Medical Students
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Urooj is a medical student from Pakistan and an alumna of my theatre program.
Tenuous Link: Heavy black eye makeup
Florrie Nightingale, with lamp. Now that the old Derby Royal Infirmary has been demolished I wonder where they'll re-site this iconic statue.
Generations of medical student and nurses have pinched her lamp so many times (at times replacing it with yellow roadworks lamps) that the one she has now is a fibreglass replica.
Casually walking down the road, breaking hearts without breaking a sweat.
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My "new" 1965 New Zealand manufactured Paul, wearing his 1967 'Blazer' with 'Medical Student' trousers from 1966.
He is sooo dreamy!
On the campus of Anhui Medical University in Hefei, the capital of the Chinese Province Anhui
Chinese young girls and women dread the sun like the devil dreads holy water. In their eyes a veil of clouds isn't enough protection.
A medical student enjoys a winter commute along the Connor Trail on the backside of the OHSU campus.
The Connor Trail meets up with the Marquam Trail that leads to Marquam Nature Park, a 204 acre park and major cog in a 40 mile trail loop that connects multiple nature areas within Portland.
Image with my Hasselblad 500cm.
26 days to go of my 366 ! today has been really nice. we walked along the coast and spotted some really pretty places. while we were on the beach there were two medical students running into the north sea naked. (we ended up asking two police officers what was going on because everywhere was filled with people in nurse smocks of various colours.) OH and it was foggy
Nur, is a medical student. despite some few "not so good" tries, she had no modeling experience before. due to many reasons, ( which I learned later) she was very uncomfortable and conservative at the begining. but as time went by, like with all models, she became more comfortable and confident. later I have learned that actually Nur was her name she never uses, Yila was her real name and she is a tribal fusion dancer.
As a French medical student, I am doing one of my trainings in an Indian hospital. It's a wish coming true for me and I enjoy every single minute here in Cochin.
Here is a picture I took on my way to the Jewish District, Mattancherry.
24 juillet 2017 - Cochin, Inde
Being a bit tipsy she approached me on the street. Asking what the f*** I was doing with that camera. Three months later she looked me straight in the lens.
One of the most powerful beings in the 616 universe, Thor has proven to be a champion of justice and defender of the weak since his modern appearance on Earth in 1962.
Thor's father Odin decided his son needed to be taught humility and consequently incarnated Thor (without memories of tke Asgardian pantheon) on Earth as a mortal, partially disabled human medical student, Donald Blake.
After becoming a doctor, Blake witnesses the arrival of an alien scouting party while he is on vacation in Norway. Blake flees from the aliens into a cave. After discovering Thor's hammer Mjolnir (disguised as a walking stick) and striking it against a rock, he transforms into the thunder god. Later, Blake is revealed to have always been Thor, Odin's enchantment having caused him to forget his history as The Thunder God and believe himself mortal.
Defeating the aliens, Thor shares a double life with his alter ego: treating the ill in a private practice with nurse – and eventual love – Jane Foster, and defending humanity from evil.
Thor's presence on Earth almost immediately attracts the attention of his adoptive brother and enemy Loki. Loki is responsible for the emergence of three of Thor's principal foes: the Absorbing Man; the Destroyer, and the Wrecker.
On one occasion, Loki's tactics were accidentally beneficial – although successful in using an illusion of the Hulk to draw Thor into battle, it results in the formation of the superhero team the Avengers, of which Thor and Hulk, alongside Ant-Man, the Wasp and Iron Man, would be founding members.
Thor's other early foes include Zarrko, the Tomorrow Man; the Radioactive Man; the Lava Man; the Cobra; Mister Hyde; the Enchantress and the Executioner, and the Grey Gargoyle.
Falling in love with Jane Foster, Thor disobeys his father and refuses to return to Asgard, an act for which he is punished on several occasions.
Thor's natural affinity for Earth is eventually revealed to be due to the fact that he was the son of the Elder Goddess Gaea.
Although Thor initially regards himself as a "superhero" like his teammates in the Avengers, Loki's machinations draw Thor into increasingly epic adventures, such as teaming with his father Odin and Asgardian ally Balder against the fire demon Surtur and Skagg the Storm Giant, and defeating an increasingly powerful Absorbing Man and proving his innocence in the "Trial of the Gods". This necessitates an extended leave of absence from the Avengers.
Thor encounters the Greek God Hercules, who becomes a loyal and trustworthy friend. Thor saves Hercules from fellow Olympian Pluto; stops the advance of Ego the Living Planet; rescues Jane Foster from the High Evolutionary and defeats his flawed creation, the Man-Beast.
Odin finally relents and allows Thor to love Jane Foster, on the proviso she pass a trial. Foster panics and Thor intervenes. After Foster fails the test, Odin returns her to Earth, where she is given another chance at love, while a heartbroken Thor is introduced to the Asgardian warrior Sif.
Thor battles the Asgardian troll Ulik for the first time when Ulik attempts to steal Mjolnir. The thunder god returns to Asgard to prevent Mangog from drawing the Odinsword and ending the universe, Thor learns the origin of Galactus and rescues Sif after she is kidnapped by Him.
Thor battles Surtur once again when the fire demon attempts to storm Asgard; encounters the Stranger and his pawn the Abomination; and overpowers an outmatched Doctor Doom.
Thor prevents another attempt by Mangog — disguised as Odin — from drawing the Odinsword; is saved by the intervention of ally Volstagg when the "Odin Force" became a semi-sentient destructive force; and is rescued from death when Odin engineers a false Ragnarök and has reporter Red Norvell die in his place battling the Midgard Serpent.
Thor met the Eternals in a lengthy event. Thor also encounters the "Eye of Odin" (sacrificed by Odin to drink from the Well of Mimir) which claimed another Asgard and version of Thor once existed.
Thor first donned his battle armor in April 1987. Thor eventually confronts the threat of the Celestial Fourth Host, and after an extended series of encounters learns of the apparent true origin of Asgard and Odin's plans to defend Earth from the alien judges.
Despite the attempt by Odin to stop the Celestials by occupying the Destroyer armor (now 2,000 feet tall as holding the life essence of every Asgardian) and wielding the Odinsword (and aided by the Uni-Mind, an entity composed of the Eternals) and Thor himself, the aliens depart when presented with an offering by Gaea on behalf of the "Skymothers" (e.g. Frigga and Hera) of twelve perfect humans. Thor also learns Gaea was his birth mother.
After restoring the Asgardian gods with a gathering of energies donated by Skyfathers from other pantheons, Thor has a series of adventures on Earth, including encountering two Heralds of Galactus in swift succession; stopping Mephisto from taking human souls; clearing his name when framed by Asgardian god of war Tyr; aiding Drax the Destroyer; with ally Iron Man defeating the Bi-Beast and the Man-Beast; engaging the former king of Nastrond Fafnir transformed by Odin into a dragon in combat when freed by Loki, and battling Dracula.
Thor learns of the existence of the "God Eater", a creature summoned when the death gods of several pantheons temporarily merge their realms. Thor thwarts the creature – revealed to be in humanoid guise Atum, the son of Gaea, and therefore Thor's half-brother – and ensures the cosmic balance is restored.
While exploring an approaching space vessel at the request of Nick Fury, Thor encounters Beta Ray Bill, who after a brief battle, proved himself worthy of lifting Thor's hammer Mjolnir. After initial misunderstandings, Bill forms an alliance with the Asgardian gods, and is empowered by Odin to aid Thor and his allies in a war with an approaching army of demons, which is revealed to be led by fire demon Surtur, now wielding "Twilight", the gigantic "Sword of Doom".
After a series of extended battles – including a battle to the death with Fafnir and thwarting the Dark Elf Malekith — the gods are finally triumphant, although during combat Odin and Surtur disappear through a rift and are presumed dead.
Thor remains in Asgard to deal with the vacuum left by Odin's apparent death, and drives off Hela; meets Tiwaz, his great-grandfather; forces Loki to cure him from the effects of a love potion; with allies enters Hela's realm and rescues lost mortal souls.
Returning to Earth, Thor and Beta Ray Bill defeat the transformed Dark Elf Kurse, although Loki uses the power of Surtur's discarded sword to change Thor into a frog. After an adventure in Central Park, Thor manages to partially restore himself and then forces Loki to reverse the spell.
While rescuing X-Factor member the Angel from torture by the mercenary team the Marauders, Thor is cursed by Hela, who makes his bones as brittle as glass and unable to heal if damaged; and renders him truly immortal and unable to die no matter how severe his injuries.
Thor is injured again during a battle with the Absorbing Man engineered by Loki, and is ultimately saved by Loki during a battle with the Dark Elves.
Eventually forced to wear armor to protect his broken body, Thor and Loki defeat a group of Ice Giants, who seek revenge by trying to locate the Midgard Serpent, hoping it would kill the thunder god.
The Giants instead find the dragon Fin Fang Foom, who is revealed to be the Midgard Serpent in disguise. Time slows as the pair – mortal enemies due to prophecy that stated they would kill each other during Ragnarök — battle to the death. Thor kills the Serpent, although his body is completely pulverized.
Loki restores the Destroyer, who kills the Ice Giants and finds Thor's now liquid form. The Destroyer attempts to disintegrate the thunder god but can not do so due to Hela's curse. Thor assumes mental control of the Destroyer, and forces Hela on pain of death to restore his true form. The thunder god then breaks Loki's arm as punishment for his actions.
Thor meets and battles Leir, the Celtic god of lightning. After another encounter with the Celestials on an alien world; Thor finds Odin — a captive of Seth — and uses the Odinpower to fend off a returning Surtur; and defeats Annihilus while Asgard is in the Negative Zone. Thor battles X-Men foe the Juggernaut and meets the New Warriors.
After Thor kills Loki in single combat, Heimdall – standing in for Odin temporarily as ruler of Asgard – banishes Thor from Asgard; he is replaced by the mortal Eric Masterson, who became the hero Thunderstrike.
When Odin awakes, Thor is forgiven and returned. During a battle Thor is driven into a "warrior's madness" by a Valkyrie. After overpowering everyone who attempts to stop his rampage, Thor is brought by the Eternal and Thanos before Odin, who cures his son of the madness.
Thor, together with the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, and other heroes, is trapped in an alternate universe after defeating the villain Onslaught.
The heroes live alternate lives for a year in what is revealed to be an artificial creation until returning to their own universe.
Thor and several members of the Avengers battle the Destroyer. Thor is saved by an enigmatic being called Marnot, who binds the life-force of a mortal called Jake Olson to the thunder god.
Thor enters into a war with the Dark Gods with Marnot revealed to be Hescamer, one of Odin's ravens; and battles the returning Enchanters Three.
Powers and Abilities
Like all Asgardians, Thor is incredibly long-lived and relies upon periodic consumption of the Golden Apples of Idunn to sustain his extended lifespan, which to date has lasted many millennia.
Being the son of Odin and the elder goddess Gaea, Thor is physically the strongest of the Asgardians.
Thor is capable of incredible feats of strength, such as lifting the almost Earth-sized Midgard Serpent, supporting a weight equivalent to that of 20 planets, destroying Surtur's solar system-sized dimensional portal (by combining his power with that of Beta Ray Bill), and allegedly overpowering infinite gravity.
If pressed in battle, Thor is capable of entering into a state known as the "Warrior's Madness" ("berserkergang" in Norwegian and Danish alike), which will temporarily increase his strength and stamina tenfold, although in this state he attacks friend and foe alike.
Thor is extremely durable to physical injuries. He has even survived energy blasts from Celestials.
Thor possesses keen senses that allow him to track objects traveling faster than light and hear cries from the other side of the planet.
His stamina allowed him to battle the entire Frost Giant army for nine months without any sustenance or rest; Thor has shown the ability to regenerate wounded portions of his body, including entire limbs or organs, with the aid of magical forces such as Mjolnir.
Thor has superhuman speed, agility, and reflexes, enabling him to deflect bullets with his hammer, and to swing or throw it at many times the speed of light.
In early stories, Thor demonstrated vortex breath, which produces powerful winds.
Like all Asgardians, he has immunity to all Earthly diseases and is resistant to magic. Exceptionally powerful magic can overwhelm Odin's enchantment that transforms him between Asgardian and mortal forms.
As the Norse god of thunder, Thor can summon the elements of the storm (lightning, rain, wind, snow) and uses Mjolnir as a tool to focus this ability, although the hammer cannot command artificial weather, only natural.
He can cause these weather effects over the world and destroy entire buildings; by whirling his hammer he can lift entire buildings with the wind.
Thor can also create small tornadoes by quickly whipping his cape in circles. As the son of the Earth goddess Gaea, Thor has shown control over the Earth.
Thor is a superb hand-to-hand combatant, and is skilled in armed combat, excelling in the use of the war hammer, sword, axe and mace. Thor possesses two items which assist him in combat: the enchanted Belt of Strength, and his signature weapon, the mystical hammer Mjolnir.
The first item doubles Thor's strength and endurance whereas the second is used to control his weather abilities; flight; energy projection and absorption (sufficient to drain the galaxy-destroying Null Bomb, and use its energy to reignite a dying star); dimensional travel; matter manipulation, the Thermo-blast, the Anti-Force (which counteracts another force), and the God Blast, that taps into Thor's life force and has even forced Galactus to flee.
Using Mjolnir by throwing it in the desired direction and then holding on to the handle's leather loop, Thor can fly at supersonic speeds within Earth's atmosphere and much faster than light in outer space.
He can also use the hammer to create a barrier by letting it spin in a circle, and even managed to contain an explosion powerful enough to destroy 1/5th of the Universe, although at the cost of his own life.
He can throw an object out of Earth's atmosphere by using his strength, and throw his hammer to Asgard from which it will return.
When Thor has to transport companions and/or objects to a destination by himself, he has a chariot drawn by two huge mystical goats called Toothgnasher and Toothgrinder that can fly nearly anywhere he desires almost as easily as with Mjolnir.
Mjolnir also has the following powers:
It can create huge vortices. It can emit antimatter particles. It can project mystical blasts of energy, control electromagnetism, and perform molecular manipulation.
It can also absorb energy;
It drained the Asgardian powers of the Wrecking Crew into the Wrecker. It drained the energies of the villain the Presence. It negated the force field of the Juggernaut. The hammer also accidentally endowed the hero Union Jack with the ability to generate electricity, and it can remove any harmful radiation or toxins from a host.
There are also several rarely used abilities of Mjolnir: Tracking a person. Locating mystical items. Detecting illusions. Projecting images, as Thor has shown a glimpse of Asgard to his fellow Avenger Iron Man.
As a former religious relic, Mjolnir is also lethal to the undead, causing creatures such as vampires to burst into flame and crumble to dust.
When in possession of the "Odinforce" that usually empowers his father, Thor has proven capable of killing Galactus when the latter is very well fed and far beyond his normal power level.
⚡ Happy 🎯 Heroclix 💫 Friday! 👽
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A year of the shows and performers of the Bijou Planks Theater.
Secret Identity: Dr. Donald Blake
Publisher: Marvel
First appearance: Journey into Mystery 83 (August 1962)
Created by: Stan Lee & Larry Lieber (Writers)
Jack Kirby (Artist)
A medical student from India. Helsinki in the South of Finland.
Digital artwork with texture.
Texture by SkeletalMess: www.flickr.com/photos/skeletalmess/4275931585/
A big thank to him!
Thank you for your visit and comment!
Group of medical students on their way to the Riverside Medical College, Bacolod City, Philippines. Riverside College is a private medical college in Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philippines. The college is owned and managed by the Dr. Pablo O. Torre Memorial Hospital, which serves as its training and teaching facility.
Being a bit tipsy she approached me on the street. Asking what the f*** I was doing with that camera. Three months later she looked me straight in the lens.
As a final year medical student, Kirsty started supervised work early and felt “anxious about my family and the risk I might pose to them, but I feel like I’m helping and fulfilling the role I have trained for over 4 years. I love my job.” She feels the pandemic is “pushing the limits of how much staff are willing to risk in order to do their job. Team spirit is high though, it’s a supportive atmosphere.”
Kirsty is one of 67 NHS staff I photographed across George Eliot Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic first wave.
"Humans of the Pandemic" features portraits and thoughts from many roles incl. doctors, domestics, maternity, mortuary, nurses, pathology, pharmacy, physio, and surgery – to name a few.
See the full project gallery at www.matthewthompson.co.uk/humans-of-the-pandemic
Which is your favourite photo? Please share to give these amazing people some recognition for their incredible work.
This jumble of "bones" was seen at a campsite during Kolher-Andrae State Park's Campers' Halloween. The extra skull could prove to be a bit of a challenge to the puzzle-solver. (Sticking it under your lab coat is NOT acceptable! )
The image was taken on Kodachrome slide film and digitised using a Kaiser Baas Photomaker.
LINK
Other image of Miss Haining: www.flickr.com/photos/jbrimacombe/51768295195/
Dr Arthur Rowe,
Arthur Rowe was a brilliant medical student, and after qualifying declined several prestigious London appointments, and returned to Margate to work alongside his Father, who had a medical practice in the town. Alongside his general medical practice Dr. Rowe was surgeon to the Royal Sea Bathing Hospital and the Margate Cottage Hospital in Victoria Road. In 1887 he married into a very wealthy family, which allowed him to retire early in 1910, after 26 years in practice in Margate. That year he built the new Shottendane House as his retirement home, and spent his time on passionate hobbies and local research. He was able to store his huge fossil collection in the attics. He was particularly fascinated by the fossils in the chalk strata of East Kent. He published several papers on palaeontology, and was responsible for discovering the several zones in the chalk cliffs of Thanet. On one field trip he collected some 2000 fossils from the local cliff faces, and discovered the evolution of the Micraster, the heart shaped sea urchin fossils from the chalk. Rowe was recognised as the greatest chalk palaeontologist of his time. Later he expanded his research to other areas of England, and in 1901 he was awarded the Royal Society prize for his work. His findings and published works were highly regarded by the British Museum. Arthur Rowe died on 17th September 1926, aged 68. Curiously he had suffered from an infected tooth, but continually refused any medical treatment from his friends.
In November 1927, his Shottendane mansion with its fine wall panelling, ornate fire places, moulded ceilings and five acres of ornamental gardens, was sold as a Seaside Convalescent Home for Railway Workers.
Part of the original garden was sold for housing, but the Mansion and grounds are now used as a nursing home. It is a Grade 2 listed building.
Not a brilliant photo as I was visiting a mate and only had my phone with me!
Best viewed large!
MY THANK FOR ALL VISITS AND COMMENTS IT IS APPRECIATED.
Popovycha Str., Chernivtsi, Ukraine.
SLR Camera: Nikon F5
Lens: Nikkor 50mm f1.8 AF-D
Film: Kodak ColorPlus 200
Filter: B+W UV-Haze MRC-nano XS-Pro Digital
Flash: Nikon Speedlight SB-28 (fill flash)
To see the pictures taken with this camera click here.
Thank you for your comments and Fav's.
This lovely medical student agreed to pose for me. Then, I took this photo myself. I didn't use a tripod. Instead, I propped the camera on a desk. Peace!
Alcove purchased by the hospital for 10 guineas and installed in 1861
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Bronze statue is of English Romantic poet John Keats (1795-1821), who had been a Guy's medical student
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keats
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greatwen.com/2011/04/14/secret-london-finding-bits-of-los...
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londonhistorians.wordpress.com/2011/04/13/old-london-brid...
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www.flickr.com/photos/edk7/48979598988/
PB091197 Anx2 Q90
The image was taken on Kodachrome slide film and digitised using a Kaiser Baas Photomaker.
LInk
Colour version: www.flickr.com/photos/jbrimacombe/51782203593/
To the memory of the medical student who has died in Dallas Fort Worth .....!
卒業を5ヶ月前にして自殺した医学生に捧げます!
I have been living in Dallas for 2 years.......
Japanese medical student of her classmate reported for us about this. mixi
"A Fort Worth woman who authorities say was shot to death this past weekend by her husband was a mother of twins and a top-performing medical student due to graduate in May."
...a medical student at the Thoraxklinik in Rohrbach... she was checking the heartbeats of the patient on the monitor while the surgeons were doing their job...
Heidelberg, Germany...
Paringa Hall at Paringa Park. The Hall has been the Sacred Heart College since 1914.
Paringa Hall was built and furnished for James Francis Cudmore between 1880 –1882 at a total cost of £40,000. Edmund W Wright was the architect.
His father Daniel Michael Paul Cudmore worked in Hobart as a schoolmaster, and later at a brewery, but decided to relocate after the new province of South Australia was proclaimed. He chartered a schooner called the ‘Cygnet’ bringing supplies, their possessions, baby daughter Dymphna and eight-months-pregnant wife Mary for another new start.
On the voyage Mary went into early labour and their first son, James Francis, was born on board before they reached dry land in 1837.
In South Australia Daniel built pise houses, earning sufficient money to establish breweries in Adelaide and Kapunda. He also bought and worked a section at Modbury.
In 1847 he inherited property in Ireland and sold it to take up a pastoral lease of 80 square miles at Yongala. In the 1850’s he also leased Pinda, Beautiful Valley and Paringa stations. In the 1860s after he made a 1700 mile exploratory journey from Rockhampton he acquired larger leases in Queensland and New South Wales. He transferred his holdings to his sons and retired to his home ‘Claremont’, Glen Osmond: and died there in November 1891, survived by his wife, four sons, four daughters.
From 1859 James Francis managed Paringa station, and in 1860 leased Ned’s corner. In 1867 he married Margaret, nee Budge. In 1876 he enlarged Ned’s Corner, in partnership with Robert Barr Smith and A H Pegler. In 1870, with a Budge brother-in-law he bought Gooyea (later Milo) in Queensland. Cudmore purchased Welford downs and amalgamated it with Milo, resulting in a run of 5100 square miles. He took partners Sir Thomas Elder and W R Swan and established the Milo and Welford Downs Pastoral Company. The new partnership insisted on changing from cattle to sheep and received no dividends for twenty years. A rabbit plaque reduced his woolclip by 80% and by 1886 his debts were huge. Paringa Hall and other South Australian properties were transferred to his wife and his unencumbered Queensland leases, Tara, Dartmouth and Blackall, to his sons.
On 17 August 1912 Cudmore died at Paringa Hall and Margaret, his wife, died there on 1 December 1912. They are buried at St Jude’s cemetery, Brighton. They were survived by six sons and four daughters. A life policy yielded more than enough money to pay the debts incurred since 1886.
Their second son, Sir Arthur Murray Cudmore was a leading Adelaide surgeon.
FROM MANSION TO COLLEGE
The purchase of Paringa Hall by the Marist Brothers of Sacred Heart College, Semaphore, demonstrates the great interest taken in educational extension by the educational authorities of the Roman Catholic faith: and in their latest possession, which cost originally £30,000 to build. Paringa College will be one of the most ornate educational institutions in the Commonwealth.
When originally constructed by Mr J F Cudmore, the question of expense was not allowed to enter into the minds of builder or architects, and one large set of stained glass windows alone cost 300 guineas. The upstair portion, surrounded by spacious balconies, will form the living quarters for the students and guardians, whilst the ground floor will be utilised for chapel, class, and living room. The Brothers hope by their latest acquisition to do something towards meeting the demand from day and boarding students. The negotiations for the sale were carried out by Hosking & Ryan.
PARINGA HALL SALE
Messrs Theodore Bruce & Co, auctioneers, wish to draw special attention to the fact that the furniture at Paringa Hall, as advertised in the auction columns, is of the highest quality throughout, having been manufactured to order by Walker and Sons, the well-known English manufacturers. The marble statuary and bronzes are also worthy of special mention, being works of art of the best quality. Included in the statuary are exceptionally fine examples by Marshall Wood, the world-famed sculptor, which offers a unique opportunity of procuring pieces of a value seldom seen in Australia.
PARINGA PARK SALE – Subdivision in 1918
The most important feature about Paringa Park is its proximity to the sea, notwithstanding the fact that it is surrounded by fertile country and beautiful trees. It is unique in this respect. A frequent argument against seaside resorts is that there is no shade, and that the residents suffer in winter from strong winds and storms. Somerton, however, is delightfully sheltered, and walking from Glenelg along Moseley street, The Mall, Tarlton street, and Whyte street to Paringa Park, the visitor, is struck by the appearance of the beautiful homes, the lawns, the flowers, and the shade trees. It is an ideal suburb for all-the-year round residence.
On Saturday next, at 2.30 pm, an important subdivision sale at Paringa Park, Somerton, will take place, on the estate, Brighton road, when 418 building sites will be submitted to auction at the low upset price of 7/6 a foot, on remarkably liberal terms. For illustrated plans apply Messrs Wilkinson, Sando & Wyles, 14 Grenfell street, or Mr A C Catt, City Chambers, Pirie street, Adelaide.
PRINCIPAL'S REPORT 1922
The year 1922 has been one of progress in the development of the College. Extensive additions have been completed, which include a new dormitory, lavatories, bathrooms, hot and cold showers: the dining rooms have been enlarged and kitchen equipment renewed: a large open-air dormitory, capable of holding 50 beds, crowns the new structure.
An infirmary has been equipped and a trained nurse is in attendance in case of sickness, so parents may rest assured that everything possible is being done for the well-being of their boys attending Sacred Heart College. The boarders' roll for the year reached 90.
Reference was made in last year’s report to the intentions of the Appeal Committee. The members have been as good as their word, and £4500 has already been raised. The foundation stone of the Memorial Chapel was blessed and laid by his Grace the Archbishop last September. The building is now well advanced, and to complete this work will cost nearly £10,000. The Committee are prepared to finish the Chapel outright provided they can get the assurance of future help from friends and patrons of the College.
Considerable improvements have been effected in the play grounds. The main oval has been enlarged, levelled and well grassed. A new oval and pavilion are just complete for the use of the junior boys. A third oval on the Brighton Road side is about to be purchased for future use. Senior and junior pavilions have been equipped with hot showers for use after football games during the winter season.
Ex-Students at the University
This year we were forced to do something in the way of providing accommodation for students attending the University, as Adelaide is not so favoured as Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane in having residential colleges attached to the University.
"Newman Lodge," of Paringa Hall, was furnished last March, and four medical students were in residence during the year. In 1923 there will be accommodation available for ten University students.
The College ball in September was a great social success. The Glenelg Town Hall was crowded, and a most enjoyable evening was spent. This function was so successful financially that the Ladies' and Prefects' Committee were able to hand over £60 to the Memorial Chapel funds.
In cricket we went through the season unconquered, defeating by a big margin Adelaide High School I.'s, C.B.C. I.'s, Scotch College I.'s, Concordia I.'s, St. Peter's II.'s, and Prince Alfred II.'s, thus finishing up premiers in the Secondary Schools Association.
Sea bathing is very popular with the boarders, and every afternoon after school hours full advantage is taken of our proximity to the beach to indulge in sea bathing.
References:
Mail (Adelaide) Saturday 17-8-1912
Register (Adelaide) Monday 2-12-1912
Advertiser (Adelaide) Saturday 6-6-1914
Mail (Adelaide) Saturday 13-6-1914
Register (Adelaide) Saturday 9-2-1918
Southern Cross (Adelaide) Friday 5-1-1923
Disclaimer : Picture from the Mail Online
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2755210/British-jihadist...
Testament of evil ! How can anyone believe and follow and never question this religion that is devoid of LOVE . Only for the difference of beliefs , death is their judegment to an innocent being. WHO ARE THESE AGENTS OF SATAN ? May judgement from above be upon each of their heads and have to pay for each trickle of the innocent blood .
How many Jihadist roaming the UK streets, and how many potential " Lee Rigby" heads be rolling across the road butchered in cold blood / broad day light by these evil . How many vulnerable people's heads like the 82 yr old lady butchered in London not long ago by a Jihadi convert , yeah right ? For that religion they are inspired by faith to butcher people, pretty demonic !!! It's time to get tough , no more softies for these cold blooded criminals !
This female jihadi is flaunting her blood sacrifice, whether she'd done it herself or not, but touching a severed head is unclean and all condoning murder and in alliance with demon possessed ISIS.
Isaiah 5:20
"Woe unto them that call evil good, and good evil; that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter! "
In John 16: 1-4
"16 “All this I have told you so that you will not fall away. 2 They will put you out of the synagogue; in fact, the time is coming when anyone who kills you will think they are offering a service to God. 3 They will do such things because they have not known the Father or me. 4 I have told you this, so that when their time comes you will remember that I warned you about them. I did not tell you this from the beginning because I was with you...."
Had not Jesus warned us of these things to come ? Look at these people, they're killing in the name of faith and according to their lusts to kill and shed blood . Who's their god but the devil, otherwise they would have human compassion , mercy , love and forgiveness with peace at heart.
The Advertiser, published May 11th 2015
Story on medical students grabbing a new government incentive to become rural doctors
© Leanne Boulton, All Rights Reserved.
Posed street portrait taken in Glasgow, Scotland, for the 100 Strangers Project.
This picture is #1 in my 100 strangers project. Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers Flickr Group page
Meet Katie, a medical student who had just completed an exam and was waiting patiently in Glasgow for her boyfriend, who had lost his mobile phone.
I approached Katie with a smile and introduced myself asking if she would be willing to take part in my 100 Strangers Project for the flickr group, where the image would be posted. She 'had some time to kill' and moved with me across the street to an alleyway that I indicated would make a less cluttered background. I took a couple of test shots and decided to go with a camera mounted flashgun and handheld reflector for the shoot.
I asked Katie what she was doing in Glasgow for the day and if she had a nice Christmas and New Year, which she spent with her boyfriend. I was more nervous than I am with my usual 'in your face' candid street shooting and subsequently rushed myself a little. I could have made better use of the reflector, off camera flash and should have set to 100 ISO as I was still set up for street shooting.
Post processing includes an added mild vignette and a yellow filter to soften the skin tones for a more flattering result.
Thank you Katie for being my first in this project and allowing me to fumble a few portrait shots of you, if you would like a copy then please get in touch.
It starts way back. Being a medical student I was just recently blessed with a 14 days back-to-back exam marathon, which successfully drained each little drop of energy I had. Party to hona hi tha. Girls were dancing with their partners........and I was sitting at one corner.
Lil sis Sabah came to sit with me, pointed to a couple dancing nearby and said, "This, this I want. I want to know I am taken care of. I want to be with someone, I want his touch, I want moments of togetherness!"
I said, "Have a dance with anyone u want. Why worry so much about the consequences? Grab the moment while u still can.
Cz...
Moments are good...
and partners are always messy"
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I definitely enjoyed my moments this year at St Martins Islands. Oh, I also did a colored version of this one. Couldnt decide which one sucked more :-) Here's the link in case u want to check it:
One of the first patients we met in Angola, was an 11 year old boy suffering from hydrocephalis. His neurological functions were degrading quickly, so Dr. Foster decided it was necessary to implant a shunt in the boy's skull to relieve the intracranial pressure.
In this shot, the medical students and the scrub nurse monitor the little boy, while Dr. Foster checks on the status of the next patient.
LOCATION:
CEML Hospital, Lubango, Huila, Angola, Africa
Medical students stage a "Die-In" to protest racism, mistreatment and disparities. Many more pictures from around the country can be found on twitter:
#whitecoats4blacklives
The Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University (Polish: Ogród Botaniczny Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego) is a botanical garden, founded in 1783 in Kraków. It is located east of the Old Town (Stare Miasto) and occupies 9.6 hectares. It belongs to the Jagiellonian University and is classified as a historical location.
Location
The Botanical Garden is located east of the Kraków Old Town, in the II Grzegorzki District (formerly in the Wesoła District), at Copernicus Str. 27.
History
Botany was taught to medical students at the Jagiellonian University from the end of the sixteenth century. However, the school did not have a test garden. The university rector, Dr. Casimir Stepkowskiego, writing in 1756, provided five thousand PLN for preliminary work to create a garden. The garden itself was founded in 1783 and is the oldest remaining in Poland.
Kraków Botanical Garden was in place family Czartoryski, purchased in 1752 by the Jesuits. After the dissolution of the Order, it was transferred to the Commission of National Education, which is part of the reform of the Kraków Academy established a botanical garden as an auxiliary unit of the Faculty of Chemistry and Natural History. The area covers about 2.4 hectares initially designed as a French baroque park within which decorated collection of medicinal plants and ornamentals. Organization garden dealt with John Jaskiewicz (1749–1809). In 1783, preparatory work began. The first greenhouse was erected in 1787.
The area covered by the garden area has expanded several times. The garden acquired its current area in the 1950s.
Buildings
The earliest greenhouse complex "Victoria", part of which is with the oldest glasshouse was rebuilt in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and was again reconstructed in 1993–1998. In 1882, the existing palm house was built until 1969. The "Jubilee" palm house was opened in 1966 alongside a group of tropical greenhouses. In 1954 came "Dutch" - low emissions, which covers collections of orchids.
In 1788–1792 was built edifice observatory (rebuilt in 1858–1859). The observatory has worked Jan Śniadecki, famous Kraków mathematician and astronomer, and astronomer Tadeusz Banachiewicz . Today, the building known as the Collegium Śniadeckiego houses the Institute of Botany. In 1792, a garden was one of the oldest meteorological stations in Polish. It has a continuous series of measurements from 1825. Originally the site was stretched Jurydyka Cheerful, founded in 1639 by Catherine Zamoyska that she just gave it the name. You probably already in the Renaissance there was there a vast suburban property with a small palace of "Suburban villa". Residence surrounded by geometric, quartered park in the southern part of the canal ran from the old oxbow lakes. Princes Czartoryski made her one of the most beautiful palaces near Kraków. Reconstruction of the building for the Observatory was designed by the architect of Warsaw Stanislaw Zawadzki, and watched over its implementation Feliks Radwanski . Construction got on the roof of the dome observation ("postrzegalnie"), and high rooms on the ground floor was used as the Botanical Gardens (including its directors lived there). In 1829-1833 on the right side of the palace gardener's house was rebuilt into a garden office. Located on the left side of the former court stables converted into apartments and the garden for the service. Another reconstruction took place in 1859, when the former palace was formed in the style of classicism. From near the palace of April 1, 1784, he took a famous flight of the balloon, organized by J. Śniadeckiego and J. Jaskiewicz .
Collections
Since the mid-nineteenth century, mainly because of botanist Joseph Warszewicz (1812–1866) travel to the Central and South America, it begins to be developed collection of plants and orchids. Today it is the oldest and largest collection of its kind in Poland, with about 500 species.
State collection was changing depending on the political situation of the country and the development of science in the Jagiellonian University. At the end of the eighteenth century in the garden, there were about three thousand plant species, especially useful. Collection of plants declined in the early nineteenth century, and it was only in the 1820s under the direction of Luigi Estreicher (1786–1852) that it was rebuilt. The garden gained particular fame in the 1860s, at the time of Ignatius Raphael Czerwiakowski (1808–1882) . Stock declined in the late nineteenth century, and only Marian Raciborski (1863–1917), explorer of the Polish flora and Java began its restoration in the early twentieth century (founded a new rock garden, the department of genetics and plant variability). Its present appearance owes garden Szafer Władysław (1886–1970), one of the Polish botanists. Since 1991 he is the director Bogdan Zemanek, for which management was carried out repairs greenhouses, boilers, College Śniadeckiego and side buildings.
In 1976, the Botanical Garden was listed as a monument, as a valuable natural monument, a monument to the history of science, art, gardening and culture.
On 26 May 1983, during the celebrations of the 200th anniversary jubilee of the Botanical Garden, opened a permanent exhibition written by Alicia Zemanek and George Świecimskiego artistic project. In 1983, he established a nationwide Botany Section of the History of Polish Botanical Society, with its registered office and research program coupled with the activities of the museum.
Departments and plant collections
Currently the plant collection contains approximately 5000 species and varieties from around the world. This total includes nearly 1,000 species of trees and shrubs, and more than 2,000 species and varieties of plants in greenhouses.
The Arboretum, which is part of the Gardens, contains as focused collection of trees and shrubs and covers the single largest area of the gardens. Partially composed as a park, and partly as a thematic groups - geographic or decorative. A collection of woody plants, there are about 1,000 species and varieties, the most valuable group of maples and oaks it . Among the many beautiful and excellent plant reigns with about 230 years, " Jagiellonian Oak "- oak Quercus robur .
The area of the Botanical Garden is divided into several sections:
Collections of tropical plants - Greenhouses
Victoria - the name comes from the Royal Victoria Lily Victoria amazonica growing in the pool
Jubilee - built to commemorate the 600th anniversary of the Jagiellonian University in 1964
Dutch - the name is the type of greenhouse
Plants Ground
Plants of the Bible
Arboretum
The systematics of plants
Plant Biology
Plants protected
Rock Garden
Medicinal plants and other utility
Ornamentals
Aquatic plants
Directors, managers and distinguished staff
John Jaskiewicz (1749-1809) - Polish chemist, geologist and mineralogist, the first director
Francis Scheidt (1759-1807) - botanist and physician
Suibert Schivereck Burchard (1742-1806), Joseph August Schultes (1773-1831), Baltazar Hacquet (1739-1815), Joseph August Rhodius - Austrian and German professors
1809 - Luigi Estreicher Raphael (1786-1852) - Polish botanist and entomologist
Ignatius Czerwiakowski Raphael (1808-1882) - botanist, physician
1878 - Joseph Rostafinski (1850-1928) - botanist and humanist scholar of algae and slime molds and natural history of Polish names
Joseph Peter Brzezinski (1862-1939) - President of the Horticultural Society of Kraków, deputy director of the Botanical Garden
Emil Godlewski senior (1847-1930) - Polish pioneer of plant physiology
Edward Janczewski-Glinka (1846-1918) - anatomist and taxonomist
1912-1917 - Marian RACIBORSKI (1863-1917) - botanist, explorer flora Polish
1918-1960 - Wladyslaw Szafer (1886-1970)
William Herter - served as director during the occupation
1960-1965 - Bogumil Pawlowski (1898-1971) - an expert in European mountain vegetation
1965-1967 - Bronislaw Saffron (1897-1968) - researcher of bryophytes
1967-1970 - Wanda Wróbel-Stermińska (1911-1983)
1970-1973 - Jan Walas (1903-1991) - geographer plants and phytosociologist
1973-1991 - Kazimierz Szczepanek - palaeobotanist, a researcher Quaternary fossil floras
1991-2013 - Prof. Assoc. Bogdan Zemanek - Polish botanist, a specialist in plant geography, ecology and taxonomy of plants
2013-onwards - Prof. UJ Assoc. Joseph Mitka - Polish botanist, a specialist in plant taxonomy and ecology
Kraków, also seen spelled Cracow or absent Polish diacritics as Krakow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Old Town with Wawel Royal Castle was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second-most-important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was reported by Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, a 10th-century merchant from Córdoba, as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. As of 2023, the city has a population of 804,237, with approximately 8 million additional people living within a 100 km (62 mi) radius of its main square.
After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany at the start of World War II, the newly defined Distrikt Krakau (Kraków District) became the capital of Germany's General Government. The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto, from where they were sent to Nazi extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz, and Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów. However, the city was spared from destruction and major bombing.
In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, archbishop of Kraków, was elevated to the papacy as Pope John Paul II—the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. Also that year, UNESCO approved Kraków's entire Old Town and historic centre and the nearby Wieliczka Salt Mine as Poland's first World Heritage Sites. Kraków is classified as a global city with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture includes Wawel Cathedral and Wawel Royal Castle on the banks of the Vistula, St. Mary's Basilica, Saints Peter and Paul Church and the largest medieval market square in Europe, Rynek Główny. Kraków is home to Jagiellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world and traditionally Poland's most reputable institution of higher learning. The city also hosts a number of institutions of national significance such as the National Museum, Kraków Opera, Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, National Stary Theatre and the Jagiellonian Library. The city is served by John Paul II International Airport, the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland.
In 2000, Kraków was named European Capital of Culture. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a UNESCO City of Literature. The city hosted World Youth Day in 2016 and the European Games in 2023.
Kraków is one of the largest and oldest cities in Poland, with the urban population of 804,237 (June, 2023). Situated on the Vistula river (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918, and the capital of Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
Timeline of Kraków
Historical affiliations
Vistulans, pre X century
Duchy of Bohemia, X century–ca. 960
Duchy of Poland, ca. 960–1025
Kingdom of Poland, 1025–1031
Duchy of Poland, 1031–1320
∟ Seniorate Province, 1138–1227
Duchy of Kraków, 1227–1320
Kingdom of Poland, 1320–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795
Austrian Empire, 1795–1809
∟ Galicia
Duchy of Warsaw, 1809–1815
Free City of Cracow, 1815–1846
Austrian Empire, 1846–1867
Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918
∟ Grand Duchy of Kraków (subdivision of Galicia)
Republic of Poland, 1918–1939
General Government, 1939–1945 (part of German-occupied Europe)
Provisional Government of National Unity, 1945–1947
Polish People's Republic, 1947–1989
Poland, 1989–present
Early history
The earliest known settlement on the present site of Kraków was established on Wawel Hill, and dates back to the 4th century. Legend attributes the town's establishment to the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a ravenous dragon, Smok Wawelski. Many knights unsuccessfully attempted to oust the dragon by force, but instead, Krakus fed it a poisoned lamb, which killed the dragon. The city was free to flourish. Dragon bones, most likely that of mammoth, are displayed at the entrance of the Wawel Cathedral. Before the Polish state had been formed, Kraków was the capital of the tribe of Vistulans, subjugated for a short period by Great Moravia. After Great Moravia was destroyed by the Hungarians, Kraków became part of the kingdom of Bohemia. The first appearance of the city's name in historical records dates back to 966, when a Sephardi Jewish traveller, Abraham ben Jacob, described Kraków as a notable commercial centre under the rule of the then duke of Bohemia (Boleslaus I the Cruel). He also mentioned the baptism of Prince Mieszko I and his status as the first historical ruler of Poland. Towards the end of his reign, Mieszko took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty.
By the end of the 10th century, the city was a leading center of trade. Brick buildings were being constructed, including the Royal Wawel Castle with the Rotunda of Sts. Felix and Adauctus, Romanesque churches, a cathedral, and a basilica. Sometime after 1042, Casimir I the Restorer made Kraków the seat of the Polish government. In 1079 on a hillock in nearby Skałka, the Bishop of Kraków, Saint Stanislaus of Szczepanów, was slain by the order of the Polish king Bolesław II the Generous. In 1138, the Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth came into effect upon his death. It divided Poland into five provinces, with Kraków named as the Seniorate Province, meant to be ruled by the eldest male member of the royal family as the High Duke. Infighting among brothers, however, caused the seniorate system to soon collapse, and a century-long struggle between Bolesław's descendants followed. The fragmentation of Poland lasted until 1320.
Kraków was almost entirely destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Poland in 1241, after the Polish attempt to repulse the invaders had been crushed in the Battle of Chmielnik. Kraków was rebuilt in 1257, in a form which was practically unaltered, and received self-government city rights from the king based on the Magdeburg Law, attracting mostly German-speaking burgers. In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols, 18 years after the first raid. A third attack, though unsuccessful, followed in 1287. The year 1311 saw the Rebellion of wójt Albert against Polish High Duke Władysław I. It involved the mostly German-speaking burghers of Kraków who, as a result, were massacred. In the aftermath, Kraków was gradually re-Polonized, and Polish burghers rose from a minority to a majority.
Further information: History of Poland in the Middle Ages
Medieval Kraków was surrounded by a 1.9 mile (3 km) defensive wall complete with 46 towers and seven main entrances leading through them (see St. Florian's Gate and Kraków Barbican). The fortifications were erected over the course of two centuries. The town defensive system appeared in Kraków after the city's location, i.e. in the second half of the 13th century (1257). This was when the construction of a uniform fortification line was commenced, but it seems the project could not be completed. Afterwards the walls, however, were extended and reinforced (a permit from Leszek Biały to encircle the city with high defensive walls was granted in 1285). Kraków rose to new prominence in 1364, when Casimir III of Poland founded the Cracow Academy, the second university in central Europe after the University of Prague. There had already been a cathedral school since 1150 functioning under the auspices of the city's bishop. The city continued to grow under the joint Lithuanian-Polish Jagiellon dynasty (1386–1572). As the capital of a powerful state, it became a flourishing center of science and the arts.
Kraków was a member of the Hanseatic League and many craftsmen settled there, established businesses and formed craftsmen's guilds. City Law, including guilds' depictions and descriptions, were recorded in the German language Balthasar Behem Codex. This codex is now featured at the Jagiellonian Library. By the end of the thirteenth century, Kraków had become a predominantly German city. In 1475 delegates of the elector George the Rich of Bavaria came to Kraków to negotiate the marriage of Princess Jadwiga of Poland (Hedwig in German), the daughter of King Casimir IV Jagiellon to George the Rich. Jadwiga traveled for two months to Landshut in Bavaria, where an elaborate marriage celebration, the Landshut Wedding took place. Around 1502 Kraków was already featured in the works of Albrecht Dürer as well as in those of Hartmann Schedel (Nuremberg Chronicle) and Georg Braun (Civitates orbis terrarum).
During the 15th century extremist clergymen advocated violence towards the Jews, who in a gradual process lost their positions. In 1469 Jews were expelled from their old settlement to Spiglarska Street. In 1485 Jewish elders were forced into a renunciation of trade in Kraków, which led many Jews to leave for Kazimierz that did not fall under the restrictions due to its status as a royal town. Following the 1494 fire in Kraków, a wave of anti-Jewish attacks took place. In 1495, King John I Albert expelled the Jews from the city walls of Kraków; they moved to Kazimierz (now a district of Kraków).
Renaissance
The Renaissance, whose influence originated in Italy, arrived in Kraków in the late 15th century, along with numerous Italian artists including Francesco Fiorentino, Bartolommeo Berrecci, Santi Gucci, Mateo Gucci, Bernardo Morando, and Giovanni Baptista di Quadro. The period, which elevated the intellectual pursuits, produced many outstanding artists and scientists such as Nicolaus Copernicus who studied at the local Academy. In 1468 the Italian humanist Filip Callimachus came to Kraków, where he worked as the teacher of the children of Casimir IV Jagiellon. In 1488 the imperial Poet Laureate and humanist Conrad Celtes founded the Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana ("Literary Society on the Vistula"), a learned society based on the Roman Academies. In 1489, sculptor Veit Stoss (Wit Stwosz) of Nuremberg finished his work on the high altar of St. Mary's Church. He later made a marble sarcophagus for his benefactor Casimir IV Jagiellon. By 1500, Johann Haller had established a printing press in the city. Many works of the Renaissance movement were printed there during that time.
Art and architecture flourished under the watchful eye of King Sigismund I the Old, who ascended to the throne in 1507. He married Bona Sforza of a leading Milan family and using his new Italian connections began the major project (under Florentine architect Berrecci) of remaking the ancient residence of the Polish kings, the Wawel Castle, into a modern Renaissance palace. In 1520, Hans Behem made the largest church bell, named the Sigismund Bell after King Sigismund I. At the same time Hans Dürer, younger brother of Albrecht Dürer, was Sigismund's court painter. Around 1511 Hans von Kulmbach painted a series of panels for the Church of the Pauline Fathers at Skałka and the Church of St. Mary. Sigismund I also brought in Italian chefs who introduced Italian cuisine.
In 1558, a permanent postal connection between Kraków and Venice, the capitals of the Kingdom of Poland and the Republic of Venice respectively, was established and Poczta Polska was founded. In 1572, King Sigismund II died childless, and the throne passed briefly to Henry of Valois, then to Sigismund II's sister Anna Jagiellon and her husband Stephen Báthory, and then to Sigismund III of the Swedish House of Vasa. His reign changed Kraków dramatically, as he moved the government to Warsaw in 1596. A series of wars ensued between Sweden and Poland.
After the partitions of Poland
In the late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was partitioned three times by its expansionist neighbors: Imperial Russia, the Austrian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia. After the first two partitions (1772 and 1793), Kraków was still part of the substantially reduced Polish nation. In 1794 Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated a revolt against the partitioning powers, the Kościuszko Uprising, in Kraków's market square. The Polish army, including many peasants, fought against the Russian and Prussian armies, but the larger forces ultimately put down the revolt. The Prussian army specifically took Kraków on 15 June 1794, and looted the Polish royal treasure kept at Wawel Castle. The stolen regalia, valued at 525,259 thalers, was secretly melted down in March 1809, while precious stones and pearls were appropriated in Berlin. Poland was partitioned for the third time in 1795, and Kraków became part of the Austrian province of Galicia.
When Napoleon Bonaparte of the French Empire captured part of what had once been Poland, he established the Duchy of Warsaw (1807) as an independent but subordinate state. West Galicia, including Kraków, was taken from the Austrian Empire and added to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1809 by the Treaty of Schönbrunn, which ended the War of the Fifth Coalition. The Congress of Vienna (1815) restored the partition of Poland, but gave Kraków partial independence as the Free City of Cracow.
The city again became the focus of a struggle for national sovereignty in 1846, during the Kraków Uprising. The uprising failed to spread outside the city to other Polish lands, and was put down. This resulted in the annexation of the city state to the Austrian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Cracow, once again part of the Galician lands of the empire.
In 1850 10% of the city was destroyed in the large fire.
After the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, Austria granted partial autonomy to Galicia, making Polish a language of government and establishing a provincial Diet. As this form of Austrian rule was more benevolent than that exercised by Russia and Prussia, Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a center of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (Polskie Ateny) or "Polish Mecca" to which Poles would flock to revere the symbols and monuments of Kraków's (and Poland's) great past. Several important commemorations took place in Kraków during the period from 1866–1914, including the 500th Anniversary of the Battle of Grunwald in 1910, in which world-renowned pianist Ignacy Paderewski unveiled a monument. Famous painters, poets and writers of this period, living and working in the city include Jan Matejko, Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, Jan Kasprowicz, Juliusz Kossak, Wojciech Kossak, Stanisław Wyspiański and Stanisław Przybyszewski. The latter two were leaders of Polish modernism.
The Fin de siècle Kraków, even under the partitions, was famously the center of Polish national revival and culture, but the city was also becoming a modern metropolis during this period. In 1901 the city installed running water and witnessed the introduction of its first electric streetcars. (Warsaw's first electric streetcars came in 1907.) The most significant political and economic development of the first decade of the 20th century in Kraków was the creation of Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków), the incorporation of the surrounding suburban communities into a single administrative unit. The incorporation was overseen by Juliusz Leo, the city's energetic mayor from 1904 to his death in 1918 (see also: the Mayors of Kraków).
Thanks to migration from the countryside and the fruits of incorporation from 1910 to 1915, Kraków's population doubled in just fifteen years, from approx. 91,000 to 183,000 in 1915. Russian troops besieged Kraków during the first winter of the First World War, and thousands of residents left the city for Moravia and other safer locales, generally returning in the spring and summer of 1915. During the war Polish Legions led by Józef Piłsudski set out to fight for the liberation of Poland, in alliance with Austrian and German troops. With the fall of Austro-Hungarian Empire, Poles liberated the city and it was included with the newly reborn Polish state (1918). Between the two World Wars Kraków was also a major Jewish cultural and religious center (see: Synagogues of Kraków), with the Zionist movement relatively strong among the city's Jewish population.
World War II
Poland was partitioned again at the onset of the Second World War. The Nazi German forces entered Kraków on September 6, 1939. The residents of the city were saved from German attack by the courageous Mayor Stanisław Klimecki who went to meet the invading Wehrmacht troops. He approached them with the call to stop shooting because the city was defenseless: "Feuer einstellen!" and offered himself as a hostage. He was killed by the Gestapo three years later in the Niepołomice Forest. The German Einsatzgruppen I and zbV entered the city to commit atrocities against Poles. On September 12, the Germans carried out a massacre of 10 Jews. On November 4, Kraków became the capital of the General Government, a colonial authority under the leadership of Hans Frank. The occupation took a heavy toll, particularly on the city's cultural heritage. On November 6, during the infamous Sonderaktion Krakau 184 professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University (including Rector Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński among others) were arrested at the Collegium Novum during a meeting ordered by the Gestapo chief SS-Obersturmbannführer Bruno Müller. President of Kraków, Klimecki was apprehended at his home the same evening. After two weeks, they were sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp, and in March 1940 further to Dachau. Those who survived were released only after international protest involving the Vatican. On November 9–10, during the Intelligenzaktion, the Germans carried out further mass arrests of 120 Poles, including teachers, students and judges. The Sicherheitspolizei took over the Montelupich Prison, which became one of the most infamous in German-occupied Poland. Many Poles arrested in Kraków, and various other places in the region, and even more distant cities such as Rzeszów and Przemyśl, were imprisoned there. Over 1,700 Polish prisoners were eventually massacred at Fort 49 of the Kraków Fortress and its adjacent forest, and deportations of Polish prisoners to concentration camps, incl. Ravensbrück and Auschwitz, were also carried out. The prison also contained a cell for kidnapped Polish children under the age of 10, with an average capacity of about 70 children, who were then sent to concentration camps and executed. From September to December 1939, the occupiers also operated a Dulag transit camp for Polish prisoners of war.
Many relics and monuments of national culture were looted and destroyed (yet again), including the bronze statue of Adam Mickiewicz stolen for scrap. The Jewish population was first ghettoized, and later murdered. Two major concentration camps near Kraków included Płaszów and the extermination camp of Auschwitz, to which many local Poles and Polish Jews were sent. Specific events surrounding the Jewish ghetto in Kraków and the nearby concentration camps were famously portrayed in the film Schindler's List, itself based on a book by Thomas Keneally entitled Schindler's Ark. The Polish Red Cross was also aware of over 2,000 Polish Jews from Kraków, who escaped from the Germans to Soviet-occupied eastern Poland, and then were deported by the Soviets to the USSR.
The Polish resistance movement was active in the city. Already in September 1939, the Organizacja Orła Białego resistance organization was founded. Kraków became the seat of one of the six main commands of the Union of Armed Struggle in occupied Poland (alongside Warsaw, Poznań, Toruń, Białystok and Lwów). A local branch of the Żegota underground Polish resistance organization was established to rescue Jews from the Holocaust.
The Germans operated several forced labour camps in the city, and in 1942–1944, they also operated the Stalag 369 prisoner-of-war camp for Dutch, Belgian and French POWs. In 1944, during and following the Warsaw Uprising, the Germans deported many captured Poles frow Warsaw to Kraków.
A common account popularized in the Soviet-controlled communist People's Republic of Poland, held that due to a rapid advance of the Soviet armies, Kraków allegedly escaped planned destruction during the German withdrawal. There are several different versions of that account. According to a version based on self-written Soviet statements, Marshal Ivan Konev claimed to have been informed by the Polish patriots of the German plan, and took an effort to preserve Kraków from destruction by ordering a lightning attack on the city while deliberately not cutting the Germans from the only withdrawal path, and by not aiding the attack with aviation and artillery. The credibility of those accounts has been questioned by Polish historian Andrzej Chwalba who finds no physical evidence of the German master plan for demolition and no written proof showing that Konev ordered the attack with the intention of preserving the city. He portrays Konev's strategy as ordinary – only accidentally resulting in little damage to Kraków – exaggerated later into a myth of "Konev, savior of Kraków" by Soviet propaganda. The Red Army entry into the city was accompanied by a wave of rapes of women and girls resulting in official protests.
Post-war period
After the war, the government of the People's Republic of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest steel mill in the suburb of Nowa Huta. This was regarded by some as an attempt to diminish the influence of Kraków's intellectual and artistic heritage by industrialization of the city and by attracting to it the new working class. In the 1950s some Greeks, refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in Nowa Huta.
The city is regarded by many to be the cultural capital of Poland. In 1978, UNESCO placed Kraków on the list of World Heritage Sites. In the same year, on October 16, 1978, Kraków's archbishop, Karol Wojtyła, was elevated to the papacy as John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.
Kraków's population has quadrupled since the end of World War II. After the collapse of the Soviet Empire and the subsequent joining of the European Union, Offshoring of IT work from other nations has become important to the economy of Kraków and Poland in general in recent years. The city is the key center for this kind of business activity. There are about 20 large multinational companies in Kraków, including centers serving IBM, General Electric, Motorola, and Sabre Holdings, along with British and German-based firms.
In recent history, Kraków has co-hosted various international sports competitions, including the 2016 European Men's Handball Championship, 2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship and 2023 World Men's Handball Championship.
Covid vaccinations in Cuba. The Doctor, Nurse with medical students assisting gave 800 shots this week in the area of their village. They went to the home of invalids or any who could not get to the consult office. They will start administering the second dose next week. The Abdalla vaccine requires three doses.
These photos have got nothing to do with ‘Bygone Cape Town’ but I want to share it anyway.
Photo 1. The winner of the 1958 Miss World beauty contest, Penelope Coelen of South Africa is pictured sitting on a throne and wearing a crown flanked by, on left, second placed Claudine Oger of France and on right, Vinne Ingemann of Denmark at the Lyceum ballroom in London on 13th October 1958.
Photo 2. Miss South Africa Rolene Strauss (L), the newly crowned Miss World 2014, speaks to South African 1958 Miss World, Penny Coelen Rey, upon her arrival at OR Tambo International Airport, in Johannesburg on December 20, 2014. Miss South Africa, a 22-year-old medical student was crowned Miss World 2014 at the contest's glitzy final in London on December 14. Miss Strauss is the third South African Miss World, the country having held the title in 1958 and 1974.
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Well done Rolene and Penny...not bad going for a seventy five year old lady.
4th year medical student Cody Reynolds (standing) practices an examination of the lymphatic drainage of the head and chest of Associate Dean for Clinical Sciences and Health Policy Fellow Dr. Randy Litman, DO, at University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine (UP-KYCOM), Pikeville, KY on Tuesday, July 12, 2011. The small size of this lab forces classes to be split, extending the school day and making the instructional content inconsistent between the split classes.
Dr. Reynolds will be in the first class to graduate from (but not study in) the new Coal Building, to be finished in 2012. The building is part of the $25 million expansion project at UP-KYCOM. The project will provide the undergraduate college with a new educational facility and an expanded clinical skills center. The nine-story structure is part of the new facility that will include two lecture halls, a gross anatomy lab, two research labs, offices, small group classrooms and student study space. A clinical skills training and evaluation center that will house 12 specially equipped examination rooms will be within the building and serve as training and testing centers for students in programs using standardized patients and high-fidelity robotic patient simulators. An expanded osteopathic manipulative medicine lab and clinic will provide learning opportunities, as well as housing UP-KYCOM’s free community clinic, which will be easy to reach from the sidewalk. Plans for the building also include a new cafeteria for the campus community. "We are embarking on a vital project that will greatly enhance the excellent medical education our student doctors receive," said Pikeville College President Paul E. Patton. "At the same time, it will allow us to expand the current class size from 75 to 125 students, increasing the total enrollment from 300 to 500 students. The college initiated a capital construction campaign. In order to secure adequate funding, the board of trustees authorized borrowing up to $25 million from the USDA Rural Development. Commitments of $1.6 million have been secured through gifts and pledges, including $500,000 from the James Graham Brown Foundation. Significant grants have also been received from the Appalachian Regional Commission, and the U.S. Small Business Administration. USDA Photo by Lance Cheung
Drawing of Cleland, dated around 1908-9. This drawing, found in the corner of a student notebook by the medical student David Rutherford Adams (1887 - 1927), was made by fellow medical student Osborne Henry Mavor (1888-1951), perhaps better known as the playwright James Bridie. The drawing, annotated with ‘Professor of Anatomy’, ‘John Cleland’, and Mavor’s signature, provides a remarkable glimpse of Cleland as seen by the students whom he taught, rather than the more official image presented by his formal portraits.
Drawing reproduced with kind permission of James Mavor.
University of Glasgow Library
Special Collections
Osborne Henry Mavor; David Rutherford Adams
Drawing of John Cleland, Professor of Anatomy
MS Gen 1757/3
But then, it's not like we medical students at the Sydney Medical School are all that jealous - we have pretty fantastic architecture too! *cough* Sandstone *cough*
Founded in 1850, the University of Sydney is Australia's first university and is regarded as one of its most prestigious, ranked as the 27th most reputable university in the world. In 2013, it was ranked 38th and in the top 0.3% in the QS World University Rankings. Five Nobel or Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty. The University is colloquially known as one of Australia's "Sandstones", a status similar to that of the "Ivy League" in the United States and the "Russell Group" in the United Kingdom.
The university's Coat of Arms, granted by the College of Arms are an amalgamation of the arms of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and their important figures, heraldry and other references to the two ancient universities are sprawled throughout the university in its architecture and character. Its motto, "Sidere mens eadem mutato" translated literally gives "Though the stars change, the mind is the same", but has been more liberally translated to give, "Sydney University is really just Oxford or Cambridge laterally displaced approximately 12,000 miles".
The 2013 QS World University Rankings placed Sydney in the top 20 in the world in 11 subjects; more than a third of the 30 measured. The University of Sydney was ranked 8th in the world for Education, 9th in Accounting and Finance and 10th in Law. Additionally, Sydney was placed 12th in English Language and Literature, History and Archaeology, Linguistics and Civil Engineering and Structural Engineering, the highest in Australia of those subjects. Psychology at Sydney was ranked 14th, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, and Communication and Media were ranked 16th, and the Sydney Medical School was ranked 17th.
Its main campus has been ranked in the top 10 of the world's most beautiful universities by the British Daily Telegraph, The Huffington Post and Disney Pixar, among others such as Oxford and Cambridge and is spread across the inner-city suburbs of Camperdown and Darlington.
The New Law Building designed by FJMT has been cited as one of Sydney's five best buildings and has won numerous international architectural awards.
Wilson and his flatmates are medical students. Witnessing their morning routine was an eye-opening experience: as they scrambled around in a frenzy of preparation for the day ahead, I could see nothing that resembled my times in student flats, which were positively lethargic. While this lot will leave the flat at nine and be lucky to be out of the library for nine that same evening, we would tumble out of bed for our first classes (mine was at 12 noon) and be home again by five, laze around, reading student-y novels like 1984 and Brave New World, play Nintendo, drink beer, take up juggling and knifethrowing and devise ingenious games to play, one involving widgets from cans of Guinness and rolled up magazines (bloody arts students...).
Unfortunately the photographs I have from that period, while all very well as snaps over which my friends and me will happily reminisce, they are probably of little interest to anyone else.