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Images from Adorama Photography TV: Digital Photography 1 on 1 - Episode 12 - Depth of Field,
In this episode Mark talks about Depth of Field and how aperture, focal length and distance from subject impact your depth of field.
View entire video here:
Length: 133 m; Beam: 30 m; Flag: Italy; Built: 1983; Accommodation: certified for 96 people; Helideck: suitable for one helicopter; IMO: 8302014
Total cargo capacity is approximately 8,000 tons. The turntable has a maximum capacity of 7,000 tons of cable.
Current job: Stretch several miles of power cables {designed to carry as much as 660 megawatts of electricity — about 5 percent of the power consumed in New York City on the hottest summer days} beneath the river between Midtown Manhattan (West 52nd Street) and Edgewater New Jersey. The electricity that is to run through the cables, three of them bundled together with two thinner fiber-optic wires, is from the grid that serves New Jersey and several other states.
A Russian beauty, adorned in a sultry pink ensemble, flaunts her physique with sleek lines amid tall green trees in a secluded forest. The morning sunlight filters through the dense canopy, casting a gentle glow on her shoulder-length silky blonde hair.
BOHOL, Philippines: Filipino fisherman wades through seaweeds filled shallow beach with a bagful of seashells reflects his own image near Bee Farm Resort in Bohol, located in the Central Visayas, 400 miles southeast of Manila, in the early morning of December 21, 2010, Bohol, Philippines.
Related:
Shell, Fisherman, reflection, Low Tide, Swallow water, seaweeds filed water, flood, ankle deep, SEAFDEC, DENR, Environment, Natural Resources, resources, Aquaculture, Aquatic, South East Asia, Fisheries, Aquatic Resources, Bee Farm, Bohol, Philippines
Outdoor, Looking away from Camera, from above, full length, Documentary, Editorial
As a face is reflected in water, so the heart reflects the real person. Proverbs 27:19 (New Living Translation)
As in water face reflects face, so the heart of man reflects the man. Proverbs 27:19 (English Standard Version)
As in water face answereth to face,.... As water is as a looking glass, in which a man may behold his own face and another's; or as the face in the water answers to the face of a man, and there is a great likeness between them. All things through water appear greater, as Seneca (m) observes, and so more clear and plain;
so the heart of man to man; one man's heart may be seen and discerned in some measure by another, as by his countenance; for though, as the poet (n) says, "frontis nulla fides", yet the countenance is often the index of the mind, though not an infallible one; wrath and anger in the breast may be seen in the face, as were in Cain's; thus Jacob saw some resentment at him in the mind of Laban, and judged he had some design of mischief against him by the change of his countenance; also what is in the heart of man is discerned by what comes out of it, by his words, and also by his actions; yea, a man may know in a good measure what is in another man's heart, by what he finds in his own: the word of God is a glass, or medium of vision, and like water, in which a man's face is seen, through which a man sees his own heart; the law is a glass, in which an enlightened person sees not only the perfections of God, the nature of righteousness, but also his sin, and the sinfulness of it; this glass mother magnifies nor multiplies his sins, but sets them in a true light before him, by which he discerns heart sins, and sees and knows the plague of his heart; and the Gospel is a glass, wherein he beholds the glory of Christ, sees and can discern whether Christ is formed in him, and he has the grace of the Spirit of God wrought in his soul, as faith, hope, love, repentance, humility, self-denial, &c. moreover, as the face seen in the water is similar to a man's face, so the hearts of men are alike, not merely in a natural sense, see Psalm 33:15; but in a moral and spiritual sense the hearts of unregenerate men are alike, and answer to each other; for they are all equally corrupted, one and depraved; the heart of every man is desperately wicked; the imaginations of the thoughts of the hearts or wicked men, one and all of them, are only evil, and that continually; their affections are inordinately the same, they love and hate the same persons and things; their minds and consciences are all defiled; their understandings are darkened; their wills are averse to that which is good, and bent on that which is evil: and so the hearts of good men are alike; they have all one heart and one way given them; their experiences agree as to the work of grace and conversion; they are all made sensible of sin, the evil of it, and danger by it; they are all brought off of their own righteousness, and are led to Christ to depend on him alone for righteousness, pardon, and eternal life; they are partakers of the same promises in the Gospel, and have the same enemies to grapple with, and the same temptations, trials, and exercises from sin, Satan, and the world; and they have the same things put into their hearts, the laws of God, the doctrines of Christ, and the several graces of the Spirit of Christ; so that there cannot be a greater likeness between a man's face and that seen in the water, than there is between the heart of one saint and another; the hearts of Old and New Testament saints, and of all in all ages and places, answer to one another. The Targum paraphrases it to a sense quite the reverse,
"as waters and as faces which are not like one to another, so the hearts of the children of men are not like one to another;'' (Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible)
14120706
FLATware at Floor Length and Tux
November 17th, 2012
4125 W. Melrose St.
Chicago IL 60641
FLATware was the christening of the new Floor Length and Tux location. All previous FLAT participants were invited to present a "plate".
Jon Bollo, EC Brown, Matty Colston, Meg Duguid, Jacob C. Hammes, Chris Hefner, Brandon Heuser, Chuck Jones, Angela Lopez, Liz Nielsen, Stephen Nyktas, Catie Olson, Jonathan Ozik, Danielle Paz, Cole Pierce, Frank Pollard, Dawn Reed, Kristen Romaniszak, Julie Rudder, Kendrick Shackleford, Edra Soto, Bj Vogt, Carl Warnick, Brett Williams
A Boca Raton FL hair salon that specializes in hair extensions, hair color, ombre color, and haircuts for women and men
Wild Orchid
7036 West Palmetto Rd. #61
Boca Raton, FL 33433
Phone: (561) 395-4247
Contact Person: Kristen
Contact Email: Wildorchidboca@gmail.com
Website: www.wildorchidhair.com
You Tube URL: www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtQy8NUA1yQ
Main Keywords:
hair salon boca raton fl, hair extensions boca raton fl, hair color boca raton fl, hairdreams boca raton fl, great lengths boca raton fl, haircuts for women & men, hair extensions, great lengths hair extensions, hairdreams hair extensions, socap hair extensions, hotheads hair extensions, hair color, ombre color, l'oreal & redken retail products
Camera: Nikon 1 J4
Aperture: f/2.5
Exposure: ¹⁄₁₀₀ sec at f/2.5
ISO: 800
Lens: 1 NIKKOR 18.5mm f/1.8
Focal Length: 18.5mm (49mm in 35mm equivalent)
ANSBACH, Germany - German and American civilian employees were honored for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 years of service to the U.S. Army in a ceremony prior to a Town hall here, Feb. 23 in the Katterbach Theater on Bismark Kaserne.
In total, the honored employees - coupled with those not present at the ceremony - have racked up more than 900 years of service in support of the U.S. Army.
Col. Benjamin Jones, commander of the U.S. Army Garrison Ansbach (USAG Ansbach), speaking to the more than 200 family members, fellow employees and well-wishers as well as the participants, highlighted the importance of the civilian workforce in supporting the Soldiers' missions, and what the many contributions they make to providing stability and quality of life services to service members stationed in the Ansbach and Illesheim communities.
"You're an outstanding credit to USAG Ansbach, and to the U.S. military in Europe." said Jones, "For me, our professional workforce in Ansbach - German and American - truly embodies the tenants of the Army's Civilian Creed: Dedication to our Army, our Soldiers and Civilians; support of the mission; and providing the stability and continuity that enable Soldiers to concentrate on their missions, which is of special importance to Soldiers serving overseas, where so much surrounding them can appear new and unfamiliar when they first arrive in country.
Jones was unstinting in his praise for the awardees. "We would be hard-pressed to complete the Army mission without you. Know that the Soldiers of this community rely on you, appreciate you, and everything you do in support of them, and their families."
Also in attendance were Ansbach Mayor Thomas Deffner and Burgermeister Heinrich Förster from Illesheim who presented certificates to honor the awardees.
5 Years of Service Award Recipients: AGUIRRE, ELVA / ELSTON, SHANE R. / HAYNES, MCKENDRIC L. / PAOLETTI, ROBIN E. / DILL, JAMES S. / FESTA, FRANCESCA / OVALLE, JORDANIA E. / SUMMERS, JESSICA L.
10 Years of Service Award Recipients: CORNMAN, DAVID K. GUNN, ESZTER MURILLO, JUAN F SOWDERS, BIANCA / GIRALDO, SABRINA L. / MAYLE, JAMES M. / PERSOUER, NATHALIE / WINCKOWSKI, NICOLE M.
15 Years of Service Award Recipients: ANDERSON, MICHAEL E. / KLEIN, ANITA / MORMAN, ANNETTE POEHLMANN, GUENTHER SEEFRIED, JUTTA / DEIKUN, TRACY L. / KOCH, MICHAEL / OETTINGER, DIETMAR / ROELL, RUDOLF
20 Years of Service Award Recipients: BECKER, PETER / SCHNEIDER, HARALD / STETTNER, REINHARD / DILLARD, STEVEN T. / SPRINGER, CHRISTOPHER
25 Years of Service Award Recipients: JONES, MARK / STINGLEY, QUINCY LEE
30 Years of Service Award Recipients: BERNHARD, VERA EULER / MICHAELA PELZMANN / THOMAS SCHNEIDER / BARBARA CROWLEY / BRIAN JOHN / MICHEL KARL-HEINZ / PRICE, CLAUDIA
35 Years of Service Award Recipients: BARCO, SIMON / ENGELS, WINFRIED / JOPP, GABRIELE / KALLERT, RUDOLF / MANN, JUERGEN / NAWRATIL, CLAUDIA / STEINBAUER, WALTRAUT / WINTER, JOSEF/ BURNS, MONIKA / FALK, UWE / JOPP, HEINZ / KORN, GUENTER / MARTIN, INES / NIESSER, HARALD / WEISSENBERGER, THOMAS
40 Years of Service Award Recipients: BAILEY, JOYCE / HORNEBER, WILHELM / REINHARDT KLAUS / TANZER ERICH / WITT, ALFRED / ZIETLER, HEINZ / BRUECKNER, RAINER / MILLET, JR., NORBERTO / SUMMERS, CORNELIA / TORRES, ELIEZER / WOERRLEIN, DIETER
Photo by Michael Beaton, U.S. Army Garrison Ansbach Public Affairs (RELEASED).
Free download under CC Attribution (CC BY 4.0). Please credit the artist and rawpixel.com.
High resolution original paintings from one of the most highly regarded French Impressionist painters, Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919). The young Renoir struggled with his family’s financial circumstances so he left music school and started out as an apprentice at a porcelain factory. While he studied art in Paris, he befriended the young impressionist painters: Frédéric Bazille, Claude Monet, and Alfred Sisley. In the 1870s, Renoir became one of the leading painters in the Impressionism movement. His lively paintings mostly celebrated the beauty of feminine sensuality. We have gathered over 200 of his paintings from the public domain. Enjoy these high resolution public domain paintings. Download for free under the creative commons 0 license.
Higher resolutions with no attribution required can be downloaded: https://www.rawpixel.com/board/894911/pierre-auguste-renoir-free-original-public-domain-paintings?sort=curated&mode=shop&page=1
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Camera: Nikon 1 J4
Aperture: f/2.5
Exposure: ¹⁄₁₀₀₀ sec at f/2.5
ISO: 160
Lens: 1 NIKKOR 18.5mm f/1.8
Focal Length: 18.5mm (49mm in 35mm equivalent)
The first days of shooting the full-length 3D feature film "amae saudade" are behind us. Shooting completion, as scheduled: Autumn/end of 2014
„amae” means joy and a sense of security resulting from being completely accepted by the other. This term lacks an equivalent both in Polish and English. It has got an equivalent in Japanese and Chinese, however. And old Chinese ideogram by means of which the word amae was written, presented a child sucking on its mother’s breast to emphasise the unity between the mother and the child in the early months of its life.
„saudade” is Portuguese auto-stereotype perceived as a national value; a kind of nostalgia and melancholy connected with valuing and cherishing the past; contemplation of passing away and the beauty of disintegration, received with subtle pride and joy, in a positive way. Saudade is not a temporary condition of the spirit, but is always present in the person whom it concerns.
Director: Wacław Mikłaszewski
Photography: Mario Suze
While I'm not often one to reach for the 135mm focal length, I grew to enjoy this lens after using it on a digital camera at Disney work when I just needed that extra bit of reach while taking in parades. While older, this lens certainly stands up to whatever I throw at it.
You can read the full review online
www.alexluyckx.com/blog/index.php/2020/11/16/optical-revi...
Minolta XE-7 - Minolta Tele Rokkor-PF 1:2.8 f=135mm - Ilford Delta 400 @ ASA-400
Rollei Supergrain (1+9) 6:00 @ 20C
Scanner: Epson V700
Editor: Adobe Photoshop CC
I felt really frumpy in the longer length, but I actually really like how it looks with a long skirt underneath. I think I'll make the longer version + long skirt in the fall.
I like the shorter length better because it will be more versatile in my wardrobe. I'll be able to wear it over short or long skirts, or just with tights or leggings. Plus, I just felt happier wearing it once it was pinned up. :)
After comparing these pictures to a dress I wear a lot, I realize that the longer version here is only slightly too long -- about 1-1.5" longer than my "bottom of the knees" length. Once I add a short skirt or petticoat under the shorter version of this dress, it will appear to be that length anyway. :)
Longer length = 27" skirt; shorter length = 23" skirt.
Displacement: 45,00 tons. Length 887 feet, 3 inches. Beam: 108 feet, 2 inches. Speed 33 knots: Iowa Class. Armament: 9, 16-inch guns; 20, 5-inch guns; 80, 40 millimeter; 49, 20 millimeter. Keel laid: January 6, 1941 at New York Navy Yard. Launched: January 29, 1944 at New York Navy Yard. Commissioned: June 11, 1944. Joined the Pacific Fleet as Flagship: November 1944. Iwo Jima February 1945: Continuous support to invasion. Inland Sea of Japan March 1945: Strikes along Japan's mainland coast. Okinawa March 1945: Task Force 58 coastal bombardment. Kamikaze struck "Mighty Mo:" April 11, 1945 (no major damage). Flagship of Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr.: May 18, 1945. Tokyo and Japan's mainland July 1945: Led 3rd Fleet attacks on home islands. Japan formally surrendered: September 2, 1945. At surrender Allied Powers represented by Fleed Admiral Chester W. Nimitz & General of the Army Douglas MacArthur: At surrender Japanese representatives led by Foreign Minister Shigemitsu Mamoru. Meritorious Service: Korean War & Persian Gulf War. Decommissioned: March 31, 1992. Struck from Naval Vessel Register: January 12, 1995. Donated as a museum and memorial ship: May 4, 1998. Final home near the USS Arizona (BB-39): Pearl Harbor. Awarded three battle stars for service in World War II and five for Korean War. Source: Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, Dept. of the Navy - Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C.
St. George's at South Acre, Norfolk, is a lovely little church with an unexpected and macabre line in church memorials. Hidden in one corner is the tomb of SIr Edward Barkham (died 1621) a former Lord Mayor of London. After the style of the time his tomb is decorated with skulls and a full length skeleton plus winged hour-glasses of the 'tempus fugit' variety to remind the viewer that time is passing quickly.
Full set here: www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/albums/7215766914532...
Most striking is the scene at the front of the tomb where disarticulated bones seem to pile up against a window.
Elsewhere the church has a Norman font and a 13th century Templar tombstone. This last is very difficult to photograph due to the proximity of a wall. I know, I tried! The remains of the former Rood screen (14th century) is now in the tower. The tower is 15th century.
On July 9, NU’EST will release its first official album Re:BIRTH.
Along with the announcement, NU’EST unveiled the album’s cover page, showing the members’ faces covered with a mask as they wore strait jackets, ringing up curiosity. This album will be the group’s first after all five members t...
360kpop.info/kpop-news-korean/nuest-to-release-first-full...
This Origins R2W single piece mid length kurteh is made of khaddar fabric with chinese collars and "v-neck" opening, white intricate floral embroidered block panel on chest with black centre panel adorned with small embroidered florets and large paisley pattern on bottom, black and white floral pattern print on side panels with black and white floral pattern shirt border finised with red abstract pattern print shirt hem, long sleeves with black and white floral pattern print and contrasting black and white band border on sleeve cuffs with red abstract pattern finishing, shirt back adorned with black and white floral print pattern. This outfit is ideal to wear with jeans, churidaar tights or leggings.
J N MILLER & SON 45 FT KETCH “FIFER” MOTOR SAILER 1979
DesignerJ N Miller
BuilderJ N Miller & Sons
Date1979
Length overall43 ft 0 in / 13.1 m
Length deck43 ft 0 in / 13.1 m
Length waterline40 ft 0 in / 12.2 m
Beam12 ft 2 in / 3.7 m
Draft5 ft 9 in / 1.75 m
Displacement16 Tonnes
ConstructionCarvel mahogany and iroko planking on oak frames
EnginePerkins Sabre M 130C 115 HP 6 cyl Diesel 2006
LocationUnited Kingdom
HISTORY
This Miller 43 was originally launched as CONTESSA OF DEE in 1979 and soon thereafter sailed south; first to the English South Coast encountering heavy weather on the way. At no stage however did the boat – or her crew show any sign of stress. Similar conditions were encountered off the Brittany coast. Subsequently she has sailed off Portugal, throughout the Mediterranean and latterly in British waters. She has been renamed; firstly CONTESSA and again CONSTANCE OF FIFE.
CONSTRUCTION AND FINISH
- 1 3/8th inch mahogany above, iroko below WL planking - each plank double fastened to each frame
- 3 inch oak frames at 12 inch centres clamped and secured to keel with galvanised bolts
- 6 inch thick oak stem, 7 inch thick oak sternpost
- 9 inch tapering to 6 inch section oak and lead ballast keel
- 3 x 3/8th inch galvanised steel keel strip
- Oak aprons
- 4 x 1 ½ inch mahogany gunwales
- Oak and larch deck beams and oak knees
- Larch beam shelf
- 4 ½ x 1 ½ inch mahogany bulwark
- Double marine ply sub deck with ¾ inch teak bronze screwed swept planking over
- Hull Casco sheathed to the waterline
- Mahogany deck house with marine ply roof completely rebuilt winter 2012 -13
- Galvanised steel rudder
- Mahogany ply interior bulkheads
- Mahogany joinery in accommodation
ACCOMMODATION AND DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT
Deck House accessed by double doors starboard side and companionway steps down
- 22 inch 6 spoke teak helm wheel at main helm position
- Morse single lever engine control
- Engine instrument panel
- Navigation instruments qv
- Sideboard to stbd; 2 drawers and cupboards
- Chart table to port with lift top and 3 drawers under
- L shaped settee aft and to port
- Tall hanging lockers and other locker space built in to aft bulkhead
- Yew topped drop leaf table
- Drawers, lockers and bookshelves starboard
- Lifting panel in sole accesses engine room
- Forward by lift up flap, double doors and 3 full height companionway steps down to
Galley
- Gimballed 2 burner gas stove grill and oven to port
- Stainless steel sink in L shaped extensive worktop with cupboards over and under to stbd
- Gas water heater
- Exhaust ventilator
- Vibocold wall mounted fridge
- Doorway to port to
Single guest cabin to port
- Long single berth with drawers and locker under
- 3 x lockers outboard over
- 3 drawer chest forward and hanging locker aft
- Berth and deck head lights
Head forward to starboard
- Vanitory unit with oval Perspex basin and H&C taps
- Shower
- Lavac WC
- Opening port
- Teak grating
Fore cabin with doorway access
- 2 x Single vee berths
- Lockers and drawers under
- Hanging locker to port
- 2 x lockers up on fore peak bulkhead to chain locker
- 4 x Opening ports
- 2 x berth lights, one deck head light and port lights each side
Aft from bridge deck to owners cabin by sliding hatch in trunk cabin roof and steps down
- 2 x single vee berths with lockers under
- 3 x lockers over and outboard each side
- Large walk in wardrobe with shelf and stowage stbd
- 4 x Opening ports
- 2 x berth lights and 1 deck head light
- Hatch in deck head
- Separate access to engine room
- Varnished cabin sole
- En suite head with Lavac WC, shower and large opening port
Shot at Asiatic Library @ with Nikon D3X @ Nikon 135mm
Make up: Bharat Godambe Ji
Asst: Swapnil Angre
Camera Nikon D3X
Exposure 0.002 sec (1/500)
Aperture f/2.0
Focal Length 135 mm
ISO Speed 50
(Seen from the south, looking due north).
The Step Pyramid of Djoser.
Original height 60m, Length 173m east/west; 107m north/south.
The step pyramid of King Djoser sets the mood for the whole Saqqara necropolis. Djoser was the 1st king of the 3rd dynasty and ruled Egypt for some 20 years. His Horus name is Netjerykhet Djoser. This is the first pyramid in Egypt and the first large stone structure in the world. It marks a monumental leap forward in architecture in Egypt and the world. The complex is entered through the southeast corner of the reconstructed perimeter wall. It is here also that we find the first pillars in Egypt. They are elongated supposedly because the Egyptians were unsure how much weight they could sustain. The step pyramid bears witness to a series of enlargements. The structure was started as a masataba and enlarged twice. It was further enlarged to a 4 step pyramid and finally to its current 6 step shape. On the southeast corner of the Heb-sed, great courtyard, is a large rectangular structure. This structure is decorated with friezes depicting a group Uraeuses, the sacred cobra and protector of sovereignty. On the east side is a reconstructed royal pavilion and probably used to hold the royal ka during the Heb-sed festival.
Pyramid and Mortuary Complex of Userkaf.
The pyramid lying immediately to the north-east of Djoser's Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara, belongs to Userkaf who was the traditional founder of Dynasty V. Today his mortuary monument is known as the 'Ruined Pyramid' (el-haram el-makherbish) because of its poor condition - attributed to the removal of the limestone casing in antiquity. The most interesting remains here are the mortuary temple ruins, situated on the south side of the pyramid.
Pyramid of Teti.
Teti, 1st king of the 6th dynasty ruled Egypt for some 32 years. The 6th dynasty is considered a period of decline and indeed the Old Kingdom ended with the 6th dynasty after the 92 year reign of Pepi II. Teti chose an area in Central Saqqara just south of the 1st dynasty mastabas and northeast of Userkaf's pyramid. Teti's pyramid follows a diagonal formed by the pyramids of Sekhemkhet, Unas, Djoser and Userkaf. There is some evidence from the nearby mastabas that Teti may have come to the throne in unusual circumstances. The pyramid can be entered and has extremely beautiful high relief in the subterranean chambers. It contains a basalt sarcophagus in a pented vault with stars on the ceiling. There are three pyramids in the immediate area. The Ba pyramid on the southeast side. The Queens pyramids of Iput mother of Pepi I, and Khuit located just north of Teti's pyramid next to the mastaba of Ankhmahor.
Saqqara, Giza Plateau, Cairo, Egypt.
IMG_0347bw
Nikon D40
Focal Length: 100mm
Optimize Image:
Color Mode: Mode Ia (sRGB)
Long Exposure NR: Off
High ISO NR: Off
2009/09/25 14:15:14.2
Digital Vari-Program: Portrait
White Balance: Auto
Tone Comp.: Auto
Compressed RAW (12-bit)
Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern
AF Mode: AF-A
Hue Adjustment: 0°
1/2000 sec - F/4
Flash Sync Mode: Not Attached
Saturation: Auto
Color
Exposure Comp.: 0 EV
Sharpening: Auto
Lens: APO 100-300mm F/4D EX HSM Sigma
Sensitivity: ISO 200
Image Comment: (c) Gerard Prins All rights reserved
Tel.: (56) 22758 7209
A length of old bullhead rail has been used as a post. Perhaps it once carried a notice warning people to beware of the trains as there used to be an accommodation crossing here before the bridge was built.
I was walking around the city with a friend. We were both enjoying some street photography while I was trying out the Sigma 85/1.4 on his camera.
This photograph was taken near the end of our walk. We're queuing in KFC, and this lady is being served ahead of us.
What struck me the most was her hat. It was such an unusual thing to see in a place like a CBD-based KFC.
I normally never capture people from behind, but in this case it just made instant sense to me to photograph her this way.
Capture details
Focal Length (real): 85mm
Aperture: f/1.4
Shutter Speed: 0.001 sec (1/800)
ISO: 4000
Captured with a Canon EOS 5D Mark II and a Sigma 85mm F1.4 EX DG HSM
Alex Megremis Photography
Camera: Nikon 1 J4
Aperture: f/2.8
Exposure: ¹⁄₁₆₀₀ sec at f/2.8
ISO: 160
Lens: 1 NIKKOR 18.5mm f/1.8
Focal Length: 18.5mm (49mm in 35mm equivalent)
I was only able to find one ochre sea star on a recent trip to Abalone Cove during one of the lowest tides of the year. Typically, we find hundreds of this species in this area. It looks like this one has lesions from the wasting disease that is affecting the ochre sea stars up and down the entire north east Pacific coast. If you look closely, the lowest arm on the right has a white section that is breaking through the epidermis.
Abalone Cove
Palos Verdes, California
December 2013
University of California Santa Cruz sea star wasting syndrome description and tracking
www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea...
University of Michigan site with general description of Ochre Sea Stars
animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pisaster_ochraceus/
General Description of Sea Stars
cronodon.com/BioTech/Asteroids.html
Exposure: 1/80 second
Aperture: f/4.0
ISO: 1600
Focal Length: 30 mm
Lens: Sigma 30/2.8
Camera: Sony NEX-5N
Airfield construction began in 1943 for the United States Army Air Forces Eighth Air Force and followed the lines of other Heavy Bomber bases with a main runway of 2,000 yards and two auxiliary runways of 1,400 yards each. The perimeter track was 2.7 miles in length and this and the runways had a concrete screed finish. Mk.II airfield lighting was installed, two T-2 Hangars were erected for major aircraft maintenance, and dispersed temporary building accommodation provided for some 2400 men in the wooded countryside of the estate to the south-west of the airfield. During construction, 556,000 cubic yards of soil were excavated, 14,000 yards of soakaway drains installed and 504,000 yards of concrete laid. A major overhead power line had to be put underground to clear the flying approaches. The airfield was laid out on agricultural land between the two settlements of Rackheath Parva and Rackheath Magna, and was given designation USAAF Station 145.
The airfield was opened on 11th March 1944 and was used by the 467th Bombardment Group (Heavy) 'The Rackheath Aggies' with B-24 Liberators, flew 212 missions losing 46 aircraft, had the best bombing accuracy record of the 8th U.S.A.A.F. arriving from Wendover AAF Utah. The 467th was assigned to the 96th Combat Bombardment Wing, and the group tail code was a ''Circle-P''. Its operational squadrons were:-
▪︎788th Bombardment Squadron (X7)
▪︎789th Bombardment Squadron (6A)
▪︎790th Bombardment Squadron (Q2)
▪︎791st Bombardment Squadron (4Z)
The group flew the Consolidated B-24 Liberator Bomber as part of the Eighth Air Force's strategic bombing campaign. The 467th began operations on 10th April 1944 with an attack by thirty aircraft on an airfield at Bourges in Central France.
In combat, the unit served chiefly as a Strategic Bombardment organization, attacking the German Navy (Deutsche Marine) harbour at Kiel, chemical plants at Bonn, textile factories at Stuttgart, power plants at Hamm, steel works at Osnabrück, the aircraft industry at Brunswick, and other objectives. In addition to Strategic Operations, it was engaged occasionally in support and interdiction missions. It bombed shore installations and bridges near Cherbourg on D-Day, 6th June 1944. It struck enemy troop and supply concentrations near Montreuil on 25th July 1944 to assist the Allied drive across France.
In September, over two weeks the U.S Bombers flew gasoline from RAF Rackheath to a forward base at Clastres in France for use by the U.S Mechanized Forces. Attacked German Communications Installations and Fortifications during the 'Battle of the Bulge', December 1944-January 1945. To assist the Allied Assault across the Rhine in March 1945 it attacked enemy transportation.
The Group flew its last combat mission on 25th April 1945 and then returned to the U.S to Sioux Falls Army Air Forces South Dakota during June and July 1945. Subsequently the 467th was redesignated as the 467th Bombardment Group (Very Heavy) with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses in preparation for the planned invasion of Japan. The 467th was inactivated on 4th August 1946. The airfield was returned to the Royal Air Force and a number of units were posted here:
▪︎No.94 Maintenance Unit RAF
▪︎No.231 Maintenance Unit RAF
With the end of the war, the airfield was closed permanently in late 1945 and the site was returned to back for agricultural use, very little of the runways, perimeter track, or hardstands now remain. Most of the concrete has been broken up for aggregate. The Technical Site has become the Rackheath Industrial Estate with several of the Wartime Buildings being modified or extended, and used for light industry. The major access road on the estate was named 'Wendover Road' to commemorate the airbase in the U.S where the 467th Bomb Group was formed. Other roads carry related names, including one after 'Albert Shower' the Base Commander, 'Witchcraft Way' after an individual aircraft of the group, and 'Liberator Close'.
The Control Tower still exists has been converted to use as an administrative building. The T2 Hangar nearby is virtually beyond recognition as compared to how it looked in 1943. Brickwork has been added to the front and the whole building has been repainted cream and green. Inside the building the roof girders appear to be original and identical to those seen on photographs taken in 1944. The other Hangar, on the eastern side of the airfield, was dismantled many years ago.
Sources en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Rackheath
The concept of Keel Square was developed in collaboration with the landscape team of Sunderland City Council. This new city square with it’s integrated artwork honours 600 years of shipbuilding, and the unsung heroes of Sunderland who through the building of ships, built a city.
The ‘Propellers of the City’ sculpture sits 292 metres from the cliff edge of the River Wear and its shipyards, which is also the length of the largest ship built on the Wear -The Naess Crusader. A granite keel line listing the thousands of ships names links the propeller sculpture to a ship’s prow structure that is still to be built. The Keel Line incorporate a series of illustrations recording the history of Sunderland by graphic artist Bryan Talbot.
Visitors are able to turn the 3.5m diameter glass and bronze propeller to allow the close inspection of the 500 inlayed shipyard photographs which were all collected through an active engagement process with former shipyard workers and their families. The graphic artwork within the propeller was designed by Lucy Gannon of Broadbent Studio, through this careful collation and engagement process. The collecting of shipyard histories will continue through Living History North East (LHNE).
“Over 600 years the ‘propellers of this city’ were undoubtedly its shipyard workers, an endeavour resulting in Sunderland becoming the largest shipbuilding town in the world. Our efforts are of course a shadow of their colossal achievement, but on behalf of all the designers and makers I sincerely hope this memorial will continue to turn and honour the unsung heroes of Sunderland who built a great city on the Wear”
— Stephen Broadbent
Keel Square is a public space and boulevard based in Sunderland, Tyne & Wear, completed in 2015. Located to the north of the City Centre opposite the Vaux Site, the square was constructed as part of the larger St. Mary's Way redevelopment. The total cost of the project amounts to £11.8 million. A celebration of Sunderland's maritime and industrial heritage, the square's name was decided by the city's residents.
Keel Square was designed by Sunderland City Council’s in-house multi-disciplinary team led by Principal Landscape Architect Kevin Johnson. The central purpose of the square is to celebrate Sunderland's Maritime and Industrial Heritage. Thus to build upon such, the square was constructed predominantly out of sandstone, granite and bronze.
Additionally, the square was constructed to supplement the neighbouring Vaux Site in order to create a more attractive business environment in the city As Sunderland Council Leader Paul Watson Quoted:
In creating the new city centre public space we saw the opportunity to celebrate Sunderland’s shipbuilding and industrial heritage
— Paul Watson, Sunderland Echo, October 15, 2013
The square hosts a unique public art feature to embed the industrial past, known as “The Keel Line”. The start of the line is marked by the sculpture “Propellers of the City” designed by Stephen Broadbent, containing names of those who worked in the Wear shipyards. “The Keel Line” structure represents the length of the “Naess Crusader” the largest ship ever launched on the Wear. It is further aligned by a strip of paving listing over 8,100 ships launched on the Wear and incorporate a series of illustrations recording the history of Sunderland by renowned graphic artist Bryan Talbot.
The new square has attracted considerable controversy and criticism, largely relating to the costs of the project. Conservative opposition councillors in Sunderland criticised the excess amount of money spent upon the project. Additionally, the council were further criticised over the project for spending £180,000 on imported trees from the Netherlands to place in the corresponding boulevard.
Sunderland is a port city in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located at the mouth of the River Wear on the North Sea, approximately 10 miles (16 km) south-east of Newcastle upon Tyne. The city has a population of 347000, making it the largest settlement in the North East of England. It is the administrative centre of the metropolitan borough of the same name.
The centre of the modern city is an amalgamation of three settlements founded in the Anglo-Saxon era: Monkwearmouth, on the north bank of the Wear, and Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth on the south bank. Monkwearmouth contains St Peter's Church, which was founded in 674 and formed part of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey, a significant centre of learning in the seventh and eighth centuries. Sunderland was a fishing settlement and later a port, being granted a town charter in 1179. The city traded in coal and salt, also developing shipbuilding industry in the fourteenth century and glassmaking industry in the seventeenth century. Following the decline of its traditional industries in the late 20th century, the area became an automotive building centre. In 1992, the borough of Sunderland was granted city status. It is historically part of County Durham.
Locals from the city are sometimes known as Mackems, a term which came into common use in the 1970s. ; its use and acceptance by residents, particularly among the older generations, is not universal. The term is also applied to the Sunderland dialect, which shares similarities with the other North East England dialects.
In 685, King Ecgfrith granted Benedict Biscop a "sunder-land". Also in 685 The Venerable Bede moved to the newly founded Jarrow monastery. He had started his monastic career at Monkwearmouth monastery and later wrote that he was "ácenned on sundorlande þæs ylcan mynstres" (born in a separate land of this same monastery). This can be taken as "sundorlande" (being Old English for "separate land") or the settlement of Sunderland. Alternatively, it is possible that Sunderland was later named in honour of Bede's connections to the area by people familiar with this statement of his.
The earliest inhabitants of the Sunderland area were Stone Age hunter-gatherers and artifacts from this era have been discovered, including microliths found during excavations at St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth. During the final phase of the Stone Age, the Neolithic period (c. 4000 – c. 2000 BC), Hastings Hill, on the western outskirts of Sunderland, was a focal point of activity and a place of burial and ritual significance. Evidence includes the former presence of a cursus monument.
It is believed the Brigantes inhabited the area around the River Wear in the pre- and post-Roman era. There is a long-standing local legend that there was a Roman settlement on the south bank of the River Wear on what is the site of the former Vaux Brewery, although no archaeological investigation has taken place.
In March 2021, a "trove" of Roman artefacts were recovered in the River Wear at North Hylton, including four stone anchors, a discovery of huge significance that may affirm a persistent theory of a Roman Dam or Port existing at the River Wear.
Recorded settlements at the mouth of the Wear date to 674, when an Anglo-Saxon nobleman, Benedict Biscop, granted land by King Ecgfrith of Northumbria, founded the Wearmouth–Jarrow (St Peter's) monastery on the north bank of the river—an area that became known as Monkwearmouth. Biscop's monastery was the first built of stone in Northumbria. He employed glaziers from France and in doing he re-established glass making in Britain. In 686 the community was taken over by Ceolfrid, and Wearmouth–Jarrow became a major centre of learning and knowledge in Anglo-Saxon England with a library of around 300 volumes.
The Codex Amiatinus, described by White as the 'finest book in the world', was created at the monastery and was likely worked on by Bede, who was born at Wearmouth in 673. This is one of the oldest monasteries still standing in England. While at the monastery, Bede completed the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) in 731, a feat which earned him the title The father of English history.
In the late 8th century the Vikings raided the coast, and by the middle of the 9th century the monastery had been abandoned. Lands on the south side of the river were granted to the Bishop of Durham by Athelstan of England in 930; these became known as Bishopwearmouth and included settlements such as Ryhope which fall within the modern boundary of Sunderland.
Medieval developments after the Norman conquest
In 1100, Bishopwearmouth parish included a fishing village at the southern mouth of the river (now the East End) known as 'Soender-land' (which evolved into 'Sunderland'). This settlement was granted a charter in 1179 by Hugh Pudsey, then the Bishop of Durham (who had quasi-monarchical power within the County Palatine); the charter gave its merchants the same rights as those of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, but it nevertheless took time for Sunderland to develop as a port. Fishing was the main commercial activity at the time: mainly herring in the 13th century, then salmon in the 14th and 15th centuries. From 1346 ships were being built at Wearmouth, by a merchant named Thomas Menville, and by 1396 a small amount of coal was being exported.
Rapid growth of the port was initially prompted by the salt trade. Salt exports from Sunderland are recorded from as early as the 13th century, but in 1589 salt pans were laid at Bishopwearmouth Panns (the modern-day name of the area the pans occupied is Pann's Bank, on the river bank between the city centre and the East End). Large vats of seawater were heated using coal; as the water evaporated, the salt remained. As coal was required to heat the salt pans, a coal mining community began to emerge. Only poor-quality coal was used in salt panning; better-quality coal was traded via the port, which subsequently began to grow.
Both salt and coal continued to be exported through the 17th century, but the coal trade grew significantly (2–3,000 tons of coal were exported from Sunderland in the year 1600; by 1680 this had increased to 180,000 tons).[18] Because of the difficulty for colliers trying to navigate the shallow waters of the Wear, coal mined further inland was loaded onto keels (large, flat-bottomed boats) and taken downriver to the waiting colliers. The keels were manned by a close-knit group of workers known as 'keelmen'.
In 1634 a charter was granted by Bishop Thomas Morton, which incorporated the inhabitants of the 'antient borough' of Sunderland as the 'Mayor, Aldermen and Commonality' of the Borough and granted the privilege of a market and an annual fair. While as a consequence a mayor and twelve aldermen were appointed and a common council established, their establishment does not seem to have survived the ensuing Civil War.
Before the 1st English civil war the North, with the exclusion of Kingston upon Hull, declared for the King. In 1644 the North was captured by parliament. The villages that later become Sunderland, were taken in March 1644. One artifact of the English civil war near this area was the long trench; a tactic of later warfare. In the village of Offerton roughly three miles inland from the area, skirmishes occurred. Parliament also blockaded the River Tyne, crippling the Newcastle coal trade which allowed the coal trade of the area to flourish for a short period. There was intense rivalry between the ports of Sunderland and Newcastle when the two towns took opposing sides in the Civil War.
In 1669, after the Restoration, King Charles II granted letters patent to one Edward Andrew, Esq. to 'build a pier and erect a lighthouse or lighthouses and cleanse the harbour of Sunderland', and authorised the levying of a tonnage duty on shipping in order to raise the necessary funds; however it took time before these improvements were realized.
There is evidence of a growing number of shipbuilders or boatbuilders being active on the River Wear in the late 17th century: among others, the banking family Goodchilds opened a building yard in 1672 (it eventually closed when the bank went out of business in 1821); and in 1691 one Thomas Burn aged 17 is recorded as having taken over the running of a yard from his mother.
The River Wear Commission was formed in 1717 in response to the growing prosperity of Sunderland as a port. Under the Board of Commissioners (a committee of local land owners, ship owners, colliery owners and merchants) a succession of civil engineers adapted the natural riverscape to meet the needs of maritime trade and shipbuilding. Their first major harbour work was the construction in stone of the South Pier (later known as the Old South Pier), begun in 1723 with the aim of diverting the river channel away from sandbanks; the building of the South Pier continued until 1759. By 1748 the river was being manually dredged. A northern counterpart to the South Pier was not yet in place; instead, a temporary breakwater was formed at around this time, consisting of a row of piles driven into the seabed interspersed with old keelboats. From 1786 work began on a more permanent North Pier (which was later known as the Old North Pier): it was formed from a wooden frame, filled with stones and faced with masonry, and eventually extended 1,500 ft (460 m) into the sea. The work was initially overseen by Robert Stout (the Wear Commissioners' Engineer from 1781 to 1795). In 1794 a lighthouse was built at the seaward end, by which time around half the pier had been enclosed in masonry; it was completed in 1802.
By the start of the 18th century the banks of the Wear were described as being studded with small shipyards, as far as the tide flowed. After 1717, measures having been taken to increase the depth of the river, Sunderland's shipbuilding trade grew substantially (in parallel with its coal exports). A number of warships were built, alongside many commercial sailing ships. By the middle of the century the town was probably the premier shipbuilding centre in Britain. By 1788 Sunderland was Britain's fourth largest port (by measure of tonnage) after London, Newcastle and Liverpool; among these it was the leading coal exporter (though it did not rival Newcastle in terms of home coal trade). Still further growth was driven across the region, towards the end of the century, by London's insatiable demand for coal during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Sunderland's third-biggest export, after coal and salt, was glass. The town's first modern glassworks were established in the 1690s and the industry grew through the 17th century. Its flourishing was aided by trading ships bringing good-quality sand (as ballast) from the Baltic and elsewhere which, together with locally available limestone (and coal to fire the furnaces) was a key ingredient in the glassmaking process. Other industries that developed alongside the river included lime burning and pottery making (the town's first commercial pottery manufactory, the Garrison Pottery, had opened in old Sunderland in 1750).
The world's first steam dredger was built in Sunderland in 1796-7 and put to work on the river the following year. Designed by Stout's successor as Engineer, Jonathan Pickernell jr (in post from 1795 to 1804), it consisted of a set of 'bag and spoon' dredgers driven by a tailor-made 4-horsepower Boulton & Watt beam engine. It was designed to dredge to a maximum depth of 10 ft (3.0 m) below the waterline and remained in operation until 1804, when its constituent parts were sold as separate lots. Onshore, numerous small industries supported the business of the burgeoning port. In 1797 the world's first patent ropery (producing machine-made rope, rather than using a ropewalk) was built in Sunderland, using a steam-powered hemp-spinning machine which had been devised by a local schoolmaster, Richard Fothergill, in 1793; the ropery building still stands, in the Deptford area of the city.
In 1719, the parish of Sunderland was carved from the densely populated east end of Bishopwearmouth by the establishment of a new parish church, Holy Trinity Church, Sunderland (today also known as Sunderland Old Parish Church). Later, in 1769, St John's Church was built as a chapel of ease within Holy Trinity parish; built by a local coal fitter, John Thornhill, it stood in Prospect Row to the north-east of the parish church. (St John's was demolished in 1972.) By 1720 the port area was completely built up, with large houses and gardens facing the Town Moor and the sea, and labourers' dwellings vying with manufactories alongside the river. The three original settlements of Wearmouth (Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth and Sunderland) had begun to combine, driven by the success of the port of Sunderland and salt panning and shipbuilding along the banks of the river. Around this time, Sunderland was known as 'Sunderland-near-the-Sea'.
By 1770 Sunderland had spread westwards along its High Street to join up with Bishopwearmouth. In 1796 Bishopwearmouth in turn gained a physical link with Monkwearmouth following the construction of a bridge, the Wearmouth Bridge, which was the world's second iron bridge (after the famous span at Ironbridge). It was built at the instigation of Rowland Burdon, the Member of Parliament (MP) for County Durham, and described by Nikolaus Pevsner as being 'a triumph of the new metallurgy and engineering ingenuity [...] of superb elegance'. Spanning the river in a single sweep of 236 feet (72 m), it was over twice the length of the earlier bridge at Ironbridge but only three-quarters the weight. At the time of building, it was the biggest single-span bridge in the world; and because Sunderland had developed on a plateau above the river, it never suffered from the problem of interrupting the passage of high-masted vessels.
During the War of Jenkins' Ear a pair of gun batteries were built (in 1742 and 1745) on the shoreline to the south of the South Pier, to defend the river from attack (a further battery was built on the cliff top in Roker, ten years later). One of the pair was washed away by the sea in 1780, but the other was expanded during the French Revolutionary Wars and became known as the Black Cat Battery. In 1794 Sunderland Barracks were built, behind the battery, close to what was then the tip of the headland.
In 1802 a new, 72 ft (22 m) high octagonal stone lighthouse was built on the end of the newly finished North Pier, designed by the chief Engineer Jonathan Pickernell. At the same time he built a lighthouse on the South Pier, which showed a red light (or by day a red flag) when the tide was high enough for ships to pass into the river. From 1820 Pickernell's lighthouse was lit by gas from its own gasometer. In 1840 work began to extend the North Pier to 1,770 ft (540 m) and the following year its lighthouse was moved in one piece, on a wooden cradle, to its new seaward end, remaining lit each night throughout the process.
In 1809 an Act of Parliament was passed creating an Improvement Commission, for 'paving, lighting, cleansing, watching and otherwise improving the town of Sunderland'; this provided the beginnings of a structure of local government for the township as a whole. Commissioners were appointed, with the power to levy contributions towards the works detailed in the Act, and in 1812–14 the Exchange Building was built, funded by public subscription, to serve as a combined Town Hall, Watch House, Market Hall, Magistrate's Court, Post Office and News Room. It became a regular gathering place for merchants conducting business, and the public rooms on the first floor were available for public functions when not being used for meetings of the Commissioners. By 1830 the Commissioners had made a number of improvements, ranging from the establishment of a police force to installing gas lighting across much of the town.
In other aspects, however, Local government was still divided between the three parishes (Holy Trinity Church, Sunderland, St Michael's, Bishopwearmouth, and St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth) and when cholera broke out in 1831 their select vestrymen were unable to cope with the epidemic. Sunderland, a main trading port at the time, was the first British town to be struck with the 'Indian cholera' epidemic. The first victim, William Sproat, died on 23 October 1831. Sunderland was put into quarantine, and the port was blockaded, but in December of that year the disease spread to Gateshead and from there, it rapidly made its way across the country, killing an estimated 32,000 people; among those to die was Sunderland's Naval hero Jack Crawford. (The novel The Dress Lodger by American author Sheri Holman is set in Sunderland during the epidemic.)
Demands for democracy and organised town government saw the three parishes incorporated as the Borough of Sunderland in 1835. Later, the Sunderland Borough Act of 1851 abolished the Improvement Commission and vested its powers in the new Corporation.
In the early nineteenth century 'the three great proprietors of collieries upon the Wear Lord Durham, the Marquis of Londonderry and the Hetton Company'. In 1822 the Hetton colliery railway was opened, linking the company's collieries with staiths ('Hetton Staiths') on the riverside at Bishopwearmouth, where coal drops delivered the coal directly into waiting ships. Engineered by George Stephenson, it was the first railway in the world to be operated without animal power, and at the time (albeit briefly) was the longest railway in the world. At the same time Lord Durham began establishing rail links to an adjacent set of staiths ('Lambton Staiths'). Lord Londonderry, on the other hand, continued conveying his coal downriver on keels; but he was working on establishing his own separate port down the coast at Seaham Harbour.
Although the volume of coal exports were increasing, there was a growing concern that without the establishment of a purpose-built dock Sunderland would start losing trade to Newcastle and Hartlepool. The colliery rail links were on the south side of the river, but Sir Hedworth Williamson, who owned much of the land on the north bank, seized the initiative. He formed the Wearmouth Dock Company in 1832, obtained a Royal Charter for establishing a dock at Monkwearmouth riverside, and engaged no less a figure than Isambard Kingdom Brunel to provide designs (not only for docks but also for a double-deck suspension bridge to provide a rail link to the opposite side of the river). Building of the dock went ahead (albeit the smallest of Brunel's proposals) but not of the bridge; the resulting North Dock, opened in 1837, soon proved too small at 6 acres (2.4 ha), and it suffered through lack of a direct rail link to the colliery lines south of the Wear (instead, it would be linked, by way of the Brandling Junction Railway from 1839, to collieries in the Gateshead area).
Also in Monkwearmouth, further upstream, work began in 1826 on sinking a pit in the hope of reaching the seams of coal (even though, at this location, they were deep underground). Seven years later, coal was struck at 180 fathoms; digging deeper, the Bensham seam was found the following year at 267 fathoms and in 1835 Wearmouth Colliery, which was then the deepest mine in the world, began producing coal. When the superior Hutton seam was reached, at a still greater depth in 1846, the mine (which had begun as a speculative enterprise by Messrs Pemberton and Thompson) began to be profitable.
Meanwhile, south of the river, the Durham & Sunderland Railway Co. built a railway line across the Town Moor and established a passenger terminus there in 1836. In 1847 the line was bought by George Hudson's York and Newcastle Railway. Hudson, nicknamed 'The Railway King', was Member of Parliament for Sunderland and was already involved in a scheme to build a dock in the area. In 1846 he had formed the Sunderland Dock Company, which received parliamentary approval for the construction of a dock between the South Pier and Hendon Bay. The engineer overseeing the project was John Murray; the foundation stone for the entrance basin was laid in February 1848, and by the end of the year excavation of the new dock was largely complete, the spoil being used in the associated land reclamation works. Lined with limestone and entered from the river by way of a half tide basin, the dock (later named Hudson Dock) was formally opened by Hudson on 20 June 1850. Most of the dockside to the west was occupied with coal staiths linked to the railway line, but there was also a warehouse and granary built at the northern end by John Dobson in 1856 (this, along with a second warehouse dating from the 1860s, was demolished in 1992).
In 1850–56 a half-tidal sea-entrance was constructed at the south-east corner of the dock, protected by a pair of breakwaters, to allow larger ships to enter the dock direct from the North Sea. At the same time (1853–55) Hudson Dock itself was extended southwards and deepened, and, alongside the entrance basin to the north, the first of a pair of public graving docks was built. In 1854 the Londonderry, Seaham & Sunderland Railway opened, linking the Londonderry and South Hetton collieries to a separate set of staiths at Hudson Dock South. It also provided a passenger service from Sunderland to Seaham Harbour.
In 1859 the docks were purchased by the River Wear Commissioners. Under Thomas Meik as engineer the docks were further extended with the construction of Hendon Dock to the south (1864–67). (Hendon Dock was entered via Hudson Dock South, but in 1870 it too was provided with a half-tidal sea-entrance providing direct access from the North Sea.) Under Meik's successor, Henry Hay Wake, Hudson Dock was further enlarged and the entrances were improved: in 1875 lock gates were installed (along with a swing bridge) at the river entrance, to allow entry at all states of the tide; they were powered by hydraulic machinery, installed by Sir William Armstrong in the adjacent dock office building. Similarly, a new sea lock was constructed at the south-east entrance in 1877–80. The breakwater (known as the 'Northeast Pier') which protected the sea entrance to the docks was provided with a lighthouse (29 ft (8.8 m) high and of lattice construction, since demolished) which Chance Brothers equipped with a fifth-order optic and clockwork occulting mechanism in 1888; it displayed a sector light: white indicating the fairway and red indicating submerged hazards.
By 1889 two million tons of coal per year was passing through the dock. The eastern wharves, opposite the coal staiths, were mainly occupied by saw mills and timber yards, with large open spaces given over to the storage of pit props for use in the mines; while to the south of Hendon Dock, the Wear Fuel Works distilled coal tar to produce pitch, oil and other products.
After completion of the dock works, H. H. Wake embarked on the construction of Roker Pier (part of a scheme to protect the river approach by creating an outer harbour). Protection of a different kind was provided by the Wave Basin Battery, armed with four RML 80 pounder 5 ton guns, constructed just inside the Old South Pier in 1874.
Increasing industrialisation had prompted affluent residents to move away from the old port area, with several settling in the suburban terraces of the Fawcett Estate and Mowbray Park. The area around Fawcett Street itself increasingly functioned as the civic and commercial town centre. In 1848 George Hudson's York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway built a passenger terminus, Monkwearmouth Station, just north of Wearmouth Bridge; and south of the river another passenger terminus, in Fawcett Street, in 1853. Later, Thomas Elliot Harrison (chief engineer to the North Eastern Railway) made plans to carry the railway across the river; the Wearmouth Railway Bridge (reputedly 'the largest Hog-Back iron girder bridge in the world') opened in 1879. In 1886–90 Sunderland Town Hall was built in Fawcett Street, just to the east of the railway station, to a design by Brightwen Binyon.
Sunderland's shipbuilding industry continued to grow through most of the 19th century, becoming the town's dominant industry and a defining part of its identity. By 1815 it was 'the leading shipbuilding port for wooden trading vessels' with 600 ships constructed that year across 31 different yards. By 1840 the town had 76 shipyards and between 1820 and 1850 the number of ships being built on the Wear increased fivefold. From 1846 to 1854 almost a third of the UK's ships were built in Sunderland, and in 1850 the Sunderland Herald proclaimed the town to be the greatest shipbuilding port in the world.
During the century the size of ships being built increased and technologies evolved: in 1852 the first iron ship was launched on Wearside, built by marine engineer George Clark in partnership with shipbuilder John Barkes. Thirty years later Sunderland's ships were being built in steel (the last wooden ship having been launched in 1880). As the century progressed, the shipyards on the Wear decreased in number on the one hand, but increased in size on the other, so as to accommodate the increasing scale and complexity of ships being built.
Shipyards founded in the 19th century, and still operational in the 20th, included:
Sir James Laing & Sons (established by Philip Laing at Deptford in 1818, renamed Sir James Laing & sons in 1898)
S. P. Austin (established in 1826 at Monkwearmouth, moving across the river to a site alongside Wearmouth Bridge in 1866)
Bartram & Sons (established at Hylton in 1837, moved to South Dock in 1871)
William Doxford & Sons (established at Cox Green in 1840, moved to Pallion in 1857)
William Pickersgill's (established at Southwick in 1845)
J. L. Thompson & Sons (yard established at North Sands by Robert Thompson in 1846, taken over by his son Joseph in 1860, another son (also Robert) having established his own yard at Southwick in 1854)
John Crown & Sons (yard established at Monkwearmouth by Luke Crown (or Crone) by 1807, taken over by his grandson Jackie in 1854)
Short Brothers (established by George Short in 1850, moved to Pallion in 1866)
Sir J Priestman (established at Southwick in 1882)
Alongside the shipyards, marine engineering works were established from the 1820s onwards, initially providing engines for paddle steamers; in 1845 a ship named Experiment was the first of many to be converted to steam screw propulsion. Demand for steam-powered vessels increased during the Crimean War; nonetheless, sailing ships continued to be built, including fast fully-rigged composite-built clippers, including the City of Adelaide in 1864 and Torrens (the last such vessel ever built), in 1875.
By the middle of the century glassmaking was at its height on Wearside. James Hartley & Co., established in Sunderland in 1836, grew to be the largest glassworks in the country and (having patented an innovative production technique for rolled plate glass) produced much of the glass used in the construction of the Crystal Palace in 1851. A third of all UK-manufactured plate glass was produced at Hartley's by this time. Other manufacturers included the Cornhill Flint Glassworks (established at Southwick in 1865), which went on to specialise in pressed glass, as did the Wear Flint Glassworks (which had originally been established in 1697). In addition to the plate glass and pressed glass manufacturers there were 16 bottle works on the Wear in the 1850s, with the capacity to produce between 60 and 70,000 bottles a day.
Local potteries also flourished in the mid-19th century, again making use of raw materials (white clay and stone) being brought into Sunderland as ballast on ships. Sunderland pottery was exported across Europe, with Sunderland Lustreware proving particularly popular in the home market; however the industry sharply declined later in the century due to foreign competition, and the largest remaining manufacturer (Southwick Pottery) closed in 1897.
Victoria Hall was a large concert hall on Toward Road facing Mowbray Park. The hall was the scene of a tragedy on 16 June 1883 when 183 children died. During a variety show, children rushed towards a staircase for treats. At the bottom of the staircase, the door had been opened inward and bolted in such a way as to leave only a gap wide enough for one child to pass at a time. The children surged down the stairs and those at the front were trapped and crushed by the weight of the crowd behind them.
The asphyxiation of 183 children aged between three and 14 is the worst disaster of its kind in British history. The memorial, a grieving mother holding a dead child, is located in Mowbray Park inside a protective canopy. Newspaper reports triggered a mood of national outrage and an inquiry recommended that public venues be fitted with a minimum number of outward opening emergency exits, which led to the invention of 'push bar' emergency doors. This law remains in force. Victoria Hall remained in use until 1941 when it was destroyed by a German bomb.
The Lyceum was a public building on Lambton Street, opened August 1852, whose many rooms included a Mechanics' Institute and a hall 90 by 40 feet (27 m × 12 m) which Edward D. Davis converted into a theatre, opened September 1854, then was gutted by fire in December the following year. It was refurbished and reopened in September 1856 as the Royal Lyceum Theatre, and is notable as the venue of Henry Irving's first successes. The building was destroyed by fire in 1880 and demolished. The site was later developed for the Salvation Army.
The public transport network was enhanced in 1900 – 1919 with an electric tram system. The trams were gradually replaced by buses during the 1940s before being completely axed in 1954. In 1909 the Queen Alexandra Bridge was built, linking Deptford and Southwick.
The First World War led to a notable increase in shipbuilding but also resulted in the town being targeted by a Zeppelin raid in 1916. The Monkwearmouth area was struck on 1 April 1916 and 22 lives were lost. Many citizens also served in the armed forces during this period, over 25,000 men from a population of 151,000.
In the wake of the First World War, and on through the Great Depression of the 1930s, shipbuilding dramatically declined: the number of shipyards on the Wear went from fifteen in 1921 to six in 1937. The small yards of J. Blumer & Son (at North Dock) and the Sunderland Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. (at Hudson Dock) both closed in the 1920s, and other yards were closed down by National Shipbuilders Securities in the 1930s (including Osbourne, Graham & Co., way upriver at North Hylton, Robert Thompson & Sons at Southwick, and the 'overflow' yards operated by Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson and William Gray & Co.).
With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Sunderland was a key target of the German Luftwaffe, who claimed the lives of 267 people in the town, caused damage or destruction to 4,000 homes, and devastated local industry. After the war, more housing was developed. The town's boundaries expanded in 1967 when neighbouring Ryhope, Silksworth, Herrington, South Hylton and Castletown were incorporated into Sunderland.
During the second half of the 20th century shipbuilding and coalmining declined; shipbuilding ended in 1988 and coalmining in 1993. At the worst of the unemployment crisis up to 20 per cent of the local workforce were unemployed in the mid-1980s.
As the former heavy industries declined, new industries were developed (including electronic, chemical, paper and motor manufacture) and the service sector expanded during the 1980s and 1990s. In 1986 Japanese car manufacturer Nissan opened its Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK factory in Washington, which has since become the UK's largest car factory.
From 1990, the banks of the Wear were regenerated with the creation of housing, retail parks and business centres on former shipbuilding sites. Alongside the creation of the National Glass Centre the University of Sunderland has built a new campus on the St Peter's site. The clearance of the Vaux Breweries site on the north west fringe of the city centre created a further opportunity for development in the city centre.
Sunderland received city status in 1992. Like many cities, Sunderland comprises a number of areas with their own distinct histories, Fulwell, Monkwearmouth, Roker, and Southwick on the northern side of the Wear, and Bishopwearmouth and Hendon to the south. On 24 March 2004, the city adopted Benedict Biscop as its patron saint.
The 20th century saw Sunderland A.F.C. established as the Wearside area's greatest claim to sporting fame. Founded in 1879 as Sunderland and District Teachers A.F.C. by schoolmaster James Allan, Sunderland joined The Football League for the 1890–91 season. By 1936 the club had been league champions on five occasions. They won their first FA Cup in 1937, but their only post-World War II major honour came in 1973 when they won a second FA Cup. They have had a checkered history and dropped into the old third division for a season and been relegated thrice from the Premier League, twice with the lowest points ever, earning the club a reputation as a yo-yo club. After 99 years at the historic Roker Park stadium, the club moved to the 42,000-seat Stadium of Light on the banks of the River Wear in 1997. At the time, it was the largest stadium built by an English football club since the 1920s, and has since been expanded to hold nearly 50,000 seated spectators.
In 2018 Sunderland was ranked as the best city to live and work in the UK by the finance firm OneFamily. In the same year, Sunderland was ranked as one of the top 10 safest cities in the UK.
Many fine old buildings remain despite the bombing that occurred during World War II. Religious buildings include Holy Trinity Church, built in 1719 for an independent Sunderland, St Michael's Church, built as Bishopwearmouth Parish Church and now known as Sunderland Minster and St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, part of which dates from AD 674, and was the original monastery. St Andrew's Church, Roker, known as the "Cathedral of the Arts and Crafts Movement", contains work by William Morris, Ernest Gimson and Eric Gill. St Mary's Catholic Church is the earliest surviving Gothic revival church in the city.
Sunderland Civic Centre was designed by Spence Bonnington & Collins and was officially opened by Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon in 1970. It closed in November 2021, following the opening of a new City Hall on the former Vaux Brewery redevelopment site.
Tyne and Wear is a ceremonial county in North East England. It borders Northumberland to the north and County Durham to the south, and the largest settlement is the city of Newcastle upon Tyne.
The county is largely urbanised. It had a population of 1.14 million in 2021. After Newcastle (300,125) the largest settlements are the city of Sunderland (170,134), Gateshead (120,046), and South Shields (75,337). Nearly all of the county's settlements belong to either the Tyneside or Wearside conurbations, the latter of which also extends into County Durham. Tyne and Wear contains five metropolitan boroughs: Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland, North Tyneside and South Tyneside, and is covered by two combined authorities, North of Tyne and North East. The county was established in 1974 and was historically part of Northumberland and County Durham, with the River Tyne forming the border between the two.
The most notable geographic features of the county are the River Tyne and River Wear, after which it is named and along which its major settlements developed. The county is also notable for its coastline to the North Sea in the east, which is characterised by tall limestone cliffs and wide beaches.
In the late 600s and into the 700s Saint Bede lived as a monk at the monastery of St. Peter and of St. Paul writing histories of the Early Middle Ages including the Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
Roughly 150 years ago, in the village of Marsden in South Shields, Souter Lighthouse was built, the first electric structure of this type.
The Local Government Act 1888 constituted Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and Sunderland as county boroughs (Newcastle had "county corporate" status as the "County and Town of Newcastle upon Tyne" since 1400). Tynemouth joined them in 1904. Between the county boroughs, various other settlements also formed part of the administrative counties of Durham and of Northumberland.
The need to reform local government on Tyneside was recognised by the government as early as 1935, when a Royal Commission to Investigate the Conditions of Local Government on Tyneside was appointed. The three commissioners were to examine the system of local government in the areas of local government north and south of the river Tyne from the sea to the boundary of the Rural District of Castle Ward and Hexham in the County of Northumberland and to the Western boundary of the County of Durham, to consider what changes, if any, should be made in the existing arrangements with a view to securing greater economy and efficiency, and to make recommendations.
The report of the Royal Commission, published in 1937, recommended the establishment of a Regional Council for Northumberland and Tyneside (to be called the "Northumberland Regional Council") to administer services that needed to be exercised over a wide area, with a second tier of smaller units for other local-government purposes. The second-tier units would form by amalgamating the various existing boroughs and districts. The county boroughs in the area would lose their status. Within this area, a single municipality would be formed covering the four county boroughs of Newcastle, Gateshead, Tynemouth, South Shields and other urban districts and boroughs.
A minority report proposed amalgamation of Newcastle, Gateshead, Wallsend, Jarrow, Felling, Gosforth, Hebburn and Newburn into a single "county borough of Newcastle-on-Tyneside". The 1937 proposals never came into operation: local authorities could not agree on a scheme and the legislation of the time did not allow central government to compel one.
Tyneside (excluding Sunderland) was a Special Review Area under the Local Government Act 1958. The Local Government Commission for England came back with a recommendation to create a new county of Tyneside based on the review area, divided into four separate boroughs. This was not implemented. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed a Tyneside unitary authority, again excluding Sunderland, which would have set up a separate East Durham unitary authority.
The White Paper that led to the Local Government Act 1972 proposed as "area 2" a metropolitan county including Newcastle and Sunderland, extending as far south down the coast as Seaham and Easington, and bordering "area 4" (which would become Tees Valley). The Bill as presented in November 1971 pruned back the southern edge of the area, and gave it the name "Tyneside". The name "Tyneside" proved controversial on Wearside, and a government amendment changed the name to "Tyne and Wear" at the request of Sunderland County Borough Council.
Tyne and Wear either has or closely borders two official Met Office stations, neither located in one of the major urban centres. The locations for those are in marine Tynemouth where Tyne meets the North Sea east of Newcastle and inland Durham in County Durham around 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-west of Sunderland. There are some clear differences between the stations temperature and precipitation patterns even though both have a cool-summer and mild-winter oceanic climate.
Tyne and Wear contains green belt interspersed throughout the county, mainly on the fringes of the Tyneside/Wearside conurbation. There is also an inter-urban line of belt helping to keep the districts of South Tyneside, Gateshead, and Sunderland separated. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. All the county's districts contain some portion of belt.
Although Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, several joint bodies exist to run certain services on a county-wide basis. Most notable is the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority, which co-ordinates transport policy. Through its passenger transport executive, known as Nexus, it owns and operates the Tyne and Wear Metro light rail system, and the Shields ferry service and the Tyne Tunnel, linking communities on either side of the River Tyne. Also through Nexus, the authority subsidises socially necessary transport services (including taxis) and operates a concessionary fares scheme for the elderly and disabled. Nexus has been an executive body of the North East Joint Transport Committee since November 2018.
Other joint bodies include the Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service and Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums, which was created from the merger of the Tyne and Wear Archives Service and Tyne and Wear Museums. These joint bodies are administered by representatives of all five of the constituent councils. In addition the Northumbria Police force covers Northumberland and Tyne and Wear.
There have been occasional calls for Tyne and Wear to be abolished and the traditional border between Northumberland and County Durham to be restored.
Tyne and Wear is divided into 12 Parliamentary constituencies. Historically, the area has been a Labour stronghold; South Shields is the only Parliamentary constituency that has never returned a Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons since the Reform Act of 1832.
Newcastle and Sunderland are known for declaring their election results early on election night. Therefore, they frequently give the first indication of nationwide trends. An example of this was at the 2016 European Union referendum. Newcastle was the first large city to declare, and 50.6% of voters voted to Remain; this proportion was far lower than predicted by experts. Sunderland declared soon after and gave a 62% vote to Leave, much higher than expected. These two results were seen as an early sign that the United Kingdom had voted to Leave.
Offshore Group Newcastle make oil platforms. Sage Group, who produce accounting software, are based at Hazlerigg at the northern end of the Newcastle bypass. Northern Rock, which became a bank in 1997 and was taken over by Virgin Money in November 2011, and the Newcastle Building Society are based in Gosforth. The Gosforth-based bakery Greggs now has over 1,500 shops. The Balliol Business Park in Longbenton contains Procter & Gamble research and global business centres and a tax credits call centre for HMRC, and is the former home of Findus UK. The Government National Insurance Contributions Office in Longbenton, demolished and replaced in 2000, had a 1 mile (1.6 km) long corridor.
Be-Ro and the Go-Ahead Group bus company are in central Newcastle. Nestlé use the former Rowntrees chocolate factory on the east of the A1. BAE Systems Land & Armaments in Scotswood, formerly Vickers-Armstrongs, is the main producer of British Army tanks such as the Challenger 2. A Rolls-Royce apprentice training site is next door.[18] Siemens Energy Service Fossil make steam turbines at the CA Parsons Works in South Heaton. Sir Charles Parsons invented the steam turbine in 1884, and developed an important local company. Domestos, a product whose main ingredient is sodium hypochlorite, was originated in Newcastle in 1929 by William Handley, and was distributed from the area for many years.
Clarke Chapman is next to the A167 in Gateshead. The MetroCentre, the largest shopping centre in Europe, is in Dunston. Scottish & Newcastle was the largest UK-owned brewery until it was bought by Heineken and Carlsberg in April 2008, and produced Newcastle Brown Ale at the Newcastle Federation Brewery in Dunston until production moved to Tadcaster in September 2010. At Team Valley are De La Rue, with their largest banknote printing facility, and Myson Radiators, the second largest in the UK market. Petards make surveillance equipment including ANPR cameras, and its Joyce-Loebl division makes electronic warfare systems and countermeasure dispensing systems such as the AN/ALE-47. Sevcon, an international company formed from a part of Smith Electric, is a world leader in electric vehicle controls. AEI Cables and Komatsu UK construction equipment at Birtley.
J. Barbour & Sons make outdoor clothing in Simonside, Jarrow. SAFT Batteries make primary lithium batteries on the Tyne in South Shields. Bellway plc houses is in Seaton Burn in North Tyneside. Cobalt Business Park, the largest office park in the UK, is at Wallsend, on the former site of Atmel, and is the home of North Tyneside Council. Swan Hunter until 2006 made ships in Wallsend, and still designs ships. Soil Machine Dynamics in Wallsend on the Tyne makes Remotely operated underwater vehicles, and its Ultra Trencher 1 is the world's largest submersible robot.
The car dealership Evans Halshaw is in Sunderland. The car factory owned by Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK between North Hylton and Washington is the largest in the UK. Grundfos, the world's leading pump manufacturer, builds pumps in Sunderland. Calsonic Kansei UK, formerly Magna, make automotive instrument panels and car trim at the Pennywell Industrial Estate. Gestamp UK make automotive components. Smith Electric Vehicles originated in Washington. The LG Electronics microwave oven factory opened in 1989, closed in May 2004, and later became the site of the Tanfield Group. Goodyear Dunlop had their only UK car tyre factory next to the Tanfield site until its 2006 closure. BAE Systems Global Combat Systems moved to a new £75 million factory at the former Goodyear site in 2011, where they make large calibre ammunition for tanks and artillery.
The government's child benefit office is in Washington. Liebherr build cranes next to the Wear at Deptford. The outdoor clothing company Berghaus is in Castletown. Vaux Breweries, who owned Swallow Hotels, closed in 1999. ScS Sofas are on Borough Road. There are many call centres in Sunderland, notably EDF Energy at the Doxford International Business Park, which is also the home of the headquarters of the large international transport company Arriva and Nike UK. Rolls-Royce planned to move their production of fan and turbine discs to BAE Systems' new site in 2016.
1970s black velvet blazer and mid length sparkle dress, part of the blooming leopold holiday 2011 lookbook.
blogged here.. bloomingleopold.blogspot.com/2011/12/blooming-leopold-hol...
Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Autogiro Company of America AC-35:
Developed for a Department of Commerce competition to create an aerial "Model T," the innovative two-seat AC-35 Autogiro could takeoff and land in 52 m (173 ft). After folding back the rotors, the pilot could switch engine power to the rear drive wheel, allowing street speeds of 40 kph (25 mph). The AC-35 initially suffered from stability problems, but further experimentation resulted in an aircraft that was safe and relatively easy to fly.
The AC-35 prototype performed well, but the $12,500 price tag was several times the average family income of 1936, and did not meet the goal of an affordable $700 aircraft for the suburbanite. Harold Pitcairn's Autogiro Company of America built only one AC-35 but continued work on an improved version. The beginning of World War II and the advent of the practical helicopter and spelled an end to Pitcairn's hopes for quantity production of the type.
Transferred from the Civil Aeronautics Administration.
Manufacturer:
Date:
1936
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
Rotor Diameter: 11.1 m (36 ft 4 in)
Length: 5.0 m (16 ft 3 in)
Height:2.4 m (8 ft)
Weight:Empty, 376 kg (828 lb)
Gross, 599 kg (1,320 lb)
Materials:
Silver-doped fabric and steel tube 2-seat roadable autogiro; 3-blade wood and fabric rotor; 2-blade wood propeller.
The large background shot was done by me a year or so back with a canon camera at 1000mm of focal length, the zoomed in pic was done last night at 5000mm of focal length with a small astro camera(qhy5).
Vintage Ivory Knee-Length Cut Out Backeless Wedding Dress With Bow Decor Sash For Bride www.milanoo.com/product/vintage-ivory-knee-length-cut-out...
Nightgown. Knee length. Hand Block Printed. 100% Cotton. Earth-friendly dyes.
www.rupalee.com, www.rupalee.rupalee.com, rupalee.rupalee.com/pajama.aspx
FLATware at Floor Length and Tux
November 17th, 2012
4125 W. Melrose St.
Chicago IL 60641
FLATware was the christening of the new Floor Length and Tux location. All previous FLAT participants were invited to present a "plate".
Jon Bollo, EC Brown, Matty Colston, Meg Duguid, Jacob C. Hammes, Chris Hefner, Brandon Heuser, Chuck Jones, Angela Lopez, Liz Nielsen, Stephen Nyktas, Catie Olson, Jonathan Ozik, Danielle Paz, Cole Pierce, Frank Pollard, Dawn Reed, Kristen Romaniszak, Julie Rudder, Kendrick Shackleford, Edra Soto, Bj Vogt, Carl Warnick, Brett Williams
"Three-quarter length portrait of Mrs. Lucy E. Parsons, arrested for rioting during an unemployment protest at Hull House in Chicago, Illinois. Mrs. Parsons is also the widow of Albert Parsons, one of the men hanged for complicity in the Haymarket affair."
"… But your course in the future, if you value real freedom, is to leave politics to the politician, and prayer to those who can show wherein it has done them more good than it has ever done for you, and join hands with those who are striving for economic freedom.
At a speech in Kansas City she pulled absolutely no punches, declaring that the death of the policeman as a result of the explosion was the fault of the police alone, for they had no right to march on the Haymarket meeting and order its dispersal in the first place.
Had I been there, had I seen those murderous police approach, had I heard that insolent command to disperse, had I heard Fielden say, ‘Captain, this is a peaceable meeting,’ had I seen the liberties of my countrymen trodden under foot, I would have flung the bomb myself. I would have violated no law, but would have upheld the constitution.
I do not stand here to gloat over the murder of those policemen. I despise murder. But when a ball from the revolver of a policeman kills it is as much murder as when death results from a bomb.
She related how the prosecution had lined the walls of the courtroom with red and black flags as a way to whip up an anti-anarchist and anti-socialist hysteria within the jury. To this she retorted:
But the red flag, the horrible red flag, what does that mean? Not that the streets should run with gore, but that the same red blood courses through the veins of the whole human race. It meant the brotherhood of man. When the red flag floats over the world the idle shall be called to work. There will be an end of prostitution for women, of slavery for man, of hunger for children."
(1886) Lucy Parsons, “I am An Anarchist” -> www.blackpast.org/?q=1886-lucy-parsons-i-am-anarchist
dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/bright/lparsons/lp...
secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Lucy_Parsons
.
Quite possibly the most remarkable street in all Norwich, St Benedict's Street boasts 5 mediaeval churches within its short 500 metre length, and all of them either ruined or redundant.
St Laurence is easy to miss, quite a feat for a huge church; you approach the porch down some steep steps. I met who I thought was an old lady climbing down, but she turned out to be one of the volunteers, and she could remember the light and the glory of the church when in use.
Inside it is a vast empty space, empty except for a simple aluminium framed greenhouse in the middle of the nave. It was explained this was for the use of locals who used the space to grow seedlings, although to my eyes it hadn't been used for some years.
The fittings and furnishings are faded, and the roof looks to be in a worrying state, but after climbing the steep steps to the altar to look back west, it must have been a fine church in its day.
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One of the staggering experiences of the church explorer in Norwich is the sheer proximity of one church to another. In a little over four hundred yards, you can walk past five redundant medieval churches in the length of St Benedict's Street alone, from the back of St Gregory to the ruin of St Benedict itself. One of these churches, St Swithin, is now the Norwich Arts Centre, while St Gregory and St Margaret have occasional uses for exhibitions and concerts.
That leaves St Laurence, the biggest of the five, a grand and prominent landmark now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust; without their loving care it would be little more than a rotting corpse. As it is, it is quite the biggest empty shell in the middle of Norwich.
It was not always so, of course. This was one of half a dozen large city centre churches completely rebuilt during the 15th century. It took about sixty years, but nevertheless St Laurence is all of a piece, a textbook Perpendicular church. From St Benedict's Street it is not immediately clear quite how vast this building is; it is the third biggest medieval church in Norwich after St Peter Mancroft and St Andrew, bigger even than St Stephen. The clerestory is 12 windows long, and the mighty tower almost 120 feet high.
It is more imposing from Westwick Street, standing high above the street like a fortress. For pedestrians coming into central Norwich from Coslany, it is like a gateway to the city, far more impressive than the city walls. The spired stair turret on the tower is castle-like, especially in George Plunkett's 1938 images.
One of the most interesting aspects of the exterior is the west doorway, easily missed and seen only from the narrow St Laurence's Passage. The spandrils feature two exquisitely carved martyrdoms, quite undamaged by time or the hand of iconoclasts. One is that of St Laurence himself, and shows him tied to the gridiron while the fire is prepared (St Laurence being the patron saint of those who cook on barbecues) , and the other is of St Edmund shot full of arrows. You can see them on the left.
Above the passage, the great tower's height is accentuated by the narrowness of the gap to its left. And the unbroken length of the nave and chancel is so high, too; the north side drops away to Westwick Street, and the floor takes this as its level. You step down a flight of stairs into the south porch, which is otherwise hard against the street, thanks to widening for trams in the late 19th century, and then through a 15th century door down into the church itself..
The sheer scale of this building is only apparent once you are inside. The roof seems absurdly high, the 1490s hammerbeam roof lost far off in the shadows. The arcades are less elegant than forceful, and the unbroken line, with no chancel arch, marches purposefully eastward.
This is all accentuated by the fact that St Laurence is pretty much completely empty. Almost, but not quite. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, St Laurence underwent an extraordinary makeover.
In a city renowned for the excesses of its Anglo-Catholic churches, this was among the highest of the high. The sanctuary had always been raised above the level of the chancel because it goes over a large vault, shown in the old engraving on the left, as at Tunstead. But here the entire easterly third of the building was elevated by the late Victorians into a great platform, a flight of steps leading through a stone screen and then again to the sanctuary, until the altar was fully twelve feet above the floor of the nave.
George Plunkett's 1938 image shows the interior with Victorian benches and a passageway accentuating the view east.
The altar and reredos are now gone, but the painted panels that flanked them survive. They depict angels and Saints, but the most curious thing about them is that all the faces are drawn from the life, little Edwardian boys and youths cloaked out in contemporary clothes, but wearing nimbuses and holding gilded symbols, and older men with wings and in armour. It is all at once grotesque and fascinating. The reredos they flanked was the Parish war memorial, so they may be even later than they appear. The screen to the north aisle chapel has panels painted in a similarly naive manner. I strove to understand what it was that had possessed people to do this, but I could not.
There is a 15th century font contemporary with the rebuilding of the church, and a scattering of medieval glass has been built into an abstract design in the north aisle chapel. There were brasses, but these were removed; first to St Peter Hungate, and then into storage when the museum there closed.
St Laurence was one of the 24 Norwich churches recommended for demolition by the Brooke Report, a shocking possibility that galvanised Lady Harrod and others into forming the Norfolk Churches Trust to defeat the philistines. Under the circumstances, it seems ungrateful for us not to actually do anything with the place. My friend Tom tells me that this church has a wonderful acoustic, and in truth it is hard to see it ever having any use other than for performance or liturgy - it is simply too big for conversion into anything else. Its shell is recognised today as a vital part of the Norwich townscape, and that at least is now safe for future generations; but will it ever again be anything more than a shell?
Simon Knott, November 2005
www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/norwichlawrence/norwichlawrence...
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St Lawrence’s has a very dramatic site: owing to the steep slope down to the river, on its south side, it stands several feet below street level, but on the north, an equal height above it!
St Lawrence was a deacon in 3rd century Rome, who was martyred by being roasted alive on a gridiron.
The most notable feature of the exterior is the unique profile of the tower, with its corner turret. This very un-East Anglian feature dates from the restoration of the church in 1893. The tower itself is 112 feet high. The nave and chancel with their clerestorey run without a break under one roof. The clerestorey is faced with freestone. There is a very prominent rood stair turret on the south side, which marks the division between nave and chancel.. The west door has two carved spandrels: one of St Lawrence being roasted on a gridiron, and the other of the martyrdom of St Edmund: the Abbey at Bury St Edmund’s was the original patron of the church. The south door is the original mediæval one.
The church has long since been stripped of its furnishings, and now stands as an impressive empty space, flooded with light from the great windows and the clerestorey. With the exception of the font, which is of the 15th century, all the fittings were of late 19th or early 20th century date.
These fittings include the flight of seven steps up to the altar, and the reredos, which is a war memorial of 1921. It includes painted panels by Kingston Rudd, though inspection will reveal that many of them are unfinished, and so have a rather ’impressionistic’ effect. The figure painting is very much of the period.
The nave and chancel are in fact divided internally, which may indicate that the continuous clerestorey is a later addition. The nave pillars are octagonal, with rounded angles, and their capitals are wavy.
The roof is well seen from inside, and dates from 1498. There is some mediæval stained glass in a mosaic in the east window of the south aisle.
There were several brasses, but these have been removed to storage. On the east wall of the north aisle, however, is a brass plaque of 1891 to the memory of Sarah Glover, inventor of the Norwich Sol-fa, on which the later Tonic Sol-fa (‘doh, ray, me …’) was based; her father was curate here from 1811 to 1827. Sarah died in 1867, at Great Malvern, where she is buried.
The church was a centre of controversy in 1863, when the Rector, Edwin Hillyard, allowed ‘Father Ignatius’ (Joseph Leycester Lyne) and his ‘monks’, who had a house on Elm Hill, to take part in the services. The services were conducted in an extremely Ritualistic manner, with candles, incense, and vestments – all virtually unknown in the Church of England at this time. Large crowds attended for the spectacle, and there were riots in the street outside. Ignatius left Norwich in 1865, but Hillyard stayed until 1876. By then, the classical style reredos had been removed, and also the box pews (chopped up one night by Ignatius and his cohorts), and the altar steps and the screens inserted.
After Hillyard left, the church went into a decline, and was united with St Gregory in 1903; it was finally closed in 1968. After many years of uncertainty about its future, it came under the care of the Churches’ Conservation Trust in 19....
www.norwich-churches.org/St Lawrence/home.shtm
Thanks to the Nailbourne project, I now understand how the communities and landscape fots in along its length, though that a bubbling noisy stream can just vanish then appear miles away is very difficult to get your head round. The Nailbourne only fully flows in very wet years, but when it does, the beds that are dry now can be several feet deep.
But downstream of Littlebourne, where the Nailbourne becomes the Little Stour, it is wider, about six feet wide, clogged with reeds and weeds, but also was used to power to large mills. They both stand, one between Littlebourne and Wickhambreaux, and the other in Wickhambreaux itself, though is now just a house But is a large white clapboard building, with a large wheel.
These days, the village looks very prosperous, all grand houses or cottage conversions.
From here, the Little Stour makes its way over the marshes which centuries ago was the Wantsum Channel, so Wickhambreaux was almost a seaside town.
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The interior of this very pretty church is dominated by nineteenth-century work. The whole of the chancel and baptistry is lined with dark brown encaustic tiles, hiding a straightforward fourteenth-century church. The east window is an early example of American Art Nouveau in England, and dominates the entire building. It was designed by Baron Arild Rosenkrantz in 1896. Above the window are stencilled paintings of angels ascending, which can also be seen in the nave, whilst the roof there has a charming star-spangled sky. At the south-west corner is a vestry - screened off by an eighteenth-century screen which may have formed part of the refitting of the chancel paid for by Mary Young. Her monument in the chancel records that 'infirm from her youth she protracted life to the 68th year of her age'. She left £100 for wainscotting and ornamenting the chancel. The interior viewed from the east gives an unusual appearance as the aisles flank the tower (see also Sandhurst).
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Wickhambreaux
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WICKHAM BREAUS
LIES adjoining to Littleborne north-eastward, being usally called Wickham Brook. It is likewise called Wickham by Wingham, to distinguish it from the two other parishes of the same name in this county. In Domesday it is written Wicheham, a name derived from its situation near the banks of the river, which runs close to it. There is only one borough in it, viz. the borough of Wickham, which comprehends the whole parish.
Wickham is a low, flat, and unpleasant situation, and lying so near the marshes cannot but be unhealthy, the land throughout it is in general good and sertile, especially near the village, where the fields are very large and level ground. The village, in number about twenty houses, stands at the south-east boundary of the parish, built round a green, over which the road leads to Ickham, having the church and court-lodge on one side, and the parsonage, a handsome brick house, on the other. At the further end of the green, the Lesser Stour crosses the road, and turns a corn-mill belonging to the manor, beyond it is only one house, called the Stone-house, being built of squared stones and slints in chequers, and by the arched windows and door-ways seems of some antiquity. The parish stretches a good distance northward, as far as Groveferry, the house of which is within it, and the greater Stour river, over a level of about 500 acres of marsh land, which extend from the river into a sinus, with a ridge of upland on each side, to within a quarter of a mile of the village. North eastward from which is the Saperton, formerly the property of the Beakes's, who resided here as early as king Henry the VIIIth.'s reign; it was sold by them to the Furneses, whence it came by marriage, with Copthall, in this parish, to the St. John's, viscounts Bolingbroke, who have lately sold it, but one of the family of Beake, many of whom lie buried in this church, now occupies it. A little beyond this is Newnham, once accounted a manor, formerly belonging to the Ropers, lords Teynham, afterwards to the Bartholomews, then to Joseph Brooke, esq. of Rochester, and now to his devisee the Rev. John Kenward Shaw Brooke, of Town-Malling.—Hence among the marshes is the hamlet of Grove, through which the road leads across them to the right over the lesser Stour, to Wingham, Ash, and the eastern parts of Kent, and to the left by Grove-ferry over the Greater Stour, to the northern part of the country and the Isle of Thanet. There is no other wood in the parish excepting Trendley park. There is no fair.
At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the year 1080, this place was part of those possessions with which that king had enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux. Accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of his lands:
In Donamesford hundred, the bishop himself holds in demesne Wicheham. It was taxed at four sulings. The arable land is eleven carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty-six villeins, with thirty-two cottagers having nine carucates. There is a church, and one priest who gives forty shillings per annum. There is one park, and two mills of fifty shillings, and two saltpits of thirtytwo pence, and three fisheries of four shillings, and thirtytwo acres of meadow. Pasture for three hundred sheep and for thirty-one beasts. Wood for the pannage of eighty bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, when he received it twenty pounds, now thirty pounds. There belong to this manor in Canterbury three plats of land paying six shillings and eight pence. Alured Biga held it of king Edward. Moreover there belongs to this manor half a suling of free land, which Sired held of Alured Biga, and Goisfrid, son of Badland, now holds it of the bishop of Baieux, and it is and was worth separately sixty shillings.
Four years afterwards the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, of which this manor appears afterwards to have been held by the Cliffords. Walter, son of Walter de Clifford, possessed it in the reign of king John, and with Agnes de Cundy, his wife, was a good benefactor to St. Augustine's abbey, and that of St. Radigund. (fn. 1) By the marriage of Margaret, daughter and heir of Walter Clifford, with John de Brewse, it passed into that name, and William de Brewse, or de Braiosa, as they were written in Latin, was possessed of it in the 42d year of king Henry III. His descendant William de Brewse, lord of the honour of Brembre, in Sussex, and of Gower, in Wales, as he stiled himself, whose ancestor came into England with the Conqueror, who gave him the castle of Brember, and whose descendant afterwards, by the marriage with Bertha, daughter and one of the coheirs of Milo, earl of Hereford, became possessed of the castles of Brecknock and Gower likewife, and bore for his arms, Azure, a lion rampant, between twelve cross-croslets, or; though I find by the pedigrees of this family, that his ancestors bore Azure, three bars vaire, argent, and gules. He was several times summoned to parliament in king Edward I.'s reign, as was his son of the same name, both in that and Edward II.'s reign, and died possessed of this manor in the 19th year of the latter. Very soon after which it appears, with the church appendant to it, to have come into the possession of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, half brother to king Edward II. (fn. 2) After which it descended to his brother John Plantagenet, likewife earl of Kent, it being then held of the king in sergeantry. He died anno 26 Edward III. upon which Joane his sister, commonly called the Fair Maid of Kent, wife of Sir Thomas Holand, became his heir, who in her right not only possessed this manor, but became earl of Kent likewise. She afterwards married Edward the black prince, and died in the 9th year of king Richard II. being succeeded in this manor then held in capite, by Thomas Holand, earl of Kent, her son by her first husband, whose two sons, Thomas and Edward, both earls of Kent, and the former created Duke of Surry, in turn succeeded to it, and the latter dying anno 9 Henry IV. his five sisters became his coheirs, and on a partition made between them, Edmund, earl of March, son of Eleanor, late countess of March, the eldest of them became entitled to this manor in his mother's right, being the last earl of March of this family, for he died s. p. in the 3d year of king Henry VI. being then possessed of it. The year after which, Joane, wife of Sir John Gray, appears by the escheat rolls to have been entitled to it; not long after which it became the property of the family of Tibetot, or Tiptoft, as they were usually called, in whom it continued down to John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, who was attainted and beheaded in 1471, anno 10 Edward IV. king Henry being then restored to the crown. He lest an infant son Edward, who, though he was afterwards restored in blood by king Edward IV. yet I do not find that he was ever reinstated in the possession of this manor, which remained in the crown till the reign of king Henry VIII. who granted it, with the advowson of the church, to Sir Matthew Browne, of Beechworth-castle, who in the 22d year of it, passed it away to Lucy, widow of his uncle Sir Anthony Browne, standard-bearer of England, whose grandson Anthony was, anno I and 2 of Philip and Mary, created viscount Montague, and died possessed of this manor anno 34 Elizabeth, and by his will devised it to his eldest son by his second wife, Sir George Browne, who was of Wickham Breaus, and his grandson Sir George Browne, K. B. leaving two daughters his coheirs, Winifrid, married to Basil Brooks, esq. of Salop, and Eleanor, to Henry Farmer, esq. of Oxfordshire, they joined in the sale of it, at the latter end of Charles II.'s reign, to Sir H. Palmer, bart. of Wingham, who died possessed of it in 1706, s. p. and by his will devised it to his nephew Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. who died in 1723, and by his will gave it to his natural son Herbert Palmer, esq. who married Bethia, one of the daughters of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, who died in 1760, s. p., having devised this manor, with the advowson of the church appendant, to his widow. She afterwards married John Cosnan, esq. who in her right became possessed of it, and died in 1778, s. p. leaving her furviving, upon which she again became entitled to the possession of it, and continued owner of it till her death in 1797, on which it came to her nephew Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, the present owner of it. A court leet and court baron is held for this manor.
Trendley park, now accounted a manor of itself, is situated at the north-west boundary of this parish, being entirely separated from the rest of it by that of Littleborne intervening. It was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, and is noticed in the survey of Domesday, in the description of the manor of Wickham above recited, in which it is mentioned as being then a park; and it should seem that at least part of it was then accounted as appurtenant to that manor; though in the description of the manor of Littleborne, in the same survey, which then belonged to the abbey of St. Augustine, it appears that the bishop had lands belonging to that manor too lying within his park here. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park as much land as is worth sixty shillings, says the record. In part of the recompence for which, the bishop seems to have given the abbot the manor of Garwinton, in Littleborne, and other land within the manor of Leeds, as may be seen by the entries of both these manors in the same record. Soon after which there was another exchange of land made between the bishop and archbishop Lanfranc, for some which lay within his park of Wikeham. What is remarkable in this instrument is, that it is given in two languages, in Saxon and Latin, but neither is a translation of the other, for both are originals, as was a frequent custom of that time. Appendant to it is the bishop's seal in wax, representing him on one side on horseback, with his sword and spurs, as an earl, and on the other habited as a bishop, with his pastoral staff; being perhaps the only seal of Odo at this time extant. (fn. 3) By all which it appears, that this park is much more antient than that of Woodstock, which has been accounted the first inclosed park in England. How long it continued an inclosed park, I have no where found; but in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign it was not so, as appears by the escheat-rolls of the 3d year of it, after the death of Edmund, earl of March, at which time there were two hundred acres of wood in it. He was lord of the manor of Wickham, and Trendley park was chiefly at that time certainly appurtenant to it, and continued so whilst in the possession of the same owners, which it did most probably till the attainder of John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, in the 10th year of king Edward IV. when they both came into the hands of the crown, and though king Henry VIII. afterwards granted the manor of Wickham to Sir Matthew Browne, yet I do not find that Trendley park was granted with it. From which time it has had separate owners. For some time it has been the property of the family of Denne, who continue at this time the owners of it. It lies in an unpleasant, lonely part of the parish, facing Westbere, and consists of three hundred acres of woodland, and a house called the Park-house. There is a high road through the middle of it from Stodmarsh to Canterbury market, which in king Edward II.'s reign, was attempted to be shut up, but the sheriff, with the posse comitatus, was ordered to open it again, as being an antient and allowed high road.
Charities.
Andrew Holness, of Seton, in Ickham, by will in 1554, gave to the poor 2s. in money and bread, to be distributed yearly; the churchwardens to take so much yearly out of his lands in Ickham and Wickham, except his house and garden at Seton, in case his executors did not give the same yearly.
Henry Sloyden, of Wickham Breaus, by will in 1568, gave for the use of the poor and Littleborne, in equal portions, a piece of land containing six acres and a half in the latter parish, called Church-close, which is distributed twice a year by the respective minister and churchwardens, and is of the annual produce of 4l.
John Smith, rector of this parish, by deed in 1656, gave a school-room, and a house and garden for a schoolmaster, in this parish, for teaching the children of it. The master to be chosen from one of his relations in preference, if any such could be found, is vested in the rector and churchwardens of this parish.
Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, by his will in 1611, gave the sum of 10s. to each of the several parishes of Wickham, Stodmarsh, Littleborne, and five others therein mentioned, to be paid into the hands of the minister and churchwardens yearly, out of his manor and lands of Well-court, at Michaelmas, towards the relief of the poor of each of them.
Thomas Belke, D. D. rector of this parish, by will in 1712, gave 501. for the putting out of five poor children of this parish apprentices.
There are about thirty poor constantly relieved, and casually seventy.
This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.
¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Andrew, consists of three isles and one chancel, having at the west end a square tower, in which hang six bells. The church is not large, but is handsome and neat. In the middle isle are several memorials for the Beakes, of Saperton. In the south isle for the Larkins, who lived at Grove, in this parish. In the east window are remains of good painted glass, viz. the arms of Edward the black price and of Mortimer, quartered with Burgh, and a representation of Herod's daughter beheading John the Baptist. In the chancel, on the pavement, is the figure of a priest in brass, and inscription, for Henry Welde, rector, obt. 1420. A gravestone, and monument for Alexander Young, B D. rector of this parish, who rebuilt this parsonage-house, and repaired that of Eastchurch, of which he was vicar likewife, at the expence of 2000l. obt. March 21, 1755. A memorial for John Smith, rector, obt. Oct. 28, 1658. In the church-yard are many headstones, and a tombstone for the family of Beake. In the windows of this church there were formerly many different shields of arms, long since demolished.
This church was always an appendage to the manor, and continues so at this time, Sir Narborough D' Aeth, bart. owner of the manor of Wickham, being the present patron of it.
There was antiently both a rectory and vicarage in this church, which continued till the year 1322, when on a vacancy of the latter, Richard de Newcastle, the rector, petitioned archbishop Walter Reynolds, that they might be consolidated, which was granted, and they have continued in that state to the present time. (fn. 4)
This rectory is valued in the king's books at 29l. 12s. 6d. and the yearly tenths at 2l. 19s. 3d. In 1588 it was valued at 250l. communicants one hundred and sixty-three. In 1640 the same. There are eighteen acres of glebe-land.
The marsh-lands in this parish, within Wickham and Preston valleys, pay a modus of two-pence an acre, and those within Newnham 1½d. only, in lieu of all tithes.