Etruscan ceramic vase with red figure, early 4th century BC.

Búcaro was a type of black pottery characteristic of the ancient Etruscans.

The firing method turned the pottery black and made its surfaces shine, carefully firing the pieces after firing. Etruscan urns and vases made using this system closely resemble Greek vases, also constructed with local materials. It is not known if there is a relationship with the impact, ceramics typical of the Villanova Culture.

The manufacturing process required ovens capable of withstanding temperatures from 900°C to 1050°C.

It's raining hard to the extent that the droplets can be spotted against the dark wall of the warehouse on the other side of the Trent & Mersey Canal at Lostock Gralam. And you had to feel sorry for the fork truck drivers and outside staff at Tudor Griffiths Builders' Merchants who were busy marshalling lots for loading on to customer's vehicles.

Meantime GBRf Shed 66741 'Swanage Railway' is putting in an appearance with the 7.11am Liverpool Biomass - Drax loaded wooden pellets (6E09). She's seen here threading her way through the low hanging steam generated by the Tata Chemicals plant - a much photographed backdrop and an atmospheric by-product of the synthetic soda ash manufacturing process located here.

Suffice to say the camera and lens got seriously soaked rendering a time out necessary for liquid refreshment and drying off the kit.

A day for messing about on the river? Not.

10.02am, 7th March 2019

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

Marshmallow

Sugar-based confection

For the music producer and DJ, see Marshmello. For other uses, see Marshmallow (disambiguation).

Marshmallow (UK: /ˌmɑːrʃˈmæloʊ/, US: /ˈmɑːrʃˌmɛloʊ, -mæl-/)[1][2] is a confectionery made from sugar, water and gelatin whipped to a solid-but-soft consistency. It is used as a filling in baking or molded into shapes and coated with corn starch. This sugar confection is inspired by a medicinal confection made from Althaea officinalis, the marsh-mallow plant.[3]

Quick Facts Type, Place of origin ...

History

The marsh-mallow plant (Althaea officinalis)

The word "marshmallow" comes from the mallow plant species (Althaea officinalis), a wetland weed native to parts of Europe, North Africa, and Asia that grows in marshes and other damp areas. The plant's stem and leaves are fleshy, and its white flower has five petals. It is not known exactly when marshmallows were invented, but their history goes back as early as 2000 BCE. Ancient Egyptians were said to be the first to make and use the root of the plant to soothe coughs and sore throats and to heal wounds. The first marshmallows were prepared by boiling pieces of root pulp with honey until thick. Once thickened, the mixture was strained, cooled, then used as intended.[4][5][6]

Whether used for candy or medicine, the manufacture of marshmallows was limited to a small scale. In the early to mid-19th century, the marshmallow had made its way to France, where confectioners augmented the plant's traditional medicinal value. Owners of small confectionery stores would whip the sap from the mallow root into a fluffy candy mold. This candy, called Pâte de Guimauve, was a spongy-soft dessert made from whipping dried marshmallow roots with sugar, water, and egg whites.[7][8] It was sold in bar form as a lozenge. Drying and preparation of the marshmallow took one to two days before the final product was produced.[9] In the late 19th century, candy makers started looking for a new process and discovered the starch mogul system, in which trays of modified corn starch had a mold firmly pushed down in them to create cavities within the starch. The cavities were then filled with the whipped marshmallow sap mixture and allowed to cool or harden.[10] At the same time, candy makers began to replace the mallow root with gelatin, which created a stable form of marshmallow.[5]

By the early 20th century, thanks to the starch mogul system, marshmallows were available for mass consumption. In the United States, they were sold in tins as penny candy and used in a variety of food recipes like banana fluff, lime mallow sponge, and tutti frutti. In 1956, Alex Doumak patented[11] the extrusion process that involved running marshmallow ingredients through tubes. The tubes created a long rope of marshmallow mixture and were then set out to cool. The ingredients were then cut into equal pieces and packaged.[5]

Modern marshmallow manufacturing is highly automated and has been since the early 1950s when the extrusion process was first developed. Numerous improvements and advancements allow for the production of thousands of pounds of marshmallow a day.[12] Today, the marshmallow typically consists of four ingredients: sugar, water, air, and a whipping agent.

Ingredients

Marshmallows consist of four ingredients: sugar, water, air, and a whipping agent/aerator (usually a protein). The type of sugar and whipping agent varies depending on the desired characteristics. Each ingredient plays a specific role in the final product.

The marshmallow is a foam, consisting of an aqueous continuous phase and a gaseous dispersed phase (in other words, a liquid with gas bubbles spread throughout). In addition to being a foam, this also makes marshmallows an "aerated" confection because it is made up of 50% air. The goal of an aerated confection like a marshmallow is to incorporate gas into a sugar mixture and stabilize the aerated product before the gas can escape. When the gas is introduced into the system, tiny air bubbles are created. This is what contributes to the unique textural properties and mouth-feel of this product.[13]

Protein

In marshmallows, proteins are the main surface-active agents responsible for the formation and stabilization of the dispersed air. Due to their structure, surface-active molecules gather at the surface area of a portion of (water-based) liquid. A portion of each protein molecule is hydrophilic, with a polar charge, and another portion is hydrophobic and non-polar. The non-polar section has little or no affinity for water, and so this section orients as far away from the water as possible. However, the polar section is attracted to the water and has little or no affinity for the air. Therefore, the molecule orients with the polar section in the water, with the non-polar section in the air. Two primary proteins that are commonly used as aerators in marshmallows are albumen (egg whites) and gelatin.[14]

Albumen (egg whites)

Albumen is a mixture of proteins found in egg whites and is utilized for its capacity to create foams. In a commercialized setting, dried albumen is used as opposed to fresh egg whites. In addition to convenience, the advantages of using dried albumen are an increase in food safety and the reduction of water content in the marshmallow. Fresh egg whites carry a higher risk of Salmonella, and are approximately 90 percent water. This is undesirable for the shelf life and firmness of the product. For artisan-type marshmallows, prepared by a candy maker, fresh egg whites are usually used. Albumen is rarely used on its own when incorporated into modern marshmallows, and instead is used in conjunction with gelatin.[15]

Gelatin

Gelatin is the aerator most often used in the production of marshmallows. It is made up of collagen, a structural protein derived from animal skin, connective tissue, and bones. Not only can it stabilize foams, like albumen, but when combined with water, it forms a thermally-reversible gel. This means that gelatin can melt, then reset due to its temperature sensitivity. The melting point of gelatin gel is around 95 °F (35 °C), which is just below normal body temperature (around 97 °F (36 °C)). This is what contributes to the "melt-in-your-mouth" sensation when a marshmallow is consumed—it actually starts to melt when it touches the tongue.[14]

During preparation, the temperature needs to be just above the melting point of the gelatin, so that as soon as it is formed, it cools quickly, and the gelatin sets, retaining the desired shape. If the marshmallow rope mixture exiting the extruder during processing is too warm, the marshmallow starts to flow before the gelatin sets. Instead of a round marshmallow, it takes on an oval form. Excessive heat can also degrade or break down the gelatin itself. Therefore, when marshmallows are being produced at home or by artisan candy makers, the gelatin is added after the syrup has been heated and cooled down.

In commercial operations, the gelatin is cooked with the sugar syrup, rather than being added later after the syrup has cooled. In this case, kinetics play an important role, with both time and temperature factoring in. If the gelatin was added at the beginning of a batch that was then cooked to 112–116 °C in 20–30 minutes, a significant amount of gelatin would break down. The marshmallow would have reduced springiness from that loss of gelatin. But since the time the syrup spends at elevated temperature in modern cookers is so short, there is little to no degradation of the gelatin.[12]

In terms of texture and mouth-feel, gelatin makes marshmallows chewy by forming a tangled 3-D network of polymer chains. Once gelatin is dissolved in warm water (dubbed the "blooming stage"), it forms a dispersion, which results in[how?] a cross-linking of its helix-shaped chains. The linkages in the gelatin protein network trap air in the marshmallow mixture and immobilize the water molecules in the network. The result is the well-known spongy structure of marshmallows. This is why the omission of gelatin from a marshmallow recipe results in marshmallow creme, since there is no gelatin network to trap the water and air bubbles.[14]

Sugars

A traditional marshmallow might contain about 60% corn syrup, 30% sugar, and 1–2% gelatin. A combination of different sugars is used to control the solubility of the solution.[16] The corn syrup/sugar ratio influences the texture by slowing crystallization of the sucrose. The smooth texture of marshmallows relies on disordered, or amorphous, sugar molecules. In contrast, increasing the sugar ratio to about 60–65% produces a grainy marshmallow.[17] Temperature also plays an important role in producing smooth marshmallows by reducing the time window for ordered crystals to form. To ensure the sugars are disordered, the sugar syrup solution is heated to a high temperature and then cooled rapidly.[18]

Sugarcane and sugar beet

Sugarcane and sugar beet are the two primary sources of sugar, consisting of sucrose molecules. Sucrose is a disaccharide that consists of one glucose and fructose molecule. This sugar provides sweetness and bulk to the marshmallow while simultaneously setting the foam to a firm consistency as it cools.[17] Sucrose, and sugars in general, impair the ability of a foam to form, but improve foam stability. Therefore, sucrose is used in conjunction with a protein like gelatin. The protein can adsorb, unfold, and form a stable network, while the sugar can increase the viscosity.[19] Liquid drainage of the continuous phase must be minimized as well. Thick liquids drain more slowly than thin ones, and so increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase reduces drainage. A high viscosity is essential if a stable foam is to be produced. Therefore, sucrose is a main component of marshmallow. But sucrose is seldom used on its own because it tends to crystallize.

Corn syrup

Corn syrup, derived from maize, contains glucose, maltose, and other oligosaccharides. Corn syrup can be obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cornstarch.[20] Corn syrup is important in the production of marshmallow because it prevents the crystallization of other sugars (like sucrose). It may also contribute body, reduce sweetness, and alter flavor release, depending on the Dextrose Equivalent (DE) of the glucose syrup used.

The DE is the measure of the amount of reducing sugars present in a sugar product in relation to glucose. Lower-DE glucose syrups provide a chewier texture, while higher-DE syrups make the product more tender.[17] In addition, depending on the type of DE used, can alter the sweetness, hygroscopicity, and browning of the marshmallow. Corn syrup is flavorless and cheap to produce, which is why candy companies love using this product.

Invert sugar

Invert sugar is produced when sucrose breaks down due to the addition of water, also known as hydrolysis. This molecule exhibits all the characteristics of honey except the flavor because it is the primary sugar found in honey. This means that invert sugar has the ability to prevent crystallization and produce a tender marshmallow. It is also an effective humectant, allowing it to trap water and prevent the marshmallow from drying out. For some candies, this is not a good trait to have, but for marshmallows, it is an advantage since it has a high moisture content.[12]

Fruit syrups

While not widely used for traditional or commercial recipes, fruit syrups have been proposed as an alternative sugar for marshmallows.[21]

Additional ingredients

Flavors

Unless a variation of the standard marshmallow is being made, vanilla is always used as the flavoring. The vanilla can either be added in extract form or by infusing the vanilla beans in the sugar syrup during cooking. This[clarification needed] is the best technique to get an even distribution of flavor throughout the marshmallow.[15]

Acids

Acids, such as cream of tartar or lemon juice, may also be used to increase foam stability. The addition of acid decreases the pH. This reduces the charge on the protein molecules and brings them closer to their isoelectric point. This results in a stronger, more stable interfacial film. When added to egg whites, acid prevents excessive aggregation at the interface. However, acid delays foam formation. It may therefore be added toward the end of the whipping process after a stable foam has been created.[13]

Manufacturing process

Video of making marshmallows

Just Born Peeps in an Easter basket

Commercial process

In commercial marshmallow manufacture, the entire process is streamlined and fully automated.

Gelatin is cooked with sugar and syrup. After the gelatin-containing syrup is cooked, it is allowed to cool slightly before air is incorporated. Whipping is generally accomplished in a rotor-stator type device. Compressed air is injected into the warm syrup, held at a temperature just above the melting point of gelatin. In a marshmallow aerator, pins on a rotating cylinder (rotor) intermesh with stationary pins on the wall (stator) provide the shear forces necessary to break the large injected air bubbles into numerous tiny bubbles that provide the smooth, fine-grained texture of the marshmallow. A continuous stream of light, fluffy marshmallow exits the aerator en route to the forming step.

The marshmallow confection is typically formed in one of three ways. First, it can be extruded in the desired shape and cut into pieces, as done for Jet-Puffed marshmallows. Second, it can be deposited onto a belt, as done for Peeps.[22] Third, it can be deposited into a starch-based mold in a mogul to make various shapes.[12]

Home making process

A freshly-cut batch of homemade marshmallows

The home process for making marshmallow differs from commercial processes. A mixture of corn syrup and sugar is boiled to about 252 °F (122 °C). In a separate step, gelatin is hydrated with enough warm water to make a thick solution. Once the sugar syrup has cooled to about 100 °F (38 °C), the gelatin solution is blended in along with desired flavoring, and whipped in a mixer to reach the final density. The marshmallow is then scooped out of the bowl, slabbed on a table, and cut into pieces.[15]

Roasted marshmallows and s'mores

A popular camping or backyard tradition in the United Kingdom,[23] North America, New Zealand and Australia is the roasting or toasting of marshmallows over a campfire or other open flame.[24] A marshmallow is placed on the end of a stick or skewer and held carefully over the fire. This creates a caramelized outer skin with a liquid, molten layer underneath. Major flavor compounds and color polymers associated with sugar browning are created during the caramelization process.[25]

As sugar costs went down in 19th century, in 1892 a New Jersey newspaper reported that "'Marshmallow roasts' are the newest thing in summer resort diversions." There were more mentions of the trend throughout 1890s, implicitly (and sometimes explicitly) referring to home-made marshmallows, as commercial process was yet to be invented.[26]

S'mores are a traditional campfire treat in the United States, made by placing a toasted marshmallow on a slab of chocolate, which is placed between two graham crackers. These can then be squeezed together, causing the chocolate to begin melting.[27]

Roasting a marshmallow

Roasting a marshmallow

A roasted marshmallow

A roasted marshmallow

An open-faced s'more

An open-faced s'more

Nutrition

Marshmallows are defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value.[28]

Dietary preferences

Toasted vegan marshmallows served with chocolate mousse

The traditional marshmallow recipe uses powdered marshmallow root, but most commercially manufactured marshmallows instead use gelatin in their manufacture. Vegans and vegetarians avoid gelatin, but there are versions that use a substitute non-animal gelling agent such as agar.[29] In addition, marshmallows are generally not considered to be kosher or halal unless either their gelatin is derived from kosher or halal animals or they are vegan.[30]

Marshmallow creme and other less firm marshmallow products generally contain little or no gelatin, which mainly serves to allow the familiar marshmallow confection to retain its shape. They generally use egg whites instead. Non-gelatin, egg-containing versions of this product may be consumed by ovo vegetarians. Several brands of vegetarian and vegan marshmallows and marshmallow fluff exist.[31]

See also

Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats

Chubby Bunny, children's game involving marshmallows

Divinity (confectionery)

Flump (sweet)

Marshmallow creme

Peeps

Stanford marshmallow experiment

Stay Puft Marshmallow Man

British Sugar Wissington Norfolk

Each year approximately 300,000 tonnes of liming material is produced by British Sugar's factories, as a co-product of the sugar manufacturing process. It is marketed throughout the country under the LimeX brand, and sold primarily to agriculture for soil pH management.

LimeX provides a sustainable option for soil pH correction, significantly reducing the volume of limestone and chalk that would otherwise be quarried and crushed for agriculture and other lime markets, thereby supporting the government's objectives encouraging environmental recycling.

www.britishsugar.co.uk/LimeX.aspx

Commissioned by Lord Vincent Uthgard to replace the current aging bolt action rifle currently used by standard infantry.

These rifles were built out of sturdier materials and utilized more streamlined manufacturing processes laid out by Lord Uthgar, who had been a gunsmith prior to his service to the Fatherland.

What is Smart Doll?

Smart Doll is a new standard in fashion dolls that not only enable fashion designers, artists and photographers to enhance their creativity, but to also enrich the lives of folks who not only appreciate Japanese culture - but cute things too.

Designed by Danny Choo, Smart Doll encompasses Japanese cultural elements such as design philosophy, the Anime (Japanese animation) look and feel through to the traditional casting methods used in the manufacturing process right here in Japan.

This post contains a video, click here to view.

View more at www.dannychoo.com/en/post/27350/Smart+Doll.html

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

The industrial water pump was used in the manufacturing process. Parts of the pump were imported from Germany and installed between 1906-1910.

Old train station, Tel Aviv

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

This former motor vehicle factory was built in 1917 by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, in collaboration with Truscon, for Tilling-Stevens Ltd. It is an example of a factory designed using the Kahn Daylight System. The various sheds which adjoin the factory building to the south are not of special interest.

Reasons for Designation

The former Tilling-Stevens factory, 1917 by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, in collaboration with Truscon, is designated at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * Historic interest: the building is the earliest surviving by the practice of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, the foremost factory architects of the inter-war period; it is also one of few surviving examples of their early Daylight factories not to have undergone significant alteration; * Technical interest: the building is one of few surviving examples of a group of English factories built using the Kahn Daylight System, an adaptable, efficient and influential system of factory building, developed in America for the construction of automotive factories; * Architectural interest: the front elevation of this imposing building employs the compositional devices and decorative motifs which became synonymous with the work of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners; the powerful rationality of its other elevations expresses the modern approach to industrial architecture that its design, construction and layout embodies.

History

In 1916 Thomas Wallis (1872-1953) founded the architectural practice of Wallis, Gilbert and Partner (becoming Wallis, Gilbert and Partners the following year). In the early years of the practice it worked in close collaboration with Trussed Concrete Steel Limited (Truscon). Truscon's proprietary system of concrete reinforcement had been developed by the Kahn family, who had set up Truscon to exploit the system in America; an English branch of the company formed in 1907. In America the Kahn system had been applied to the creation of a particular model of factory design which was based on a regular grid of column, beam and slab, in which the concrete frame was fully exposed, and the external walls were glass-filled, it was called the 'Kahn Daylight System' of factory design. The best known and most influential American example is Henry Ford's Highland Park Ford Plant, Michigan, designed and built in 1908 by Albert Kahn. Truscon built several Daylight factories in Britian prior to the partnership with Wallis, Gilbert and Partners (including three in Scotland), but the only English one known to survive in anything like original condition is Enterprise House, Hayes, of 1912, listed Grade II.

Together, Wallis, Gilbert and Partners and Truscon designed and constructed of a number of Daylight factories in England, of which the Tilling-Stevens factory is the earliest surviving. Wallis Gilbert and Partners went on to great success as an architectural practice, designing many factories and commercial buildings in the interwar period. One of their best known works is the Grade II* listed former Hoover Factory (1932-35) in Ealing.

Tilling-Stevens Ltd was formed in 1915 after WA Stevens, inventor of the petrol-electric motor, met Richard Tilling of Thomas Tilling Ltd, London's oldest omnibus operator (established 1847). The men recognised the potential for petrol-electric transmission in motorised buses, and the companies went into partnership together, manufacturing their own vehicles. New premises were added to Stevens' Maidstone works (known as the Victoria Works) in 1912, and following the formation of Tilling-Stevens Limited the works were enlarged again with the construction of the Wallis Gilbert and Partners factory in 1917 to accommodate production for war requirements.

The original design for the factory was a five-storey hollow rectangle, with a central, glazed, single-storey space within the well, which would contain part of the assembly shop. It was designed to be built in stages, with the south and west sides of the rectangle shown on the plans as 'future extension' (J Skinner 1997, 50). It is thought likely that the decision only to build the north and east sides of the rectangle was taken at an early stage, as the attic storey is centred over the existing front elevation. The factory was designed so as to accommodate all the various manufacturing processes in a downward flow through the building, each level being linked by electric lifts. Power was supplied to work stations by shafted over-head motors suspended from the beams.

In the early 1950s Tilling-Stevens was taken over by the Rootes Group, which was itself taken over in the mid-1960s by Chrysler (UK) Ltd; the Tilling-Stevens factory closed in 1975.

Details

The factory is constructed of a regular reinforced concrete grid, expressed throughout the exterior of the building; the front elevation, also of concrete, is dressed to present a classically-styled composition to the street.

MATERIALS: the building is composed of a grid of exposed horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete members, which divide the building into 20' by 20' bays; on the outer faces of the building the bays are in-filled with panels of red brick and glazing. The original windows were multi-light steel casements however these have almost universally been replaced with uPVC casements.

PLAN: the building is five storeys high with a small attic storey. The factory floor is L-shaped in plan; the core is 3 bays wide by 16 bays deep, with a perpendicular wing to the rear, 3 bays wide by 3 deep, extending southwards. Another 3 bay by 3 bay wing projects to the north, which contains the main goods lift and stair; this was where the services and amenities for the building were housed. The front of the building is an additional two bays wide to the north, providing a vehicular access at street level. A roadway runs from this entrance, through the centre of the northerly service wing (where there is a weigh bridge), and down the side and rear of the building. To the rear there is a projecting stair and lift tower, and to the south there is a second projecting lift tower; this is later in date, but appears to use the same construction system. There is a third internal fire escape stair on the south side of the building which exits onto St Peter's Street at the front.

EXTERIOR: with the exception of the front, all elevations of the building are without architectural embellishment and form a regular pattern of concrete grid, brick, and glass. The concrete grid is also expressed on the front elevation, however here the concrete is also used decoratively to shape the elevation into a classical composition. There is a heavy cornice over the fourth storey, with recessed ribbing and nail-head corner stops; the fifth storey is treated as a classical attic, having smaller windows and a much plainer and shallower cornice above. The true attic storey is three bays wide, central to the elevation and set back from the front. The bays to the far left and right of the elevation are treated as towers, defined by slightly projecting pilaster-like verticals to either side. The 'capitals' of these pilasters take the form of a circular disk, flanked by triglyph-like elements. At ground floor there is a pedestrian and vehicular entrance/exit to either side of the elevation. These openings are framed by wide, flat, unmoulded architraves and above each of the vehicular openings is a framed panel (which once bore the name of the company) with a stylised tassel motif to either side. This panel with tassels motif is repeated within the parapet above the attic storey.

The exterior of the building is generally little altered, the most notable exception being the replacement of the windows. The largest windows to the front were originally 54-light windows, they are now 12-light windows, those to the sides and rear were mostly 45-light windows, these are now 8-light windows. On the front elevation a doorway has been inserted into the left-hand of the three central bays to give access into a site office from St Peter's Street.

INTERIOR: the interior is utilitarian; at each storey concrete pillars support beams and joists which support the floor above. The pillars get progressively smaller in cross-section at each storey up. Circular holes are cast into the joists, through which a conduit carrying electrical cable ran; in some places slots are cast into beams and joists to carry the motors which were suspended overhead, providing power to the factory machinery. The factory floors, which would have been completely open, are now divided into units with concrete block walls built between pillars. Fixtures and fittings which may have been associated with the service and amenity block (which included an office, boiler house, first-aid rooms, lavatories and rest rooms) do not survive.

Please leave standing

Frankfurt, Hanauer Landstr.

Question to ChatGPT:

E-Scooters in Germany and critics?

Answer:

E-scooters, also known as electric scooters, have gained popularity in Germany as an eco-friendly transportation alternative in cities. However, they have also faced criticism on various grounds.

One of the main concerns is the safety aspect. Critics argue that e-scooters can be hazardous for both riders and pedestrians. Due to their small size and high speeds, accidents involving e-scooters have increased, resulting in injuries and even fatalities. It is challenging for some riders to navigate through crowded areas, and there have been cases of reckless driving and collisions with pedestrians.

Another criticism is the lack of regulation and enforcement. E-scooters were introduced in Germany without clear rules initially, leading to chaos in some cities. There were instances of e-scooters being left randomly on sidewalks, obstructing pedestrian pathways and causing inconvenience. Additionally, the absence of strict rules for helmet usage, maximum speeds, and age restrictions has been a matter of concern.

Furthermore, critics argue that e-scooters contribute to environmental issues rather than solving them. While they are marketed as a greener alternative to cars, some argue that the manufacturing process and the use of batteries in e-scooters have negative environmental impacts. Additionally, the short lifespan of many e-scooters due to wear and tear also raises questions about sustainability.

Moreover, the economic aspect of e-scooter rental services has faced critique. Some argue that the influx of e-scooters from various companies leads to overcrowding and competition on the streets, emphasizing profit over public interest. Bicycle-sharing programs, which were already in place, have suffered due to the rise of e-scooters as they compete for users and limited space.

Overall, while e-scooters offer a potential solution for urban mobility, critics voice concerns regarding safety, regulation, environmental impact, and economic implications. To address these criticisms, stricter regulations, improved infrastructure, and responsible practices by both users and companies might be necessary.

Bowland Beer Hall, Holmes Mill, Clitheroe

I've been searching for some background history on this mill and the Engine Room in particular. For those that just like looking at images I'll save you the boredom and just tell you that the engine is called "Elizabeth" hence my title and it's the second one I've posted.

For the rest... read on!

Overview

Heritage Category: Listed Building

Grade: II

List Entry Number: 1413649

Date first listed: 12-Mar-2013

Statutory Address: Holmes Mill, Greenacre Street, Clitheroe, BB7 1EB

Reasons for Designation

Holmes Mill, a pre-1840 textile mill with later additions is listed at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * Architectural interest: Holmes Mill, with its three- and four-storey spinning blocks and warehouse, has architectural interest and makes a significant contribution to the local townscape; * Date threshold: much of the Holmes Mill complex is largely unaltered and is recognisably of pre-1840 date; * Intactness: despite the loss of the weaving shed roof Holmes Mill remains a relatively intact textile mill complex complete with an in-situ 1910-built engine; * Integrated site: the mill complex comprises a range of buildings relating to the textile manufacturing process. This includes spinning blocks and engine houses of differing dates that afford the opportunity to study the evolutionary development of these specific building types.

History

Holmes Mill was established in about 1823 when the first multi-storey spinning block and size house was built on the site by John Taylor. A second spinning block, known as New Mill, was erected in about 1830 by Edmund, John & James Mercer & David Murray, who purchased the original mill and incorporated the two spinning blocks into a single manufacturing complex. In 1848 a four-storey office and warehouse extension was added to the east end of the c.1823 spinning block and size house. A weaving shed was added to the north of the New Mill in 1853, by which time the mill complex housed 16,000 mule spindles and 707 looms and was powered by at least two beam engines. A gatehouse was added between 1847 and 1886. Clitheroe Manufacturing Company Limited took over production in 1884 and by 1887 577 looms, weaving printers and shirtings were in operation powered by a beam engine aided by a 24" x 3' stroke horizontal engine. Shortly after Clitheroe Manufacturing Company's takeover the original 1820s block was stripped of machinery and later used as Clitheroe Technical School up until 1916. In 1905 New Mill and its associated buildings was sold to Henry Parkinson who furnished it with 496 looms and leased it to James Thornber. New boiler and engine houses were erected in 1910/11. At this time the beam engine was replaced with a Clayton, Goodfellow & Company cross-compound horizontal engine which remains in situ. In 1939 the original 1820s block was reopened by Norman Roberts for yarn doubling. In recent years the 1905 boiler house has had its Lancashire boilers removed and the building converted into a warehouse, the 1853 weaving shed has been largely rebuilt, re-roofed and its north lights and early machinery removed, and the original 1820s block has gone out of use. Part of the complex remains in use as a weaving mill.

Details

PLAN: the mill is sub-rectangular in plan with a yard along the east side of the complex and most buildings lying to the west of the yard. From south to north these buildings consist of the 1820s spinning block and size house, a 1910 boiler house with an earlier single-storey building and the mill chimney to its rear, a 1910 engine house, an1830s beam engine house with the New Mill spinning block to its rear, and the partially rebuilt 1850s weaving shed. There is a single-storey gatehouse on the east side of the yard opposite the 1820s block.

MATERIALS: a cotton spinning mill built in the early 1820s and extended in the early 1830s, 1840s and again in the 1850s by the addition of a weaving shed. It is built predominantly of random limestone rubble with sandstone dressings beneath pitched slate roofs, architect unknown.

EXTERIOR: 1820s Spinning Block and Size House: a three-storey block of 16 bays with a latrine turret on the west gable. Windows have nine panes throughout the block and there are pedestrian entrances on both the north and south elevations. A three-storey two-bay outshot attached to the block's north elevation has loading doors and a winch on its east elevation and blocked upper-storey windows on its west elevation. Attached to the east end of the main block is a four-storey office and warehouse extension of 1848 one bay wide with four bays to its gable end. Windows are largely of nine panes and there are loading doors to all upper floors. Internally the building reportedly has columns of fluted late-Georgian design.

1910 Boiler House: a single-storey building with timber and glass doors to its east elevation above which is a narrow window. The south elevation is of coursed rock-faced limestone with windows of four panes. The rear gable is of snecked limestone and has a pedestrian door and flue connections. Attached to the rear of the boiler house is a lower single-storey range building with roof lights running its full length. There is a blocked pedestrian door from the street in its west gable end.

1910 Engine House: a single-storey building with timber doors beneath a fanlight to its east elevation and roof lights along its length. The building has been truncated at its west end by a brick wall within which is a blocked arched doorway. Internally the engine house is reported to retain the Clayton, Goodfellow & Company cross-compound horizontal engine of 1910/11.

1830s Spinning Block and Beam Engine House: a three-story plus attic block of 13 bays with windows largely of five panes to the long elevations. The west gable end has four-pane windows to each floor and one eight-pane window to the second floor and a metal fire escape between the second and first floors. Internally the spinning block reportedly incorporates later cylindrical designed columns without lineshaft bearing faces, but supporting beams with clear line shaft hanger positions and some shafting still survives in places. The mill chimney projects through the roof of the later boiler house. Now truncated slightly the circular chimney has a stone-built lower half and brick-built upper half with a number of metal strap bands.

The former beam engine house is attached to the east of this block, has a hipped roof, and stands slightly taller than the spinning block. It is one bay wide and has a wide recessed door beneath a tall round-arched window at its east end.

To the right of the former beam engine house there is a recessed doorway and loading bay. 1850s Weaving Shed: is a large single-storey building; while it retains its historic scale, it has been largely rebuilt and re-roofed in the latter quarter of the C20. Its west wall retains unusual triangular vents with gothic detailing externally.

The Gatehouse: is a single-storey range beneath a pitched roof. It is rendered throughout. There is a door in the west elevation and windows are of differing sizes and styles.

INTERIOR: although no internal inspection took place additional information provided by an interested party indicates that the 1820s spinning block contains fluted columns of late-Georgian design without provision for lineshafts, and beams without bolted hangers for drive shafting. The 1830s block is reported to have cylindrical designed columns without lineshaft bearing faces, but supporting beams with clear line shaft hanger positions and some shafting still in situ. The 1910 engine house reportedly retains its original wall stencilling above the dado. The engine is a Blackburn-built Clayton, Goodfellow & Co. Ltd horizontal cross-compound type Nos 544-5 built in 1910. Its specifications are:

Cylinders: 15ins/30ins x 36ins Corliss valves (Craig's valve gear-governor-controlled trip gear) (HP); slide valve (LP) Steam pressure: c.70psi (1971) 68 rpm, c.350IHP(max), Flywheel: 12ft 6in.

Two unusual features of the engine are a rope guide near the second motion wheel installed to prevent the driving ropes jumping grooves in the event of surging, and a feed pump on the LP slide valve rod. The engine retains much of its original paintwork and lining out.

All information courtesy of Historic England

An entry in the Guinness Book of Records lists the Whitechapel Bell Foundry as Britain's oldest manufacturing company, having been established in 1570, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and being in continuous business since that date. In 1970, therefore, the Foundry celebrated its quatercentenary

The company was founded by Robert Mot in 1570 and continued casting bells until May 2017.

Whitechapel's famous bells include the original Liberty Bell (1752), the Great Bell of Montreal and, probably best known of all, Big Ben at the Palace of Westminster. Cast in 1858, this is the largest bell ever cast at Whitechapel, weighing 13½ tons.

The foundry closed on 12th June 2017, after nearly 450 years of bell-making and 250 years at its Whitechapel site, with the final bell cast given to the Museum of London along with other artefacts used in the manufacturing process

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

Birefringence Series:

Heading back over the Thames Estuary, good old Blighty! View across Canvey Island towards St. Mary Hoo.

This colour was caused by the interference of the polarising filter on the lens and the coating on the aircraft windows (I think!?). Ah, the explanation...

Birefringence in Airplane Windows: Due to the manufacturing process, airplane windows are anisotropic - their physical properties depend on direction. The light passing through the window is split into different beams travelling at different speeds, resulting in interference. The inferference colours can be very interesting for the photographer.

Most often these patterns are rather faint, but if the incident light is already partially polarized, the colour effects can be easily detected without a polarising filter. If a polarising filter is used, these effects can be rather stunning.

There are more of these to come....

Discover the Drones Regulations in Zimbabwe

 There are just some things that you would want to see the manufacturing process and these are the laws as well as the sausages. But there are lots of facts behind them. There are lots of awful things that go along with the processes that you do...

www.dronewatchdogs.com/discover-drones-regulations-zimbabwe/

And below is one taken in July 2016.

Elecampane is an herb. The root is used to make medicine;

Elecampane is used for lung diseases including asthma, bronchitis, and whooping cough.

It is also used to prevent coughing, especially coughing caused by tuberculosis; and as an expectorant to help loosen phlegm, so it can be coughed up more easily.

Other uses include improving stomach function; treating nausea and diahorrea; and killing worms that can live in the intestine. These worms include hookworm, roundworm, threadworm, and whipworm.

Some people use elecampane to promote sweating. As with all popular country medicines, the Elecampane carries an awful lot of folk names … see tags!

In foods and beverages, elecampane is used to provide flavour. In other manufacturing processes, elecampane is used as a fragrance in cosmetics and soaps. Elecampane contains chemicals that can kill worms that infest the gut.

The planet was being destroyed by manufacturing processes, and what was being manufactured was lousy, by and large.

Kurt Vonnegut

This former motor vehicle factory was built in 1917 by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, in collaboration with Truscon, for Tilling-Stevens Ltd. It is an example of a factory designed using the Kahn Daylight System. The various sheds which adjoin the factory building to the south are not of special interest.

Reasons for Designation

The former Tilling-Stevens factory, 1917 by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, in collaboration with Truscon, is designated at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * Historic interest: the building is the earliest surviving by the practice of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, the foremost factory architects of the inter-war period; it is also one of few surviving examples of their early Daylight factories not to have undergone significant alteration; * Technical interest: the building is one of few surviving examples of a group of English factories built using the Kahn Daylight System, an adaptable, efficient and influential system of factory building, developed in America for the construction of automotive factories; * Architectural interest: the front elevation of this imposing building employs the compositional devices and decorative motifs which became synonymous with the work of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners; the powerful rationality of its other elevations expresses the modern approach to industrial architecture that its design, construction and layout embodies.

History

In 1916 Thomas Wallis (1872-1953) founded the architectural practice of Wallis, Gilbert and Partner (becoming Wallis, Gilbert and Partners the following year). In the early years of the practice it worked in close collaboration with Trussed Concrete Steel Limited (Truscon). Truscon's proprietary system of concrete reinforcement had been developed by the Kahn family, who had set up Truscon to exploit the system in America; an English branch of the company formed in 1907. In America the Kahn system had been applied to the creation of a particular model of factory design which was based on a regular grid of column, beam and slab, in which the concrete frame was fully exposed, and the external walls were glass-filled, it was called the 'Kahn Daylight System' of factory design. The best known and most influential American example is Henry Ford's Highland Park Ford Plant, Michigan, designed and built in 1908 by Albert Kahn. Truscon built several Daylight factories in Britian prior to the partnership with Wallis, Gilbert and Partners (including three in Scotland), but the only English one known to survive in anything like original condition is Enterprise House, Hayes, of 1912, listed Grade II.

Together, Wallis, Gilbert and Partners and Truscon designed and constructed of a number of Daylight factories in England, of which the Tilling-Stevens factory is the earliest surviving. Wallis Gilbert and Partners went on to great success as an architectural practice, designing many factories and commercial buildings in the interwar period. One of their best known works is the Grade II* listed former Hoover Factory (1932-35) in Ealing.

Tilling-Stevens Ltd was formed in 1915 after WA Stevens, inventor of the petrol-electric motor, met Richard Tilling of Thomas Tilling Ltd, London's oldest omnibus operator (established 1847). The men recognised the potential for petrol-electric transmission in motorised buses, and the companies went into partnership together, manufacturing their own vehicles. New premises were added to Stevens' Maidstone works (known as the Victoria Works) in 1912, and following the formation of Tilling-Stevens Limited the works were enlarged again with the construction of the Wallis Gilbert and Partners factory in 1917 to accommodate production for war requirements.

The original design for the factory was a five-storey hollow rectangle, with a central, glazed, single-storey space within the well, which would contain part of the assembly shop. It was designed to be built in stages, with the south and west sides of the rectangle shown on the plans as 'future extension' (J Skinner 1997, 50). It is thought likely that the decision only to build the north and east sides of the rectangle was taken at an early stage, as the attic storey is centred over the existing front elevation. The factory was designed so as to accommodate all the various manufacturing processes in a downward flow through the building, each level being linked by electric lifts. Power was supplied to work stations by shafted over-head motors suspended from the beams.

In the early 1950s Tilling-Stevens was taken over by the Rootes Group, which was itself taken over in the mid-1960s by Chrysler (UK) Ltd; the Tilling-Stevens factory closed in 1975.

Details

The factory is constructed of a regular reinforced concrete grid, expressed throughout the exterior of the building; the front elevation, also of concrete, is dressed to present a classically-styled composition to the street.

MATERIALS: the building is composed of a grid of exposed horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete members, which divide the building into 20' by 20' bays; on the outer faces of the building the bays are in-filled with panels of red brick and glazing. The original windows were multi-light steel casements however these have almost universally been replaced with uPVC casements.

PLAN: the building is five storeys high with a small attic storey. The factory floor is L-shaped in plan; the core is 3 bays wide by 16 bays deep, with a perpendicular wing to the rear, 3 bays wide by 3 deep, extending southwards. Another 3 bay by 3 bay wing projects to the north, which contains the main goods lift and stair; this was where the services and amenities for the building were housed. The front of the building is an additional two bays wide to the north, providing a vehicular access at street level. A roadway runs from this entrance, through the centre of the northerly service wing (where there is a weigh bridge), and down the side and rear of the building. To the rear there is a projecting stair and lift tower, and to the south there is a second projecting lift tower; this is later in date, but appears to use the same construction system. There is a third internal fire escape stair on the south side of the building which exits onto St Peter's Street at the front.

EXTERIOR: with the exception of the front, all elevations of the building are without architectural embellishment and form a regular pattern of concrete grid, brick, and glass. The concrete grid is also expressed on the front elevation, however here the concrete is also used decoratively to shape the elevation into a classical composition. There is a heavy cornice over the fourth storey, with recessed ribbing and nail-head corner stops; the fifth storey is treated as a classical attic, having smaller windows and a much plainer and shallower cornice above. The true attic storey is three bays wide, central to the elevation and set back from the front. The bays to the far left and right of the elevation are treated as towers, defined by slightly projecting pilaster-like verticals to either side. The 'capitals' of these pilasters take the form of a circular disk, flanked by triglyph-like elements. At ground floor there is a pedestrian and vehicular entrance/exit to either side of the elevation. These openings are framed by wide, flat, unmoulded architraves and above each of the vehicular openings is a framed panel (which once bore the name of the company) with a stylised tassel motif to either side. This panel with tassels motif is repeated within the parapet above the attic storey.

The exterior of the building is generally little altered, the most notable exception being the replacement of the windows. The largest windows to the front were originally 54-light windows, they are now 12-light windows, those to the sides and rear were mostly 45-light windows, these are now 8-light windows. On the front elevation a doorway has been inserted into the left-hand of the three central bays to give access into a site office from St Peter's Street.

INTERIOR: the interior is utilitarian; at each storey concrete pillars support beams and joists which support the floor above. The pillars get progressively smaller in cross-section at each storey up. Circular holes are cast into the joists, through which a conduit carrying electrical cable ran; in some places slots are cast into beams and joists to carry the motors which were suspended overhead, providing power to the factory machinery. The factory floors, which would have been completely open, are now divided into units with concrete block walls built between pillars. Fixtures and fittings which may have been associated with the service and amenity block (which included an office, boiler house, first-aid rooms, lavatories and rest rooms) do not survive.

Sources

This is a glass brick window at a defunct clothing outlet in Cokeville, Wyoming. I suppose they used scraps of cloth from their manufacturing process to block the drafts from the broken glass.

Straight from the camera. No post editing, manipulation or digital effects (Photoshop etc.) are used. Big thanks to Kimmo Heikkinen who bravely stood still during the exposure! Well done!

Light flowers need darkness, chill air and loving to bloom. But the manufacturing process is quite long and it has many difficult parts where you can go wrong. In this picture we can see how the farmer carefully pours the nutrients to the flowerpot.

Order prints here!

Light painting photography

www.hannuhuhtamo.com

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

Monumental entrance into Queen Mary's Garden, once the home of the original Royal Botanic Society & greenhouse.

Between 1838 and 1932 the gardens within the Inner Circle were leased to the Royal Botanic Society and laid out to demonstrate the visual qualities of plants. The plants were grouped according to their uses in medicine, agriculture, or manufacturing processes.

In 1935 the gardens were re-opened as Queen Mary's Gardens.

The Jubilee Gates at the south entrance to Queen Mary's Gardens, Regents Park. The gates were officially opened by Queen Mary on 6th May 1935 after the remodelling of the gardens and were commissioned for the Silver Jubilee of King George V. Designed 1955 - 1965, by John Gay.

Source: Historic England - historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1000246

This example was brought back from Germany at the end of World War II and, after display at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, was transferred to the Imperial War Museum in 1946. This view shows it on display in 2010, prior to a major redesign of the museum in preparation for commemorating the 100th anniversary of World War I. It remains on display today in the modernised facility.

The alcohol and oxygen tanks can be seen, as can the rocket engine itself (note that one half of the outer skin has been fretted to reveal the tanks, and two of the fins have been removed, exposing the engine. A V-1 is also seen here.

The V-2 (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, lit. 'Vengeance Weapon 2'), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A-4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. Powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, the missile was developed during World War II and assigned to attack Allied cities. The rockets travelled at supersonic speeds, impacted without audible warning, and proved unstoppable, as no effective defence existed.

Total targets were:

Belgium, 1,664: Antwerp (1,610), Liège (27), Hasselt (13), Tournai (9), Mons (3), Diest (2)

UK, 1,402: London (1,358), Norwich (43),  Ipswich (1)

France, 76: Lille (25), Paris (22), Tourcoing (19), Arras (6), Cambrai (4)

Netherlands, 19: Maastricht (19)

Germany, 11: Remagen (11)

The V-2 rocket also became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the Kármán line (edge of space) with the vertical launch of MW 18014 on 20 June 1944. Because much of the manufacturing process for the V-2 was in the hands of those using slave labour, more people died manufacturing the V-2 than were killed by its deployment.

Further details, plus links to extensive reference materials, are available on the relevant Wikipedia page.

Industrial Loco No 7 complete with loaded wagon on the High Level Railway, serving the mighty blast furnaces of Appleby Frodingham Steelworks Scunthorpe 2nd April 2011. More of the locomotive fleet can be seen in the far distance along this short piece of railway infrastructure. The huge blast furnaces are partially seen to the right of the picture. The photo was taken from one of the brakevans which had been pushed up the incline onto this railway by a steam locomotive operated by the Appleby Frodingham Railway Preservation Society who have a presence on the Steel Works site. The locos on this line continually load up the operating blast furnaces with raw materials for the manufacturing processes in steel making.

The U.S. Air Force’s B-2 stealth bomber is a key component of the nation’s long-range strike arsenal, and one of the most survivable aircraft in the world. Its unique stealth characteristics allow it to penetrate the most sophisticated enemy defenses.

B-2 Technical Details

‧ Type: Strategic, long-range heavy bomber with low-observable technology and all-altitude capability to penetrate the most sophisticated air defenses in nuclear and conventional missions

‧ Power Plant: Four General Electric F118-GE-100 turbofans, each 17,300 lbs. thrust.

‧ Crew: Two (pilot and mission commander)

‧ Combat Ceiling: 50,000 feet

‧ Range: 6,000 nautical miles (unrefueled) 10,000 nautical miles with one refueling

‧ Maximum Gross Takeoff Weight: 336,500 lbs.

And...10 Cool Facts about the B-2

B-2 Technical Details

1 – It's an Engineering Marvel – To bring the B-2 to life, Northrop Grumman had to invent all components from scratch. That list included tools, a software laboratory, composite materials, special test equipment, and 3-D modeling and computer systems. Related manufacturing processes were also created.

2 – Why it’s No. #1 – When the U.S. must go to war, the B-2 is there on the first night. The B-2 went into enemy territory on Night One in support of Operation Allied Force (Serbia); Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan); Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq) and twice in Libya in support of Operation Odyssey Dawn and Operation Odyssey Lightning. The B-2, one of the most survivable aircraft in the world, is the only aircraft to combine long-range, stealth and a heavy payload on a single platform.

3 – Legendary Combat Debut – The B-2 saw its first operational use during Operation Allied Force. Two B-2s flew more than 31 hours from Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri to Kosovo. They attacked multiple targets, then flew directly back. The B-2s flew less than 1 percent of the total missions, yet destroyed 33 percent of the targets during the first eight weeks of conflict.

4 – Beast Mode: Longest Aerial Combat Mission in History – The B-2 holds the record for longest air combat mission in history. In 2001, the Spirit of America and five other B-2s were the first to enter Afghan airspace for a record setting 44-hour mission. The aircraft’s performance is even more impressive in that the B-2 made a quick pit stop for a 45-minute crew and service change with engines still running. It then flew back to Missouri for another 30-hour flight for a total of more than 70 consecutive hours.

5 – Red Carpet Realness – When Hollywood needs a “super bomber” to make a cameo and fight off a giant monster or an alien invasion, the red carpet is rolled out for the B-2. With an unmistakable silhouette and flying wing design, it’s easily one of the most recognized aircraft in the world. It has appeared in movies including “Independence Day,” “Armageddon,” “Iron Man 2,” “Cloverfield,” “Airplanes,” “Rampage” and, most recently, “Captain Marvel.”

6 – The Team Today – Northrop Grumman continues to upgrade and enhance the B-2’s capabilities, and service every B-2 aircraft. From the extensive programmed depot maintenance that ranges from the complete restoration of the jet’s exterior surfaces to software engineering, testing and development. Our employees also lead vehicle engineering, logistics and product support for the aircraft.

7 – Dimensions – The B-2 is 69 feet long, 17 feet high and has a wingspan of 172 feet, half the length of a football field.

8 – High Subsonic – The B-2 can reach a high subsonic speed and can also reach an altitude of more 50,000 feet.

9 – Intercontinental Range – The B-2 can travel 6,000 nautical miles without refueling and 10,000 nautical miles with only one refueling. It can reach any point in the world within hours.

10 – Payload – A B-2 can carry a payload of 20 tons.

Technical Information (or Nerdy Stuff):

Camera - Nikon D5200 (handheld)

Lens – Nikkor 18-300mm Zoom

ISO – 100

Aperture – f/5.6

Exposure – 1/400 second

Focal Length – 300mm

The original RAW file was processed with Adobe Camera Raw and final adjustments were made with Photoshop CS6.

"For I know the plans I have for you,” declares the LORD, “plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future." ~Jeremiah 29:11

The best way to view my photostream is through Flickriver with the link below:

www.flickriver.com/photos/photojourney57/

Rolling for take-off on runway 27 at Miami. The United 737 Max-9 is N37538, grounded pending further safety review of Boeing's manufacturing processes.

In this laboratory I spend a lot of time.. So why not try out some new camera lenses while waiting for the LED manufacturing process to finish.. :)

I just bought the Samyang 14 mm 3.1T for canon. seem to be a fun lens!

"The Manufacture of Chocolate: A Schematic Flow Sheet, Klein Chocolate Co., Elizabethtown, Pa."

If you like feta cheese, this is such a yummy snack. It’s block feta sliced 1/4”, red pepper flakes, dried parsley flakes, quartered cherry tomatoes, and a slight drizzle of EVOO. Try to use a Greek brand of feta, instead of an American brand....the texture and consistency is so different between the two manufacturing processes. Anyway, after you put it in a dish, BROIL in the oven until the feta just starts to brown in places. Take out of oven and serve warm with pieces of pita bread. Lin’s likes the pita, but I eat mine with sea salted thin baked wheat crackers.

Yummy Yummy!!

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

240/365 Work with textures

In any manufacturing process there are bound to be mistakes made. Both human and mechanical errors occur on an irregular basis, resulting in defective products. In most industries these bad parts are caught by quality control inspectors or by the persons responsible for packaging the finished products. When spotted, these rejects are simply destroyed. If they succeed in eluding detection, the customer who receives the erroneous part will likely return it for a refund or exchange. But what happens when the defective item is an scenario?

I was so mad LOL when I discover that my image was nothing perfect but I tried to compare it as a defected coin and therefore has some value on it...

Textures with my gratitude to SkeletalMess Thank you very much my friend !!

..../

These shopping trolleys have just been electroplated, and are now awaiting shipment to the next stage of the manufacturing process.

Summarised from www.terracotadoalgarve.com/en/short-history-of-ceramics - this was a different company to the one we have taken photos of.

The word ceramic is derived from the Greek “keramike” meaning clay, and is used to describe any activity that makes objects out of clay.

Clay can be easily easily moulded, and acquires hardness and strength by baking.

Pottery already existed in Portugal before the arrival of the Romans, but with the Romans and later with the Arabs, there was much progress. They were the ones that introduced many of the techniques used in the manufacturing process of ceramic, and which are still used today.

Next Generation Air Dominance

For the US Navy's own distinct sixth-generation air superiority fighter program, also called Next Generation Air Dominance, see F/A-XX program.

The Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) is a United States Air Force (USAF) sixth-generation air superiority initiative with a goal of fielding a "family of systems" that is to replace the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.[1][2] A manned fighter aircraft is the centerpiece program of NGAD and has been referred to as the Penetrating Counter-Air (PCA) and is to be supported by uncrewed collaborative combat aircraft (CCA), or loyal wingman platforms, through manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T).[3]

Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD)

Variations

Next Generation Adaptive Propulsion (NGAP), F/A-XX program (Navy)

The NGAD originates from DARPA's Air Dominance Initiative study in 2014, and is expected to field the new fighter aircraft in the 2030s. While having an identical name and sharing some technology developments, the program is distinct from the U.S. Navy's NGAD program, which has the F/A-XX as its fighter component and would have a similar fielding timeframe.

History

The NGAD originated from DARPA studies initiated in 2014 to explore concepts for air superiority systems of the 2030s for the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy. DARPA had completed its Air Dominance Initiative study in March 2014 and based on the results, the Department of Defense acquisition chief Frank Kendall launched the Aerospace Innovation Initiative (AII) in 2015 to develop X-plane prototypes to demonstrate technology for future aircraft.[4] In 2016, the USAF followed up the DARPA studies with the Air Superiority 2030 (AS 2030) flight plan, but while the plan stated the need for a family of systems, it was still focused on a specific member of the family called the Penetrating Counter-Air (PCA).[5][6] In 2018, AS 2030 evolved into the NGAD and expanded its focus from a single addition towards a suite of capabilities.[7]

The NGAD aims to develop several key technologies in areas such as propulsion, stealth, advanced weapons,[8] digital design (CAD-based engineering),[9][10] and thermal management of the aircraft signature.[11] The program changes traditional Air Force acquisition[12] by the separation of design, production, and support functions in the development process with a $9 billion budget through 2025.[13][14] More frequent industry competitions and simulations in the design and manufacturing process are characteristic of the development program.[15] NGAD is described as a "family of systems", with a fighter aircraft as the centerpiece of the system, and other parts of the system likely to be uncrewed collaborative combat aircraft to carry extra munitions and perform other missions.[16] In particular, NGAD aims to develop a system that addresses the operation needs of the Pacific theater of operations, where current USAF fighters lack sufficient range and payload. USAF commanders have noted that there may be two variants of NGAD: one with long range and payload for the Indo-Pacific and one more oriented to the relatively short ranges between possible battle areas in Europe.[16] The fighter is expected to leverage adaptive cycle engines being developed under the Adaptive Engine Transition Program (AETP) and Next Generation Adaptive Propulsion (NGAP) program, with flight ready engines expected by 2025.[17]

The crewed fighter component of the NGAD was briefly envisioned to follow the rapid development and procurement cycles of the "Century Series" fighter aircraft of the 1950s and 1960s; dubbed "Digital Century Series" by Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (SAF/AQ) Will Roper, fighter designs would be continually iterated to enable the rapid insertion of new technology and procured in small batches. In September 2020, Roper stated that a full-scale prototype of the NGAD fighter aircraft has been flown.[18] In May 2021, chief of staff of the USAF General Brown stated that the NGAD will start replacing the F-22 once it is operational in sufficient quantity, with the fielding goal in the 2030s.[19] The F-22 has also been used to test NGAD technology and some advances are expected to be applied to the F-22 as well.[20]

Due to the complexity and sophistication of modern aircraft design, however, the "Digital Century Series" concept was eventually abandoned in lieu of a more traditional development and procurement approach. In June 2022, the USAF determined that critical technologies were ready to support the program for Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) and the formal solicitation was announced in May 2023, with the goal of source selection in 2024.[21][22][23]

Developments

The cost of each plane was not disclosed by Secretary of the Air Force Frank Kendall, but is expected to be in the hundreds of millions. "It's going to be an expensive airplane" said Frank Kendall. In 2023, the Air Force's force structure planning projects approximately 200 manned NGAD fighters, although this is a notional figure for rough planning assumptions.[24][25]

SMG Consulting shared an infographic on the program, showing dimensions, cost, and combat radius, based on the Lockheed Martin 6th generation fighter artist impressions.[26][27]

See also

Global Combat Air Programme

Mikoyan PAK DP

Future Combat Air System

BAE Systems Tempest

References

Last edited 3 days ago by Kehkou

RELATED ARTICLES

Sixth-generation fighter

Classification of post-2020s jet fighters

Collaborative combat aircraft

Unmanned wingman combat aircraft

Loyal wingman

Unmanned combat aircraft supporting manned types

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Industrial Loco No 5 at rest on the High Level Railway, serving the mighty blast furnaces of Appleby Frodingham Steelworks Scunthorpe 3rd September 2022. Another of the locomotive fleet can be seen with a loading hopper in the distance along this short piece of railway infrastructure. Three out of four of the huge blast furnaces can be clearly seen in the centre of the picture. This photo was taken from one of the brakevans which had been pushed up the incline onto this railway by a diesel locomotive operated by the Appleby Frodingham Railway Preservation Society who have a presence on the Steel Works site. The locos on this line continually load up the operating blast furnaces with raw materials for the manufacturing processes in steel making.

Acabei de montar o Normal/RedScale PinProject, vulgo "NaManteiga" e ainda não obtive os resultados. A idéia que produzir fotos Normais, RedScale e até mesmo Dupla Exposição (simultânea ou não) com a combinação dos dois modos. Deus queira que funcione.

1 - Buraco do lado Normal. Atenção, devemos adaptar o alumínio de cerveja no quadradinho aberto na lata. O aço da lata é duro demais e não recomendo ninguém fazer o pinhole na própria lata. Faça por sua conta e risco, se quiser. Cuidado com explosões.

2 - Buraco do lado RedScale. O chamado processo RedScale ocorre ao expormos o filme á partir da face contrária. Em função de problema de filtragem dos espectros da luz temos um efeito avermelhado como resultado dessas fotografias.

3 - Filme vazio. Ali no 6 temos a seta que indica o sentido de avanço da película.

4 - Filme cheio. Na cabeça do eixo central desse filme devemos fazer a marcação que servirá de guia para o avanço de cada frame. Uma volta completa é suficiente para termos a estenopéica pronta para o próximo disparo.

5 - Local onde percorre o filme em direção ao "filme vazio"

7 - Seta de indicação do lado Normal. Serve também para mirarmos o alvo.

8 - Obturador/lente do lado RedScale.

9 - Fase inicial do processo de fabricação. Todo cuidado é pouco para não se cortar, tanto na faca quanto no aço da lata. Após o corte devemos virar as bordas para neutralizar locais cortantes.

10 - Fase intermediária, após instalação do filme. Nesse momento devemos marcar a filme vazio, para evitar se confundir mais adiante. Ah, devemos pintar o interiror da lata com tinta preta fosco ou cobrir tudo com fita isolante.

11 - Vista superior da pinHole.

=====

Filme: 135mm

Distância focal: 35mm

Fotograma: 36x65mm [sprockethole]

----------

I just mount the Normal / RedScale PinProject , vulgar "NaManteiga" and not yet received the results. The idea to produce Normais photos, and even RedScale Double Exposure (simultaneous or not) with the combination of the two modes. God wants to work.

..........................

Links de uns cabas bons de pinhole:

Miguel Chikaoka

Dirceu Maués

Marcos Campos

Angeloni

Diego Rivera considered the Detroit Industy Murals his finest paintings. Produced in 1932-1933, they are the largest and most complex work of the Mexican muralist movement in America. They were commissioned by Edsel Ford, then president of the Ford Motor Company, with the encouragement of the Detroit Institute of Arts' director William Valentiner. Covering the four walls in an interior courtyard in the museum, they portray in detail the complex interplay of raw materials, manufacturing process, and human resources involved in the production and assembly of that emblem of modern culture, the automobile.

South Wall Details

Rivera included portraits of his patrons as well as several assistants to give the murals a very contemporary perspective. On the lower right corner is Edsel Ford and William Valentiner (profile). In the third lower panel from the left is Henry Ford presiding in an engine class. The man in the hat on the left side is M. L. Bricker, assistant to Henry Ford in charge of production, overseeing bumpers and grinders working on body panels..

The scenes in the mural include the massive fender stamping press on the right, final assembly in the center, glass plants in the 4th and 5th lower panels; and in the 6th panel, workers walking over a bridge to the parking lot after getting paid.

www.ilr.cornell.edu/buffalo-co-lab/diego-riveras-detroit-...

smarthistory.org/diego-rivera-detroit-industry-murals/

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

This former motor vehicle factory was built in 1917 by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, in collaboration with Truscon, for Tilling-Stevens Ltd. It is an example of a factory designed using the Kahn Daylight System. The various sheds which adjoin the factory building to the south are not of special interest.

Reasons for Designation

The former Tilling-Stevens factory, 1917 by Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, in collaboration with Truscon, is designated at Grade II for the following principal reasons: * Historic interest: the building is the earliest surviving by the practice of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners, the foremost factory architects of the inter-war period; it is also one of few surviving examples of their early Daylight factories not to have undergone significant alteration; * Technical interest: the building is one of few surviving examples of a group of English factories built using the Kahn Daylight System, an adaptable, efficient and influential system of factory building, developed in America for the construction of automotive factories; * Architectural interest: the front elevation of this imposing building employs the compositional devices and decorative motifs which became synonymous with the work of Wallis, Gilbert and Partners; the powerful rationality of its other elevations expresses the modern approach to industrial architecture that its design, construction and layout embodies.

History

In 1916 Thomas Wallis (1872-1953) founded the architectural practice of Wallis, Gilbert and Partner (becoming Wallis, Gilbert and Partners the following year). In the early years of the practice it worked in close collaboration with Trussed Concrete Steel Limited (Truscon). Truscon's proprietary system of concrete reinforcement had been developed by the Kahn family, who had set up Truscon to exploit the system in America; an English branch of the company formed in 1907. In America the Kahn system had been applied to the creation of a particular model of factory design which was based on a regular grid of column, beam and slab, in which the concrete frame was fully exposed, and the external walls were glass-filled, it was called the 'Kahn Daylight System' of factory design. The best known and most influential American example is Henry Ford's Highland Park Ford Plant, Michigan, designed and built in 1908 by Albert Kahn. Truscon built several Daylight factories in Britian prior to the partnership with Wallis, Gilbert and Partners (including three in Scotland), but the only English one known to survive in anything like original condition is Enterprise House, Hayes, of 1912, listed Grade II.

Together, Wallis, Gilbert and Partners and Truscon designed and constructed of a number of Daylight factories in England, of which the Tilling-Stevens factory is the earliest surviving. Wallis Gilbert and Partners went on to great success as an architectural practice, designing many factories and commercial buildings in the interwar period. One of their best known works is the Grade II* listed former Hoover Factory (1932-35) in Ealing.

Tilling-Stevens Ltd was formed in 1915 after WA Stevens, inventor of the petrol-electric motor, met Richard Tilling of Thomas Tilling Ltd, London's oldest omnibus operator (established 1847). The men recognised the potential for petrol-electric transmission in motorised buses, and the companies went into partnership together, manufacturing their own vehicles. New premises were added to Stevens' Maidstone works (known as the Victoria Works) in 1912, and following the formation of Tilling-Stevens Limited the works were enlarged again with the construction of the Wallis Gilbert and Partners factory in 1917 to accommodate production for war requirements.

The original design for the factory was a five-storey hollow rectangle, with a central, glazed, single-storey space within the well, which would contain part of the assembly shop. It was designed to be built in stages, with the south and west sides of the rectangle shown on the plans as 'future extension' (J Skinner 1997, 50). It is thought likely that the decision only to build the north and east sides of the rectangle was taken at an early stage, as the attic storey is centred over the existing front elevation. The factory was designed so as to accommodate all the various manufacturing processes in a downward flow through the building, each level being linked by electric lifts. Power was supplied to work stations by shafted over-head motors suspended from the beams.

In the early 1950s Tilling-Stevens was taken over by the Rootes Group, which was itself taken over in the mid-1960s by Chrysler (UK) Ltd; the Tilling-Stevens factory closed in 1975.

Details

The factory is constructed of a regular reinforced concrete grid, expressed throughout the exterior of the building; the front elevation, also of concrete, is dressed to present a classically-styled composition to the street.

MATERIALS: the building is composed of a grid of exposed horizontal and vertical reinforced concrete members, which divide the building into 20' by 20' bays; on the outer faces of the building the bays are in-filled with panels of red brick and glazing. The original windows were multi-light steel casements however these have almost universally been replaced with uPVC casements.

PLAN: the building is five storeys high with a small attic storey. The factory floor is L-shaped in plan; the core is 3 bays wide by 16 bays deep, with a perpendicular wing to the rear, 3 bays wide by 3 deep, extending southwards. Another 3 bay by 3 bay wing projects to the north, which contains the main goods lift and stair; this was where the services and amenities for the building were housed. The front of the building is an additional two bays wide to the north, providing a vehicular access at street level. A roadway runs from this entrance, through the centre of the northerly service wing (where there is a weigh bridge), and down the side and rear of the building. To the rear there is a projecting stair and lift tower, and to the south there is a second projecting lift tower; this is later in date, but appears to use the same construction system. There is a third internal fire escape stair on the south side of the building which exits onto St Peter's Street at the front.

EXTERIOR: with the exception of the front, all elevations of the building are without architectural embellishment and form a regular pattern of concrete grid, brick, and glass. The concrete grid is also expressed on the front elevation, however here the concrete is also used decoratively to shape the elevation into a classical composition. There is a heavy cornice over the fourth storey, with recessed ribbing and nail-head corner stops; the fifth storey is treated as a classical attic, having smaller windows and a much plainer and shallower cornice above. The true attic storey is three bays wide, central to the elevation and set back from the front. The bays to the far left and right of the elevation are treated as towers, defined by slightly projecting pilaster-like verticals to either side. The 'capitals' of these pilasters take the form of a circular disk, flanked by triglyph-like elements. At ground floor there is a pedestrian and vehicular entrance/exit to either side of the elevation. These openings are framed by wide, flat, unmoulded architraves and above each of the vehicular openings is a framed panel (which once bore the name of the company) with a stylised tassel motif to either side. This panel with tassels motif is repeated within the parapet above the attic storey.

The exterior of the building is generally little altered, the most notable exception being the replacement of the windows. The largest windows to the front were originally 54-light windows, they are now 12-light windows, those to the sides and rear were mostly 45-light windows, these are now 8-light windows. On the front elevation a doorway has been inserted into the left-hand of the three central bays to give access into a site office from St Peter's Street.

INTERIOR: the interior is utilitarian; at each storey concrete pillars support beams and joists which support the floor above. The pillars get progressively smaller in cross-section at each storey up. Circular holes are cast into the joists, through which a conduit carrying electrical cable ran; in some places slots are cast into beams and joists to carry the motors which were suspended overhead, providing power to the factory machinery. The factory floors, which would have been completely open, are now divided into units with concrete block walls built between pillars. Fixtures and fittings which may have been associated with the service and amenity block (which included an office, boiler house, first-aid rooms, lavatories and rest rooms) do not survive.

Gama plastic Ford Taunus 17m P2 estate car. Made in West Germany, this has 'GAMA 455' on the front registration plate which I take to be the range number. Length approx. 205mm which works out about 1:21 scale.

This is unusual in that the body is formed of a translucent plastic which is painted red on the outside, and also partly on the inside, notably the inside of the roof. The roof was then painted white on the outside. This all seems to be original. The window are a separate clear plastic part.

I had originally intended to restore this, but have decided against that, as in the current state it shows the manufacturing process very well.

Three related still-life images. The round structures are the bottoms of aluminium drinks cans that were washed up on the beach. (There must be a weak spot round the bottom rim from the manufacturing process).

Presented at ESA’s Advanced Manufacturing workshop, this 1.5 m-long hard polymer bar was produced using a 3D printer that is much smaller than it is.

The printer is capable of printing parts of unlimited dimensions in a single direction. It is a ground demonstrator version of 3D printing technology which is ultimately intended for use aboard the International Space Station.

ESA advanced manufacturing engineer Advenit Makaya explains: “Developing out-of-Earth manufacturing solutions for large parts, in a human exploration context such as here and later on for spacecraft structural parts will be essential in enhancing the sustainability and robustness of future space missions.”

Known as Project IMPERIAL, the aim is to develop out-of-Earth manufacturing methods that overcome the build constraints of current 3D printers, enabling easy onboard building and maintenance to enhance the self-sufficiency of future space missions.

“With this activity we have overcome one of the main limitation of 3D printing – the build volume - while using a compact 3D printer capable to process high performance thermoplastics,” notes ESA materials specialist Ugo Lafont. “This is a great achievement that will extend the application field of this on-demand manufacturing process.”

The project is being undertaken for ESA by a consortium led by OHB in Germany, with Azimut Space in Germany, Athlone Institute of Technology in the Republic of Ireland and BEEVERYCREATIVE in Portugal developing the 3D printer.

“Innovating within a working group, – the consortium and ESA technical officers – that fully cooperates and creates synergies, has been a great pleasure,” says Aurora Baptista, CEO of BEEVERYCREATIVE. “It adds to the honor of contributing to an advance that enlarges the concept of being global.”

The company has shared video from a test printing here.

Credits:

BEEVERYCREATIVE

"Although the monogram on the enamel plate shows this as a George VI box, the initials on the aperture casting have been modified. This was originally an Edward VIII box, that was adapted during the manufacturing process. As such, it's probably unique." Quoted from 'On the Trail of Edward VIII' by David Chandler.

Original examples are rare as Edward VIII only reigned for less than a year, from 20 January 1936 to 11 December 1936. After his abdication, most boxes bearing his cypher were modified or replaced. Quoted from Wikimedia.

Edward VIII Post Box, Crown Terrace, Glasgow- G12 173D

Edward VIII Wall Box, Forgandenny - PH2 120

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Glasgow - G44 204

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Glasgow - G12 263

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Glasgow - G41 187

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Balloch - G83 48

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Balloch (New Location) - G83 48

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Glasgow - G41 131

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Glasgow - G12 190D

Edward VIII Pillar Box, Dunfermline - KY12 5D

This colorless synthetic diamond from Apollo Diamond may pose a bit of a challenge to the African warlords and the De Beers cartel.

This diamond has the same atomic structure as a mined diamond, and is therefore optically, chemically and physically identical. But Apollo plans to get the cost down to $10/carat with high volume manufacturing.

It is grown one carbon atom at a time in a customized CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process. A perfect seed crystal starts the process (over time, Apollo has enlarged the “seed” to wafer scale). The seed is placed in a microwave chamber with a hydrogen + methane plasma heated to 1300 degrees that rains reactive carbon down onto the seed, growing ~1 carat per 12 hours.

Although the manufacturing process should produce diamonds with fewer flaws than mined diamonds, this early diamond has some defects that I could only see with the macro lens (inclusions and a crown notch. I’m just happy to have a version with personality. =)

It is 8mm wide by 2mm deep. Right now the 2mm depth is the critical manufacturing limit, and it affects the ability to do a standard brilliant diamond cut. So this one is flat and wide. But they can make sheets of diamond with this thickness. Imagine a diamond window pane, or semiconductor wafers that can run at 81 Ghz without elaborate cooling.

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

La Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares” ubicada en Del Valle, perteneciente a la Región bonaerense de 25 de Mayo. La comunidad, distante a 5 Km. del centro urbano. Donada en 1925 por la señora Concepción U. de Casares.Institución privada a cargo de salesianos, actualmente, está incorporada como Instituto privado al Ministerio de Educación de la Provincia.

Los alumnos deben permanecer internados en el colegio de Lunes a Viernes. La escuela pertenece a la Obra de Don Bosco, por lo que destaca su carisma Salesiano. Además de las asignaturas correspondientes al ciclo secundario o Polimodal, los alumnos tienen formación profesional , que va desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. La Escuela Agrotécnica ofrece una propuesta educativa basada en la práctica de actividades rurales, en áreas de producción agrícola, ganadera e industrial, con acciones que van desde la fabricación de quesos hasta la cría de cerdos y desde carpintería hasta inseminación artificial de ganado vacuno. Este proceso de fabricación y todas las actividades productivas tienen como resultado una gran cantidad de desechos que no son utilizados. Para lograr convertir los remanentes se fabricó el “biodigestor”.

Muchas personas de esta comunidad trabajan en dicha institución que es todo un orgullo local

TRASLATOR

Escuela Agrotécnica Salesiana “Carlos M. Casares”

The Salesian Agrotechnical School "Carlos M. Casares" located in Del Valle, belonging to the Buenos Aires Region of 25 de Mayo. The community, 5 km away from the urban center. Donated in 1925 by Mrs. Concepción U. de Casares. Private institution run by Salesians, currently, it is incorporated as a private Institute to the Ministry of Education of the Province.

Students must remain interned in the school from Monday to Friday. The school belongs to the Work of Don Bosco, for which its Salesian charism stands out. In addition to the subjects corresponding to the secondary cycle or Polimodal, the students have professional training, which goes from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. The Agrotécnica School offers an educational proposal based on the practice of rural activities, in areas of agricultural, livestock and industrial production, with actions ranging from the manufacture of cheeses to the raising of pigs and from carpentry to artificial insemination of cattle. This manufacturing process and all productive activities result in a large amount of waste that is not used. In order to convert the remnants, the "biodigester" was manufactured.

Many people of this community work in this institution that is a local pride

Yep... This is what it really looks like...

At the start of the second World war Spitfires were mostly built in and around Southampton, but then the Germans decided to bomb the crap out of all the factories and assembly plants around Southampton and the South Coast. So manufacturing was moved further in land to secret locations, several of which were in Salisbury including the bus station, garages and even peoples garden sheds..

This memorial was erected recently in honour of all those unsung heroes that were involved in the manufacturing process including many women and children..

Salisbury Secret Spitfires..

Fragonard Laboratory Guided Visit.

Nestled in a picturesque setting between Nice and Monaco, at the foot of rocks and poised above the sea, this modern design perfume factory is an interesting contrast to its location in the charming medieval village of Eze. The laboratory uses modern technology to supply all of Fragonard's creams, lotions, and bath gels. The entire manufacturing process is displayed for these cosmetics and beauty products.