between 1959 and 1962, this Modern Futurist and Googie building was designed by Eero Saarinen and Associates for Trans World Airlines to serve as a Flight Center, or Terminal headhouse, for their passenger services at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. The building is an example of thin shell construction, with a parabolic and curved sculptural concrete roof and concrete columns, with many surfaces of the building's structure and exterior being tapered or curved. The building also appears to take inspiration from natural forms, with the roofs appearing like the wings of a bird or bat taking flight. The building served as a passenger terminal from 1962 until 2001, when it was closed.
The building's exterior is dominated by a thin shell concrete roof with parabolic curves, which is divided by ribs into four segments, with the larger, symmetrical north and south segments tapering towards the tallest points of the exterior walls, and soar over angled glass curtain walls underneath. At the ends of the four ribs are Y-shaped concrete columns that curve outwards towards the top and bottom, distributing the weight of the roof structure directly to the foundation. The east and west segments of the roof are smaller, with the west roof angling downwards and forming a canopy over the front entrance with a funnel-shaped sculptural concrete scupper that empties rainwater into a low grate over a drain on the west side of the driveway in front of the building, and the east roof angling slightly upwards, originally providing sweeping views of the tarmac and airfield beyond. The exterior walls of the building beneath the sculptural roof consist of glass curtain walls, with the western exterior wall sitting to the east of the columns and the eastern exterior wall being partially comprised of the eastern columns, with the curtain wall located in the openings between the columns. To the east and west of the taller central section are two half crescent-shaped wings with low-slope roofs, with a curved wall, integrated concrete canopy, tall walls at the ends, and regularly-spaced door openings. To the rear, two concrete tubes with elliptical profiles formerly linked the headhouse to the original concourses, and today link the historic building to the new Terminal 5 and Hotel Towers.
Inside, the building features a great hall with a central mezzanine, and features curved concrete walls and columns, complex staircases, aluminum railings, ticket counters in the two halls to either side of the front entrance, a clock at the center of the ceiling, and skylights below the ribs of the roof. The space features penny tile floors, concrete walls and built-in furniture, red carpeting, and opalescent glass signage. On the west side of the great hall, near the entrance, is a curved concrete counter in front of a large signboard housed in a sculptural concrete and metal shell that once displayed departing and arriving flights. On the north and south sides of this space are former ticket counters and baggage drops, which sit below a vaulted ceiling, with linear light fixtures suspended between curved sculptural concrete piers that terminate some ways below the ceiling. To the east of the entrance is a staircase with minimalist aluminum railings, beyond which is a cantilevered concrete bridge, with balconies and spaces with low ceilings to either side, off which are several shops, restrooms, and telephone booths. On the east side of the bridge is a large sunken lounge with red carpet and concrete benches with red upholstered cushions, surrounded by low concrete walls that feature red-cushioned benches on either side, sitting below a metal analog signboard mounted to the inside of the curtain wall. To the north and south of the lounge are the entrances to the concrete tubes that once provided access to the concourses, which are elliptical in shape, with red carpeted floors and white walls and a white ceiling. On the mezzanine are several former lounges and a restaurant, which feature historic mid-20th Century finishes and fixtures.
The complex includes two contemporary hotel towers, the Saarinen and Hughes wings, which were designed carefully to harmonize with the original building and match its character. The two wings feature concrete end walls, curved Miesian glass curtain walls, and interiors with red carpeting, wooden paneling, brass fittings and fixtures, and white walls and ceilings. The only substantial modification to the structure's significant interior spaces was the puncturing of the two concrete tubes to provide access to these towers. The former terminal also features several service areas that were not previously open to visitors, which today house a massive fitness center, a cavernous underground conference center, and various meeting rooms and ballrooms, with all of these spaces, except the fitness center, being redesigned to match the mid-20th Century modern aesthetics of the rest of the building, with new fixtures, furnishings, and finishes that are inspired directly by the time period in which the building was built, and are nearly seamless in appearance with the rest of the building.
The fantastic building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1994, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Between 2005 and 2008, the new Terminal 5, occupied by JetBlue, was built, which wraps the structure to the east, and was designed by Gensler, and was carefully placed so as to avoid altering or damaging the character-defining features of the historic terminal. Between 2016 and 2019, the building was rehabilitated in an adaptive reuse project that converted it into the TWA Hotel, which was carried out under the direction of Beyer Blinder Belle, Lubrano Ciavarra Architects, Stonehill Taylor, INC Architecture and Design, as well as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and MCR/Morse Development. The hotel features 512 guest rooms, large event spaces, a rooftop pool at the top of the Hughes Wing, a large basement fitness center, and a Lockheed Constellation L-1649A "Connie" on a paved courtyard to the east of the building, which houses a cocktail lounge. The hotel is heavily themed around the 1960s, and was very carefully designed to preserve the character of this iconic landmark.
Pelargonium is a genus of flowering plants that includes about 280 species of perennials, succulents, and shrubs, commonly called geraniums, pelargoniums, or storksbills. Geranium is also the botanical name and common name of a separate genus of related plants, also known as cranesbills. Both genera belong to the family Geraniaceae. Carl Linnaeus originally included all the species in one genus, Geranium, and they were later separated into two genera by Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle in 1789.
While Geranium species are mostly temperate herbaceous plants, dying down in winter, Pelargonium species are evergreen perennials indigenous to warm temperate and tropical regions of the world, with many species in southern Africa. They are drought and heat tolerant but can tolerate only minor frosts. Some species are extremely popular garden plants, grown as houseplants and bedding plants in temperate regions. They have a long flowering period, with flowers mostly in red, orange, or white, but intensive breeding has produced a huge array of cultivars with great variety in size, flower colour, leaf form and aromatic foliage.
Etymology
One of hundreds of garden and houseplant cultivars
The name Pelargonium is derived from the Greek πελαργός, pelargós (stork), because the seed head looks like a stork's beak. Dillenius originally suggested the name 'stork', because Geranium was named after a crane — "a πελαργός, ciconia, sicuti vocamus Gerania, γερανός, grus" (from pelargos, stork, as we call the Gerania, geranos, crane).
Description
Pelargonium occurs in a large number of growth forms, including herbaceous annuals, shrubs, subshrubs, stem succulents and geophytes. The erect stems bear five-petaled flowers in umbel-like clusters, which are occasionally branched. Because not all flowers appear simultaneously, but open from the centre outwards, this is a form of inflorescence is referred to as pseudoumbels.
The flower has a single symmetry plane (zygomorphic), which distinguishes it from the Geranium flower, which has radial symmetry (actinomorphic). Thus the lower three (anterior) petals are differentiated from the upper two (posterior) petals. The posterior sepal is fused with the pedicel to form a hypanthium (nectary tube). The nectary tube varies from only a few millimeters, up to several centimeters, and is an important floral characteristic in morphological classification. Stamens vary from 2 to 7, and their number, position relative to staminodes, and curvature are used to identify individual species. There are five stigmata in the style. For the considerable diversity in flower morphology, see figure 1 of Röschenbleck et al. (2014).
Leaves are usually alternate, and palmately lobed or pinnate, often on long stalks, and sometimes with light or dark patterns. The leaves of Pelargonium peltatum (Ivy-leaved Geranium), have a thick cuticle better adapting them for drought tolerance.
Taxonomy
Dillenius' introduction of the term 'Pelargonium' in Hortus Elthamensis 1732
Pelargonium inquinans, (Geranium Afric. arborescens), Hortus Elthamensis
Pelargonium is the second largest genus (after Geranium) within the family Geraniaceae, within which it is sister to the remaining genera of the family in its strict sense, Erodium, Geranium, and Monsonia including Sarcocaulon. The Geraniaceae have a number of genetic features unique amongst angiosperms, including highly rearranged plastid genomes differing in gene content, order and expansion of the inverted repeat.
Genus history
The name Pelargonium was first proposed by Dillenius in 1732, who described and illustrated seven species of geraniums from South Africa that are now classified as Pelargonium. Dillenius, who referred to these seven species with apparent unique characteristics as Geranium Africanum (African Geranium) suggested "Possent ergo ii, quibus novi generis cupido est, ea, quorum flores inaequales vel et irrregulares sunt, Pelargonia vocare" (Those who wish a new genus can therefore call those, whose flowers are unequal or irregular, ‘Pelargonia’). The name was then formally introduced by Johannes Burman in 1738. However Carl Linnaeus who first formally described these plants in 1753 did not recognise Pelargonium and grouped together in the same genus (Geranium) the three similar genera Erodium, Geranium, and Pelargonium. Linnaeus' reputation prevented further differentiation for forty years. The eventual distinction between them was made by Charles L’Héritier based on the number of stamens or anthers, seven in the case of Pelargonium. In 1774, P. cordatum, P. crispum, P. quercifolium and P. radula were introduced, followed by P. capitatum in 1790.
Circumscription
Pelargonium is distinguished from the other genera in the family Geraniaceae by the presence of a hypanthium, which consists of an adnate nectar spur with one nectary, as well as a generally zygomorphic floral symmetry.
Subdivision
De Candolle first proposed dividing the genus into 12 sections in 1824, based on the diversity of growth forms. Traditionally the large number of Pelargonium species have been treated as sixteen sections, based on the classification of Knuth (1912) who described 15 sections, as modified by van der Walt et al. (1977-1997) who added Chorisma, Reniformia and Subsucculentia.
These are as follows;
section Campylia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle
section Chorisma (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle
section Ciconium (Sweet) Harvey
section Cortusina (DC.) Harvey
section Glaucophyllum Harvey
section Hoarea (Sweet) de Candolle
section Isopetalum (Sweet) de Candolle
section Jenkinsonia (Sweet) de Candolle
section Ligularia (Sweet) Harvey
section Myrrhidium de Candolle
section Otidia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle
section Pelargonium (Sweet) Harvey
section Peristera de Candolle
section Polyactium de Candolle
section Reniformia (Knuth) Dreyer
section Subsucculentia J.J.A. van der Walt
Phylogenetic analyses
All subdivision classifications had depended primarily on morphological differences till the era of phylogenetic analyses (Price and Palmer 1993). However phylogenetic analysis shows only three distinct clades, labelled A, B and C. In this analysis not all sections were monophyletic, although some were strongly supported including Chorisma, Myrrhidium and Jenkinsonia, while other sections were more paraphyletic. This in turn has led to a proposal, informal at this stage, of a reformulation of the infrageneric subdivision of Pelargonium.
In the proposed scheme of Weng et al. there would be two subgenera, based on clades A+B, and C respectively and seven sections based on subclades. Subsequent analysis with an expanded taxa set confirmed this infrageneric subdivision into two groups which also correspond to chromosome length (<1.5 μ, 1.5-3.0μ), but also two subclades within each major clade, suggesting the presence of four subgenera, these correspond to clades A, B, C1 and C2 of the earlier analysis, A being by far the largest clade with 141 taxa. As before the internal structure of the clades supported monophyly of some sections (Myrrhidium, Chorisma, Reniformia, Pelargonium, Ligularia and Hoarea) but paraphyly in others (Jenkinsonia, Ciconium, Peristera). A distinct clade could be identified within the paraphyletic Polyactium, designated section Magnistipulacea. As a result, Polyactium has been split up to provide this new section, which in itself contains two subsections, Magnistipulacea and Schizopetala, following Knuth's original treatment of Polyactium as having four subsections.
Subgenus Pelargonium section Otidia: P. crithmifolium
Thus Röschenbleck et al. (2014) provide a complete revision of the subgeneric classification of Pelargonium based on four subgenera corresponding to their major clades (A, B, C1, C2);
subgenus Magnipetala Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium praemorsum (Andrews) F Dietrich
subgenus Parvulipetala Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium hypoleucum Turczaninow
subgenus Paucisignata Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium zonale (L.) L'Hér. in Aiton
subgenus Pelargonium L'Hér. Type: Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) Aiton
Sixteen sections were then assigned to the new subgenera as follows, although many species remained only assigned to subgenera at this stage
subgenus Magnipetala 3 sections
section Chorisma (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle - 4 species
section Jenkinsonia (Sweet) de Candolle - 11 species
section Myrrhidium de Candolle - 8 species
subgenus Parvulipetala 3 sections
section Isopetalum (Sweet) de Candolle - 1 species (Pelargonium cotyledonis (L.) L'Hér.)
section Peristera de Candolle - 30 species
section Reniformia (Knuth) Dreyer - 8 species
subgenus Paucisignata 2 sections
section Ciconium (Sweet) Harvey - 16 species
section Subsucculentia J.J.A. van der Walt - 3 species
subgenus Pelargonium 8 sections
section Campylia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle - 9 species
section Cortusina (DC.) Harvey - 7 species
section Hoarea (Sweet) de Candolle - 72 species
section Ligularia (Sweet) Harvey - 10 species
section Magnistipulacea Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium schlecteri Knuth - 2 subsections
subsection Magnistipulacea Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium schlecteri Knuth - 2 species (P. schlecteri & P. luridum)
subsection Schizopetala (Knuth) Roeschenbl. & F. Albers Type: Pelargonium caffrum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steudel - 3 species (P. caffrum, P. bowkeri, P. schizopetalum)
section Otidia (Lindley ex Sweet) de Candolle - 14 species
section Pelargonium L'Hér. - 34 species
section Polyactium de Candolle - 2 subsections
subsection Caulescentia Knuth - 1 species (Pelargonium gibbosum)
subsection Polyactium de Candolle - 7 species
Subgenera
Subgenus Magnipetala: Corresponds to clade C1, with 24 species. Perennial to short lived, spreading subshrubs, rarely herbaceous annuals. Petals five, but may be four, colour mainly white. Mainly winter rainfall region of South Africa, spreading into summer rainfall region. One species in northern Namibia and Botswana. Two species in East Africa and Ethiopia. Chromosomes x=11 and 9.
Subgenus Parvulipetala: Corresponds to clade B, with 39-42 species. Perennials, partly annuals. Petals five and equal, colour white or pink to deep purplish red. Mainly South Africa, but also other southern hemisphere except South America. a few species in East Africa and Ethiopia. Chromosomes x=7-19.
Subgenus Paucisignata: Corresponds to clade C2, with 25-27 species. Erect sometimes trailing shrubs or subshrubs, rarely geophytes or semi-geophytes. Petals five and equal, colour pink to red sometimes white. Summer rainfall region of South Africa, spreading into winter rainfall region and northern Namibia, with a few species in tropical Africa, Ethiopia, Somalia, Madagascar, the Arabian Peninsula and Asia Minor. Chromosomes x=mainly 9 or 10, but from 4-18.
Subgenus Pelargonium: Corresponds to clade A, with 167 species. Frequently xerophytic deciduous perennials with many geophytes and succulent subshrubs, less frequently woody evergreen shrubs or annual herbs. Petals five, colour shades of pink to purple or yellow. Winter rainfall region of South Africa and adjacent Namibia, spreading to summer rainfall area, and two species in tropical Africa. Chromosomes x=11, may be 8-10.
Species
Main article: List of Pelargonium species
Pelargonium has around 280 species. Röschenbleck et al lists 281 taxa. There is considerable confusion as to which Pelargonium are true species, and which are cultivars or hybrids. The nomenclature has changed considerably since the first plants were introduced to Europe in the 17th century.
Distribution
Pelargonium is a large genus within the family Geraniaceae, which has a worldwide distribution in temperate to subtropical zones with some 800 mostly herbaceous species. Pelargonium itself is native to southern Africa (including Namibia) and Australia. Southern Africa contains 90% of the genus, with only about 30 species found elsewhere, predominantly the East African rift valley (about 20 species) and southern Australia, including Tasmania. The remaining few species are found in southern Madagascar, Yemen, Iraq, Asia Minor, the north of New Zealand and isolated islands in the south Atlantic Ocean (Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha) and Socotra in the Indian Ocean. The centre of diversity is in southwestern South Africa where rainfall is confined to the winter, unlike the rest of the country where rainfall is predominantly in the summer months. Most of the Pelargonium plants cultivated in Europe and North America have their origins in South Africa.
Ecology
Pelargonium species are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera species, including the noctuid moth angle shades, Phlogophora meticulosa. The diurnal butterflies Cacyreus marshalli and C. tespis (Lycaenidae), native to southern Africa, also feed on Geranium and Pelargonium. C. marshallii has been introduced to Europe and can develop into a pest on cultivated Pelargoniums. It has naturalised along the Mediterranean, but does not survive the winter in Westen Europe.
The Japanese beetle, an important agricultural insect pest, becomes rapidly paralyzed after consuming flower petals of the garden hybrids known as "zonal geraniums" (P. × hortorum). The phenomenon was first described in 1920, and subsequently confirmed. Research conducted by Dr. Christopher Ranger with the USDA Agricultural Research Service and other collaborating scientists have demonstrated the excitatory amino acid called quisqualic acid present within the flower petals is responsible for causing paralysis of the Japanese beetle. Quisqualic acid is thought to mimic L-glutamic acid, which is a neurotransmitter in the insect neuromuscular junction and mammalian central nervous system.
A study by the Laboratory of Apiculture & Social Insects group at the University of Sussex on the attractiveness of common garden plants to pollinators found that a cultivar of Pelargonium × hortorum was unattractive to pollinators in comparison to other selected garden plants such as Lavandula (lavender) and Origanum.
Pests and diseases
Main articles: List of geranium diseases, Pelargonium flower break virus, and Pelargonium line pattern virus
The geranium bronze butterfly is a pest of Pelargonium species. The larvae of the geranium bronze bore into the stem of the host plant, causing the stem to typically turn black and die soon after. Geranium bronze are currently listed as an A2 quarantine pest by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization and can cause significant damage to Pelargonium species.
Cultivation
Pelargonium triste, the first species of its genus to be cultivated, here shown in its native habitat in Cape Town
Various types of Pelargonium are regular participants in flower shows and competitive events, with numerous societies devoted exclusively to their cultivation. They are easy to propagate vegetatively from cuttings. It is recommended that cuttings should have at least two nodes. Zonal geraniums grow in U.S. Department of Agriculture hardiness zones 9 through 12. Zonal geraniums are basically tropical perennials. Although they are often grown as annuals, they may overwinter in zones as cool as zone 7.
Cultivation history
The first species of Pelargonium known to be cultivated was P. triste, a native of South Africa. It was probably brought to the Botanical Garden in Leiden before 1600 on ships which had stopped at the Cape of Good Hope. In 1631, the English gardener John Tradescant the elder bought seeds from Rene Morin in Paris and introduced the plant to England. By 1724, P. inquinans, P. odoratissimum, P. peltatum, P. vitifolium, and P. zonale had been introduced to Europe.
Cultivars
Zonal pelargonium
There was little attempt at any rational grouping of Pelargonium cultivars, the growing of which was revived in the mid-twentieth century, and the origins of many if not most were lost in obscurity. In 1916 the American botanist Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858–1954) introduced two new terms for zonal and regal pelargoniums. Those pelargoniums which were largely derived from P. zonale he referred to as P. × hortorum (i.e. from the garden), while those from P. cucullatum he named P. × domesticum (i.e. from the home) In the late 1950s a list (the Spalding List) was produced in the United States, based on nursery listings and the 1897 list of Henri Dauthenay. It described seven groups, listing each cultivar with the list of its originator, and in most cases a date. These were Species, Zonals, Variegated-Leaved, Domesticum (Regals), Ivy-Leaved, Scented-Leaved and Old. In the 1970s the British Pelargonium and Geranium Society produced a checklist and the Australian Geranium Society started to produce a register but it was not completed till its author, Jean Llewellyn's death in 1999. None of these were published. The most complete list in its time was the 2001 compilation by The Geraniaceae Group, which included all cultivars up to 1959.
Registration of cultivars is the responsibility of the Pelargonium & Geranium Society (PAGS: formed in 2009 from the British Pelargonium and Geranium Society and the British and European Geranium Society) which administers the International Register of Pelargonium Cultivars. PAGS is the International Cultivar Registration Authority (ICRA) of the International Society for Horticultural Science for pelargoniums.
Contrasting leaves: Ivy-leaved Group (Left) Zonal Group (Right)
Cultivated pelargoniums are commonly divided into six groups in addition to species pelargoniums and primary hybrids. The following list is ordered by position in the PAGS classification. Abbreviations indicate Royal Horticultural Society usage.
A. Zonal (Z)
B. Ivy-leaved (I)
C. Regal (R)
D. Angel (A)
E. Unique (U)
F. Scented-leaved (Sc)
G. Species
H. Primary hybrids
Of these, A, U and Sc groups are sometimes lumped together as Species Derived (Sppd). This term implies that they are closely related to a species from which they were derived, and do not fit into the R, I or Z groups.
In addition to the primary groups, additional descriptors are used. The Royal Horticultural Society has created description codes. These include;
Cactus (Ca)
Coloured foliage (C)
Decorative (Dec)
Double (d)
Dwarf (Dw)
Dwarf Ivy-leaved (Dwl)
Frutetorum (Fr)
Miniature (Min)
Miniature Ivy-leaved (MinI)
Stellar (St)
Tulip (T)
Variegated (v)
These may then be combined to form the code, e.g. Pelargonium 'Chelsea Gem' (Z/d/v), indicating Zonal Double with variegated foliage. Crosses between groups are indicated with an ×, e.g. Pelargonium 'Hindoo' (R × U), indicating a Regal × Unique cross.
A. Zonal pelargoniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey)
Pelargonium × hortorum (Zonal)
These are known as zonal geraniums because many have zones or patterns in the center of the leaves,[36] this is the contribution of the Pelargonium zonale parent. Common names include storksbill, fish or horseshoe geraniums.[50] They are also referred to as Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey. Zonal pelargoniums are tetraploid, mostly derived from P. inquinans and P. zonale, together with P. scandens and P. frutetorum.
Zonal pelargoniums are mostly bush-type plants with succulent stems grown for the beauty of their flowers, traditionally red, salmon, violet, white or pink. The scarlet colouring is attributed to the contribution of P. inquinans. Flowers may be double or single. They are the pelargoniums most often confused with genus Geranium, particularly in summer bedding arrangements. This incorrect nomenclature is widely used in horticulture, particularly in North America.
Zonals include a variety of plant types along with genetic hybrids such as hybrid ivy-leaved varieties that display little or no ivy leaf characteristics (the Deacons varieties), or the Stellar varieties. Hybrid zonals are crosses between zonals and either a species or species-derived pelargonium. There are hundreds of zonal cultivars available for sale, and like other cultivars are sold in series such as 'Rocky Mountain', each of which is named after its predominant colour, e.g. 'Rocky Mountain Orange', 'White', 'Dark Red', etc.
'Rocky Mountain Orange' (Zonal)
(i) Basic plants – Mature plants with foliage normally exceeding 180 mm (7 in) in height above the rim of the pot. For exhibition these should be grown in a pot exceeding 120 mm (4+3⁄4 in) in diameter but not normally exceeding 165 mm (6+1⁄2 in).
(ii) Dwarf plants – Smaller than basic. Mature plants with foliage more than 125 mm (5 in) above the rim of the pot, but not normally more than 180 mm (7 in). For exhibition should be grown in a pot exceeding 90 mm (3+1⁄2 in) but not exceeding 120 mm (4+3⁄4 in). They should not exceed 200 mm in height, grown in an 11 cm pot.
(iii) Miniature plants – Slowly growing pelargoniums. Mature plants with foliage normally less than 125 mm (5 in) above the rim of the pot. For exhibition should be grown in a pot not exceeding 90 mm (3+1⁄2 in). They should not exceed 125 mm in height, grown in a 9 cm pot.
(iv) Micro-miniature plants – Smaller and more slowly growing than miniature pelargoniums. Mature plants with foliage normally less than 100 mm (4 in) above the rim of the pot. They should not exceed 75 mm in height, grown in a 6 cm pot. Usually no separate classes for these in exhibition and will therefore normally be shown as Miniature Zonals.
(v) Deacon varieties –Genetic hybrid similar to a large Dwarf. For exhibition (when shown in a separate class), usually grown in a pot not exceeding 125 mm (5 in), otherwise as for Dwarf Zonals.
(vi) Stellar varieties – A relatively modern genetic hybrid originating from the work done by the Australian hybridiser Ted Both in the late 1950s and 1960s from crosses between Australian species and Zonal types. Easily identifiable by their distinctive half-star-shaped leaves and slim-petalled blooms which create an impression of being star shaped (or five fingered). Single varieties tend to have larger elongated triangular petals whereas doubles tend to have thin feathered petals that are tightly packed together. For exhibition purposes there is a separate class for 'Stellar' varieties, but being Zonals could be shown in an open class for Basic, Dwarf or Miniature Zonals (unless otherwise stated). Also known as "The Five-fingered Geraniums", "Staphysagroides", "Both’s Staphs", "Both’s Hybrid Staphs", "Fingered Flowers" and "Bodey’s Formosum Hybrids".
Fancy-leaf zonal pelargoniums – besides having green leaves with or without zoning, this group also have variable coloured foliage[50] that is sometimes used in classifying for exhibition purposes, e.g. ‘Bicolour’, ‘Tricolour’, ‘Bronze’ or ‘Gold’. Other foliage types are: ‘Black’ or ‘Butterfly’. There are an increasing number of these plants with showy blooms;
(a) Bicolour – includes those with white or cream veined leaves or those with two distinct colours with clearly defined edges, other than the basic zone.
(b) Tricolour – (May be Silver Tricolour (usually called a Silver Leaf) or a Gold Tricolour).
(i) Gold Tricolour – Leaves of many colours including red and gold, but usually with clearly defined edges of golden yellow and having a leaf zone, usually red or bronze, that overlays two or more of the other distinct leaf colours, so that the zone itself appears as two or more distinct colours.
(ii) Silver Tricolour or Silver Leaf – These tend to resemble a normal bi-colour leaf plant with two distinct colours usually of green and pale cream or white; the third colour is usually made up of bronze zoning. When this zoning overlays the green part of the leaf it is deemed to represent a silver colour.
(c) Bronze Leaved – Leaves of Green or Golden/Green with a heavy bronze or chestnut coloured centre zone which is known as a medallion. For exhibition purposes, when exhibited in specific ‘Bronze’ Leaf class – Must have over 50% of leaf surface bronze coloured. The dwarf plant ‘Overchurch’ which has a heavy bronze medallion.
(d) Gold Leaved – Leaves coloured golden/yellow or green/yellow but not showing a tendency to green. For exhibition purposes, when exhibited in specific ‘Gold’ Leaf class – Must have over 50% of leaf surface gold coloured.
(e) Black Leaved – Leaves coloured black, purple-black or with distinct large dark zones or centre markings on green.
(f) Butterfly Leaved – Leaves with a butterfly marking of distinct tone or hue in centre of leaf. This can be encompassed in many of the coloured leaf varieties.
Zonal pelargoniums have many flower types, as follows:
(a) Single flowered (S) – each flower pip normally having no more than five petals. This is the standard flower set for all Pelargoniums.
(b) Semi-double flowered (SD) – each flower pip normally having between six and nine petals.
(c) Double flowered (D)– each flower pip composed of more than nine petals (i.e. double the standard flower set) but not ‘hearted’ like the bud of a rose, e.g. the dwarf ‘Dovepoint’ which has full double blooms.
(d) Rosebud (or noisette) flowered – each bloom fully double and ‘hearted’. The middle petals are so numerous that they remain unopened like the bud of a rose.
(e) Tulip flowered – having semi-double blooms that never fully open. The large cup shaped petals open just sufficiently to resemble a miniature tulip.
(f) Bird's-egg group – having blooms with petals that have spots in a darker shade than the base colour, like many birds eggs.
(g) Speckled flowered group – having petals that are marked with splashes and flecks of another colour, e.g. ‘Vectis Embers’.
(h) Quilled (or cactus-flowered group, or poinsettia in USA) – having petals twisted and furled like a quill.
“Zonquil” pelargoniums result from a cross between Zonal pelargonium cultivars and P. quinquelobatum.
B. Ivy-leaved pelargoniums (derived from Pelargonium peltatum)
Pelargonium peltatum (Ivy-leaved)
Also known as "ivy geraniums". Usually of lax growth (trailing), mainly due to the long thin stems, with thick, waxy ivy-shaped stiff fleshy evergreen leaves developed by the species P. peltatum to retain moisture during periods of drought. Much used for hanging pots, tubs and basket cultivation. In the UK the bulbous double-headed types are preferred whilst on the European continent the balcon single types for large-scale hanging floral displays are favoured. Ivy-leaved pelargoniums embrace all such growth size types including small-leaved varieties and genetic hybrid crosses, which display little or no zonal characteristics. May have bicolour leaves and may have flowers that are single, double or rosette. Ivy pelargoniums are often sold as series such as 'Great Balls of Fire', in a variety of colours such as 'Great Balls of Fire Burgundy'.
Additional descriptive terms include;
Hybrid Ivy — the result of ivy × zonal crosses, but still more closely resemble ivy-leaved pelargoniums.
Fancy leaf — leaves with marked color variation, together with or other than green.
Miniature — miniature leaves and flowers, stems with short nodes, and compact growth. e.g. 'Sugar Baby' listed as Dwarf Ivy (DwI) by RHS.
C. Regal pelargoniums (Pelargonium × domesticum Bailey)
'Karl Offenstein' (Regal)
These are large bush-type floriferous evergreen pelargoniums. In addition to "Regals" they are also known as “Show Pelargoniums”. In the United States they are often known as the "Martha Washington" or ‘"Lady Washington" pelargoniums. They are grown primarily for the beauty and richness of their flower heads, which are large. Most of those cultivars grown currently are the result of hybridization over the last 50 years. They are very short-jointed and compact, which results in their requiring very little work in order to create a floriforous and well-rounded plant. Flowers are single, rarely double, in mauve, pink, purple or white. They have rounded, sometimes lobed or partially toothed (serrated) leaves, unlike the Zonal groups, without any type of zoning.
Additional descriptive terms include;
Decorative pelargoniums (Decoratives) – Descendants of older, less compact, smaller-flowered varieties that are more suited to outdoor conditions. These have smaller flowers than Regal, but are otherwise similar. e.g. ‘Royal Ascot’
Miniature – Flowers and leaves similar to Regal, but miniature in form, with compact growth. Other terms include “Pansy Geraniums” or “Pansy Pelargoniums”. e.g. ‘Lara Susan’
Oriental pelargoniums – The result of crosses between Regals and members of the Angel group (see below). Some have bicolour foliage.
D. Angel pelargoniums (derived from Pelargonium crispum)
'Angeleyes Randy' (Angel)
Angel pelargoniums are similar to Regal pelargoniums but more closely resemble P. crispum in leaf shape and growth habit. The majority of Angel cultivars originate from a cross between P. crispum and a Regal variety in the early part of the 20th century. Angels have grown in popularity in the last 30 years or so due mainly to an explosion of new varieties being released by specialist nurseries resulting from the work done by dedicated amateur hybridisers. These hybrisers have managed to obtain many new flower colour breaks and tighter growth habits resulting in plants suitable for all sorts of situations. Angels basically have the appearance of a small Regal with small serrated leaves and much smaller flowers and are more compact and bushy. The group extends to include similar small-leaved and -flowered types but usually with P. crispum in their parentage. They are mostly upright bush-type plants but there are some lax varieties that can be used for basket or hanging pot cultivation. Often called "pansy-faced" in the US. Some varieties have bicolour foliage. Other terms include ‘Langley-Smith Hybrids’.
E. Unique pelargoniums (derived from Pelargonium fulgidum)
Unique in sense of not fitting into any of the above categories. The parentage of Unique pelargoniums is confused and obscure. One theory being a derivation from P. fulgidum, but a derivation from an older cultivar 'Old Unique’, also known as or ‘Rollinson’s Crimson’, in the mid-19th century is also claimed. Unique pelargoniums resemble upright Scented Leaf pelargoniums in being shrubby and woody evergreens. They have distinctly scented leaves, and small flowers with blotched and feathered petals. They may have bicolour foliage. Some types, popularly known in the hobby as hybrid Uniques, have been crossed with Regal pelargoniums and, as a result of this cross, are much more floriferous.
Cultivar
Pelargonium graveolens (Scented leaf)
Shrubby evergreen perennials grown chiefly for their fragrance, may be species or cultivars but all must have a clear and distinct scented foliage. Scent is emitted when the leaves are touched or bruised with some scents aromatic, others pungent and in a few cases, quite unpleasant. Several of the scented leaved pelargoniums are grown for the oil geraniol, which is extracted from the leaves and is an essential oil much used commercially in perfumery. The scent of some species growing in their natural habitat, acts as a deterrent to grazing animals who appear to dislike the emitted scent. Conversely, it also attracts other insect life to visit the bloom and pollinate the plant. The scented leaves can be used for potpourri and they also have a use as flavourings in cooking. Occasionally scented types can be found in some of the other groups mentioned; for example, the Angels, having P. crispum in their genetic makeup, can often have a strong citrus scent. Leaves are lobed, toothed, incised or variegated. Growth habit is very variable, but the flowers are less prominent than other groups, and most closely resemble the species they originated from.
These include:
Pelargonium ionidiflorum (Scented leaf)
Almond - Pelargonium quercifolium
Apple - Pelargonium odoratissimum
Apple - Pelargonium cordifolium
Apple/Mint - Pelargonium album
Apricot/Lemon - Pelargonium scabrum
Balsam - Pelargonium panduriforme
Camphor - Pelargonium betulinum
Celery - Pelargonium ionidiflorum
Cinnamon - Pelargonium 'Ardwyck Cinnamon'
Coconut - Pelargonium grossalarioides (Pelargonium parriflorum)
Eau de Cologne - Pelargonium 'Brilliantine'
Eucalyptus - Pelargonium 'Secret Love'
Grapefruit - Pelargonium 'Poquita'
Ginger - Pelargonium 'Torrento' or 'Cola Bottles' which is a variety of Pelargonium x nervosum
Hazelnut - Pelargonium 'Odorata Hazelnut
Lavender - Pelargonium 'Lavender Lindy'
Lemon - Pelargonium crispum
Lemon - Pelargonium citronellum (Synonym - Pelargonium 'Mabel Grey')
Lemon Balm - Pelargonium x melissinum
Lime - Pelargonium x nervosum
Myrrh - Pelargonium myrrhifolium
Nutmeg - Pelargonium x fragrans
Old Spice - Variety of Pelargonium x fragrans
Orange - Pelargonium x citriodorum (Synonym - Pelargonium 'Prince of Orange')
Peach - Pelargonium 'Peaches and Cream'
Peppermint - Pelargonium tomentosum
Pine - Pelargonium denticulatum
Pineapple - Pelargonium 'Brilliant'
Raspberry - Pelargonium 'Red Raspberry'
Rose - Pelargonium graveolens (Synonym - Pelargonium roseum)
Rose - Pelargonium capitatum
Rose - Pelargonium radens
Southernwood - Pelargonium abrotanifolium
Spicy - Pelargonium exstipulatum
Strawberry - Pelargonium x scarboroviae
Cultivars
'Attar of Roses' - a cultivar of P. capitatum
'Crowfoot Rose' - a cultivar of P. radens
'Dr. Livingston' - a cultivar of P. radens
'Grey Lady Plymouth' - a cultivar of P. graveolens
'Prince Rupert' - a cultivar of P. crispum
G. Species pelargoniums
The species are the forefathers of all the cultivar groups listed above. In general, the definition of a species is that it breeds true, and is to be found doing this in the "wild". Species pelargoniums have a large diversity of characteristics in habit, shape, size and colour, which probably accounts for them having retained their popularity for more than 300 years.
H. Primary hybrids
A primary hybrid is recognised as being the resultant plant from a first-time cross between two different known species. Examples are P. × ardens – from P. lobatum × P. fulgidum (1810). P. × glauciifolium – from P. gibbosum × P. lobatum (1822). Usually, but not always, primary hybrids are sterile.
The following is a selection of pelargoniums which have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
'Attar of Roses' (rose scented leaves, pink flowers)
'Citriodorum' (lemon scented leaves, rose pink flowers
'Dolly Varden' (variegated leaves, scarlet flowers)
'Frank Headley' (cream vareigated leaves, salmon pink flowers)
'Fringed Aztec' (white & purple fringed flowers)
'Gemstone' (scented leaves, pink flowers)
'Grace Thomas' (lemon scented leaves, pale pink flowers)
'Joy' (pink & white frilled flowers)
'Lady Plymouth' (P. graveolens variegata - small mauve flowers)
'Lara Candy Dancer' (scented leaves, pale mauve flowers)
'Lara Starshine' (aromatic leaves, lilac flowers.
'L'Élégante' (ivy-leaved, trailing, white and purple flowers)
'Mabel Grey' (lemon-scented leaves, mauve flowers)
'Mrs Quilter' (bronze leaves, salmon pink flowers)
'Radula' (lemon & rose scented leaves, pink & purple flowers)
'Royal Oak' (balsam scented leaves, mauve flowers)
'Spanish Angel' (lilac & magenta flowers)
'Sweet Mimosa' (balsam-scented leaves, pale pink flowers)
'Tip Top Duet' (pink & wine-red flowers)
'Voodoo' (crimson & black flowers)
P. tomentosum (peppermint-scented leaves, small white flowers)
Usage
Ornamental plants
Pelargoniums rank as one of the highest number of potted flowering plants sold and also in terms of wholesale value.
Scented leaf pelargoniums
Other than being grown for their beauty, species such as P. graveolens are important in the perfume industry and are cultivated and distilled for their scents. Although scented pelargoniums exist which have smells of citrus, mint, pine, spices or various fruits, the varieties with rose scents are most commercially important. Pelargonium distillates and absolutes, commonly known as "scented geranium oil" are sometimes used to supplement or adulterate expensive rose oils. The oils of the scented pelargoniums contain citronellol, geraniol, eugenol, alpha-pinene and many other compounds. The edible leaves and flowers are also used as a flavouring in desserts, cakes, jellies and teas. Scented-leafed pelargoniums can be used to flavor jellies, cakes, butters, ice cream, iced tea and other dishes, The rose-, lemon- and peppermint-scents are most commonly used. Also used are those with hints of peach, cinnamon and orange. Commonly used lemon-scented culinary species include P. crispum and P. citronellum. Rose-scenteds include P. graveolens and members of the P. graveolens cultivar group. Other species and cultivars with culinary use include the lime-scented P. ‘Lime’, the lemon balm-scented P. ‘Lemon Balm’, the strawberry-lemon-scented P. ‘Lady Scarborough’ and the peppermint-scented P. tomentosum.[81] Scented leaf pelargoniums have also been historically used as toilet paper by fishermen in remote places, such as the Minquiers.
Herbal medicine
In herbal medicine, Pelargonium has been used for intestinal problems, wounds and respiratory ailments, but Pelargonium species have also been used for fevers, kidney complaints and other conditions. Geranium (Pelargonium) oil is considered a relaxant in aromatherapy, and in recent years, respiratory/cold remedies made from P. sidoides and P. reniforme have been sold in Europe and the United States. P. sidoides along with Echinacea is used for bronchitis. P. odoratissimum is used for its astringent, tonic and antiseptic effects. It is used internally for debility, gastroenteritis, and hemorrhage and externally for skin complaints, injuries, and neuralgia and throat infections. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy.
Pets
According to the ASPCA, these plants are toxic to cats, dogs, and horses.
Chemistry
Pelargonin (pelargonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside) is a petal pigment of the scarlet pelargonium.
Culture
The chemist, John Dalton, realized that he was color blind in 1794 when he heard others describe the color of the flowers of the pink Pelargonium zonale as pink or red, when to him it looked either pink or blue, having no relationship to red at all.
These structures were better-preserved. Notice the way the corners slant outwards - like pyramids, only in reverse.
Stockholm grew rapidly after the second world war. The city expanded to the south and west as the subway line stretched further and further outwards. Each subway stop becoming a new community centre neighborhood following the modernist city planning principles of the times. The spaces between the more densely built centers was used for infrastructure, motorways and recreational purposes. In many current discussions on the properties of the modernist city these spaces are typically described as non-places, empty, leftover, wasteland. (bit.ly/2kA0wYh, Cecilia von Schéele, The void : Urban wasteland as political space, 2016) Spaces defined as a negative, as an absence or as without use or program. Today these descriptions are often used as arguments for densification or to defend a new paradigm in city planning. This workshop is about engaging with these kind of spaces using the Örbyleden site as an example. Are they empty, useless and un-programmed? If any, what kind of activities do take place, what uses are already there?
In 1995 the Spanish architect and philosopher Ignasi de Solà-Morales calls these spaces a terrain vague (bit.ly/2jYIRX4, Ignasi de Sola-Morales, Terrain Vague, 1995). The vague terrain belong spaces seemingly designed without any purpose at all, can be seen as a product of the modernist city. They create an uncertainty in respect of what is allowed, grey zones of insecurities. The vague terrain questions our role as participants in the city, it puts into question under what authority, along what protocols we are supposed to act. As such the terrain vague can be seen to take on virtual properties, spaces where potentially another city is already there, spaces waiting to be actualized.
The ever growing, outwards, and upwards, Metropolis of Tokyo. The city is a living, breathing, organism, always changing, always moving forward. Tokyo Sky Tree of course is now the tallest structure in Japan, and it is only currently at 2/3 of its final 634m height. I could never possibly get tired of looking out the window and seeing this view from my hotel room at the Park Hyatt Tokyo. At night it is magical~
This photograph was taken at Pahalgam, Jammu & Kashmir.
The Ladakh urial is a highly endangered animal, found only in the Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir State.
The Urial, also known as the Arkars or Shapo, is a subspecies group of the wild sheep Ovis orientalis.
Noticeable features are the reddish-brown long fur that fades during winter. Urial males have large horns, curling outwards from the top of the head turning in to end somewhere behind the head; females have shorter, compressed horns.
Now, if that had been me I would have a) dispensed with the acorns, and b) had the signs pointing outwards towards the coast path in either direction, rather than at the corner of the pillar.
Bright red, conical buds with several bud scales angled outwards at about 45 degrees. Common Lime can occur in hedges as a mature hedge tree.
I didn't think my first photos of a Momoko would be to document her defective ankle. :(
Left leg is thinner and slightly curved, foot bends outwards. Her left foot also won't flex upwards as much as her right foot. She can't stand upright on her own.
The central point from which all the buildings fanned outwards from the keep, the Cour Ovale more or less marks the position of the original Château de Fontainebleau (aside from a tidy-up of the layout at the end of the Renaissance). Lined with 16th and 17th century facades, it opens to the south through the former fortified entrance (the Porte Dorée), and since Henry IV’s time opens to the east onto the Cour des Offices (Baptistry entrance). www.musee-chateau-fontainebleau.fr/The-Cour-Ovale?lang=en
Stockholm grew rapidly after the second world war. The city expanded to the south and west as the subway line stretched further and further outwards. Each subway stop becoming a new community centre neighborhood following the modernist city planning principles of the times. The spaces between the more densely built centers was used for infrastructure, motorways and recreational purposes. In many current discussions on the properties of the modernist city these spaces are typically described as non-places, empty, leftover, wasteland. (bit.ly/2kA0wYh, Cecilia von Schéele, The void : Urban wasteland as political space, 2016) Spaces defined as a negative, as an absence or as without use or program. Today these descriptions are often used as arguments for densification or to defend a new paradigm in city planning. This workshop is about engaging with these kind of spaces using the Örbyleden site as an example. Are they empty, useless and un-programmed? If any, what kind of activities do take place, what uses are already there?
In 1995 the Spanish architect and philosopher Ignasi de Solà-Morales calls these spaces a terrain vague (bit.ly/2jYIRX4, Ignasi de Sola-Morales, Terrain Vague, 1995). The vague terrain belong spaces seemingly designed without any purpose at all, can be seen as a product of the modernist city. They create an uncertainty in respect of what is allowed, grey zones of insecurities. The vague terrain questions our role as participants in the city, it puts into question under what authority, along what protocols we are supposed to act. As such the terrain vague can be seen to take on virtual properties, spaces where potentially another city is already there, spaces waiting to be actualized.
Throwing the Chinese national flag outwards but there it insufficient wind to make a good impression. The Hong Kong regional flag on the right is raised a couple of seconds later so that it is always lower than the national flag.
Close-up of multiple pink flowers exploding outwards from the centre in St. Nicholas gardens the focal point of Whitehaven's prize winning Cumbria in bloom effort.
Theoretically almost the ultimate macro monster. From the camera body outwards:
3x extension tubes
2x teleconverter
135mm Zuiko f2.8
reversed Sigma 28mm f2.8 miniwide
Theoretically, because I haven't yet tested the feasibility of actually using it. In theory with a 28mm reversed on the end of an equivalent 270mm it should go to something like 10:1, then some more with the extension tubes. Whether I can illuminate anything at that level of magnification and limited light intake, and hold the whole lot steady enough, even on a tripod with mirror lockup, is another matter. It'll be fun trying.
We specialise in fairy doors that OPEN OUTWARDS, so when your Fairy Door is attached to a wall, the door can still be opened. We also stock a large range of Fairy Door Accessories so you can create a magical fairy land setting right in your bedroom!
Extending outwards from the principal plazas and palaces of Tikal are sectors with smaller monuments such as the pictured site.
This is a short clip from a 2005 video shot from a Sony DCR-TRV27 and edited and rendered with iMovie/iDVD.
- apply base coat, base colour and top coat
- start with a row of green dots and work outwards according to the spectrum
Protection film removed and finger pull tab bent outwards. Fold to put finger hole centre on the retention button centre.
Day 25 / 365
It was a good night adventure,
the brave souls traveled outwards,
to save a wretch who was stranded.
Traveller through the i(phone)land.
We specialise in fairy doors that OPEN OUTWARDS, so when your Fairy Door is attached to a wall, the door can still be opened. We also stock a large range of Fairy Door Accessories so you can create a magical fairy land setting right in your bedroom!
James Callaghan Memorial Lecture 2016: Professor Dame Athene Donald DBS FRS on “Scientists looking outwards”
Although it isn't too clear from this shot, the walls of the chancel are leaning outwards at quite an alarming angle, and apparently needs to be shored up.
The late afternoon light made metering tricky, so the highlights are most certainly blown on this shot. Don't mention HDR.
Petham is a little visited church high above its village on the edge of a picturesque valley. Burned out in the 1920s it has lost some of the patina of age but nonetheless it contains much of interest. The south aisle once had a lean to roof – as can be clearly seen inside today. Apart from that most of the church is thirteenth century and many lancets survive. Some have rere-arches, a decorative carved stone feature over the top inside that shows wealth. The lovely tie beams and wall plates were painted after the fire in a late Arts and Crafts form with colourful cherries and vines. The east window contains quarries that may have been made by Powell’s whilst at the west end against the wall is a thirteenth century stone coffin lid. Outside on the west wall of the tower is a much weathered cross, possibly of thirteenth century date, that was discovered in the eighteenth century walled up high in the tower. The intervention of a local clergyman saved it from destruction and preserved it for us to see.
It's not uncommon to forget the direction of the forces on current carrying wires. The magnetism researchers in PSSC "A Magnet Laboratory" admit they forget sometimes. Professor Bitter gave you a remarkable way to remember this though: he actually did it by passing a ridiculous amount of current through lots of parallel wires, and then through a copper bar bent in a U shape. The parallel currents sucked the wires in, and the U shape blew outwards. Remembering these few minutes is worth it as you approach a magnetism test.
Here's the link to the movie. Watch between 6:41 and 9:56
This can be used to quickly remove handles from a Garlando table, amongst others, just slot it around the rod and bang the handle gently outwards.
ZEN MAGNETS - Neodymium Magnetic Balls (@Varies) - Fun with 5-ball pentagon rings part 3
(@060) - Diamond subunit (3-layer) = (4 x (3 x 5))
(@040) - 12-pointed star / Dome = =((6 x (Diamond subunit (3-layer)) + (6 x (3 x 5))
(@030) - 2-layer triangle subunit - (3 x (2 x 5))
(@120) - Outwards quad triangle subunit = (4 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@360) - Outwards quad-tri triangle = (3 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Outwards quad-tri star= (5 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Outwards quad-tri spaceship v1 = (5 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@480) - Outwards quad-tri square = (4 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Outwards quad-tri spaceship v2 = (5 x (Outwards quad triangle subunit))
(@120) - Inwards quad triangle subunit = (4 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@600) - Inwards quad-tri pentagon = (5 x (Inwards quad triangle subunit))
(@600) - Inwards quad-tri spaceship v3 = (5 x (Inwards quad triangle subunit))
(@960) - Triangle subunit ring variations v1 = (8 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@720) - Triangle subunit ring variations v2 = (6 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@040) - Triangle subunit ring variations squares = (16 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@720) - Triangle subunit ring variations v2 = (6 x (2-layer triangle subunit))
(@070) - Heptagon subunit = (7 x (2 x 5))
(@140) - Heptagon subunit stacker v1 = (2 x (Heptagon subunit))
(@560) - Heptagon subunit stacker v2 = (8 x (Heptagon subunit))
Note: Outward = three pentagon rings facing outward, Inward = three pentagon rings facing inward. For polarity reversed, separate two from the rest, and use a separator card in-between to flip the two ball from top set to bottom set.
More build pics here:
The lobes represent the right and the left sides of our brain. They face outwards and this is what we project and share with the world.
The point of the heart represents our inner self where all sorts of things intermingle. It is also where thoughts and feelings from each side of our brain come together and sometimes even get muddled.
It (our life) all comes together in the center of this drawing, on the inside. The inside of this picture represents what we experience in this world that is invisible to us. This inside is inside of us and inside of others, the inside is actually everywhere, it knows no boundaries.
Different "love threads" (the colored threads extending from the bottom of the hearts) inter-mingle with one another (our love threads touch other's love threads) and spark the intangible within us. This happens in the invisible, or in the center, where this red dot is. There are all colors of heart threads that intermingle and there is one that is even black. These "sparks" (or interactions with others) then travel up through the bottom of our hearts and try to join the union of our bi-cameral brains!
It is from these sparks that we change: our thoughts and our feelings. Then, what we project to the outer world is different because we are different.
This drawing began as The Enchanted Forest. The outer edges were going to be a lighter green and the inner forest was going to be a deep green. Outside of the EF is reality. We weave paths in and out of reality. I was going to have celtic knots circling the outer edges, with more weaving their way into the center.The center is where we get our energy and inspiration to face what we deal with outside of our Enchanted Forest. When I sat down to draw, I began a celtic knot but then a portion of the knot inspired me to draw a heart! And the rest, as they say, is history.
...stretching out into the sea with a curve outwards at the end of it, in the middle of which is a light house. A heavy sea wall runs along outside of it...
'Dracula' - Bram Stoker 1847-1912
keeping the waves at bay...
LARGE view is nice
“Curiosity might be pictured as being made up of chains of small questions extending outwards, sometimes over huge distances, from a central hub composed of a few blunt, large questions. In childhood we ask, ‘Why is there good and evil?' ‘How does nature work?' ‘Why am I me?'
If circumstances and temperament allow, we then build on these questions during adulthood, our curiosity encompassing more and more of the world until at some point we may reach that elusive stage where we are bored by nothing.” — Alain De Botton, The Art of Travel
If you check carefully you will see that the image is growing outwards. Also on the edges you can feel that its growing.
Highlight of the Kassel collection: Apollo stands barefoot in a close walking position with the soles of both feet on the plinth. He has the foot of the free leg only slightly forward and directed outwards. The physique is strong to athletic. The figure, which is essentially frontally oriented, turns its head towards the left side of the standing leg and, with a slight head tilt, appears to be looking over the outstretched hand with the bow and arrow. The ponderation motif of the columnar supporting leg and the angled, relieved free leg continues in the lower body through the raising and lowering of the groin line and hips, but is significantly weakened at waist level. The upper body with a broadly developed chest is restrained and pondered in the opposite direction due to the slightly lowered left and slightly raised right shoulders. The tightly angled left arm with a hand enclosing a bow and the lowered right arm, loosely extended away from the body with a half-open hand, mediate between the opposing and balancing ponderation of the figure. In a compositional interweaving, the movement impulse of the head and the forward forearm on the supporting leg side is picked up again by the right forearm, which is held laterally and forward, and the advancing knee on the free leg side. Next to the support leg, the copyist left a statue support in the form of a smooth tree trunk decorated with a relief quiver ribbon and an external quiver. The material stiffening between the knee area and the plinth serves to strengthen the stability of the statue with its high center of gravity and to reduce the risk of breakage of the shackles that support the figure's load.
"Meridian Gate" in the Forbidden City in Beijing. The Emperor used to address the masses (outwards) from here, flanked by elephants.
STENA EMBLA
FLAG : CYPRUS
REGISTRY : LIMASSOL
IMO :9807322
TYPE :M.FERRY
BUILDER :CHINA MERCHANTS HI.JINLING
COUNTRY :CHINA
YD NR :W0266
SHIP DESIGN :
BUILT :2020
GT :41671
DWT :7700
OWNER :STENA LINE SCANDINAVIA AB. GOTHENBURG
STENA LINE LTD. HOLYHEAD
JIAHE INTERNATIONAL SHIP LEASE. C/O STENA LINE AB
EX :
LOCATION :NEW BRIGHTON 30 MARCH 2021
In 2124, when humanity had finally resolved all conflicts on earth and started gazing outwards, they needed a cheap and efficient craft to manipulate debris in space. The Worker Bee was the solution: cheap to build, cheap to maintain, but incredibly reliable. As its inventor Trevor McGregor always said: "It ain't designed to win no fancy awards, just git the job done."
I've been building on this small craft for more than six years. It has been wrecked by moves and children until I finally decided to finish it. I'm particularly pleased with the sliding mechanism in the center. It's held in place by an old M-Tron magnet and is really satisfying to slide back and forth.