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Balat (IsIstanbul
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul,_Turkey
Toponymy
Main article: Names of Istanbul
Byzantium (Greek: Βυζάντιον, Byzántion) is the first known name of the city. Around 660 BC,[note 1] Greek settlers from the city-state of Megara founded a Doric colony on the present-day Istanbul, and named the new colony after their king, Byzas.[12] After Constantine I (Constantine the Great) made the city the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire in 330 AD, the city became widely known as Constantinopolis or Constantinople, which, as the Latinised form of "Κωνσταντινούπολις" (Kōnstantinoúpolis), means the "City of Constantine".[13] He also attempted to promote the name Nea Roma ("New Rome"), but this never caught on.[14] Constantinople remained the official name of the city throughout the Byzantine period, and the most common name used for it in the West until the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
By the 19th century, the city had acquired a number of names used by either foreigners or Turks. Europeans often used Stamboul alongside Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, but Turks used the former name only to describe the historic peninsula between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara. Pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu, which is still in use today.[15] However, with the Turkish Postal Service Law of 28 March 1930, the Turkish authorities formally requested foreigners to adopt İstanbul, a name in existence since the 10th century,[16] as the sole name of the city within their own languages.[17]
Etymologically, the name "İstanbul" (Turkish pronunciation: [isˈtanbuɫ], colloquially [ɯsˈtambuɫ]) derives from the Medieval Greek phrase "εἰς τὴν Πόλιν" [is tin ˈpolin] or, in the Aegean dialect, "εἰς τὰν Πόλιν" [is tan ˈpolin] (Modern Greek "στην Πόλη" [stin ˈpoli]), which means "in the city" or "to the city".[13][16] In modern Turkish, the name is written "İstanbul", with a dotted İ, as the Turkish alphabet distinguishes between a dotted and dotless I. Also, while in English the stress is on the first syllable ("Is"), in Turkish it is on the second syllable ("tan"). Like Rome, Istanbul has been called "The City of Seven Hills" because the oldest part of the city is supposedly built on seven hills, each of which bears a historic mosque.[18]
History
First settlements
Main article: Byzantium
Byzantine remains of a column found at Byzantium's acropolis, located today within the Topkapı Palace complex.
Recent construction of the Marmaray tunnel unearthed a Neolithic settlement underneath Yenikapı on Istanbul's peninsula. Dating back to the 7th millennium BC, before the Bosphorus was even formed, the discovery indicated that the peninsula was settled thousands of years earlier than previously thought.[19] Thracian tribes established two settlements—Lygos and Semistra—on the Sarayburnu, near where Topkapı Palace now stands, between the 13th and 11th centuries BC. On the Asian side, artifacts have been found in Fikirtepe (present-day Kadıköy) that date back to the Chalcolithic period.[20] The same location was the site of a Phoenician trading post at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC as well as the town of Chalcedon, which was established by Greek settlers from Megara in 685 BC.[10]
However, the history of Istanbul generally begins around 660 BC,[note 1] when the settlers from Megara, under the command of King Byzas, established Byzantion (Latinised as Byzantium) on the European side of the Bosphorus. By the end of the century, an acropolis was established at the former locations of Lygos and Semistra, on the Sarayburnu.[12] The city experienced a brief period of Persian rule at the turn of the 5th century BC, but the Greeks recaptured it during the Greco-Persian Wars.[21] Byzantium then continued as part of the Athenian League and its successor, the Second Athenian Empire, before ultimately gaining independence in 355 BC.[22] Long protected by the Roman Republic, Byzantium officially became a part of the Roman Empire in AD 73.
Byzantium's decision to side with the usurper Pescennius Niger against Roman Emperor Septimus Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195, two years of siege had left the city devastated.[23] Still, five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regained—and, by some accounts, surpassed—its previous prosperity.[24]
Rise and fall of Constantinople
Main article: Constantinople
Further information: Fall of Constantinople
Created in 1422 by Cristoforo Buondelmonti, this is the oldest surviving map of Constantinople and the only one that predates the Ottoman conquest.
When Constantine I defeated Licinius at the Battle of Chrysopolis in September 324, he effectively became the emperor of the whole of the Roman Empire.[25] Just two months later, Constantine laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. Intended to replace Nicomedia as the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named Nea Roma (New Rome); however, most simply called it Constantinople ("the city of Constantine"), a name that persisted into the 20th century.[26] Six years later, on 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of an empire that eventually became known as the Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire.[27]
The establishment of Constantinople served as one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward and becoming a center of Greek culture and Christianity.[27][28] Numerous churches were built across the city, including the Hagia Sofia, which remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years.[29] The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople developed in the city, and its leader is still one of the foremost figures in the Greek Orthodox Church. Constantinople's location also ensured its existence would stand the test of time; for many centuries, its walls and seafront protected Europe against invaders from the east as well as from the advance of Islam.[28] During most of the Middle Ages and the latter part of the Byzantine period, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in the western world.[30]
The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 signaled the end of the Byzantine Empire.
Constantinople began to decline after the Fourth Crusade, during which it was sacked and pillaged.[32] The city subsequently became the center of the Latin Empire, created by Catholic crusaders to replace the Orthodox Byzantine Empire, which was divided into splinter states.[33] However, the Latin Empire was short-lived, and the Byzantine Empire was restored, weakened, in 1261.[34] Constantinople's churches, defenses, and basic services were in disrepair,[35] and its population had dwindled to forty thousand from nearly half a million during the 9th century.[36][37]
Various economic and military policies instituted by Andronikos II, such as the reduction of forces, weakened the empire and left it more vulnerable to attack.[38] In the mid-14th century, the Ottoman Turks began a strategy by which they took smaller towns and cities over time, cutting off Constantinople's supply routes and strangling it slowly.[39] Finally, on 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman Emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire.[40][41] Hours later, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sofia and summoned an imam to proclaim the Islamic creed, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque.[42]
30 October 2021, Rome, Italy - G20 Summit
Photo credit must be given: ©Italian G20 Presidency
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For more information: www.g20.org/legal-notes.html
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These ungainly contraptions look like they came of Rube Goldberg's drawing board. I wonder why the inventor did not attach the suction end to a long tube like those used on vacuum sweepers. That could have eliminated all of that bending that was bound to injure at least some of the workers.
Note that the suction picker at the top has no container with which to catch berries, a sure indication that the photo was staged.
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History
The Pacific Coast Cranberry Research Foundation was formed to purchase the Cranberry Research Station owned and operated by Washington State University.
When WSU decided to close the Station in 1992, cranberry growers formed the Foundation and purchased the Station and 40 acres of farmland.
WSU continues to support the personnel, while growers join together in farming the bogs.
Cranberry farming in the SW corner of Washington State has a more than 100-year history.
A Massachusetts visitor observed the native berries growing in the marshes and was impressed with the area’s resemblance to Cape Cod.
Convinced that the peat soil could be successfully adapted to the cultivation of commercial cranberries, a partnership of 4 entrepreneurs purchased more than 1600 acres of Peninsula land between 1872 and 1877 for as little as $1 an acre.
The industry built between 1877 and the turn of the century, when it hit a period of stagnation.
Cranberries weren’t sought after by Americans except during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays and the established bogs on the East Coast already filled that market.
To make matters worse, East Coast vines brought with them non-native pests, marketing West Coast berries was expensive due to its geographic isolation, start-up costs for the bogs was high, and taxes were frequently higher than profits.
A boon was experienced in the 1910s when syndicates purchased and sold several thousand acres of marshland. This increase in the number of farmers and bogs, combined with the still existing problems of the past ten years left the growers that survived in an anguished state.
Help arrived in the early 1920s in the form of J.D. Crowley. Conducting tests over a 30-year period at the Cranberry Research Station, Crowley was able to make recommendations to solve a number of pest, frost and other local problems.
Growers did not immediately adopt these recommendations. Combined with the Great Depression of the 1920s and 1930s, the industry whittled itself down to a few highly committed farmers.
The next 40 years brought many changes to cultivation methods, increasing product yields and quality.
A significant change during the 1940’s was the switch most growers made from dry to wet harvesting of the berries.
There are currently about 235 growers on the West Coast from British Columbia to Oregon.
The industry is strong and stable as it enters the new millennium, with year-round demand for juices, canned goods and a variety of cranberry products. 99% of local growers are part of an Ocean Spray cooperative.
Many of the original “dollar an acre” bogs are still viable today. Not surprisingly, the cost of growing has increased substantially with raw land suitable for cranberries now costing over $5,000 an acre. Growers are challenged by falling crop prices and environmental regulations.
In spite of high costs, Cranberry farming on the Pacific Coast has a bright future.
The creative, aggressive marketing by Ocean Spray Cranberries, Inc. has brought the demand for cranberries to an all time high.
Employees for the WSU Long Beach Research and Extension Unit include Kim Patten, Ph. D., associate horticulturist and station manager, who serves as an extension specialist and agricultural researcher.
There is also a research technician, and a three-quarter time secretary. Temporary personnel have included visiting scientists, post-doctoral researchers, graduate students, college interns, and summer students.
SANTO HEAD
19th Century
Mortas (Cement?) or coralstone.
FILIPINO
Formerly part of a church in Cebu. Probably used to decorate the interior of the church similar to the 12 Apostles found in the church of Molo in IloIlo.
According to Tita Rosita, these heads were the only ones she was able to rescue as the bodies were too heavy for her to keep. They were from a Cebuano parish that was in the process of being modernized and refurbished. The parish priest was about to bury them when Tita Rosita chanced upon the them and decided to rescue them.
Note 1: Rosita Rodriguez Arcenas is my aunt.
Rosita Arcenas is the daughter of Dr. Jose N. Rodriguez, the famous leprologist and director of San Lazaro Hospital during the 1940s thru the 1960s. Tala Leprosarium was subsequently renamed the Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital in his honor. His wife is famous Philippine feminist Nieves Hidalgo of Boac, Marinduque, whose sister, Pilar Hidalgo, was president of Centro Escolar University and was married to Gen. Vicente Lim. Former Philippine Central Bank Governor Jaime Laya is married to Alicia Sandoval, the niece of Nieves Rodriguez and Pilar Lim and daughter of their youngest sister, Concepcion Hidalgo Sandoval.
Rosita Rodriguez Arcenas was married to Dr. Ramon V. Arcenas, a famous physician from Cebu. Dr. Arcenas is now deceased.
Note 2: These photographs were downloaded from a blog on Multiply by Mrs. Louella Alix. I downloaded them because I think this collection of Philippine santos is one of the most important accumulation of Philippine art ever assembled. It is far too important not to share. To see Mrs. Alix's pictures, pls go to her blog on Multiply at: louellaalix.multiply.com/photos/album/482/Handumanan_The_...
Note 3: This exhibition is attributed as "Bisayan" santos. I do not think these santos are all necessarily made in the Visayan Islands (although a majority of them probably were). Rather, the "Bisayan" attribution was give because these images were all found in the Visayan Islands and were assembled in Cebu.
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If you would like to read more about the Rosita Rodriguez Arcenas collection of Bisayan Santos, please visit the following discussion threads:
www.flickr.com/groups/primera-salida/discuss/721576299704...
www.flickr.com/groups/santos_images_of_faith/discuss/7215...
www.flickr.com/groups/hermosas/discuss/72157629970480138/
www.flickr.com/groups/35876748@N00/discuss/72157629970488...
Yellow crumpled note paper isolated on white background
You can find and purchase/license this image and other my images at high resolution at microstosk agencies.
See links to my portfolios on my homepage: skobrik.com
Notes like this are just priceless aren't they? It is a gift from a precious, little heart that bring clarity and perspective.
my mom (who has been divorced over 15 years) found this note under her car door after meeting my sister at Target/Starbucks. apparently my mom is having a lez affair with my sister and this fbi agent is going to warn my mom's husband. they both had a good lol over this after they found it.
"Hi, You were been followed. I saw you getting in the grey car with your partner. i was paid to follow you. If you don't want me to reveal everything to your husband this is what you have to do --- Place $500 next to the clothes bin tomorrow morning at 9am in an envelope. I followed you and your partner after she picked you up. Remember, if you don't leave the money here by 9:30 in the morning, I will go and reveal everything to your husband. i have it on video. FBI Agent"
The Real Hong Kong Car Culture
Hong Kong Car | Automotive Photography since 2011
For a detailed introduction | guide on Hong Kong Car Licence Plates | Car Vanity Plates click on the link below to learn more :
✚ www.j3consultantshongkong.com/hk-car-vanity-plates
One of the largest collections of quality Hong Kong Car Images and specialising in Car Licence Plates | Car Vanity Plates or as the Hong Kong Government likes to call them - Vehicle Registration Marks
I photograph all car brands and please do bear in mind I am an enthusiastic amateur and NOT a professional photographer but I do have a fairly distinctive style and it has got better over the years.
☛.... and if you want to read about my views on Hong Kong, then go to my blog, link is shown below, I have lived in Hong Kong for over 50 years!
✚ www.j3consultantshongkong.com/j3c-blog
☛ Photography is simply a hobby for me, I do NOT sell my images and all of my images can be FREELY downloaded from this site in the original upload image size or 5 other sizes, please note that you DO NOT have to ask for permission to download and use any of my images!
Title: First Air Mail
Date: 1934
Location: Lakeland, FL
Description: With the opening of the new Municipal Airport, Lakeland became a stop on US Air Mail Delivery Service between St. Petersburg and Daytona Beach on October 15, 1934. This commemorative envelop bears an engraving and postmark noting this momentous occasion.
Collection: Lakeland Post Office Collection
ID: 1934_airmail
This note, written by Adriana Caselotti, the voice of Snow White, as intended as a foreword to the book Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs & The Making of the Classic Film that I wrote with Richard Holliss in 1987.
The book eventually opened with a letter from Adriana accompanied by a photograph of her and her screen character.
Airplane doodles on my Galaxy Note II phone. I always planned on using my phone to draw more but it only seems to happen while flying, and that's not very often. I started the ogre the last time I flew to New Mexico over new years. I just finished him up a little more. I did the girl during my two hour flight home today. Someday I'll do more drawing. Maybe if I get the Note 3.
Local Accession Number: 06_11_002119
Title: Automatic mould liner under pig iron machine
Genre: Stereographs; Photographic prints
Created/Published: Meadville, Pa. ; New York, N.Y. ; Portland, Oregon ; London, Eng. ; Sydney, Aus. : Keystone View Company
Copyright date: 1905
Physical description: 1 photographic print on a curved stereo card : stereograph ; 9 x 18 cm.
General notes: Image caption: Automatic Mould Liner under Pig Iron Machine, Pittsburg, Pa., U.S.A.; No. 6528; Title from printed caption on verso
Subjects: Iron industry; Molds (Shaping tools); Cast ironwork; Machinery
Collection: Stereographs
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Shelf locator: Pennsylvania
Rights: No known copyright restrictions.
I'm happy to say I that I successfully switched classes from the crazy lady to the smart guy. What she took four weeks confusing me with, he clarified in five to ten minutes, leaving me time to even doodle if I wanted to.
Yup. I think my grade is about to get much higher, even if the homework load goes up.
-January 9, 2012
I can't wait to sleep.
My semi-lazy handwriting. V. messy x3
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Studying and making notes on macroeconomics for a quickie (quiz) the next day.
I didn't realize the irony of the word macro till much later >_>
Did you know that Caryn and I are the awesome hostesses of a Valentine's Day handmade valentine swap? Because we totally are! You should sign up, and soon, since the deadline for sign-ups is Friday. Check it.
(Continuing my streak of nerdiness with the reference in this note... I think I might be officially in love with anybody who knows where it's from.)
This is probably why I did so miserably in inorganic chemistry first year in college. These were the sort of notes I took in class. :) It's funny because my young nephew said today that he might consider Chemical Engineering. Cool for him! But the two words put together made me shudder...