Focal Length (35mm format) 274 mm

34 Meter hohe Kirchturm der katholischen Herz-Jesu-Gemeinde.

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Das Katholische Dekanat Freudenstadt ist fast deckungsgleich mit dem Landkreis Freudenstadt. Rund 30.000 Katholiken leben in den 23 Kirchengemeinden des Dekanats. Geprägt ist das Dekanat Freudenstadt von einer überwiegend katholischen Bevölkerung im Horber Teil, der bis 1805 zu Vorderösterreich gehörte, und einer ausgeprägten Diasporasituation im Bereich Freudenstadt und Baiersbronn, das seit je her württembergisches Gebiet war.

Geprägt wird das Leben im Dekanat von einigen Verbandsgruppen wie der Katholischen Arbeitnehmerbewegung (KAB), Landvolk, Kolping, Frauenbund und Elisabethverein. Bei den Jugendverbänden bereichern die Katholische Landjugendbewegung (KLJB), die KJG und die CAJ die Jugendarbeit.

Die Dekane im Dekanat Freudenstadt

Markus Ziegler, Freudenstadt, seit 2005

Alois Hönle, Altheim, 1994 - 2005

Georg Lokay, Lützenhardt, 1988 - 1993

Karl Angele, Nordstetten, 1966 - 1988

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Dekanatswallfahrt mit Weihbischof Kreidler am 15. September 2013

Unter dem Motto "Wer glaubt ist nie allein! - Mit Maria unterwegs im Glauben" lädt das Kath. Dekanat Freudenstadt nach Waldachtal-Heiligenbronn ein. Um 9.30 Uhr startet die Prozession von der Wallfahrtskirche zur Schmerzhaften Muttergottes zur Omnibushalle der Firma Schweizer.

Um 10.00 Uhr beginnt der feierliche Festgottesdienst in der Omnibushalle der Firma Schweizer am Ortseingang von Lützenhardt. Festzelebrant ist Weihbischof Dr. Johannes Kreidler aus Rottenburg.

Umrahmt wird der Gottesdienst von einem Dekanatschor mit über 100 Sänger und Sängerinnen unter Leitung von Regionalkantor Karl Echle. Musikalisch begleitet

by FUJINON 55mm F2.2

82.5mm ( 35mm equivalent focal length )

Tea Length First Communion Dress www.firstcommunions.com

"Mary went to all kinds of lengths, short of showing herself and speaking with an audible voice, to teach and console me." ~Tan from Canada Scene from Aylesford Priory in Kent, England.

Fraser Island stretches over 123 kilometres in length and 22 kilometres at its widest point. With an area of 184 000 hectares it is the largest sand island in the world.

Fraser Island's World Heritage listing ranks it with Australia's Uluru, Kakadu and the Great Barrier Reef. Fraser Island is a precious part of Australia's natural and cultural heritage, it is protected for all to appreciate and enjoy.

Fraser island is a place of exceptional beauty, with its long uninterrupted white beaches flanked by strikingly coloured sand cliffs, and over 100 freshwater lakes, some tea-coloured and others clear and blue all ringed by white sandy beaches. Ancient rainforests grow in sand along the banks of fast-flowing, crystal-clear creeks.

Fraser Island is the only place in the world where tall rainforests are found growing on sand dunes at elevations of over 200 metres. The low "wallum" heaths on the island are of particular evolutionary and ecological significance, and provide magnificent wildflower displays in spring and summer.

fraser island australia The immense sand blows and cliffs of coloured sands are part of the longest and most complete age sequence of coastal dune systems in the world and they are still evolving.

They are a continuous record of climatic and sea level changes over the last 700 000 years. The highest dunes on the island reach up to 240 metres above sea level.

The Great Sandy Strait, separating Fraser Island from the mainland, is listed by the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Convention).

The wetlands include: rare patterned ferns; mangrove colonies; sea-grass beds; and up to 40,000 migratory shorebirds. Rare, vulnerable or endangered species include dugongs, turtles, Illidge's ant-blue butterflies and eastern curlews.

Designer: David Hillyard

Builder: Hillyards Ltd, Littlehampton

Year: 1964

Location Devon

Length on deck: 40'

Beam: 11'6"

Draft: 5'6"

Tonnage(TM): 18TM

£33,000

REF: 2013

Full Specification

18 ton Hillyard bermudan cutter from the famous yard of David Hillyard in Littlehampton. Hillyards were one of the first yards in the world to mass produce yachts and make the sport more available to the average person. Although nothing like on the scale of modern yacht builders, Hillyards produced many hundreds of boats in the time they were trading, and although not known for their high performance or yacht like finish, they were nonetheless extremely solid, well built and safe cruising yachts that were available at a sensible price.

This particular example is one of the bigger boats, built in 1964 with the typical canoe stern, straight keel and a full bilge with a chine just below the waterline. Used in present ownership for local cruising and living aboard, however she was cruised extensively by the previous owners who put the boat through a major refit, including new deck and superstructure by Hillyards and replacement of all systems. They then started a 30,000Nm journey that took them from Russia to the Caribbean and America in which the boat was thoroughly tested and put through her paces.

Planked in 1 ¼” Mahogany, fastened with copper nails and roves to 4”x 2” sawn oak frames, with 2”x 2” intermediates at 12” centres.

New sheerstrakes in 1995.

External 2T iron ballast keel with galvanised steel keel bolts, all replaced in 1995. Internal ballast of approximately 2-3T made up of lead pigs and concrete. Concrete has been there from new.

Marine plywood deck sheathed in epoxy cloth and finished in cream deck paint for an absolutely tight, low maintenance deck.

Deck completely replaced in 1995 refit along with some deckbeams and sheerstrake. All professionally done by Hillyards yard.

Mahogany coachroof coamings running aft into the aft cabin coachroof. Sheathed marine plywood coachroof deck finished in cream deck paint. Portholes in the forrard end of the coachroof with opening windows in the coamings to give plenty of light down below.

Varnished mahogany hatch on the aft cabin coachroof for access and ventilation, with 2 large wooden cleats at the forrard end for making fast the mainsheet.

Coachroof finishes just aft of the mast giving a large open foredeck.

Twin roller galvanised stem head fitting to take the anchor with a heavy duty Simpson Lawrence 500 Manual windlass. Large admiralty style galvanised bow cleats port and starboard on the foredeck.

Varnished mahogany forehatch.

Large galvanised stanchions with galvanised top rail and wire lower rail. Varnished toe rail very cleverly set on the stanchion bases to avoid screwing down through the plywood deck.

Varnished handrails on the coachroof with canvas sprayhood giving shelter to the centre cockpit.

Large self draining centre cockpit. Very deep and safe cockpit well with high coamings and plenty of shelter.

Wheel steering, offset to port at the aft end of the cockpit, with chain gypsy onto wire cables attached to wooden rudder, new in 1995 refit.

Bermudan cutter rig on deck stepped built spruce mast in a galvanised tabernacle.

Mast new in 2000. Deck beams around the mast all renewed and strengthened in the 1995 refit.

Slab reefing varnished spruce boom. Varnished jib pole.

Stainless steel wire standing rigging with Stalock S/S terminals, all replaced in 2000, to galvanised rigging screws on external galvanised chainplates. This is a very unstressed rig unlike modern high tension rigs so the standing rigging will have plenty of life left in it yet. Twin lower stays, single cap shroud and twin intermediate stays. Single standing backstay.

Hanked staysail on the stainless steel inner forestay. Roller furling jib.

Mainsail Supasails 340sqft 11yrs Excellent

Yankee Arun Sails 12yrs Good

Staysail Arun Sails 12yrs Good

Winches

Pair of Andersen 48 self tailing yankee sheet winches on the cockpit coamings.

Pair of Lewmar staysail sheet winches

1 non sel- tailing Lewmar for the roller furler

1 Harken self-tailing halyard winch on the mast.

1 Lewmar non self tailing on the boom for reefing lines. Clutches for each reefing line.

Accomodation

6 berths in 3 cabins including the saloon.

Double hinged doors from the cockpit leading down into the open saloon with L-shaped settee and saloon table over to port. Full length settee berth along the starboard side. 6’2” headroom throughout the saloon. Chest fridge under port settee.

Plenty of storage space in numerous shelves and lockers.

Dickenson Newport diesel heater on fwd starboard bulkhead with its own small header tank behind the stb berth.

Passageway in aft stb corner to aft cabin. Double berth aft cabin with 6’2” headroom. Hanging locker and storage under the berth.

Centreline passage fwd from saloon. Step down into galley offset to port. 1 ½ bowl stainless steel sink with hot and cold running water. ‘Force 10’ 4 burner gas cooker and oven. Ample work surface area with storage above and below.

2 x water tanks beneath the saloon cabin sole, 1 galvanised and 1 plastic with 80 gallons total capacity.

Heads to stb with Baby Blake sea toilet pumped into plastic TecTank black water tank. Full standing headroom shower, drains to a sump and pumped overboard via automatic electric pump.

Forward to twin cabin with large port and starboard single bunks. 6’ headroom between beams. Full height hanging locker with plenty of storage under the bunks.

Fore peak currently used for storage. Possibility of V-berths for the younger members of the crew. Chain locker under.

The accommodation is spacious and light with plenty of grab rails as you would expect from a seasoned cruising yacht. The layout of these boats allows for separate living areas outside of the saloon making it perfect for couples to cruise and have their own space onboard. In warmer climes, the cockpit becomes another living area giving a huge amount of space inside a 40’ yacht.

Machinery

Ford Parsons Pike 4 cyl 60Hp diesel engine, installed 1968.

Engine completely rebuilt in 1996

New mounts in 2000

New heat exchanger in 2004.

Parsons Marinomatic single lever control gearbox to centre line stainless steel shaft with 3 blade bronze propeller. Gives 6 knots cruising, 7.5 knots max.

70 gallon galvanised steel fuel tank below the saloon cabin sole with dipstick gauge.

1 x 12 volt engine start battery

2 x 12 volt domestic batteries

Seperate alternator charging for each battery bank.

Inventory.

Original Sestrel steering compass

CTREK sounder

CTREK log

DSC VHF

Raytheon radar

Garmin 120 GPS

Navtex

Wind indicator

Hydrovane wind streering

6 man Oceansafety liferaft (due service)

Horse shoe lifebuoy

Danbuoy

Various fire extinguishers

30kg Bruce anchor

30kg plough anchor

20kg plough anchor

20kg Fisherman anchor

65m 10mm galvanised chain

50m 18mm Octoplait warp

2 piece 10’ plywood ‘Nesting’ dinghy

Mooring warps

6 Fenders

1 summer cover

Full winter cover

This great yacht has proved her worth time and again with several owners over many thousands of miles of ocean sailing and is now on the market after this particular adventure has come to its end.

She is priced to sell as the owners now want to move on, but she is ready to take on new challenges and carry on exploring.

Brush fade into defined length

A-Line/Princess One-Shoulder Floor-Length Chiffon Sequined Evening Dress With Ruffle Beading

www.jjshouse.com/A-Line-Princess-One-Shoulder-Floor-Lengt...

My last trip to the Isle of Wight, so a quick return to Winchester, armed with my wide angle lens.

Sadlt, repairs were being down in the Nave making it look like roadworks, but the rest of the cathedral was splendid, bathed in bright winter sunshine.

-------------------------------------------

Winchester Cathedral is a cathedral of the Church of England in Winchester, Hampshire, England. It is one of the largest cathedrals in Europe, with the longest nave and greatest overall length of any Gothic cathedral in Europe.[3]

Dedicated to the Holy Trinity,[1] Saint Peter, Saint Paul, and before the Reformation, Saint Swithun,[4] it is the seat of the Bishop of Winchester and centre of the Diocese of Winchester. The cathedral is a Grade I listed building.

The cathedral was founded in 642 on a site immediately to the north of the present one. This building became known as the Old Minster. It became part of a monastic settlement in 971.

Saint Swithun was buried near the Old Minster and then in it, before being moved to the new Norman cathedral. So-called mortuary chests said to contain the remains of Saxon kings such as King Eadwig of England, first buried in the Old Minster, and his wife Ælfgifu, are in the present cathedral.[5] The Old Minster was demolished in 1093, immediately after the consecration of its successor.

In 1079, Walkelin, Bishop of Winchester, began work on a completely new cathedral.[6] Much of the limestone used to build the structure was brought across from quarries around Binstead, Isle of Wight. Nearby Quarr Abbey draws its name from these workings, as do several nearby places such as Stonelands and Stonepitts. The remains of the Roman trackway used to transport the blocks are still evident across the fairways of the Ryde Golf Club, where the stone was hauled from the quarries to the hythe at the mouth of Binstead Creek, and thence by barge across the Solent and up to Winchester.[citation needed][No sign of any Binstead Creek on the map]

The building was consecrated in 1093. On 8 April of that year, according to the Annals of Winchester, "in the presence of almost all the bishops and abbots of England, the monks came with the highest exultation and glory from the old minster to the new one: on the Feast of S. Swithun they went in procession from the new minster to the old one and brought thence S. Swithun's shrine and placed it with honour in the new buildings, and on the following day Walkelin's men first began to pull down the old minster."[6]

A substantial amount of the fabric of Walkelin's building, including crypt, transepts and the basic structure of the nave, survives.[7] The original crossing tower, however, collapsed in 1107, an accident blamed by the cathedral's medieval chroniclers on the burial of the dissolute William Rufus beneath it in 1100.[6] Its replacement, which survives today, is still in the Norman style, with round-headed windows. It is a squat, square structure, 50 feet (15 m) wide, but rising only 35 feet (11 m) above the ridge of the transept roof.[8] The Tower is 150 feet (46 m) tall.

After the consecration of Godfrey de Luci as bishop in 1189, a retrochoir was added in the Early English style. The next major phase of rebuilding was not until the mid-14th century, under bishops Edington and Wykeham.[10] Edingdon (1346–1366)[11] removed the two westernmost bays of the nave, built a new west front and began the remodelling of the nave.[12]

Under William of Wykeham (1367–1404) the Romanesque nave was transformed[clarification needed], recased in Caen stone and remodelled in the Perpendicular style,[13] with its internal elevation divided into two, rather than the previous three, storeys.[14] The wooden ceilings were replaced with stone vaults.[13]

Wykeham's successor, Henry of Beaufort (1405–1447) carried out fewer alterations, adding only a chantry on the south side of the retrochoir, although work on the nave may have continued through his episcopy.[15] His successor, William of Waynflete (1447–1486), built another chantry in a corresponding position on the north side. Under Peter Courtenay (Bishop 1486–1492) and Thomas Langton (1493–1500), there was more work. De Luci's Lady chapel was lengthened, and the Norman side aisles of the presbytery replaced. In 1525, Richard Foxe (Bishop 1500–1528) added the side screens of the presbytery, which he also gave a wooden vault.[10] With its progressive extensions, the east end is now about 110 feet (34 m) beyond that of Walkelin's building

King Henry VIII seized control of the Catholic Church in England and declared himself head of the Church of England. The Benedictine foundation, the Priory of Saint Swithun, was dissolved. The priory surrendered to the king in 1539. The next year a new chapter was formed, and the last prior, William Basyng, was appointed dean.[17] The monastic buildings, including the cloister and chapter house, were later demolished, mostly during the 1560–1580 tenure of the reformist bishop Robert Horne.[18][19]

North Transept

The Norman choir screen, having fallen into a state of decay, was replaced in 1637–40 by a new one, designed by Inigo Jones. It was in a classical style, with bronze figures by Hubert le Sueur of James I and Charles I in niches. It was removed in 1820, by when its style was felt inappropriate in an otherwise medieval building. The central bay, with its archway, is now in the University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at Cambridge;[20] it was replaced by a Gothic screen by Edward Garbett, its design based on the west doorway of the nave.[21]

This stone structure was itself removed in the 1870s to make way for a wooden one designed by George Gilbert Scott,[22] who modelled it on the canopies of the choir stalls of the monks (dating from around 1308).[23] Scott's west-facing screen has been much criticised, although the carving is of superlative workmanship and virtually replicates the earlier, albeit finer, carving of the early 14th century east-facing return stalls on to which it backs. The displaced bronze statues of the Stuart kings were moved to the west end of the Cathedral, standing in niches on each side of the central door. Scott's work was otherwise conservative. He moved the lectern to the north side of the quire beside the pulpit, facing west, where it remained for a century before returning to its present central position, now facing east.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral

The Costa's Hummingbird is very small, a mature adult growing to only 3–3.5 in (7.6–8.9 cm) in length. The male Costa's has a mainly green back and flanks, a small black tail and wings, and patches of white below his gorgeted throat and tail. The male Costa's Hummingbird's most distinguishing feature is its vibrant purple cap and throat with the throat feathers flaring out and back behind its head. The female Costa's Hummingbird is not as distinct as the male, having grayish-green above with a white underbelly.

The Costa's Hummingbird is fairly common in the arid brushy deserts and any nearby gardens of the Southwestern United States and the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico.

Female (upper) and males

The male Costa's Hummingbird's courtship display is a spirited series of swoops and arcing dives, carefully utilizing a proper angle to the sun to show off his violet plumage to impress prospective mates. Each high-speed dive will also pass within inches of the female, perched on a nearby branch, which will be accented by a high-pitched shriek.

The Costa's Hummingbird constructs a small cup-shaped nest out of plant fibers and down and coated with lichen to hold it together.[2] The nest will be situated above ground on a yucca stalk or tree limb. The female lays just two eggs, which are white in color, which she will incubate for 15 to 18 days before the young hatch. The young Costa's Hummingbirds leave the nest after 20 to 23 days.

Like all other hummingbird species the Costa's Hummingbird feeds on flower nectar and any tiny insects that it happens to find in the flower petals. As with other species, it can slow down its metabolism during cold nights when it enters a hibernation-like state known as torpor and its heart and respiration rate are dramatically slowed.

Wings of the Tropics, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami FL

www.susanfordcollins.com

Nikon D1X

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Bronze (AD 54-9)

Almost none of Nero's full-length statues survive. This small bronze gives a rare sense of a complete sculpture. It shows the emperor seated and in full military garb, with a decorated breastplate and cloak. It probably formed part of a larger, multi-figured scene. Nero's pose, with his right arm extended, implies that he was receiving emissaries or prisoners of war. Parallels suggest that the figure was originally attached to a bronze monument.

[British Museum]

Nero: the Man Behind the Myth

(May - Oct 2021)

Nero is known as one of Rome's most infamous rulers, notorious for his cruelty, debauchery and madness.

The last male descendant of the emperor Augustus, Nero succeeded to the throne in AD 54 aged just 16 and died a violent death at 30. His turbulent rule saw momentous events including the Great Fire of Rome, Boudicca's rebellion in Britain, the execution of his own mother and first wife, grand projects and extravagant excesses.

Drawing on the latest research, this major exhibition questions the traditional narrative of the ruthless tyrant and eccentric performer, revealing a different Nero, a populist leader at a time of great change in Roman society.

Through some 200 spectacular objects, from the imperial palace in Rome to the streets of Pompeii, follow the young emperor’s rise and fall and make up your own mind about Nero. Was he a young, inexperienced ruler trying his best in a divided society, or the merciless, matricidal megalomaniac history has painted him to be?

Nero was the 5th emperor of Rome and the last of Rome’s first dynasty, the Julio-Claudians, founded by Augustus (the adopted son of Julius Caesar). Nero is known as one of Rome’s most infamous rulers, notorious for his cruelty and debauchery. He ascended to power in AD 54 aged just 16 and died at 30. He ruled at a time of great social and political change, overseeing momentous events such as the Great Fire of Rome and Boudica’s rebellion in Britain. He allegedly killed his mother and two of his wives, only cared about his art and had very little interest in ruling the empire.

Most of what we know about Nero comes from the surviving works of three historians – Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio. All written decades after Nero’s death, their accounts have long shaped our understanding of this emperor’s rule. However, far from being impartial narrators presenting objective accounts of past events, these authors and their sources wrote with a very clear agenda in mind. Nero’s demise brought forward a period of chaos and civil war – one that ended only when a new dynasty seized power, the Flavians. Authors writing under the Flavians all had an interest in legitimising the new ruling family by portraying the last of the Julio-Claudians in the worst possible light, turning history into propaganda. These accounts became the ‘historical’ sources used by later historians, therefore perpetuating a fabricated image of Nero, which has survived all the way to the present.

Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December AD 37.

He was the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. Both Gnaeus and Agrippina were the grandchildren of Augustus, making Nero Augustus’ great, great grandson with a strong claim to power.

Nero was only two years old when his mother was exiled and three when his father died. His inheritance was taken from him and he was sent to live with his aunt. However, Nero’s fate changed again when Claudius became emperor, restoring the boy’s property and recalling his mother Agrippina from exile.

In AD 49 the emperor Claudius married Agrippina, and adopted Nero the following year. It is at this point that Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. In Roman times it was normal to change your name when adopted, abandoning your family name in favour of your adoptive father’s. Nero was a common name among members of the Claudian family, especially in Claudius’ branch.

Nero and Agrippina offered Claudius a politically useful link back to Augustus, strengthening his position.

Claudius appeared to favour Nero over his natural son, Britannicus, marking Nero as the designated heir.

When Claudius died in AD 54, Nero became emperor just two months before turning 17.

As he was supported by both the army and the senate, his rise to power was smooth. His mother Agrippina exerted a significant influence, especially at the beginning of his rule.

The Roman historians Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all claim that Nero, fed up with Agrippina’s interference, decided to kill her.

Given the lack of eyewitnesses, there is no way of knowing if or how this happened. However, this did not stop historians from fabricating dramatic stories of Agrippina’s murder, asserting that Nero tried (and failed) to kill her with a boat engineered to sink, before sending his men to do the job.

Agrippina allegedly told them to stab her in the womb that bore Nero, her last words clearly borrowed from stage plays.

It is entirely possible, as claimed by Nero himself, that Agrippina chose (or was more likely forced) to take her own life after her plot against her son was discovered.

Early in his rule, Nero had to contend with a rebellion in the newly conquered province of Britain.

In AD 60–61, Queen Boudica of the Iceni tribe led a revolt against the Romans, attacking and laying waste to important Roman settlements. The possible causes of the rebellion were numerous – the greed of the Romans exploiting the newly conquered territories, the recalling of loans made to local leaders, ongoing conflict in Wales and, above all, violence against the family of Prasutagus, Boudica’s husband and king of the Iceni.

Boudica and the rebels destroyed Colchester, London and St Albans before being heavily defeated by Roman troops. After the uprising, the governor of Britain Suetonius Paulinus introduced harsher laws against the Britons, until Nero replaced him with the more conciliatory governor Publius Petronius Turpilianus.

The marriage between Nero and Octavia, aged 15 and 13/14 at the time, was arranged by their parents in order to further legitimise Nero’s claim to the throne. Octavia was the daughter of the emperor Claudius from a previous marriage, so when Claudius married Agrippina and adopted her son Nero, Nero and Octavia became brother and sister. In order to arrange their marriage, Octavia had to be adopted into another family.

Their marriage was not a happy one. According to ancient writers, Nero had various affairs until his lover Poppaea Sabina convinced him to divorce his wife. Octavia was first exiled then executed in AD 62 on adultery charges. According to ancient writers, her banishment and death caused great unrest among the public, who sympathised with the dutiful Octavia.

No further motives were offered for Octavia’s death other than Nero’s passion for Poppaea, and we will probably never know what transpired at court. The fact that Octavia couldn’t produce an heir while Poppaea was pregnant with Nero’s daughter likely played an important role in deciding Octavia’s fate.

On 19 July AD 64, a fire started close to the Circus Maximus. The flames soon encompassed the entire city of Rome and the fire raged for nine days. Only four of the 14 districts of the capital were spared, while three were completely destroyed.

Rome had already been razed by flames – and would be again in its long history – but this event was so severe it came to be known as the Great Fire of Rome.

Later historians blamed Nero for the event, claiming that he set the capital ablaze in order to clear land for the construction of a vast new palace. According to Suetonius and Cassius Dio, Nero took in the view of the burning city from the imperial residence while playing the lyre and singing about the fall of Troy. This story, however, is fictional.

Tacitus, the only historian who was actually alive at the time of the Great Fire of Rome (although only 8 years old), wrote that Nero was not even in Rome when the fire started, but returned to the capital and led the relief efforts.

Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all describe Nero as being blinded by passion for his wife Poppaea, yet they accuse him of killing her, allegedly by kicking her in an outburst of rage while she was pregnant.

Interestingly, pregnant women being kicked to death by enraged husbands is a recurring theme in ancient literature, used to explore the (self) destructive tendencies of autocrats. The Greek writer Herodotus tells the story of how the Persian king Cambyses kicked his pregnant wife in the stomach, causing her death. A similar episode is told of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. Nero is just one of many allegedly ‘mad’ tyrants for which this literary convention was used.

Poppaea probably died from complications connected with her pregnancy and not at Nero’s hands. She was given a lavish funeral and was deified.

Centred on greater Iran, the Parthian empire was a major political and cultural power and a long-standing enemy of Rome. The two powers had long been contending for control over the buffer state of Armenia and open conflict sparked again during Nero’s rule. The Parthian War started in AD 58 and, after initial victories and following set-backs, ended in AD 63 when a diplomatic solution was reached between Nero and the Parthian king Vologases I.

According to this settlement Tiridates, brother of the Parthian king, would rule over Armenia, but only after having travelled all the way to Rome to be crowned by Nero.

The journey lasted 9 months, Tiridates’ retinue included 3,000 Parthian horsemen and many Roman soldiers. The coronation ceremony took place in the summer of AD 66 and the day was celebrated with much pomp: all the people of Rome saw the new king of Armenia kneeling in front of Nero. This was the Golden Day of Nero’s rule

In AD 68, Vindex, the governor of Gaul (France), rebelled against Nero and declared his support for Galba, the governor of Spain. Vindex was defeated in battle by troops loyal to Nero, yet Galba started gaining more military support.

It was at this point that Nero lost the support of Rome’s people due to a grain shortage, caused by a rebellious commander who cut the crucial food supply from Egypt to the capital. Abandoned by the people and declared an enemy of the state by the senate, Nero tried to flee Rome and eventually committed suicide.

Following his death, Nero’s memory was condemned (a practice called damnatio memoriae) and the images of the emperor were destroyed, removed or reworked. However, Nero was still given an expensive funeral and for a long time people decorated his tomb with flowers, some even believing he was still alive.

After Nero’s death, civil war ensued. At the end of the so-called ‘Year of the Four Emperors’ (AD 69), Vespasian became emperor and started a new dynasty: the Flavians.

[Francesca Bologna, curator, for British Museum]

Taken in the British Museum

Apparently, these three yachts are amongst the biggest in the world. From the left:

- Yacht name: Al Diriyah. Formerly: Danginn • Ultima II • Serendipity • Massarah Length: 257ft 10 • 78.6m Year: 1960 Builder: National Bulk Carriers

- Yacht name: O'mega. Length: 269 ft • 82.5 m Year: 1984 Builder: Mitsubishi

- Yacht name: Alwaeli. Formerly Awal Length: 223 ft • 67 m Year: 1990 Builder: CRN Stylist: Terence Disdale

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Call for pricing for short lengths.

1x10 bevel 3-6'....................$ 0.49/ft

1x8 bevel 3-5' ..................... 0.39/ft

1x8 channel 3-5'................... 0.49/ft

1x6 channel 3-5' ...................0.29/ft

Std and Btr 1x Boards / lin ft

1x2 sis 2e cedar ...........................0.25

1x3 ...............................................0.32

1x4................................................0.49

1x6................................................0.59

1x8................................................0.89

1x10............................................. .1.15

1x12..............................................1.99

2+ BTR sis or s4s 2x Boards / lin ft

2x4 s4s Regal stk..........................0.85

2x4 sis fascia stk......................... 0.89

2x4 clear decking D and btr...........1.99

2x6 sis 2e 2+ btr............................1.59

2x6 select s4s Regal deck..............1.49

2x6 clear s4s d clear 8’ only..........2.69

2x6 c/ D clear ...................................3.55

2x6 s4s fascia falldown..................1.29

2x8 sis 2e.......................................2.29

2x8 select s4s deck .................... 1.75

2x8 s4s fascia falldown ............... 1.05

2x10 sis 2e.....................................2.99

2x10 s4s fascia falldown .............. 1.35

2x12 sis 2e ....................................3.95

2x12 s4s fascia falldown.............. 1.75

2x2 s4s clr 3, 3.5, 4, 6,..................0.59

2x2 s4s clr 8 +-20..........................0.89

4x4 select 8-14’s4s.......................2.59

4x4 select s4s 6’............................1.19

6x6 #1 appearance grade .............5.25

6x6 rgh #2 structural ....................3.99 (lift 3.49)

Beams in Rough Cut Call for $

Full Rough Cut Cedar and Fir Call for current pricing.

4x12 full rgh #1 Appearance fir.......6.75

Call / email for short pricing specials on clears

Decking:...8-16’............................/lin ft

5/4x4 CLEAR r/edge ......................0.95

5/4x4 architect knotty KD sanded.0.55

5/4x4 stk radius edge ...................0.55

5/4x6 stk radius edge....................1.09

5/4x5 stk radius edge...................0.82

5/4x6 CLEAR r/ edge......................1.89

Value grades: Siding /lin ft

1x6 stk bevel 14’............................0.55

1x8 paint grade bevel siding.......... 0.59

1x8 stk retrimmed bevel stk..........0.65

1x10 paint grade bevel.................. 0.79

1x10 stk retrimmed bevel .............0.89

1x8 paint grade channel.................0.79

1x8 stk retrimmed channel ..........0.89

1x8 select stk channel.....................1.09

*Custom siding runs are available call for costs.

Select Siding grades:

11/16x6 stk bevel..........................0.55

11/16x8 stk bevel..........................0.84

11/16x10 stk bevel........................1.15

1x10 Forest Siding kd.....................1.99 rabbetted back

3/4x10 Rgh face CLEAR..................2.19

1/2x6 clear kd bevel s/face...........1.15

1/2x6 clear 3’-10’ s/face ...................0.55

1/2x6 clr kd bevel s/face f/ joint 6-15’.... 0.55/ft

1/2x8 C clear s/face bevel 3’-7’ ....... 0.55/ft

1x6 shiplap cedar stk rgh face..........0.99/ft

Haida Skirl Call for $

Panelling Tonue and groove /lin ft

1x6 t@g pine kd SELECT.................0.46

1x6 kd primed t/g .........................0.65

1x4 kd pine select t/g.....................0.39

1x4 kd primed pine t/g..................0.49

CEDAR v-jnt fencing 1x6 panelling

1x6 kd stk v-jnt 6’.......................... 0.59

1x6 kd stk v-jnt 5’..........................0.57

1x6 clear kd v-jnt 6’........................1.09

1x6 clear kd vjnt 5’.........................0.89

2” Decking: t/g

2x6 select kd s/f SPF......................0.95

2x6 kd s/f t/g FIR...........................0.99

2x6 t/g select cedar s/f.................2.15

Clear cedar soffit

1x4 clr s/face v- jnt t/g 3,4,5' .......0.49

1x4 clr s/face v jnt t/g 6 longer .. 0.99

1x4 clr t@g kd resawn flush face

3-10' or v-jnt................................. 0.59

1x4 clear flush t@g 1/8” gap 3 +.....1.09

1x6 s/face v-jnt t/g 3,4,5 .............0.89

1x6 s/face v-jnt t/g 6 and longer ... $ call

STK kiln dried V-jnt

1x4 stk v-jnt 6 and longer...............0.69

1x6 stk v-jnt 3-5’.............................0.69

1x6 stk v-jnt 6 and longer...............0.98

1x6 stk v-jnt 8 and longer...............1.09

CEDAR v-jnt fencing/ for panelling 5’ and 6’

1x6 kd stk v-jnt 6’.......................... 0.59

1x6 kd stk v-jnt 5’..........................0.57

1x6 clear kd v-jnt 6’........................1.09

1x6 clear kd vjnt 5’.........................0.89

Hemlock CLEAR panelling

1x4 t@g s-face VG Clear Hemlock....0.79

Kiln Dried Sidewall shingles 18”/ ctn or bundle

Sidewalls: ...... BEST BUY

Traditional 18” sanded 7” face natural 86/ctn

Traditional 18”sanded 7” face primed...96/ctn

Traditional 18” sanded 7” cedar tone Cabot....118/ctn

Shoreline #1

#1- v.g sidewalls natural ..............105/ctn

#1 primed gray or white ...............116/ctn

#1 stained Cabot cedar tone ........135/ ctn

#2 mixed grain naturals ............... 85/ ctn

#2 primed gray or white................95/ctn

#2 Cabot cedar tone.....................117/ctn

#3 sidewalls natural 5-1/2" exposure

Cottage cut. #3 natural cedar ....... 45/ bundle

#3 Primed ......................................50 / bundle

Custom staining is available. Call

Mill Trim Ends by the box.

1x4 t@g clr cedar 0.12/ft

1400 lineal ft/ per box $250 / box mill pick up.

Fencing Boards #2 no hole (stk)

(1x6 #3 n/hole best buy 6’....1.95 each)

(Dog eared also available.)

1x6 sis 2e 4’........................1.29 ea

1x6 sis 2e 5’........................2.25 ea

1x6 sis 2e 5’........................2.75 ea

1x6 sis 2e 6’.........................2.99 ea

1x8 sis 2e 4’.........................1.85 ea

1x8 sis 2e 5’........................2.95 ea

1x8 sis 2e6’.........................3.75 ea

Timbertech Decking : Package pricing available.

www.timbertech.com/installation/installation-resources/de...

(64 pcs / pack ....will discount 5% off these prices.)

Call for pricing.

5/4x6 RELIABOARD - cedar and grey 12,16,20

5/4x6 Twin Finish Grooved cedar,gray, redwood 12,16,20

5/4x6 Twin Finish solid cedar,gray, redwood 16, 20

5/4x6 Earthwood Evolutions Grooved

cedar,gray,redwood 12,16,20

5/4x6 Earthwood Evolutions Solid

Pacific rosewood teak or walnut 16,20

5/4x6 XLM Grooved River Rock,or Sandridge 16,20

5/4x6 XLM Mountain cedar 12,16,20

5/4x6 XLM Harvest Bronze, Harbor Stone,

Rustic Bark or Walnut Grove 12,16,20

5/4x6 XLM Solid River Rock or Sandridge 16,20

5/4x6 XLM Solid Mountain Cedar 16,20

5/4x6 XLM Solid Harvest Bronze, Harbor Stone,

Rustic Bark or Walnut Grove 12,16,20

Facia Board:

1x8 cedar gray redwood 12’

1x8 Pacific rosewood teak or walnut 12’

1x8 River rock sandridge 12’

1x8 Mountain Cedar 12’

1x8 Harvest Bronze harbour stone

rustic bark walnut grove12’

1x12 Twin Fascia Cedar gray, redwood 12’

1x12 Pacific rosewood teak or walnut 12’

1x12 River rock sandridge 12’

1x12 Mountain Cedar 12’

1x12 Harvest Bronze harbor stone,

rustic bark walnut grove12’

Call for railing options and pricing.

Hardware:

Concealoc Hidden Fastener 175 pcs/box

2.5” topLoc screws.100 sq. Ft / box

Cartage: Mill direct to site.

Best Rate has Van delivery as well as flatdeck

and crane companies on standby.

An awkward-length, be-sequined skirt gets a makeover for St Paddy's Day.

More details here

Thanks to the Nailbourne project, I now understand how the communities and landscape fots in along its length, though that a bubbling noisy stream can just vanish then appear miles away is very difficult to get your head round. The Nailbourne only fully flows in very wet years, but when it does, the beds that are dry now can be several feet deep.

But downstream of Littlebourne, where the Nailbourne becomes the Little Stour, it is wider, about six feet wide, clogged with reeds and weeds, but also was used to power to large mills. They both stand, one between Littlebourne and Wickhambreaux, and the other in Wickhambreaux itself, though is now just a house But is a large white clapboard building, with a large wheel.

These days, the village looks very prosperous, all grand houses or cottage conversions.

From here, the Little Stour makes its way over the marshes which centuries ago was the Wantsum Channel, so Wickhambreaux was almost a seaside town.

------------------------------------------

The interior of this very pretty church is dominated by nineteenth-century work. The whole of the chancel and baptistry is lined with dark brown encaustic tiles, hiding a straightforward fourteenth-century church. The east window is an early example of American Art Nouveau in England, and dominates the entire building. It was designed by Baron Arild Rosenkrantz in 1896. Above the window are stencilled paintings of angels ascending, which can also be seen in the nave, whilst the roof there has a charming star-spangled sky. At the south-west corner is a vestry - screened off by an eighteenth-century screen which may have formed part of the refitting of the chancel paid for by Mary Young. Her monument in the chancel records that 'infirm from her youth she protracted life to the 68th year of her age'. She left £100 for wainscotting and ornamenting the chancel. The interior viewed from the east gives an unusual appearance as the aisles flank the tower (see also Sandhurst).

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Wickhambreaux

------------------------------------------

WICKHAM BREAUS

LIES adjoining to Littleborne north-eastward, being usally called Wickham Brook. It is likewise called Wickham by Wingham, to distinguish it from the two other parishes of the same name in this county. In Domesday it is written Wicheham, a name derived from its situation near the banks of the river, which runs close to it. There is only one borough in it, viz. the borough of Wickham, which comprehends the whole parish.

Wickham is a low, flat, and unpleasant situation, and lying so near the marshes cannot but be unhealthy, the land throughout it is in general good and sertile, especially near the village, where the fields are very large and level ground. The village, in number about twenty houses, stands at the south-east boundary of the parish, built round a green, over which the road leads to Ickham, having the church and court-lodge on one side, and the parsonage, a handsome brick house, on the other. At the further end of the green, the Lesser Stour crosses the road, and turns a corn-mill belonging to the manor, beyond it is only one house, called the Stone-house, being built of squared stones and slints in chequers, and by the arched windows and door-ways seems of some antiquity. The parish stretches a good distance northward, as far as Groveferry, the house of which is within it, and the greater Stour river, over a level of about 500 acres of marsh land, which extend from the river into a sinus, with a ridge of upland on each side, to within a quarter of a mile of the village. North eastward from which is the Saperton, formerly the property of the Beakes's, who resided here as early as king Henry the VIIIth.'s reign; it was sold by them to the Furneses, whence it came by marriage, with Copthall, in this parish, to the St. John's, viscounts Bolingbroke, who have lately sold it, but one of the family of Beake, many of whom lie buried in this church, now occupies it. A little beyond this is Newnham, once accounted a manor, formerly belonging to the Ropers, lords Teynham, afterwards to the Bartholomews, then to Joseph Brooke, esq. of Rochester, and now to his devisee the Rev. John Kenward Shaw Brooke, of Town-Malling.—Hence among the marshes is the hamlet of Grove, through which the road leads across them to the right over the lesser Stour, to Wingham, Ash, and the eastern parts of Kent, and to the left by Grove-ferry over the Greater Stour, to the northern part of the country and the Isle of Thanet. There is no other wood in the parish excepting Trendley park. There is no fair.

At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the year 1080, this place was part of those possessions with which that king had enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux. Accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of his lands:

In Donamesford hundred, the bishop himself holds in demesne Wicheham. It was taxed at four sulings. The arable land is eleven carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty-six villeins, with thirty-two cottagers having nine carucates. There is a church, and one priest who gives forty shillings per annum. There is one park, and two mills of fifty shillings, and two saltpits of thirtytwo pence, and three fisheries of four shillings, and thirtytwo acres of meadow. Pasture for three hundred sheep and for thirty-one beasts. Wood for the pannage of eighty bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, when he received it twenty pounds, now thirty pounds. There belong to this manor in Canterbury three plats of land paying six shillings and eight pence. Alured Biga held it of king Edward. Moreover there belongs to this manor half a suling of free land, which Sired held of Alured Biga, and Goisfrid, son of Badland, now holds it of the bishop of Baieux, and it is and was worth separately sixty shillings.

Four years afterwards the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, of which this manor appears afterwards to have been held by the Cliffords. Walter, son of Walter de Clifford, possessed it in the reign of king John, and with Agnes de Cundy, his wife, was a good benefactor to St. Augustine's abbey, and that of St. Radigund. (fn. 1) By the marriage of Margaret, daughter and heir of Walter Clifford, with John de Brewse, it passed into that name, and William de Brewse, or de Braiosa, as they were written in Latin, was possessed of it in the 42d year of king Henry III. His descendant William de Brewse, lord of the honour of Brembre, in Sussex, and of Gower, in Wales, as he stiled himself, whose ancestor came into England with the Conqueror, who gave him the castle of Brember, and whose descendant afterwards, by the marriage with Bertha, daughter and one of the coheirs of Milo, earl of Hereford, became possessed of the castles of Brecknock and Gower likewife, and bore for his arms, Azure, a lion rampant, between twelve cross-croslets, or; though I find by the pedigrees of this family, that his ancestors bore Azure, three bars vaire, argent, and gules. He was several times summoned to parliament in king Edward I.'s reign, as was his son of the same name, both in that and Edward II.'s reign, and died possessed of this manor in the 19th year of the latter. Very soon after which it appears, with the church appendant to it, to have come into the possession of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, half brother to king Edward II. (fn. 2) After which it descended to his brother John Plantagenet, likewife earl of Kent, it being then held of the king in sergeantry. He died anno 26 Edward III. upon which Joane his sister, commonly called the Fair Maid of Kent, wife of Sir Thomas Holand, became his heir, who in her right not only possessed this manor, but became earl of Kent likewise. She afterwards married Edward the black prince, and died in the 9th year of king Richard II. being succeeded in this manor then held in capite, by Thomas Holand, earl of Kent, her son by her first husband, whose two sons, Thomas and Edward, both earls of Kent, and the former created Duke of Surry, in turn succeeded to it, and the latter dying anno 9 Henry IV. his five sisters became his coheirs, and on a partition made between them, Edmund, earl of March, son of Eleanor, late countess of March, the eldest of them became entitled to this manor in his mother's right, being the last earl of March of this family, for he died s. p. in the 3d year of king Henry VI. being then possessed of it. The year after which, Joane, wife of Sir John Gray, appears by the escheat rolls to have been entitled to it; not long after which it became the property of the family of Tibetot, or Tiptoft, as they were usually called, in whom it continued down to John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, who was attainted and beheaded in 1471, anno 10 Edward IV. king Henry being then restored to the crown. He lest an infant son Edward, who, though he was afterwards restored in blood by king Edward IV. yet I do not find that he was ever reinstated in the possession of this manor, which remained in the crown till the reign of king Henry VIII. who granted it, with the advowson of the church, to Sir Matthew Browne, of Beechworth-castle, who in the 22d year of it, passed it away to Lucy, widow of his uncle Sir Anthony Browne, standard-bearer of England, whose grandson Anthony was, anno I and 2 of Philip and Mary, created viscount Montague, and died possessed of this manor anno 34 Elizabeth, and by his will devised it to his eldest son by his second wife, Sir George Browne, who was of Wickham Breaus, and his grandson Sir George Browne, K. B. leaving two daughters his coheirs, Winifrid, married to Basil Brooks, esq. of Salop, and Eleanor, to Henry Farmer, esq. of Oxfordshire, they joined in the sale of it, at the latter end of Charles II.'s reign, to Sir H. Palmer, bart. of Wingham, who died possessed of it in 1706, s. p. and by his will devised it to his nephew Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. who died in 1723, and by his will gave it to his natural son Herbert Palmer, esq. who married Bethia, one of the daughters of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, who died in 1760, s. p., having devised this manor, with the advowson of the church appendant, to his widow. She afterwards married John Cosnan, esq. who in her right became possessed of it, and died in 1778, s. p. leaving her furviving, upon which she again became entitled to the possession of it, and continued owner of it till her death in 1797, on which it came to her nephew Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, the present owner of it. A court leet and court baron is held for this manor.

Trendley park, now accounted a manor of itself, is situated at the north-west boundary of this parish, being entirely separated from the rest of it by that of Littleborne intervening. It was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, and is noticed in the survey of Domesday, in the description of the manor of Wickham above recited, in which it is mentioned as being then a park; and it should seem that at least part of it was then accounted as appurtenant to that manor; though in the description of the manor of Littleborne, in the same survey, which then belonged to the abbey of St. Augustine, it appears that the bishop had lands belonging to that manor too lying within his park here. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park as much land as is worth sixty shillings, says the record. In part of the recompence for which, the bishop seems to have given the abbot the manor of Garwinton, in Littleborne, and other land within the manor of Leeds, as may be seen by the entries of both these manors in the same record. Soon after which there was another exchange of land made between the bishop and archbishop Lanfranc, for some which lay within his park of Wikeham. What is remarkable in this instrument is, that it is given in two languages, in Saxon and Latin, but neither is a translation of the other, for both are originals, as was a frequent custom of that time. Appendant to it is the bishop's seal in wax, representing him on one side on horseback, with his sword and spurs, as an earl, and on the other habited as a bishop, with his pastoral staff; being perhaps the only seal of Odo at this time extant. (fn. 3) By all which it appears, that this park is much more antient than that of Woodstock, which has been accounted the first inclosed park in England. How long it continued an inclosed park, I have no where found; but in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign it was not so, as appears by the escheat-rolls of the 3d year of it, after the death of Edmund, earl of March, at which time there were two hundred acres of wood in it. He was lord of the manor of Wickham, and Trendley park was chiefly at that time certainly appurtenant to it, and continued so whilst in the possession of the same owners, which it did most probably till the attainder of John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, in the 10th year of king Edward IV. when they both came into the hands of the crown, and though king Henry VIII. afterwards granted the manor of Wickham to Sir Matthew Browne, yet I do not find that Trendley park was granted with it. From which time it has had separate owners. For some time it has been the property of the family of Denne, who continue at this time the owners of it. It lies in an unpleasant, lonely part of the parish, facing Westbere, and consists of three hundred acres of woodland, and a house called the Park-house. There is a high road through the middle of it from Stodmarsh to Canterbury market, which in king Edward II.'s reign, was attempted to be shut up, but the sheriff, with the posse comitatus, was ordered to open it again, as being an antient and allowed high road.

Charities.

Andrew Holness, of Seton, in Ickham, by will in 1554, gave to the poor 2s. in money and bread, to be distributed yearly; the churchwardens to take so much yearly out of his lands in Ickham and Wickham, except his house and garden at Seton, in case his executors did not give the same yearly.

Henry Sloyden, of Wickham Breaus, by will in 1568, gave for the use of the poor and Littleborne, in equal portions, a piece of land containing six acres and a half in the latter parish, called Church-close, which is distributed twice a year by the respective minister and churchwardens, and is of the annual produce of 4l.

John Smith, rector of this parish, by deed in 1656, gave a school-room, and a house and garden for a schoolmaster, in this parish, for teaching the children of it. The master to be chosen from one of his relations in preference, if any such could be found, is vested in the rector and churchwardens of this parish.

Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, by his will in 1611, gave the sum of 10s. to each of the several parishes of Wickham, Stodmarsh, Littleborne, and five others therein mentioned, to be paid into the hands of the minister and churchwardens yearly, out of his manor and lands of Well-court, at Michaelmas, towards the relief of the poor of each of them.

Thomas Belke, D. D. rector of this parish, by will in 1712, gave 501. for the putting out of five poor children of this parish apprentices.

There are about thirty poor constantly relieved, and casually seventy.

This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.

¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Andrew, consists of three isles and one chancel, having at the west end a square tower, in which hang six bells. The church is not large, but is handsome and neat. In the middle isle are several memorials for the Beakes, of Saperton. In the south isle for the Larkins, who lived at Grove, in this parish. In the east window are remains of good painted glass, viz. the arms of Edward the black price and of Mortimer, quartered with Burgh, and a representation of Herod's daughter beheading John the Baptist. In the chancel, on the pavement, is the figure of a priest in brass, and inscription, for Henry Welde, rector, obt. 1420. A gravestone, and monument for Alexander Young, B D. rector of this parish, who rebuilt this parsonage-house, and repaired that of Eastchurch, of which he was vicar likewife, at the expence of 2000l. obt. March 21, 1755. A memorial for John Smith, rector, obt. Oct. 28, 1658. In the church-yard are many headstones, and a tombstone for the family of Beake. In the windows of this church there were formerly many different shields of arms, long since demolished.

This church was always an appendage to the manor, and continues so at this time, Sir Narborough D' Aeth, bart. owner of the manor of Wickham, being the present patron of it.

There was antiently both a rectory and vicarage in this church, which continued till the year 1322, when on a vacancy of the latter, Richard de Newcastle, the rector, petitioned archbishop Walter Reynolds, that they might be consolidated, which was granted, and they have continued in that state to the present time. (fn. 4)

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 29l. 12s. 6d. and the yearly tenths at 2l. 19s. 3d. In 1588 it was valued at 250l. communicants one hundred and sixty-three. In 1640 the same. There are eighteen acres of glebe-land.

The marsh-lands in this parish, within Wickham and Preston valleys, pay a modus of two-pence an acre, and those within Newnham 1½d. only, in lieu of all tithes.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp158-166

The World's first single engine jet fighter, de Havilland DH-115 Vampire Trainer, tail number N593RH. Fly-by presentation by pilot Jerry Conley of Vampire Airshows.

Heritage to Horizon Air Show, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Montgomery County, Alabama, USA. April 8, 2017, 1201.

Canon EOS Rebel T6i

Focal Length: 300mm

Shutter speed; 1/4000th of a second

f/8.0

ISO 800.

For a shorter week, it feels like it's been fairly /long/.

Ronan's alternate head got pulled out for play and having not seen it for awhile I am once again in awe of Hearts_Murmur's work on it. I love how it's a different expression for Ronan but it's still HIM. I also pulled out his original wig. I wish, wish, /wish/ I could find this wig in this same style and color but newer. Alas, it's an old JPOPdolls wig so I won't hold my breath.

We're back in white. This is starting to be a theme with him.

by SIGMA 60mm F2.8 DN

120.0mm ( 35mm equivalent focal length )

Dcim\100media

Tomb of Thomas Blount (d.1568) and his wife on the north side of the chancel.

St Mary's is the parish church of the town of Kidderminster and a grand affair it is too, still mostly an early 16th century building of impressive proportions, its extraordinary length in particular. The tower is a major landmark on the northern edge of the town centre, though sadly the construction of the modern ring-road effectively cuts the church off completely from the rest of the town and it can only be reached via a rather uninviting subway beneath the dual-carriageway, thus it doesn't get the footfall it deserves.

The church is usually approached from the south and it is this aspect that makes the biggest impression, most noticeably for its handsome south-west tower and the richly glazed clerestories of the nave (which appears to be composed more of glass than wall), all fine examples of the late medieval Perpendicular style. The length of the building is remarkable as beyond the nave is not only a decent sized chancel but a further chapel to the east as well (an early 16th century chantry chapel, formerly detached but now more integrated and in use as a parish room). There has however been much restoration owing to the fragility of the grey and red sandstones used in the construction, and thus much of the external stonework was renewed in the Victorian period (when the south chapel and vestries connecting to the chantry chapel were added). On the north side of the chancel is a handsome memorial chapel added in the early decades of the 20th century.

Entry is via the porch in the base of the tower at the south-west corner, where the visitor is greeted by a vast interior space whose lighting is somewhat subdued (especially the chancel). the nave is a classic example of the Perpendicular style and of considerable width, culminating above in the bright clerestories and a flat wooden ceiling. There is much of interest to discover here, particularly the monuments which date from the 15th-17th centuries and include several fine tombs, the earliest being a graceful canopied tomb to a noblewoman in the south aisle and a large brass on the north side. The chancel has three more large tombs with recumbent effiges to members of the Cokesey and Blount families, the latter being of post-Reformation date.

Every window of the church is filled with stained glass, mostly of the Victorian period but much of it rather good. The most handsome window is the early 20th century window by Powell's over the main entrance and there is more glass by the same studio in the nave aisles whilst the nave clerestorey has an attractive sequence of angels holding symbols of the Benedicite by Hardmans' installed at the very end of the 19th century. My first encounter with this church was in the late 1990s when working as part of the team that releaded the entire scheme of windows in the nave clerestorey, thus I got to know these angels very well. Sadly however the glass throughout this church suffers from a disfiguring layer of varnish or shellac (applied as 'blackout' at the beginning of World War II and known as 'speltek' according to someone I spoke to at the church). This was smeared over most windows with a rag (the impressions of which were apparent when we worked on the clerestorey windows) and is not easily removed, but small areas where it has detached show how much brightness has been lost while the windows suffocate under this darkening layer. I hope some day the right solvent can be found to remove this stuff with minimal risk to the glass.

Kidderminster's grand parish church rewards a visit and deserves more visitors than it currently receives. It isn't always open but in recent years prior to the pandemic was generally open for a few hours on most days during the summer months (though best to check times before planning a trip). Don't be put off by the seemingly impenetrable barrier of the ringroad, St Mary's is worth seeking out and the nice people who steward their church would I'm sure like to be able to welcome more people to this fine building.

www.worcesteranddudleyhistoricchurches.org.uk/index.php?p...

A glance over her shoulder as she leads you deeper into the woods...

Medium length layered black curly mohair wig by the wonderful Ama!

one caucasian woman exercising workout weigth training sitting on fitness swiss ball full length isolated on white background

學名: Cygnus cygnus

英名: whooper swan

Family : Anatidae (鴨科) Length: 120-160 cm

大天鵝是一種冬候鳥，喜歡群棲在湖泊和沼澤地帶，主要以水生植物爲食。

大天鵝又叫白天鵝、鵠，是一種大型游禽，全身的羽毛均爲雪白的顏色，大小類似疣鼻天鵝，但也有明顯差異。大天鵝有黄色和黑色的嘴，隻有頭部和嘴的基部略顯棕黄色，嘴的端部和腳爲黑色。虹膜－褐色。它的身體肥胖而豐滿，脖子的長度是鳥類中占身體長度比例最大的，甚至超過了身體的長度。腿部較短，腳上有黑色的蹼，游泳前進時，腿和腳摺疊在一起，以減少阻力；向後推水時，腳上的蹼全部張開，形成一個酷似船槳的表面，交替劃水，如屢平地。

分布狀況: 繁殖於北方湖泊的葦地，結群南遷越冬。數量比小大天鵝少。冬季分布於中國長江流域及附近湖泊；春季遷經華北、新疆、内蒙古而到黑龍江、蒙古人民共和國及西伯利亞等地繁殖。

The whooper swan is similar in appearance to the Bewick's swan. The whooper swan has a more angular head shape and a more variable bill pattern that always shows more yellow than black (Bewick's swans have more black than yellow). Like their close relatives, whooper swans are vocal birds with a call similar to the trumpeter swan. Whooper swans have a deep honking call and, despite their size, are powerful fliers. Whooper swans can migrate hundreds or even thousands of miles to their wintering sites in southern Europe and eastern Asia.

Note: For full length video, see archive.org/details/OralAmdo

Written and read by Blo bzang (b. 1989) from Rkang tsha (Gangcha) Village, Rkang tsha (Gangcha) Township, Ya rdzi (Xunhua) Salar Autonomous County, Mtsho shar (Haidong) City, Mtsho sngon (Qinghai) Province, PR China.

Prayer Beads

O1 འདི་ཕྲེང་ང་རེད།

L1 འདི་ནི་ཕྲེང་བ་རེད།

These are prayer beads.

O2 འདི་ཆོས་འདོན་རེས་བཀོལ་དགོ་ནི་རེད།

L2 ཆོས་འདོན་དུས་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་དགོས།

They are used when we chant scriptures.

O3 འདོན་པའི་ཁ་ཀྱང་ལེན་རེས་མཁོ་ནི་རེད། དཔེ་བཞག་ན་མ་ཎི་གསོག་གོ་རེས།

L3 འདོན་པའི་གྲངས་ཀ་བགྲང་དུས་མཁོ་གལ་ཆེ་སྟེ་དཔེར་ན་མ་ཎིའི་གྲངས་ཀ་ལེན་པ་ལྟ་བུ།

We then need to count the numbers of scriptures like ma Ni.

O4 ཕྲེང་རྡོག་བརྒྱ་ར་བརྒྱད་ངེས་བར་དུ་ཡོད་དགོ།

L4 ཕྲེང་རྡོག་བརྒྱ་དང་བརྒྱད་ངེས་པར་དུ་ཡོད་དགོས།

There must be one hundred and eight beads.

O5 ཕྲེང་རྡོག་གཅིག་ར་ཆད་མི་ཉེན།

L5 ཕྲེང་རྡོག་གཅིག་ཀྱང་ཆད་མི་རུང་།

It can’t lack even one bead.

O6 སྐུད་པ་དེ་ལ་ཕྲེང་ཐག་གཟེར།

L6 སྐུད་པ་དེ་ལ་ཕྲེང་ཐག་ཟེར།

The string is called phreng thag.

O7 ཆེ་བོ་དེ་ལ་འདོན་འཛུད་གཟེས་ནི་རེད། དེ་མགོ་འཛུག་ས་ར་མཇུག་སྐྱི་ས་ཡིན་ནི་རེད།

L7 ཆེ་ཤོས་དེ་ལ་འདོན་འཛུད་ཟེར་ཞིང་དེ་ནི་མགོ་མཇུག་གི་མཚམས་འཛིན་ས་ཡིན།

This biggest one is called ‘don ‘dzud. It is for starting and ending.

O8 དེའི་གཡས་གཡོན་ར་དཀྱུས་ཚུལ་ན་ཡོད་ནོ་རིགས་ཀ་ལ་ཀྱང་འཛིན་གཟེས་ནི་རེད།

L8 དེའི་གཡས་གཡོན་དང་དཀྱུས་ན་ཡོད་པ་དག་ལ་གྲངས་འཛིན་ཟེར།

There are also things on the left, right, and in the middle. They are called grangs ‘dzin.

O9 ངེད་ཆ་བོས་ལག་པ་གཡོན་ཚ་ར་སྐེ་ལ་གོན་ནི་རེད། རེད་ད གཡས་ལག་ཚ་གོན་ནི་མ་རེད།

L9 ང་ཚོས་གཡོན་ལག་དང་སྐེ་ལ་འདོགས་པ་ལས་གཡས་ལག་ཏུ་འདོགས་སྲོལ་མེད།

We can put it on our left wrist or put it around our neck, but we shouldn’t wear it on our right wrist.

O10 ངེད་ཆ་བོས་ལག་པ་གཡོན་ས་ནས་བཟུང་ངེ་ཀྱང་ཁ་ལན་དགོ རེད་ད གཡས་ལག་གིས་མི་འཛིན།

L10 ང་ཚོས་གཡོན་ལག་གིས་བཟུང་ནས་གྲངས་ཀ་བགྲང་བ་ལས་གཡས་ལག་གིས་འཛིན་སྲོལ་མེད།

We hold it in our left hand and count, not in our right hand.

Markings: 140th Wing, 120th FS Colorado Air National Guard Buckley AFB, CO

SN:86-0287

Specifications (F-16C Block 30)

General characteristics

Crew: 1

Length: 49 ft 5 in (14.8 m)

Wingspan: 32 ft 8 in (9.8 m)

Height: 16 ft (4.8 m)

Wing area: 300 ft² (27.87 m²)

Airfoil: NACA 64A204 root and tip

Empty weight: 18,900 lb (8,670 kg)

Loaded weight: 26,500 lb (12,000 kg)

Max takeoff weight: 42,300 lb (19,200 kg)

Powerplant: 1× F110-GE-100 afterburning turbofan

Dry thrust: 17,155 lbf (76.3 kN)

Thrust with afterburner: 28,600 lbf (128.9 kN)

Performance

Maximum speed:

At sea level: Mach 1.2 (915 mph, 1,470 km/h)

At altitude: Mach 2+ (1,500 mph, 2,414 km/h)

Combat radius: 340 mi (295 nm, 550 km) on a hi-lo-hi mission with six 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs

Ferry range: 2,280 NM (2,620 mi, 4,220 km) with drop tanks

Service ceiling: 60,000+ ft (18,000+ m)

Rate of climb: 50,000 ft/min (254 m/s)

Wing loading: 88.3 lb/ft² (431 kg/m²)

Thrust/weight: 1.095

Armament

Guns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan gatling gun, 515 rounds

Hardpoints: 2× wing-tip Air-to-air missile launch rails, 6× under-wing & 3× under-fuselage pylon stations holding up to 20,450 lb (9,276 kg) of payload

Rockets:

4× LAU-61/LAU-68 rocket pods (each with 19× /7× Hydra 70 mm rockets, respectively) or

4× LAU-5003 rocket pods (each with 19× CRV7 70 mm rockets) or

4× LAU-10 rocket pods (each with 4× Zuni 127 mm rockets)

Missiles:

Air-to-air missiles:

2× AIM-7 Sparrow or

6× AIM-9 Sidewinder or

6× IRIS-T or

6× AIM-120 AMRAAM or

6× Python-4

Air-to-ground missiles:

6× AGM-45 Shrike or

6× AGM-65 Maverick or

4× AGM-88 HARM

Anti-ship missiles:

2× AGM-84 Harpoon or

4× AGM-119 Penguin

Bombs:

2× CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition

2× CBU-89 Gator mine

2× CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon

Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser capable

4× GBU-10 Paveway II

6× GBU-12 Paveway II

6× Paveway-series laser-guided bombs

4× JDAM

4× Mark 84 general-purpose bombs

8× Mark 83 GP bombs

12× Mark 82 GP bombs

B61 nuclear bomb

Others:

SUU-42A/A Flares/Infrared decoys dispenser pod and chaff pod or

AN/ALQ-131 & AN/ALQ-184 ECM pods or

LANTIRN, Lockheed Martin Sniper XR & LITENING targeting pods or

up to 3× 300/330/370 US gallon Sargent Fletcher drop tanks for ferry flight or extended range/loitering time.

Avionics

AN/APG-68 radar

Length: 1 Minute 26 Seconds. HD Video. Shot and edited by me with the Canon 7D DSLR.

Music by David Arkenstone. Track: Wind in the Trees

www.davidarkenstone.com/

As part of the programme for increasing train lengths and weights, the IWT Liner is expected to be increased to 27 wagons (54 Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit [TEU]), up from the existing 18 wagons (36 TEU). The first trial of this was undertaken today, with NIR owned loco 8209 providing the power to the 2045 North Wall - Ballina liner.

Of note is that this is the longest train for many years out of North Wall, one of the heaviest and that 8209 is the wrong way round - this cab should be facing Dublin and the wagons

Nº 301831.

Vokswagen K70 (1970-1975).

Escala 1/66.

Schuco Modell.

Made in Germany.

Años 70.

First issue: 1971

length: 67,0 mm

weight: 35,1 g

More info:

www.moon-s.de/schuco/thumbnails_e.html

www.moon-s.de/schuco/he/831_1_001.html

--------------------------------

The history of Schuco

" 1912: Salesman Heinrich Schreyer and toolmaker Heinrich Müller establish the toy company "Schreyer und Co." in Nuremberg. The aim is to develop figurative tin toys.

1913: Walking "tip-tap dogs" cause a small sensation in the toy market.

1914: Launch of the freely marching "Automato", which, 50 years later, became the prototype for initial toy robots.

1920: Müller continues to come up with trendsetting mechanical designs, applies for numerous patents – such as for "Acrobato", a tin artist who does somersaults.

1936: Launch of the first miniature cars, the legendary "Wende-Auto" (Tumble Car) and the Mercedes "Silver Arrow", known as Schuco Studio models.

Mid-1950s: Die-cast metal and plastic conquer the toy market.

1976: The company files for bankruptcy. This is followed by several changes of ownership.

From 1993: Refocusing of the brand with many new developments.

1999: The SIMBA DICKIE GROUP takes over Schuco.

Since 1999: Schuco focuses on the production of die-cast models and sets the benchmark in this sector.

2004: Expansion of the range to include the 1:18 scale.

2008: Agricultural machinery models in 1:32 scale are incorporated.

2012: Schuco celebrates its 100th anniversary.

2013: The small-series model line PRO.R32 is born.

2014: Expansion of the range to include the 1:64 scale and introduction of the small-series model line PRO.R18.

2016: Addition of the military product line in 1:87 scale."

Source: www.schuco.de/en/about-schuco/

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Volkswagen K70

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"The Volkswagen K70 is a four-door, front engine, front wheel drive sedan developed by NSU and marketed from 1970–1975 by Volkswagen — after its 1969 acquisition of NSU.

Designed by NSU's chief engineer Ewald Praxl and styled by Claus Luthe as a four-door sedan (and three-door wagon) to complement the NSU Ro80, the K70 would ultimately become the first Volkswagen with a front-mounted engine, water cooling and front wheel drive. Competing with VW's own 411/412 and Audi's 100, the K70 was ultimately marketed only as a sedan — with 211,127 examples manufactured for model years 1970-1975.

The K70 retained NSU's naming convention — with K denoting the German word Kolben (piston) and 70 designating an engine output of 70 PS (51 kW; 69 hp)."

(...)

"The K70 was originally developed to complement the Ro 80, distinguished by its conventional piston engine rather than the Ro80's Wankel rotary engine. NSU scheduled the press launch for March 1969, intending to present it to the wider public at the 1969 Geneva Motor Show."

(...)

------------------------

Volkswagen K70

Manufacturer

Volkswagen

Also called

NSU K70 (1969–1970)

Production

1970–1974

Assembly

Neckarsulm (NSU model)

Salzgitter (VW model)

Designer

Claus Luthe

Class

Mid-size / Large family car (D)

Body style

4-door sedan

Layout

FF layout

Engine

1.6 L I4

1.8 L I4

Dimensions

Wheelbase

2,690 mm (105.9 in)

Length

4,455 mm (175.4 in)

Width

1,665 mm (65.6 in)

Height

1,455 mm (57.3 in)

Curb weight

1,100 kg (2,425 lb)

Chronology

Predecessor

NSU Ro 80

Successor

Volkswagen Passat

Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K70

More info:

www.autolatest.com/auto-editorial/history-of-the-volkswag...

graham64.wordpress.com/2016/10/09/1970-1975-volkswagen-k70/

www.vwheritage.com/blog/2015/02/14/vw-k70-car-started-gen...

documentosdelmotor.com/noticia/47-volkswagen-k-70

Windermere (sometimes tautologically called Lake Windermere to distinguish it from the nearby town of Windermere[a]) is a ribbon lake in Cumbria, England, and part of the Lake District. It is the largest lake in England by length, area, and volume, but considerably smaller than the largest Scottish lochs and Northern Irish loughs.

The lake is about 11 miles (18 km) in length and 1 mile (1.6 km) at its widest, has a maximum depth of 64 metres (210 ft), and has an elevation of 39 metres (128 ft) above sea level. Its outflow is the River Leven, which drains into Morecambe Bay. The lake is in the administrative council area of Westmorland and Furness and the historic county of Westmorland, with the lake forming part of the boundary between the historic counties of Westmorland and Lancashire. It has been one of the country's most popular places for holidays and summer homes since the arrival of the Kendal and Windermere Railway's branch line in 1847. The Freshwater Biological Association was established on the shore of Windermere in 1929 and much of the early work on lake ecology, freshwater biology and limnology was conducted here.

Etymology

The word 'Windermere' is thought to translate as "'Winand or Vinand's lake'... The specific has usually been identified with an Old Swedish personal name 'Vinandr', genitive singular 'Vinandar'"... although "the personal noun is of very restricted distribution even in Sweden." Another possibility is that it refers to a "Continental Germanic personal noun, 'Wīnand'...Since this name could not have been current until the 12th century, the fact that the Old Norse genitive singular '-ar-' has been added to it, it would suggest that Old Norse was still a living language in the area at that time." Alternative spellings may be 'Wynhendermere' and 'Wynenderme' The second element is Old English 'mere', meaning 'lake' or 'pool'. It was known as "Winander Mere" or "Winandermere" until at least the 19th century.

Its name suggests it is a mere, a lake that is broad in relation to its depth, but despite the name this is not the case for Windermere, which in particular has a noticeable thermocline, distinguishing it from typical meres. Until the 19th century, the term "lake" was, indeed, not much used by or known to the native inhabitants of the area, who referred to it as Windermere/Winandermere Water, or (in their dialect) Windermer Watter. The name Windermere or Windermer was used of the parish that had clearly taken its name from the water. The poet Norman Nicholson comments on the use of the phrase 'Lake Windermere': "a certain excuse for the tautology can be made in the case of Windermere, since we need to differentiate between the lake and the town, though it would be better to speak of 'Windermere Lake' and Windermere Town', but no one can excuse such ridiculous clumsiness as 'Lake Derwentwater' and 'Lake Ullswater."

The extensive parish included most of Undermilbeck (that is, excepting Winster and the part of Crook chapelry that lay west of the Gilpin, which were part of Kirkby Kendal parish), Applethwaite, Troutbeck and Ambleside-below-Stock, that is, the part of Ambleside that lay south of Stock Beck. The parish church was at Bowness in Undermilbeck.

Geography

Windermere is long and narrow, like many other ribbon lakes, and lies in a steep-sided pre-glacial river valley that has become deepened by successive glaciations. The current lake was formed after the Last Glacial Maximum during the retreat of the British and Irish Ice Sheet some time between 17,000 and 14,700 years ago, just before the start of the Windermere Interstadial. The lake water was sourced from the meltwater of retreating ice in the catchment, which receded up the Troutbeck valley and up the valleys that now contain the rivers Rothay and Brathay. There were at least nine ice retreat phases, indicated by buried recessional moraines. The lake has two separate basins – north and south – with different characteristics influenced by the geology. This consists of hard volcanic rocks in the north basin and softer shales in the south.

The lake is drained from its southernmost point by the River Leven. It is replenished by the rivers Brathay, Rothay, Trout Beck, Cunsey Beck and several other lesser streams. The lake is largely surrounded by foothills of the Lake District which provide pleasant low-level walks; to the north and northeast are the higher fells of central Lakeland.

There is debate as to whether the stretch of water between Newby Bridge and Lakeside at the southern end of the lake should be considered part of Windermere, or a navigable stretch of the River Leven. This affects the stated length of the lake, which is 11.23 miles (18.07 km) long if measured from the bridge at Newby Bridge, or 10.5 miles (16.9 km) if measured from Lakeside[citation needed]. The lake varies in width up to a maximum of 1 mile (1.6 km), and covers an area of 14.73 km2 (5.69 sq mi). With a maximum depth of 66.7 m (219 ft) and an elevation above sea level of 39 m (128 ft), the lowest point of the lake bed is well below sea level.

There is only one town or village directly on the lakeshore, Bowness-on-Windermere, as the village of Windermere does not directly touch the lake and the centre of Ambleside is one mile (1.6 km) to the north of Waterhead. The village of Windermere is about 20 minutes' walk from Millerground, the nearest point on the lakeshore. It did not exist before the arrival of the railway in 1847. The station was built in an area of open fell and farmland in the township of Applethwaite. The nearest farm was Birthwaite, which gave its name to the station and the village that began to grow up near it. In about 1859, the residents began to call their new village by the name of Windermere, much to the chagrin of the people of Bowness, which had been the centre of the parish of Windermere for many centuries. Since 1907 the two places have been under one council and, although there are still two separate centres, the area between is largely built up, albeit bordering on woodland and open fields. Windermere railway station is a hub for train and bus connections to the surrounding areas and is 1+1⁄4 miles (2 km) from the Waterbus jetty. There is a regular train service to Oxenholme on the West Coast Main Line, where there are fast trains to Edinburgh, Glasgow, Manchester Airport, Birmingham and London.

Islands

The lake contains eighteen islands. By far the largest is the privately owned Belle Isle opposite Bowness.[15] It is around a kilometre in length, and 16 hectares (40 acres).[citation needed] Its older name was Lang Holme, and 800 years ago it was the centre of the manor of Windermere and later, in effect, of a moiety of the barony of Kendal.

The other islands or "holmes" are considerably smaller. The word "holme" or "holm" means small island or islet and comes from Old Norse holmr (as in Stockholm). The island of Lady Holme is named after the chantry that formerly stood there and in former centuries was sometimes called St Mary Holme or just Mary Holme. The remaining islands are Bee Holme (the insular status of which depends on the water level), Blake Holme, Crow Holme, Birk or Birch Holme (called Fir Holme on Ordnance Survey maps), Grass Holme, Lilies of the Valley (East, and West), Ling Holme (a rocky hump with a few trees and a growth of ling), Hawes Holme, Hen Holme (also rocky and sometimes known as chair and Table Island from some old flags or slabs of stone that were formerly found there), Maiden Holme (the smallest island, with just one tree), Ramp Holme (variously called Roger Holme and Berkshire Island at different times in its history), Rough Holme, Snake Holme, Thompson Holme (the second largest), Silver Holme.

The Lake District, also known as the Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region and national park in Cumbria, North West England. It is primarily famous for the Cumbrian Mountains, its lake and coastal scenery, and for its literary associations with William Wordsworth and other Lake Poets, Beatrix Potter, and John Ruskin.

The Cumbrian mountains, or fells, include England's tallest mountains: Scafell Pike (978 m (3,209 ft)), Helvellyn (950 m (3,120 ft)), Skiddaw (931 m (3,054 ft)), and Cross Fell (893 m (2,930 ft)), which all have a topographical prominence of more than 600m. The region contains sixteen major lakes. They include Windermere, which with a length of 18 km (11 miles) and an area of 14.73 km2 (5.69 square miles) is both the longest and largest lake in England, and Wast Water, which at 79 metres (259 ft) is the deepest lake in England.

The Lake District National Park was established in 1951, and covers an area of 2,362 km2 (912 square miles), the bulk of the region. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017.

National Park

The Lake District National Park includes all of the central Lake District, though the town of Kendal, some coastal areas, and the Lakeland Peninsulas are outside the park boundary. The area was designated a national park on 9 May 1951, a month after the Peak District, the first UK national park. It retained its original boundaries until 2016 when it was extended by 3% in the direction of the Yorkshire Dales National Park to incorporate areas land of high landscape value around the Lune Valley.

The national park received 18.14 million tourist visitors in 2022. This equates to 29.15 million tourist days, counting visits of greater than three hours. It is the largest of the thirteen national parks in England and Wales and the second largest in the UK after the Cairngorms National Park. Its aim is to protect the landscape by restricting unwelcome change by industry or commerce. The area of the national park, with the exception of the 2016 extension, was designated a World Heritage Site in 2017 as a cultural landscape. This was the fourth attempt to list the park, after two attempts in the 1980s and one in 2012 failed.

The park is governed by the National Park Authority, which is based at offices in Kendal. It runs a visitor centre on Windermere at a former country house called Brockhole, Coniston Boating Centre, and Information Centres. The Park Authority has 20 members: six appointed by Westmorland and Furness Council, four by Cumberland Council, and ten by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs.

Human geography

The precise extent of the Lake District was not defined traditionally, but is slightly larger than that of the National Park[citation needed], the total area of which is about 2,362 square kilometres (912 sq mi). The park extends just over 51 kilometres (32 mi) from east to west and nearly 64 kilometres (40 mi) from north to south, with areas such as the Lake District Peninsulas to the south lying outside the National Park.

Settlement

There are only a few major settlements within this mountainous area: the towns of Keswick, Windermere, Ambleside, and Bowness-on-Windermere are the four largest. Significant settlements close to the boundary of the national park include Carlisle, Barrow-in-Furness, Kendal, Ulverston, Dalton-in-Furness, Whitehaven, Workington, Cockermouth, Penrith, Millom and Grange-over-Sands; each of these has important economic links with the area. Other villages are Coniston, Threlkeld, Glenridding, Pooley Bridge, Broughton-in-Furness, Grasmere, Newby Bridge, Staveley, Lindale, Gosforth and Hawkshead. The economies of almost all are intimately linked with tourism. Beyond these are a scattering of hamlets and many isolated farmsteads, some of which are still tied to agriculture;[citation needed] others now function as part of the tourist economy.

Communications

Roads

The Lake District is very nearly contained within a box of trunk routes and major A roads. It is flanked to the east by the A6 road, which runs from Kendal to Penrith (though the National Park extension approved in 2015 is east of the A6); across its southern fringes by the A590, which connects the M6 to Barrow-in-Furness, and the A5092, and across its northern edge by the A66 trunk road between Penrith and Workington. The A595 (linking the A66 with the A5092) forms the park boundary from Calder Bridge to Holmrook, then crosses the coastal plain of the park until turning inland at the Whicham Valley, forming much of the park boundary again until joining the A5092 at Grizebeck.

Besides these, a few A roads penetrate the area itself, notably the A591 which runs north-westwards from Kendal to Windermere and then on to Keswick. It continues up the east side of Bassenthwaite Lake. "The A591, Grasmere, Lake District" was short-listed in the 2011 Google Street View awards in the Most Romantic Street category. The A593 and A5084 link the Ambleside and Coniston areas with the A590 to the south whilst the A592 and A5074 similarly link Windermere with the A590. The A592 also continues northwards from Windermere to Ullswater and Penrith by way of the Kirkstone Pass.

Some valleys which are not penetrated by A roads are served by B roads. The B5289 serves Lorton Vale and Buttermere and links via the Honister Pass with Borrowdale. The B5292 ascends the Whinlatter Pass from Lorton Vale before dropping down to Braithwaite near Keswick. The B5322 serves the valley of St John's in the Vale whilst Great Langdale is served by the B5343. Other valleys such as Little Langdale, Eskdale and Dunnerdale are served by minor roads. The last of these is connected with the first two by the Wrynose and Hardknott passes respectively; both of these passes are known for their steep gradients and are together one of the most popular climbs in the United Kingdom for cycling enthusiasts. A minor road through the Newlands Valley connects via Newlands Hause with the B5289 at Buttermere. Wasdale is served by a cul-de-sac minor road,[a] as is Longsleddale and the valleys at Haweswater and Kentmere. There are networks of minor roads in the lower-lying southern part of the area, connecting numerous communities between Kendal, Windermere, and Coniston.

Railways and ferries

The West Coast Main Line skirts the eastern edge of the Lake District and the Cumbrian Coast Line passes through the southern and western fringes of the area. A single railway line, the Windermere Branch Line, penetrates from Kendal to Windermere via Staveley. Railways once served Broughton-in-Furness and Coniston (closed to passengers in 1958) and another ran from Penrith to Cockermouth via Keswick (closed west of Keswick in 1966 and completely in 1972). Part of the track of the latter is used by the improved A66 trunk road.

The Cumbrian Coast line has three stations within the boundaries of the national park (and additionally Drigg, about a third of a mile from the park boundary). The line gives railway enthusiasts and others a flavour of a pre-Beeching railway line, with features like manually operated level crossing gates, as well as giving a good connection to the steam railway into Eskdale and providing access for cyclists and serious walkers to the Western Fells.

The narrow gauge Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway runs from Ravenglass on the west coast up Eskdale as far as Dalegarth Station near the hamlet of Boot, catering for tourists. Another heritage railway, the Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway, runs between Lake Windermere and Haverthwaite, and tourists can connect at Lakeside with the boats up the lake to Bowness.

A vehicle-carrying cable ferry, the Windermere Ferry, runs frequent services across Windermere. There are also seasonal passenger boats on Coniston Water, Derwent Water, and Ullswater.

Footpaths and bridleways

There are many paths over which the public has a right of way, all of which are signposted at their origin on public roads and at some other points. Within the area of the National Park in 2012 there were 2,159 km (1,342 mi) of public footpaths, 875 km (544 mi) of public bridleways, 15 km (9 mi) of restricted byways and 30 km (19 mi) of byways open to all traffic. There is also a general "right to roam" in open country, which includes approximately 50% of the national park.

Many of these tracks arose centuries ago and were used either as ridge highways (such as along High Street) or as passes for travelling across the ridges between settlements in the valleys. Historically these paths were not planned for reaching summits, but more recently they are used by fell walkers for that purpose. The Coast to Coast Walk, which crosses the north of England from the Irish Sea to the North Sea, traverses the national park from west to east.

Bridleways are intended for horse riding and walkers, with cyclists also permitted to use them. Cyclists must give way to all other bridleway users. Motor vehicles are only allowed on "byways open to all traffic" (green lanes) but in practice Traffic Regulation Orders have been brought in on several prohibiting motor traffic, although a system of permits operates on Gatesgarth Pass.

Land ownership

Most of the land within the national park is in private ownership, with about 55% registered as agricultural land. Landowners include:

Individual farmers and other private landowners, with more than half of the agricultural land farmed by the owners.

The National Trust owns around 25% of the total area (including some lakes and land of significant landscape value).

The Forestry Commission and other investors in forests and woodland.

United Utilities (owns 8%)

Lake District National Park Authority (owns 3.9%)

Physical geography

The Lake District is a roughly circular upland massif, deeply dissected by a broadly radial pattern of major valleys which are largely the result of repeated glaciations over the last 2 million years. The apparent radial pattern is not from a central dome, but from an axial watershed extending from St Bees Head in the west to Shap in the east. Most of these valleys display the U-shaped cross-section characteristic of glacial origin and often contain long narrow lakes in bedrock hollows, with tracts of relatively flat ground at their infilled heads, or where they are divided by lateral tributaries (Buttermere-Crummock Water; Derwent Water-Bassenthwaite Lake).[b] Smaller lakes known as tarns occupy glacial cirques at higher elevations. It is the abundance of both which has led to the area becoming known as the Lake District.

Many of the higher fells are rocky, while moorland predominates lower down. Vegetation cover in better-drained areas includes bracken and heather, although much of the land is boggy, due to the high rainfall. Deciduous native woodland occurs on many of the steeper slopes below the tree line, but with native oak supplemented by extensive conifer plantations in many areas, particularly Grizedale Forest in the generally lower southern part of the area. The Lake District extends to the sea to the west and south.

The highest mountain in England, Scafell Pike (978m/3210'), has a far-reaching view on a clear day, ranging from the Galloway Hills of Scotland, the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, and Snowdonia in Wales.

Cumbrian Mountains

Lake District is located in the Lake DistrictScafell PikeScafell PikeScafellScafellScafellScafellHelvellynHelvellynSkiddawSkiddawHigh StreetHigh StreetGrasmoorGrasmoorConiston Old ManConiston Old ManGreat GableGreat GableKendalKendalPenrithPenrithKeswickKeswickAmblesideAmblesideCockermouthCockermouthWindermereWindermereGrasmereGrasmere

Major fells and towns shown within the National Park

Lake District

The mountains (or 'fells') of the Lake District are known as the "Cumbrian Mountains", "Cumbrian Fells" or "Lakeland Fells". The four highest fells exceed 3,000 feet (914 m). These are:

Scafell Pike, 978 m (3,209 ft)

Scafell, 965 m (3,166 ft)

Helvellyn, 951 m (3,120 ft)

Skiddaw, 931 m (3,054 ft)

Northern Fells

The Northern Fells are a clearly defined range of hills contained within a 13 km (8 mi) diameter circle between Keswick in the southwest and Caldbeck in the northeast. They culminate in the 931 m (3,054 ft) peak of Skiddaw. Other notable peaks are Blencathra (also known as Saddleback) (868 m (2,848 ft)) and Carrock Fell. Bassenthwaite Lake occupies the valley between this massif and the North Western Fells.

North Western Fells

The North Western Fells lie between Borrowdale and Bassenthwaite Lake to the east and Buttermere and Lorton Vale to the west. Their southernmost point is at Honister Pass. This area includes the Derwent Fells above the Newlands Valley and hills to the north amongst which are Dale Head, Robinson. To the north stand Grasmoor, highest in the range at 852 m (2,795 ft), Grisedale Pike and the hills around the valley of Coledale, and in the far northwest is Thornthwaite Forest and Lord's Seat. The fells in this area are rounded Skiddaw slate, with few tarns and relatively few rock faces.

Western Fells

The Western Fells lie between Buttermere and Wasdale, with Sty Head forming the apex of a large triangle. Ennerdale bisects the area, which consists of the High Stile ridge north of Ennerdale, the Loweswater Fells in the far northwest, the Pillar group in the southwest, and Great Gable (899 m (2,949 ft)) near Sty Head. Other tops include Seatallan, Haystacks and Kirk Fell. This area is craggy and steep, with the impressive pinnacle of Pillar Rock its showpiece. Wastwater, located in this part, is England's deepest lake.

Central Fells

The Central Fells are lower in elevation than surrounding areas of fell, peaking at 762 m (2,500 ft) at High Raise. They take the form of a ridge running between Derwent Water in the west and Thirlmere in the east, from Keswick in the north to Langdale Pikes in the south. A spur extends southeast to Loughrigg Fell above Ambleside. The central ridge running north over High Seat is exceptionally boggy.

Eastern Fells

The Eastern Fells consist of a long north-to-south ridge, the Helvellyn range, running from Clough Head to Seat Sandal with the 950 m (3,118 ft) Helvellyn at its highest point. The western slopes of these summits tend to be grassy, with rocky corries and crags on the eastern side. The Fairfield group lies to the south of the range and forms a similar pattern with towering rock faces and hidden valleys spilling into the Patterdale valley. It culminates in the height of Red Screes overlooking the Kirkstone Pass.

Far Eastern Fells

The Far Eastern Fells refers to all of the Lakeland fells to the east of Ullswater and the A592 road running south to Windermere. At 828 m (2,717 ft), the peak known as High Street is the highest point on a complex ridge that runs broadly north-south and overlooks the hidden valley of Haweswater to its east. In the north of this region are the lower fells of Martindale Common and Bampton Common whilst in the south are the fells overlooking the Kentmere valley. Further to the east, beyond Mardale and Longsleddale is Shap Fell, an extensive area consisting of high moorland, more rolling and Pennine in nature than the mountains to the west.

Southern Fells

The Southern Fells occupy the southwestern quarter of the Lake District. They can be regarded as comprising a northern grouping between Wasdale, Eskdale, and the two Langdale valleys, a southeastern group east of Dunnerdale and south of Little Langdale, and a southwestern group bounded by Eskdale to the north and Dunnerdale to the east.

The first group includes England's highest mountains: Scafell Pike in the centre, at 978 m (3,209 ft) and Scafell one mile (1.6 km) to the southwest. Though it is slightly lower, Scafell has a 700 ft (210 m) rockface, Scafell Crag, on its northern side. This group also includes the Wastwater Screes overlooking Wasdale, the Glaramara ridge overlooking Borrowdale, the three tops of Crinkle Crags, Bowfell and Esk Pike. The core of the area is drained by the infant River Esk. Collectively these are some of the Lake District's most rugged hillsides.

The second group, otherwise known as the Furness Fells or Coniston Fells, have as their northern boundary the steep and narrow Hardknott and Wrynose passes. The highest are Old Man of Coniston and Swirl How which slightly exceed 800 m (2,600 ft).

The third group to the west of the Duddon includes Harter Fell and the long ridge leading over Whitfell to Black Combe and the sea. The south of this region consists of lower forests and knolls, with Kirkby Moor on the southern boundary. The southwestern Lake District ends near the Furness peninsula and Barrow-in-Furness, a town which many Lake District residents rely on for basic amenities.

Southeastern area

The southeastern area is the territory between Coniston Water and Windermere and east of Windermere towards Kendal and south to Lindale. There are no high summits in this area which are mainly low hills, knolls and limestone cuestas such as Gummer's How and Whitbarrow. Indeed, it rises only as high as 333 m (1,093 ft) at Top o' Selside east of Coniston Water; the wide expanse of Grizedale Forest stands between the two lakes. Kendal and Morecambe Bay stand at the eastern and southern edges of the area.

Valleys

The main radial valleys are (clockwise from the south) Dunnerdale, Eskdale, Wasdale, Ennerdale, the Vale of Lorton, and Buttermere valley, the Derwent Valley and Borrowdale, the Ullswater valley, Haweswater valley, Longsleddale, the Kentmere valley, those converging on the head of Windermere - Grasmere, Great Langdale and Little Langdale, and the Coniston Water valley. The valleys break the mountains up into blocks, which have been described by various authors in different ways. The most frequently encountered approach is that made popular by Alfred Wainwright who published seven separate area guides to the Lakeland Fells.

Only one of the lakes in the Lake District is called by that name, Bassenthwaite Lake. All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere are meres, tarns and waters, with mere being the least common and water being the most common. The major lakes and reservoirs in the National Park are given below.

Bassenthwaite Lake

Brotherswater

Buttermere

Coniston Water

Crummock Water

Derwent Water

Devoke Water

Elter Water

Ennerdale Water

Esthwaite Water

Grasmere

Haweswater Reservoir

Hayeswater

Loweswater

Rydal Water

Thirlmere

Ullswater

Wast Water

Windermere

Woodlands

Below the tree line are wooded areas, including British and European native oak woodlands and introduced softwood plantations. The woodlands provide habitats for native English wildlife. The native red squirrel is found in the Lake District and a few other parts of England. In parts of the Lake District, the rainfall is higher than in any other part of England. This gives Atlantic mosses, ferns, lichen, and liverworts the chance to grow. There is some ancient woodland in the National Park. Management of the woodlands varies: some are coppiced, some pollarded, some left to grow naturally, and some provide grazing and shelter.

Coast

The Lake District extends to the coast of the Irish Sea from Drigg in the north to Silecroft in the south, encompassing the estuaries of the Esk and its tributaries, the Irt and the Mite. The intertidal zone of the combined estuaries includes sand, shingle and mudflats, and saltmarsh. The dune systems on either side of the estuary are protected as nature reserves; Drigg Dunes and Gullery to the north and Eskmeals Dunes[31] to the south. South of the estuary, the coast is formed in low cliffs of glacial till, sands, and gravels.

The district also extends to the tidal waters of Morecambe Bay and several of its estuaries alongside the Furness and Cartmel Peninsulas, designated on M6 motorway signposts as the "Lake District Peninsulas", and the southern portions of which lie outside the park. These are the Duddon Estuary, the Leven Estuary, and the western banks and tidal flats of the Kent Estuary. These areas are each characterised by sand and mudflats of scenic and wildlife interest. The coast is backed by extensive flats of raised marine deposits left when the relative sea level was higher.

by Voigtländer SUPER WIDE-HELIAR 15mm F4.5 Aspherical Ⅱ

30.0mm ( 35mm equivalent focal length )

Knee length knitted dress with spaghetti straps. Knit with 4ply acrylic yarn & size 2mm needles. Straps are chains I crocheted using a 2.5mm crochet hook.

Nikon D40

Focal Length: 38mm

Optimize Image: Custom

Color Mode: Mode IIIa (sRGB)

Long Exposure NR: Off

High ISO NR: Off

2008/05/13 19:54:29.9

Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority

White Balance: Auto

Tone Comp.: Auto

Compressed RAW (12-bit)

Metering Mode: Multi-Pattern

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1/80 sec - F/8

Flash Sync Mode: Not Attached

Saturation: Auto

Color

Exposure Comp.: +0.3 EV

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Sensitivity: ISO 200

Image Comment: © Gerard Prins (56) 2275 87209

Bateau Grey knee-length Chiffon 2013 Prom Dress

Item ID #:DR1HNPT005

The comet centrally placed on the background is a cropped image. The Sony RX10M3 focal length of 183 mm is the equiv of 500 mm in 35 mm terms; Formby, Sefton; UK; 1st August 2020 at 04-40 hrs.

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Jodrell Bank & Earth Magazine

Comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) isn’t what astronomers call a great comet. But it’s a wonderful binocular comet that began gracing our early morning skies in early July. Now it’s visible in the evening, as soon as the sky gets really dark. We’ve been hearing from people throughout the Northern Hemisphere who’ve seen this comet, and we’ve heard from a few who have spotted it from Southern Hemisphere locations.

Comet NEOWISE was closest to Earth on July 23, passing some 64 million miles (103 million km) from our planet. Many observers have reported that – once you spot it with binoculars – you can remove them and glimpse this comet as a fuzzy object, using only the unaided eye.

When was NEOWISE first discovered? Comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) was discovered on March 27, 2020 – not from Earth’s surface – but from by a space observatory some 326 miles (525 km) above Earth’s surface. It’s named for its discoverer, the Near Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, aka NEOWISE, which was launched by NASA in 2009.

Comet NEOWISE was closest to the sun on July 3, 2020, passing at about 26.7 million miles (43 million km) from the sun, or a bit closer than the average distance from the sun to Mercury. Unlike some comets, it survived the close encounter with our star and went on to become widely seen by binocular observers and astrophotographers.

Jodrell Bank: The comet was discovered by the NASA space telescope NEOWISE in March this year. Comets are balls of ice and rock, so called ‘dirty snowballs’, that come from the far reaches of the solar system. Comet NEOWISE has a nucleus around 5km (3 miles) in diameter with a tail that has two parts as is typical for comets – a white tail made of fragments of the comet itself and a blue tail, made of ionised gas blown back by the solar wind.

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Wikipedia

C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) or Comet NEOWISE is a long period comet with a near-parabolic orbit discovered on March 27, 2020, by astronomers during the NEOWISE mission of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) space telescope. At that time, it was an 18th-magnitude object, located 2 AU (300 million km; 190 million mi) away from the Sun and 1.7 AU (250 million km; 160 million mi) away from Earth.

NEOWISE is known for being the brightest comet in the northern hemisphere since Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997. It was widely photographed by professional and amateur observers and was even spotted by people living near city centers and areas with light pollution. While it was too close to the Sun to be observed at perihelion, it emerged from perihelion around magnitude 0.5 to 1, making it bright enough to be visible to the naked eye. Under dark skies, it could be seen with the naked eye and remained visible to the naked eye throughout July 2020. By July 30, the comet was about magnitude 5, but binoculars were required near urban areas to locate the comet.

For observers in the northern hemisphere, the comet could be seen on the northwestern horizon, below the Plough or Big Dipper. North of 45 degrees north, the comet was visible all night in mid-July 2020. On July 30, Comet NEOWISE entered the constellation of Coma Berenices, below the bright star Arcturus.

C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)Comet 2020 F3 (NEOWISE) on Jul 14 2020 aligned to stars.jpg

C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) photographed from Germany on July 14, 2020

Discovery

Discovered byNEOWISE

Discovery dateMarch 27, 2020[1]

Orbital characteristics A

Epoch2458953.5 (April 14, 2020)

Observation arc113 days

Number of

observations376

Orbit typeLong period comet

Aphelion538 AU (inbound)

710 AU (outbound)

Perihelion0.29478 AU

Semi-major axis270 AU (inbound)

355 AU (outbound)

Eccentricity0.99921

Orbital period~4400 yrs (inbound)[2]

~6700 yrs (outbound)

Inclination128.93°

Node61.01°

Argument of

periapsis37.28°

TJupiter-0.408

Earth MOID0.36 AU (54 million km; 140 LD)

Jupiter MOID0.81 AU (121 million km)

Dimensions~5 km (3 mi)[1]

Last perihelionJuly 3, 2020

Next perihelionunknown

The beluga or white whale, Delphinapterus leucas, is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean. It is one of two members of the family Monodontidae, along with the narwhal. This marine mammal is commonly referred to simply as the beluga or sea canary due to its high-pitched twitter.[3] It is up to 5 m (16 ft) in length and an unmistakable all-white color with a distinctive protuberance on the head. From a conservation perspective, the beluga is considered "near threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature; however the subpopulation from the Cook Inlet in Alaska is considered critically endangered and is under the protection of the United States' Endangered Species Act.[2][4] Of seven Canadian beluga populations, two are listed as endangered, inhabiting eastern Hudson Bay, and Ungava Bay.

Contents

[hide]

In 1776, Peter Simon Pallas first described the beluga.[1] It is a member of the Monodontidae family, which is in turn part of the toothed whale suborder.[1] The Irrawaddy dolphin was once placed in the same family; however, recent genetic evidence suggests otherwise.[5] The narwhal is the only other species within the Monodontidae besides the beluga.[6]

The Red List of Threatened Species gives both beluga and white whale as common names, though the former is now more popular. The English name comes from the Russian белуха (belukha), which derives from the word белый (belyy), meaning "white". It is sometimes referred to by scientists as the belukha whale to avoid confusion with the beluga sturgeon.

The whale is also colloquially known as the sea canary on account of its high-pitched squeaks, squeals, clucks and whistles. A Japanese researcher says he taught a beluga to "talk" by using these sounds to identify three different objects, offering hope that humans may one day be able to communicate effectively with sea mammals.[7]

[edit] Description

Photo of beluga at water surface with back flexed, with both head and tail raised

A beluga in the shallow waters of the Vancouver Aquarium

Male belugas are larger than females. Length can range from 2.6 to 6.7 m (8.5 to 22 ft), averaging 4 m (13 ft) in males and 3.6 m (12 ft) in females.[8] Males weigh between 1,100 and 1,600 kg (2,400 and 3,500 lb), occasionally up to 1,900 kg (4,200 lb) while females weigh between 700 and 1,200 kg (1,500 and 2,600 lb).[9][10] They rank as mid-sized species among toothed whales.[11]

The adult beluga is rarely mistaken for another species, because it is completely white or whitish-gray in color. Calves, however, are usually gray.[8] Its head is unlike that of any other cetacean. Like most toothed whales it has a melon—an oily, fatty tissue lump found at the center of the forehead. The beluga's melon is extremely bulbous and even malleable.[6] The beluga is able to change the shape of its head by blowing air around its sinuses. Unlike many dolphins and whales, the vertebrae in the neck are not fused together, allowing the animal to turn its head laterally. The rostrum has about 8 to 10 teeth on each side of the jaw and a total of 34 to 40 teeth.

Belugas have a dorsal ridge, rather than a dorsal fin.[8] The absence of the dorsal fin is reflected in the genus name of the species—apterus the Greek word for "wingless." The evolutionary preference for a dorsal ridge rather than a fin is believed to be an adaptation to under-ice conditions, or possibly as a way of preserving heat.[6] As in other cetaceans, the thyroid gland is relatively large compared to terrestrial mammals (proportionally three times as large as a horse's thyroid) and may help to sustain higher metabolism during the summer estuarine occupations.

Its body is round, particularly when well-fed, and tapers less smoothly to the head than the tail. The sudden tapering to the base of its neck gives it the appearance of shoulders, unique among cetaceans. The tail fin grows and becomes increasingly and ornately curved as the animal ages. The flippers are broad and short—making them almost square-shaped.

[edit] Range and habitat

Photo of whale at surface with bump behind head

Beluga at the mouth of Churchill River into Hudson Bay, Canada

The beluga inhabits a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters ranging from 50° N to 80° N, particularly along the coasts of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and Russia. The southernmost extent of their range includes isolated populations in the St. Lawrence River estuary and the Saguenay fjord, around the village of Tadoussac, Quebec, in the Atlantic and the Amur River delta, the Shantar Islands and the waters surrounding Sakhalin Island in the Sea of Okhotsk.[12]

In the spring, the beluga moves to its summer grounds: bays, estuaries and other shallow inlets. These summer sites are discontinuous. A mother usually returns to the same site year after year. As its summer homes clog with ice during autumn, the beluga moves away for winter. Most travel in the direction of the advancing icepack and stay close its edge for the winter months. Others stay under the icepack—surviving by finding ice leads and polynyas (patches of open water in the ice) in which they can surface to breathe. Beluga may also find air pockets trapped under the ice. The beluga's ability to find the thin slivers of open water within a dense ice pack that may cover more than 96% of the surface mystifies scientists. Its echo-location capabilities are highly adapted to the sub-ice sea's peculiar acoustics and it has been suggested that belugas can sense open water through echo-location.

In 1849, while constructing the first railroad between Rutland and Burlington in Vermont, workers unearthed the bones of a mysterious animal in the town of Charlotte. Buried nearly 10 feet (3.0 m) below the surface in a thick blue clay, these bones were unlike those of any animal previously discovered in Vermont. Experts identified the bones as those of a beluga. Because Charlotte is over 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest ocean, early naturalists were at a loss to explain the bones of a marine mammal buried beneath the fields of rural Vermont. Today, the Charlotte whale aids in the study of the geology and the history of the Champlain Basin,[13] and this fossil is now the official Vermont State Fossil (making Vermont the only state whose official fossil is that of a still extant animal).

On June 9, 2006, a young beluga carcass was found in the Tanana River near Fairbanks in central Alaska, nearly 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi) from the nearest ocean habitat. Belugas sometimes follow migrating fish, leading Alaska state biologist Tom Seaton to speculate that it had followed migrating salmon up the river at some point in the prior fall.

[edit] Life history

Overhead photo of five belugas swimming at surface with four splash areas behind them

Pod of belugas swimming

Belugas are highly sociable. Groups of males may number in the hundreds, while mothers with calves generally mix in slightly smaller groups. When pods aggregate in estuaries, they may number in the thousands. This can represent a significant proportion of the entire population and is when they are most vulnerable to hunting.

Pods tend to be unstable, meaning that they tend to move from pod to pod. Radio tracking has shown that belugas can start out in a pod and within a few days be hundreds of miles away from that pod. Mothers and calves form the beluga's closest social relationship. Nursing times of two years have been observed and lactational anestrus may not occur. Calves often return to the same estuary as their mother in the summer, meeting her sometimes even after becoming fully mature.

Belugas can be playful—they may spit at humans or other whales. It is not unusual for an aquarium handler to be drenched by one of his charges. Some researchers believe that spitting originated with blowing sand away from crustaceans at the sea bottom.

Unlike most whales, it is capable of swimming backwards.[14]

Males reach sexual maturity between four and seven years, while females mature at between six and nine years. The beluga can live more than 50 years.[8]

[edit] Reproduction

Underwater photo of calf swimming slightly below and behind mother

Female and calf

Female belugas typically give birth to one calf every three years.[8] Most mating occurs between February and May, but some mating occurs at other times of year.[6][8] It is questionable whether the beluga has delayed implantation.[6] Gestation lasts 12 to 14.5 months.[8]

Calves are born over a protracted period that varies by location. In the Canadian Arctic, calves are born between March and September, while in Hudson Bay, the peak calving period is in late June, and in Cumberland Sound, most calves are born from late July to early August.[15]

Newborns are about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long, weigh about 80 kilograms (180 lb), and are grey in color. The calves remain dependent on their mothers for at least two years.

[edit] Ecology

[edit] Feeding

The beluga is a slow swimmer that feeds mainly on fish. It also eats cephalopods (squid and octopus) and crustaceans (crab and shrimp). Foraging on the seabed typically takes place at depths of up to 1,000 feet (300 m) but they can dive at least twice this depth. A typical feeding dive lasts 3–5 minutes, but belugas submerge for up to 20 minutes at a time.[16]

[edit] Predation

Polar bears take particular advantage of situations when belugas become trapped by ice and are thus unable to reach the ocean. The bears swipe at the belugas and drag them onto the ice. The orca is its other significant natural predator.[9]

[edit] Relation to humans

Belugas were among the first whale species in captivity. The first beluga was shown at Barnum's Museum in New York City in 1861. Today it remains one of the few whale species kept at aquaria and sea life parks across North America, Europe, and Asia. Its popularity there with visitors reflects its attractive color, and its range of facial expressions.[citation needed] While most cetacean "smiles" are fixed, the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of apparent expression. Most belugas found in aquaria are caught in the wild, though captive breeding programs enjoy some success.

Both the United States Navy and the Russian Navy have used belugas in antimining operations in Arctic waters.[17] In one instance, a captive beluga brought a cramp-paralyzed diver from the bottom of the pool up to the surface by holding her foot in its mouth, certainly saving the female diver's life.[18][19]

[edit] Population and threats

Photo of white whale with head placed on poolside with human arm reaching to front of whale's mouth

A beluga whale in an aquarium with a trainer

The global population of belugas today stands at about 100,000. Although this number is much greater than that of many other cetaceans, it is much smaller than pre-hunting populations. There are estimated to be 40,000 individuals in the Beaufort Sea, 25,045 in Hudson Bay, 18,500 in the Bering Sea, and 28,008 in the Canadian Low Arctic. The population in the St. Lawrence estuary is estimated to be around 1,000.[20] It is considered an excellent sentinel species (indicator of environment health and changes). This is because it is long-lived, on top of the food web, bearing large amounts of fat and blubber, relatively well-studied for a cetacean, and still somewhat common.

Because the beluga congregates in river estuaries, pollution is proving to be a significant health danger. Incidents of cancer have been reported to be rising as a result of St. Lawrence River pollution. Local beluga carcasses contain so many contaminants that they are treated as toxic waste.[citation needed] Reproductive pathology has been discovered here, possibly caused by organochlorines. Levels between 240 ppm and 800 ppm of PCBs have been found, with males typically having higher levels.[21] The long-term effects of this pollution on the affected populations is not known.

Underwater photo of whale with top of head above surface

A beluga resurfaces

Indirect human disturbance may also be a threat. While some populations tolerate small boats, others actively try to avoid ships. Whale-watching has become a booming activity in the St. Lawrence and Churchill River areas.

Because of its predictable migration pattern and high concentrations, the beluga has been hunted by indigenous Arctic peoples for centuries. In many areas, hunting continues, and is believed to be sustainable. However, in other areas, such as the Cook Inlet, Ungava Bay, and off western Greenland, previous commercial operations left the populations in great peril. Indigenous whaling continues in these areas, and some populations continue to decline. These areas are the subject of intensive dialogue between Inuit communities and national governments aiming to create a sustainable hunt.

[edit] Pathogens

Papillomaviruses have been found in the gastric compartments of belugas in the St. Lawerence River. Herpesvirus as well has been detected on occasion in belugas. Encephalitis has sometimes been observed and the protozoa Sarcocystis can infect the animals. Ciliates have been observed to colonize the blowhole yet may not be pathogenic or especially harmful.[22]

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacilli, likely from contaminated fish in the diet, can endanger captive belugas, causing anorexia, dermal plaques, and lesions. This may lead to death if not diagnosed early and treated with antibiotics.[23]

[edit] Conservation status

Photo of stamp showing two adult and one juvenile, swimming

Pictured on Faroe Islands stamp

As of 2008, the beluga is listed as "near threatened" by the IUCN, due to uncertainty about the number of belugas over parts of its range (especially the Russian Arctic), and the expectation that if current conservation efforts cease, especially hunting management, the beluga population is likely to qualify for "threatened" status within five years. Prior to 2008, the beluga was listed as "vulnerable", a higher level of concern. IUCN cited the stability of the largest subpopulations and improved census methods that indicate a larger population than previously estimated.[2]

To prevent hunting, belugas are protected under the International Moratorium on Commercial Whaling; however, small amounts of beluga whaling are still allowed. Since it is very difficult to know the exact population of belugas because their habitats include inland waters away from the ocean, it is easy for them to come in contact with oil and gas development centers. To prevent whales from coming in contact with industrial waste, the Alaskan and Canadian governments are relocating sites where whales and waste come in contact.

To prevent captive whales from dying, researchers from the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre are finding ways to prevent fungi from entering the habitats and to constantly check their health. Healthy captive belugas are important because they are one of the only whales found in many marine aquariums. The high numbers of captives adds to the threat to the beluga population, while their carcasses contribute to scientific research.

Subpopulations are subject to differing levels of threat and warrant individual assessment. The Cook Inlet subpopulation is listed as "Critically Endangered" by the IUCN as of 2006.[24] The Cook Inlet beluga population is listed as Endangered under the Endangered Species Act as of October 2008.[4][25][26] This was due to overharvesting of belugas prior to 1998. The population has failed to recover even though the reported harvest has been small. The most recent published estimate as of May 2008 was 302 (CV=0.16) in 2006.[27] In addition, the National Marine Fisheries Service indicated the 2007 aerial survey's point estimate was 375.

The Beluga whale is listed on appendix II[28] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II[28] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

Name: Silver Wind

Length: 44m

World's largest yacht number: >200

Shipyard: ISA Yachts

Price: 20 000 000€

Program:Manual

Lens:35mm f/1.8 G

F:2.2

Speed:1/50

ISO:560

Focal Length:35.0 mm (35 mm equivalent 52.0 mm)

Focus Mode:AF-C

AF Area:Dynamic Area (3D-tracking)

Shooting Mode:Single-Frame, Auto ISO

VR:Off

EV:-2/3

Metering Mode:Spot

WB:Auto1

Picture Control:Standard

Focus Distance:0.50 m

Dof:0.017 m (0.493 - 0.510)

HyperFocal:27.53 m

Original Caption: Alyeska Pipeline Service Company's Fairbanks Pipeyard, with More Than 200 Miles of 48-Inch Pipe. Most Lengths Are 50-To 60-Feet near 445 08/1973

U.S. National Archives’ Local Identifier: 412-DA-8067

Photographer: Cowals, Dennis, 1945-

Subjects:

Fairbanks (Fairbanks North Star, Alaska, United States) inhabited place

Environmental Protection Agency

Project DOCUMERICA

Persistent URL: catalog.archives.gov/id/550552

Repository: Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S), National Archives at College Park, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD, 20740-6001.

For information about ordering reproductions of photographs held by the Still Picture Unit, visit: www.archives.gov/research/order/still-pictures.html

Reproductions may be ordered via an independent vendor. NARA maintains a list of vendors at www.archives.gov/research/order/vendors-photos-maps-dc.html

Access Restrictions: Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

Okay, this is a long explanation so my apologies for length of this description.

During Dragon Con 2019, the attendees did "things" to a life-sized, FedEx stand up advertisement named "Jon" (that's the first name of the model used in the cardboard stand-up and on his name badge). By "things," I mean every time I went by "Jon," someone had added new graffiti to his image. First googly-eyes were put over his pupils. Then vampire fangs were drawn in. Followed by blood dripping out of his mouth and on to his shirt. Mushroom-shaped horns on his forehead. Post-it notes.

I lost count of all the little changes that happened to it.

On and on it went the whole weekend. "Jon" was taken to a couple of parties on late Sunday night to early Monday morning. We all thought that FedEx, after seeing what had happened to Jon's visage, had removed it for disposal.

People missed seeing Jon. So much that a new cult was born, "The Cult of Jon" joined "The Cult of the Carpet." And what do you do when your cult mascot goes missing besides sending out search parties? Leave offerings and tithes.

If you look closely at the image, there are *SO* many whacky things were left for Jon in his journey. And it kept growing throughout the morning. By the time I left for the airport, the offerings had quadrupled in size and weirdness from this specific image. There was even an apology card from Kylo Ren ("Sorry I killed my father" message). The imagination of DC fans honestly knows no bounds.

Flex rails for Fischertechnik track ball system.

The original flex rails are only available in 2 sizes. By making multiple lengths via 3D printing you have a lot of possibilities for building the ball track. Bending the original flex rails is not always easy. That's why I made several circular versions here. They are available in 90, 180 and 270 degrees. The diameters are 60, 90 and 120mm. They are not intended to bend further to another diameter although it remains possible. You can place the 60, 90 and 120mm nicely in a circle which makes a nice track possible.

I have also designed a number of new blocks to make it easier to use the flex rails. There's also a side-left stop plate that allows you to better align the rails and keep them in place. A block has been made with a 7.5° inclination according to the normal angle at which the balls run. This replaces an FT-38428 and an FT-32071 block.

Another new block is a 37.5mm version of the FT-35079 but equipped with 2 pins. This makes the block more secure. It is also made with 1 pin as an alternative. The circular flex rails have a different height for the inside and outside edge. The inside has the same value as the original FT rail, 4mm but the outside edge has 6mm. This allows a higher speed in the curve without the balls flying out.

Several small details on the flex rails make it stronger to use. Small roundings are used and the thickness of the base is slightly increased. The end of the rail is then slightly chamfered so that they are at the same height as the original rails. I use a rectangular inlay profile for the pins. This is done to better adapt printing deviations. Now you know how they are on the printboard.

All parts are tested and optimized for the Fashforge Finder 3D printer so no finishing is needed. All flex rails are printed with 100% fill. I use PolyMaker polymax PLA because it is much stronger ( 9x ) than the regular PLA. The temperature is 210 degrees, no Brim, no Wall, print speed 60mm/s, Travel speed 80mm/s, Layer Height 0.18mm, First Layer Height 0.25mm.

To avoid distortion I use Pelikan Pelifix glue pen to lubricate the 3D print plate. Because the Finder does not have a heated table, I heat the plate by keeping it under flowing hot water. The temperature is around 40-50 degrees at the start of the printing and you have a perfete 3D print.

All .stl files on Thingiverse:

www.thingiverse.com/thing:3375754

SoulRider.222 / Eric Rider © 2011

VEHICLE TYPE: mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive, 2-passenger, 2-door roadster

BASE PRICE: $313,350

ENGINE TYPE: DOHC 32-valve V-8, aluminum block and heads, port fuel injection

Displacement: 263 cu in, 4308cc

Power: 503 bhp @ 8500 rpm

Torque: 347 lb-ft @ 5250 rpm

TRANSMISSION: 6-speed manual with automated shifting and clutch

DIMENSIONS:

Wheelbase: 102.4 in

Length: 177.6 in

Width: 75.7 in Height: 47.9 in

Curb weight (C/D est): 3300 lb

PERFORMANCE (C/D EST):

Zero to 60 mph: 3.4 sec

Standing ¼-mile: 11.5 sec

Top speed (redline limited): 196 mph

FUEL ECONOMY (C/D EST):

EPA city/highway: 11/16 mpg

NUMBER MADE:

499

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Ferrari Ownership Requirements 12/7/2020

To own a Ferrari would fulfill the fantasy of many car enthusiasts. The famous Italian automaker excels in delivering luxury sports cars that bear a signature and unique exterior without sacrificing performance. This is only half of what makes the cars special though.

Ferrari's culture separates the company from other automakers in huge ways, affecting both its owners and the workers behind these miraculous machines. Although the company is one of the most valuable, it cares about something more than just earning money: it’s about making special cars that offer a driving experience unlike any other. When examining the company and its owners, it’s clear they’ve achieved this milestone, even after all these years.

Owners have to go to great lengths if they want the latest and greatest cars Ferrari churns out. Employees have to follow rules and regulations if they want to uphold the most important thing to Ferrari—which is not about making cars, but the brand itself. Whether one is a Ferrari owner or an employee that works at their factory plant, everyone has to follow the "Ferrari code."

It’s because of these rules that the brand is exclusive and widely coveted among car gurus today. If someone wants to own a Ferrari, they’re going to have to play by the company’s rules. The same goes for employees if they want to work at, what Autoblog notes, a company that won the award for Best Place to Work in Europe for 2007. We’re going to take a look at known rules both owners and employees have to follow if they want to remain in the good graces of Ferrari.

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20 - Owner Rule: Forced To Sign Contract Agreeing Not To Sell Car

People today become bombarded with agreements written in fine print. Most people don’t have the time or patience to read all that agreements detail though and decide to sign on the line regardless. According to Autoweek, Ferrari in the US makes their customers sign a contract upon purchasing a new vehicle.

In that agreement is a clause that prevents owners from reselling their car in the first year. The automaker makes buyers sign this in an attempt to discourage owners from flipping their cars. This is both a reminder to read the fine print and further demonstrates the automaker’s stringent protocol placed upon new owners.

19 - Employee Rule: Forbidden From Buying New Cars

Last September, Ferrari unveiled a pair of Roadsters long-time employees can appreciate. Even if the employees want the cars though and can afford them—tough luck. The Drive reports that the company makes their vehicles first and foremost available to the public.

One of Ferrari’s executives, Enrico Galliera, had this to say about employees getting second dibs on new cars: “The philosophy is that with such limited production and clients waiting so long to get their car, it's not nice if the car is delivered to employees.” The only exception to this rule are Scuderia Ferrari F1 drivers who can buy one from the company.

18 - Owner Rule: Leave The Logos Alone

Ferrari believes that as soon as their car rolls off the production line, it's perfect as is. There’s no shortage of Ferrari owners who feel differently though; here’s photographic proof of owners who took their Ferrari rides for granted. If Ferrari had it their way, they’d opt for owners to leave their iconic logos untouched.

According to Tech Dirt, the electronic DJ and artist Deadmau5 got in trouble for covering up his Ferrari logos with custom ones. His 458 Italia “Purrari” sports a blue vinyl wrap that has a Nyan cat painted on the side. It’s a move Ferrari supposedly issued a cease and desist order over.

17 - Employee Rule: Communicate On Their Terms

Ferrari has gone to extremes to sell cars before by tampering with some odometers on used cars, so it’s only natural they’d apply radical policies in the workplace as well. It appears that too many employees were reaching for the keyboard on too many occasions instead of opting for old fashioned face-to-face communication.

According to The Guardian, the executives at Ferrari advised their employees to “talk to each other more and write less.” Since it should be pretty easy for supervisors to monitor their employees’ computer activity, it's safe to assume workers adhere to this directive in order to stick around.

16 - Owner Rule: No Pink Ferraris

Ferrari isn’t fond of pink Ferraris. That’s what Executive Lifestyle reports, despite the company tolerating some customer paint jobs. The disapproval of pink came directly from Herbert Appleroth, the President and CEO of Ferrari Australia. “We do reject the exterior color pink,” Appleroth said, as per the same source.

He went on to say that Ferrari would never produce a pink car. Without a doubt, red is the most iconic color they wrap their cars in. At the same time, the company promotes the idea that no two Ferrari rides should be identical, they just wouldn't go so far as to stand out with a pink paint job.

15 - Employee Rule: No Discounts On Cars

Working for certain companies has its perks. For one, it allows employees to buy products made and sold by that company at a discounted rate. This luxury, however, is too generous to bestow upon Ferrari employees.

According to The Drive, should Scuderia Ferrari F1 drivers choose to purchase a personal Ferrari, they're required to pay full price for it. That puts them in an awkward position, considering it’d be hard to spot team members driving in anything else but a Ferrari; in a way, it forces their employees to invest back into the company without a price concession if they want to properly represent the brand.

14 - Owner Rule: Accept Ferrari’s Right To Buy Back Car

In an earlier entry, we noted that Ferrari in the US has made buyers sign a special contract. While that contract discouraged owners from selling their new Ferrari, it also adds another stipulation: the automaker can buy the vehicle back.

According to the site Car Keys, if someone wanted to get rid of their LaFerrari Aperta, it’s pursuant for Ferrari to purchase the vehicle back from the owner. It would appear that on the surface, Ferrari would rather the car go to someone who wants it instead of someone who doesn't. This is all part of that special contract owners may sign at the time of their purchase.

13 - Employee Rule: Sworn To Prevent Security Leaks

Whether someone is an actor in an upcoming Avengers movie or an employee at Apple, the bigwigs in charge want to keep details under lock and key—that includes any plot spoilers and future product releases. Ferrari is a similar company that’s always making new vehicles while wishing to work in secrecy.

To maintain a level of mystery, the whole operation depends on trustworthy employees. According to Kaspersky Lab Daily, something as simple as copying data to a USB drive has to go through an approval process. This in turn discourages employees from going routes that may lead to a security breach and exercises a higher level of caution.

12 - Owner Rule: Must Love The Ferrari Brand

The world is full of sides, clubs and camps. Those who are outside of them get picked on unless they join a team, while those inside a base pledge undying loyalty. Ferrari is no different. It’s more than just an automaker—it’s a special culture with its own philosophy, style and following.

As the site Car Guy points out, the company sifts through applicants and chooses who gets to buy certain models because they want to make sure their cars are properly taken care of. It’s a sure bet they’re going to pick someone who’s not just a Ferrari fan, but also lives and bleeds the brand.

11 - Employee Rule: Prohibited From Sending Certain Group Emails

Expanding further on an earlier point, Ferrari went to great lengths to crack down on employees emailing more instead of talking to each other. As a means to curb digital communication so that employees would talk to each other directly, they added terms to sending emails.

As per The Guardian, a spokesman for Ferrari said, “From now on, each Ferrari employee will only be able to send the same email to three people in-house.” This must have been a wake up call for employees at the time and discouraged them from falling into old habits of CCing everyone in the whole company on a single thread.

10 - Owner Rule: Buy Not One, Not Two, But Multiple Ferraris

Owning a Ferrari isn’t exactly enough to be a part of the club. As the site Car Guypoints out, it’s more suitable to own several Ferrari cars before one feels part of the bunch. That narrows down the list of potential owners to only a handful around the world with how much they cost.

Even older models are going up in value, as the 1964 Ferrari Prototype demonstrates. The same source points out that the most committed owners, at minimum, are the ones who upgrade their old Ferrari to a newer model. It’s not enough to purchase a one-off Ferrari and call it a day if someone wants to be a true fan.

9 - Employee Rule: Required To Wear Red And White Uniforms

An amusement park can make its employees wear costumes that match the park’s theme; a restaurant may have its employees wear a vest and bow tie; an office requires business casual attire. Ferrari is like most jobs, requiring its employees adhere to a dress code.

According to Freep, those on the manufacturing campus must wear red and white uniforms. They have the company’s iconic yellow logo stitched on, which unites all the employees under the same banner and purpose. There are plenty of people around the world who would love to wear these uniforms, but only a select number ever get to suit up in one.

8 - Owner Rule: Be Older Than 40

Despite Ferrari being one of the most famous car brands today, many people aren’t aware of its history or the automaker's philosophy. There are so many facts about the legendary automaker, we dedicated a whole piece to things most people don't know about Ferrari.

It’s not unusual for potential owners to go through a rigorous process that feels commensurate to a background check. According to the site Car Keys, automaker won’t hesitate to request a customer’s history of ownership for review. Even more, the same source suggests that Ferrari dealers are more likely to sell a car to a new owner who’s over the age of 40.

7 - Employee Rule: Formula 1 Team Must Win

When Scuderia Ferrari struggles, it affects the whole company. The site News.com.au reports that despite being the "most iconic team” in Formula 1 racing, Ferrari was unable to secure a Grand Prix win in 2016. The team only has one remedy when this happens: winning.

As F1-Fansite points out, they were able to bounce back in early 2017, with Vettel winning the first race and securing 5 race wins. The Formula 1 team not only represents the automaker but carries the pride of the entire brand. It’s important that they do well in order for the brand to continue thriving.

6 - Owner Rule: Treat Fellow Ferrari Owners Like Family

Buying a car from certain automakers, such as Tesla, Porsche or Ferrari, feels like joining a family. When someone purchases a Ferrari, they enter into a brotherhood and sisterhood alongside fellow owners. As the site the Car Guy notes, entering into the Ferrari fraternity means that owners help each other when the need arises.

This is one of those unspoken rules the automaker hopes and expects its customers will follow. Even outsiders who don’t own one may find it easy to support someone who does as an expression of their admiration towards the brand. Ferrari owners got to stick together.

5 - Employee Rule: Must Adopt The “Formula Uomo” Philosophy

The company not only cares about its customers, but its employees too. They recognize that these are the people that make it all possible. Autoblog reports that Ferrari launched a project called “Formula Uomo” in the 1990s which lays down many of the tenants employees live and breathe by.

The same source notes that this philosophy deals with the working conditions, one’s professional growth and personal benefits. Each individual is important and must embody these principles in order for the whole enterprise to work properly. As a Ferrari employee, “Formula Uomo” lays the groundwork for one’s success while working there.

4 - Owner Rule: Must Have Fame, Fortune And More

To own some of the world’s best supercars, all it takes is a lot of dough. If that wasn’t enough though, Ferrari raises the bar on what they expect from their owners. Part of what makes their cars so exclusive are the limited number they make. Take the LaFerrari for example, which Wired reports only 499 exist.

In order for their cars to get attention, they have to give them to owners who can not only afford them but put them in the spotlight. The same source notes that even high-profile buyers who applied for the vehicle weren't able to land one.

3 - Employee Rule: “Clients First”

Ferrari cares about its customers. The company doesn’t treat its clientele as a dollar sign—although they do get a lot of money for the cars they deliver—but instead seeks to make a bond with its owners. The company is like a father who’s entrusted his child with the keys to the treasured car.

They want to know their cars are in good hands, which is possible through respect. That’s why they make clients a priority. The Drive reports that Enrico Galliera, a Ferrari executive said, “It is clients first.” Behind those words is a whole company of employees who live by this aim.

2 - Owner Rule: Respect Ferrari’s Way Of Doing Things

No one likes obeying rules. If there’s a realm with enough rules as it is, it’s driving on the road. The last thing people want is more rules they have to follow as a car owner. Under the Ferrari umbrella though, there are lots of expectations one has to follow as an owner.

That means going with their unique way of doing things. The site Car Keys reports that the automaker’s politics, including their selection process for who they deem is eligible to purchase limited edition cars, is one such rule owners have to follow. It may not be easy to accept, but it’s part of playing the game.

1 - Employee Rule: Protect The Brand At All Times

Ferrari has managed to be an independent automaker over the years while still making loads of money. Part of what makes them so successful is the brand’s reputation, which is about making flawless cars that perform well.

One of the executives, Stefano Lai, as per Freep said, “My job is to protect the brand as much as possible.” This is a principal that trickles down to employees, affecting their conduct and the image they project in and out of the workplace. Many employees likely have the Ferrari logo on them throughout the day, making them an extension of the company wherever they go. That means they have to watch what they say and do since they represent the company’s image.

Sources: Autoblog , Tech Dirt , Wired , Executive Lifestyle , Car Guy , Car Keys , Autoweek , The Drive , Freep, News.com.au , F1-Fansite.

www.hotcars.com/rules-ferrari-owners-must-follow-and-the-...

www.social6.com/alexkane Camera: Nikon 1 J4

Aperture: f/1.8

Exposure: ¹⁄₈₀ sec at f/1.8

ISO: 160

Lens: 1 NIKKOR 18.5mm f/1.8

Focal Length: 18.5mm (49mm in 35mm equivalent)