ANSBACH, Germany - German and American civilian employees were honored for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 years of service to the U.S. Army in a ceremony prior to a Town hall here, Feb. 23 in the Katterbach Theater on Bismark Kaserne.

In total, the honored employees - coupled with those not present at the ceremony - have racked up more than 900 years of service in support of the U.S. Army.

Col. Benjamin Jones, commander of the U.S. Army Garrison Ansbach (USAG Ansbach), speaking to the more than 200 family members, fellow employees and well-wishers as well as the participants, highlighted the importance of the civilian workforce in supporting the Soldiers' missions, and what the many contributions they make to providing stability and quality of life services to service members stationed in the Ansbach and Illesheim communities.

"You're an outstanding credit to USAG Ansbach, and to the U.S. military in Europe." said Jones, "For me, our professional workforce in Ansbach - German and American - truly embodies the tenants of the Army's Civilian Creed: Dedication to our Army, our Soldiers and Civilians; support of the mission; and providing the stability and continuity that enable Soldiers to concentrate on their missions, which is of special importance to Soldiers serving overseas, where so much surrounding them can appear new and unfamiliar when they first arrive in country.

Jones was unstinting in his praise for the awardees. "We would be hard-pressed to complete the Army mission without you. Know that the Soldiers of this community rely on you, appreciate you, and everything you do in support of them, and their families."

Also in attendance were Ansbach Mayor Thomas Deffner and Burgermeister Heinrich Förster from Illesheim who presented certificates to honor the awardees.

5 Years of Service Award Recipients: AGUIRRE, ELVA / ELSTON, SHANE R. / HAYNES, MCKENDRIC L. / PAOLETTI, ROBIN E. / DILL, JAMES S. / FESTA, FRANCESCA / OVALLE, JORDANIA E. / SUMMERS, JESSICA L.

10 Years of Service Award Recipients: CORNMAN, DAVID K. GUNN, ESZTER MURILLO, JUAN F SOWDERS, BIANCA / GIRALDO, SABRINA L. / MAYLE, JAMES M. / PERSOUER, NATHALIE / WINCKOWSKI, NICOLE M.

15 Years of Service Award Recipients: ANDERSON, MICHAEL E. / KLEIN, ANITA / MORMAN, ANNETTE POEHLMANN, GUENTHER SEEFRIED, JUTTA / DEIKUN, TRACY L. / KOCH, MICHAEL / OETTINGER, DIETMAR / ROELL, RUDOLF

20 Years of Service Award Recipients: BECKER, PETER / SCHNEIDER, HARALD / STETTNER, REINHARD / DILLARD, STEVEN T. / SPRINGER, CHRISTOPHER

25 Years of Service Award Recipients: JONES, MARK / STINGLEY, QUINCY LEE

30 Years of Service Award Recipients: BERNHARD, VERA EULER / MICHAELA PELZMANN / THOMAS SCHNEIDER / BARBARA CROWLEY / BRIAN JOHN / MICHEL KARL-HEINZ / PRICE, CLAUDIA

35 Years of Service Award Recipients: BARCO, SIMON / ENGELS, WINFRIED / JOPP, GABRIELE / KALLERT, RUDOLF / MANN, JUERGEN / NAWRATIL, CLAUDIA / STEINBAUER, WALTRAUT / WINTER, JOSEF/ BURNS, MONIKA / FALK, UWE / JOPP, HEINZ / KORN, GUENTER / MARTIN, INES / NIESSER, HARALD / WEISSENBERGER, THOMAS

40 Years of Service Award Recipients: BAILEY, JOYCE / HORNEBER, WILHELM / REINHARDT KLAUS / TANZER ERICH / WITT, ALFRED / ZIETLER, HEINZ / BRUECKNER, RAINER / MILLET, JR., NORBERTO / SUMMERS, CORNELIA / TORRES, ELIEZER / WOERRLEIN, DIETER

Photo by Michael Beaton, U.S. Army Garrison Ansbach Public Affairs (RELEASED).

All Saints, Laughton, Lincolnshire.

A full length brass to a member of the D'Alison (or Dalison) family, c14.

It shows the deceased in plate armour, feet on a lion, beneath an ogee canopy. The brass was reset c1549 on top of the tomb chest of William & George D'Alison.

Here lie William D'Allison Esquire, formerly Sheriff & Receiver for the County of Lincoln and 7th Justice of the same County. And George D'Allison son and heir of the above William who died December 18th AD 1546 the 37th year of the Imperial Reign of King Henry Vlll. And the said George died Jan 22nd AD 1549 the 3rd year of the Imperial Reign of King Edward Vl. Upon whose souls may God have mercy. Amen.

Adult size (length): 2.5-3.0 cm.

Pupae: 3.0-3.5 cm.

Mature larvae: 3-4 cm.

Eggs: 1.0 x 0.5 mm.

Larva feed on roots of grasses.

Adults don't feed.

Larvae develop through four instars before they pupate.

Party Club Column Elastic Silk Like Satin Strapless Short Length Dresses

Many things have changed along the busy Colac shopping strip that runs the length of Murray Street. Shops have come and gone, and each time the shop front it inhabits is redecorated. Yet if you look above a shop's awning, you will often find the original building's upper floors and parapets, still very much intact.

This shop built of red brick with fine stonework has been built in Victorian Free Classical style, an architectural movement that was very popular between the mid and late Nineteenth Century. The Victorian Free Classical architectural movement resulted as a reaction against the strict rules of two previous styles, the Greek and Roman Revival movements, which were very constricted. The Victorian Free Classical style, as the name suggests, allowed architects more freedom when designing buildings, often combining complimentary elements from different periods. The movement was used widely, from large city buildings to small domestic buildings, religious and domestic buildings alike.

Located approximately 150 kilometres to the south-west of Melbourne, past Geelong is the small Western District city of Colac. The area was originally settled by Europeans in 1837 by pastoralist Hugh Murray. A small community sprung up on the southern shore of a large lake amid the volcanic plains. The community was proclaimed a town, Lake Colac, in 1848, named after the lake upon which it perches. The post office opened in 1848 as Lake Colac and was renamed Colac in 1854 when the city changed its name. The township grew over the years, its wealth generated by the booming grazing industries of the large estates of the Western District and the dairy industry that accompanied it. Colac has a long high street shopping precinct, several churches, botanic gardens, a Masonic hall and a smattering of large properties within its boundaries, showing the conspicuous wealth of the city. Today Colac is still a commercial centre for the agricultural district that surrounds it with a population of around 10,000 people. Although not strictly a tourist town, Colac has many beautiful surviving historical buildings or interest, tree lined streets. Colac is known as “the Gateway to the Otways” (a reference to the Otway Ranges and surrounding forest area that is located just to the south of the town).

Nikon D200

Focal Length: 35mm

Optimize Image: Custom

Color Mode: Mode II (Adobe RGB)

Long Exposure NR: Off

High ISO NR: Off

2008/02/23 10:22:55.3

Exposure Mode: Aperture Priority

White Balance: Auto

Tone Comp.: Auto

Compressed RAW (12-bit)

Metering Mode: Spot

AF Mode: AF-S

Hue Adjustment: 0°

Image Size: Large (3872 x 2592)

1/400 sec - F/13

Flash Sync Mode: Not Attached

Saturation: Auto

Color

Exposure Comp.: 0 EV

Sharpening: Medium high

Lens: 35-70mm F/2.8D Nikkor

Sensitivity: ISO 200

Image Comment: (c) Gerard Prins (56) 22758 7209

Name: Shadow Dragon (Draco Horriblis)

Size : length until 25 meters

Height: until 10 meters

Wingspans: until 88 meters

Weight : until between 8 and 15 tons

Frequency: Rare

Sight: Excellant

Smell: Excellant

Hearing: Excellant

Location: Ruins Castles, Remote Mountains, Isolated regions and Volcanoes

Alignment: Chaotic evil; Always evil

Enemies: Black Dragons, Red dragons and anything who are really fast, who have the bite of over 1'000 pounds, who is white and silver and who breath the natural fire (Because of their attacks made them weak.)

Information:

Shadow dragons (aka "Man-eater dragons" and "Shade wyrms") are the most vile tempered dragons of Fantasia. They are cruel, nasty and rude. Though these dragons were nearly annihilated in ages past, a few of the evil creatures have made their homes in the isolated regions. They breath almost exclusively the black fire. They dislikes any things of beauty and likes almost anything that many humans would consider unpleasant such as the war (this is their main occupation.). Physically, they are distinguished by their enormous bat-likes wings. They have two long horns, knife-like claws and the sting of scorpion. They smells of the smoke. They roar like the evil creature.

The eggs of a shadow dragon must be kept in the open dark flame. Incubation takes nearly nine mouths. After the eggs are laid, the male abandons the female who guard her nest. Once they hatch, the whelps are left to fend for themselves. They usually have little problem in doing so. The shadow whelps are quite deadly and they are capable to breath the flame more faster than the sounds. The latter trait is carried fully into adulthood

The shadow dragons believe that they are the pinnacle of draconic nature and that all good creatures are more ungrateful than the evil ones. They are quite ferocious and agressive form this deadly beast. They are solitary creatures and avoid the any contact with the others dragons. They are quite famous for the attack of the defenceless towns. The shadow dragons hunt anything. Their diet often consists the humans and the elves, most particularly the women (maidens), the minors and blue-eyes males (Shadow dragons claim they are the most tasty).

They are highly territorial and they attacks frequently nearly everything. It say that they breed with captive males and captive female of many species, though they prefer elves and humans to either smaller or larger species. They often hoard the young persons in their lairs (who varies the gender), along with their wealth. They have been famous to force villages to sacrifice the maidens to them.

Shadow dragons hate the Red dragons, Black Dragons and anything who are very fast, who have the bite of over 1'000 pounds, who is white and silver and who breath the natural fire, with a passion as their familiarity with their natural power often make shadow dragons appear weak in battle with them. They also commonly come into conflict with the dwarves for the place, though sometimes the dwarves kill these dragons for the skin and the tooths. Additionaly, there are never dwarf who is kidnapped by the shadow dragon. These dragons hates any authority other than their own.

Notables shadow dragons:

Shade: A male shadow dragon.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

History

Nazi Germany

Name: Admiral Scheer

Namesake: Reinhard Scheer

Builder: Kriegsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven

Laid down: 25 June 1931

Launched: 1 April 1933

Commissioned: 12 November 1934

Homeport: Kiel

Fate: Sunk by bombs, 9 April 1945

General characteristics

Class and type: Deutschland class cruiser

Displacement:

Design:

13,660 t (13,440 long tons)

Full load:

15,180 long tons (15,420 t)

Length: 186 m (610 ft 3 in)

Beam: 21.34 m (70 ft 0 in)

Draft: 7.25 m (23 ft 9 in)

Propulsion:

Eight MAN diesel engines

Two propellers

52,050 shp (38,810 kW)

Speed: 28.3 knots (52.4 km/h; 32.6 mph)

Range: 9,100 nmi (16,900 km; 10,500 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph)

Complement:

As built:

33 officers

586 enlisted

After 1935:

30 officers

921–1,040 enlisted

Sensors and

processing systems:

1940:

FMG 39 G(gO)

1941:

MG 40 G(gO)

FuMO 26

Armament:

As built:

6 × 28 cm (11 in) in triple turrets

8 × 15 cm (5.9 in) in single turrets

8 × 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes

Armor:

main turrets: 140 mm (5.5 in)

belt: 80 mm (3.1 in)

deck: 45 mm (1.8 in)

Aircraft carried: 2 × Arado Ar 196 seaplanes

Aviation facilities: One catapult

Admiral Scheer was a Deutschland-class heavy cruiser (often termed a pocket battleship) which served with the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany during World War II. The vessel was named after Admiral Reinhard Scheer, German commander in the Battle of Jutland. She was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven in June 1931 and completed by November 1934. Originally classified as an armored ship (Panzerschiff) by the Reichsmarine, in February 1940 the Germans reclassified the remaining two ships of this class as heavy cruisers.[a]

The ship was nominally under the 10,000 long tons (10,000 t) limitation on warship size imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, though with a full load displacement of 15,180 long tons (15,420 t), she significantly exceeded it. Armed with six 28 cm (11 in) guns in two triple gun turrets, Admiral Scheer and her sisters were designed to outgun any cruiser fast enough to catch them. Their top speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) left only a handful of ships in the Anglo-French navies able to catch them and powerful enough to sink them.[1]

Admiral Scheer saw heavy service with the German Navy, including a deployment to Spain during the Spanish Civil War, where she bombarded the port of Almería. Her first operation during World War II was a commerce raiding operation into the southern Atlantic Ocean; she also made a brief foray into the Indian Ocean. During the operation, she sank 113,223 gross register tons (GRT) of shipping, making her the most successful capital ship surface raider of the war. Following her return to Germany, she was deployed to northern Norway to interdict shipping to the Soviet Union. She was part of the abortive attack on Convoy PQ 17 and conducted Operation Wunderland, a sortie into the Kara Sea. After returning to Germany at the end of 1942, the ship served as a training ship until the end of 1944, when she was used to support ground operations against the Soviet Army. She was sunk by British bombers on 9 April 1945 and partially scrapped; the remainder of the wreck lies buried beneath a quay.

Design

Main article: Deutschland class cruiser

Recognition drawing of Admiral Scheer

Admiral Scheer was 186 meters (610 ft) long overall and had a beam of 21.34 m (70.0 ft) and a maximum draft of 7.25 m (23.8 ft). The ship had a design displacement of 13,660 t (13,440 long tons; 15,060 short tons) and a full load displacement of 15,180 long tons (15,420 t),[2] though the ship was officially stated to be within the 10,000 long tons (10,000 t) limit of the Treaty of Versailles.[3] Admiral Scheer was powered by four sets of MAN nine-cylinder double-acting two-stroke diesel engines. The ship's top speed was 28.3 knots (52.4 km/h; 32.6 mph), at 52,050 shaft horsepower (38,810 kW). At a cruising speed of 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph), the ship could steam for 9,100 nautical miles (16,900 km; 10,500 mi). As designed, her standard complement consisted of 33 officers and 586 enlisted men, though after 1935 this was significantly increased to 30 officers and 921–1,040 sailors.[2]

Admiral Scheer's primary armament was six 28 cm (11.0 in) SK C/28 guns mounted in two triple gun turrets, one forward and one aft of the superstructure. The ship carried a secondary battery of eight 15 cm (5.9 in) SK C/28 guns in single turrets grouped amidships. Her anti-aircraft battery originally consisted of three 8.8 cm (3.5 in) L/45 guns, though in 1935 these were replaced with six 8.8 cm L/78 guns. By 1940 the ship's anti-aircraft battery was significantly increased, consisting of six 10.5 cm (4.1 in) C/33 guns, four twin-mounted 3.7 cm (1.5 in) C/30 guns and up to twenty-eight 2 cm (0.79 in) Flak 30 guns. By 1945, the anti-aircraft battery had again been reorganized and comprised six 4 cm guns, eight 3.7 cm guns, and thirty-three 2 cm guns.[2]

The ship also carried a pair of quadruple 53.3 cm (21.0 in) deck-mounted torpedo launchers placed on her stern. The ship was equipped with two Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult. Admiral Scheer's armored belt was 60 to 80 mm (2.4 to 3.1 in) thick; her upper deck was 17 mm (0.67 in) thick while the main armored deck was 17 to 45 mm (0.67 to 1.77 in) thick. The main battery turrets had 140 mm (5.5 in) thick faces and 80 mm thick sides.[2] Radar initially consisted of a FMG 39 G(gO) set, though in 1941 this was replaced with an FMG 40 G(gO) set and a FuMO 26 system.[4][b]

Service history

Admiral Scheer was ordered by the Reichsmarine from the Reichsmarinewerft shipyard in Wilhelmshaven.[2] Naval rearmament was not popular with the Social Democrats and the Communists in the German Reichstag, so it was not until 1931 that a bill was passed to build a second Panzerschiff. The money for Panzerschiff B, which was ordered as Ersatz Lothringen, was secured after the Social Democrats abstained to prevent a political crisis.[5] Her keel was laid on 25 June 1931,[6] under construction number 123.[2] The ship was launched on 1 April 1933; at her launching, she was christened by Marianne Besserer, the daughter of Admiral Reinhard Scheer, the ship's namesake.[7] She was completed slightly over a year and a half later on 12 November 1934, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet.[8] The old battleship Hessen was removed from service and her crew transferred to the newly commissioned panzerschiff.[7]

At her commissioning in November 1934, Admiral Scheer was placed under the command of Kapitän zur See (KzS) Wilhelm Marschall.[9] The ship spent the remainder of 1934 conducting sea trials and training her crew.[10] In 1935, she had a new catapult and landing sail system to operate her Arado seaplanes on heavy seas installed.[4] From 1 October 1935 to 26 July 1937 her first officer was Leopold Bürkner, later to become head of foreign intelligence in the Third Reich.[11] By October 1935, the ship was ready for her first major cruise, when on 25–28 October she visited Madeira, returning to Kiel on 8 November. The following summer, she cruised out through the Skagerrak and the English Channel into the Irish Sea, before visiting Stockholm on the return voyage.[10]

Spanish Civil War

Admiral Scheer's first overseas deployment began in July 1936 when she was sent to Spain to evacuate German civilians caught in the midst of the Spanish Civil War. From 8 August 1936 she served together with her sister ship Deutschland on non-intervention patrols off the Republican-held coast of Spain.[7] She served four tours of duty with the non-intervention patrol through June 1937. Her official objective was to control the influx of war materiel into Spain, though she also recorded Soviet ships carrying supplies to the Republicans and protected ships delivering German weapons to Nationalist forces.[12] During the deployment to Spain, Ernst Lindemann served as the ship's first gunnery officer.[13] After Deutschland was attacked on 29 May 1937 by Spanish Republican Air Force aircraft off Ibiza, Admiral Scheer was ordered to bombard the Republican-held port of Almería in reprisal.[12] On 31 May 1937, the anniversary of the Battle of Jutland, Admiral Scheer, flying the Imperial War Flag, arrived off Almería at 07:29 and opened fire on shore batteries, naval installations and ships in the harbor. On 26 June 1937, she was relieved by her sister ship Admiral Graf Spee, allowing her to return to Wilhelmshaven on 1 July. She returned to the Mediterranean between August and October, however.[7] In September 1936 KzS Otto Ciliax replaced Marschall as the ship's commanding officer.[9]

World War II

At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Admiral Scheer remained at anchor in the Schillig roadstead outside Wilhelmshaven, along with the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper. On 4 September, two groups of five Bristol Blenheim bombers attacked the ships. The first group surprised the anti-aircraft gunners aboard Admiral Scheer, who nevertheless managed to shoot down one of the five Blenheims. One bomb struck the ship's deck and failed to explode, and two detonated in the water near the ship. The remaining bombs also failed to explode.[14] The second group of five Blenheims were confronted by the alerted German defenses, which shot down four of the five bombers. Admiral Scheer emerged from the attack undamaged.[15] In November 1939, KzS Theodor Krancke became the ship's commanding officer.[16]

Admiral Scheer underwent a refit while her sister ships set out on commerce raiding operations in the Atlantic.[17] Admiral Scheer was modified during the early months of 1940, including the installation of a new, raked clipper bow.[16] The heavy command tower was replaced with a lighter structure, and she was reclassified as a heavy cruiser.[12] Additional anti-aircraft guns were also installed, along with updated radar equipment.[16] On 19–20 July RAF bombers attacked Admiral Scheer and the battleship Tirpitz, though they failed to score any hits.[18] On 27 July, the ship was pronounced ready for service.[16]

Atlantic sortie

Admiral Scheer sailed in October 1940 on her first combat sortie. On the night of 31 October she slipped through the Denmark Strait and broke into the open Atlantic.[19] Her B-Dienst radio intercept equipment identified the convoy HX-84, sailing from Halifax Nova Scotia. Admiral Scheer's Arado seaplanes located the convoy on 5 November 1940,[17] The armed merchant cruiser HMS Jervis Bay, the sole escort for the convoy, issued a report of the German raider and attempted to prevent her from attacking the convoy. The convoy was ordered to scatter under cover of a smoke screen.[19] Admiral Scheer's first salvo scored hits on Jervis Bay, disabling her wireless equipment and steering gear. Shells from her second salvo struck the bridge and killed her commander, Edward Fegen.[20] Admiral Scheer quickly sank Jervis Bay, but the delay allowed the majority of the convoy to escape. The Germans sank only five of the convoy's 37 ships.[21]

On 18 December, Admiral Scheer encountered and sank the refrigerator ship Duquesa, of some 8,651 long tons (8,790 t) displacement. The ship sent off a distress signal, which the German raider deliberately allowed, to draw British naval forces to the area.[22] Krancke wanted to lure British warships to the area to draw attention away from Admiral Hipper, which had just exited the Denmark Strait.[23] The aircraft carriers HMS Formidable and Hermes, the cruisers Dorsetshire, Neptune, and Dragon, and the armed merchant cruiser Pretoria Castle converged to hunt down the German raider, but she eluded the British.[22]

Admiral Scheer captured the Norwegian 8,038 GRT oil tanker Sandefjord on 18 January 1941, put a prize crew aboard and used her to send prisoners to Bordeaux. After the war Sandefjord was rebuilt as the British bulk carrier Cedar Trader, shown here.

Between 26 December and 7 January, Admiral Scheer rendezvoused with the supply ships Nordmark and Eurofeld, the auxiliary cruiser Thor, and the prizes Duquesa and Storstad. The raiders transferred some 600 prisoners to Storstad while they refueled from Nordmark and Eurofeld.[24] Between 18 and 20 January Admiral Scheer captured three Allied merchant ships totalling 18,738 gross register tons (GRT),[25] including the Norwegian oil tanker Sandefjord. She spent Christmas 1940 at sea in the mid-Atlantic, several hundred miles from Tristan da Cunha, before making a foray into the Indian Ocean in February 1941.[26]

On 14 February, Admiral Scheer rendezvoused with the auxiliary cruiser Atlantis and the supply ship Tannenfels about 1,000 nmi (1,900 km; 1,200 mi) east of Madagascar. The raiders resupplied from Tannenfels and exchanged information on Allied merchant traffic in the area, parting company on 17 February. Admiral Scheer then steamed to the Seychelles north of Madagascar, where she found two merchant vessels with her Arado floatplanes. She took the 6,994 GRT oil tanker British Advocate as a prize and sank the 2,456 GRT Greek-flagged Grigorios. A third ship, the 7,178 GRT Canadian Cruiser, managed to send a distress signal before Admiral Scheer sank her on 21 February. The raider encountered and sank a fourth ship the following day, the 2,542 GRT Dutch steamer Rantaupandjang, though she too was able to send a distress signal before she sank.[27]

The British cruiser HMS Glasgow, which was patrolling in the area, received both messages from Admiral Scheer's victims. Glasgow launched reconnaissance aircraft that spotted Admiral Scheer on 22 February. Vice Admiral Ralph Leatham, the commander of the East Indies Station, deployed the carrier Hermes and cruisers Capetown, Emerald, Hawkins, Shropshire, and the Australian HMAS Canberra to join the hunt. Krancke turned to the south-east to evade his pursuers, reaching the South Atlantic by 3 March. The British, meanwhile, had abandoned the hunt on 25 February when it became clear that Admiral Scheer had withdrawn from the area.[27]

Admiral Scheer then sailed northwards, breaking through the Denmark Strait on 26–27 March and evading the cruisers Fiji and Nigeria. She reached Bergen, Norway on 30 March, where she spent a day in the Grimstadfjord. A destroyer escort joined the ship for the voyage to Kiel, which they reached on 1 April.[28] In the course of her raiding operation, she had steamed over 46,000 nautical miles (85,000 km) and sank seventeen merchant ships for a total of 113,223 GRT.[17][28] She was by far the most successful German capital ship commerce raider of the entire war.[29] After returning to Germany, Krancke left the ship and was replaced by KzS Wilhelm Meendsen-Bohlken in June 1941.[9] The loss of the battleship Bismarck in May 1941, and more importantly, the Royal Navy's destruction of the German supply ship network in the aftermath of the Bismarck operation forced a planned Atlantic raiding operation for Admiral Scheer and her sister Lützow at the end of 1941 to be abandoned.[30] On 4–8 September, Admiral Scheer was briefly moved to Oslo. There, on 5 and 8 September, No. 90 Squadron RAF, equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, mounted a pair of unsuccessful attacks on the ship. On 8 September, the ship left Oslo and returned to Swinemünde.[31]

Deployment to Norway

On 21 February 1942, Admiral Scheer, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, and the destroyers Z4 Richard Beitzen, Z5 Paul Jakobi, Z25, Z7 Hermann Schoemann, and Z14 Friedrich Ihn steamed to Norway. After stopping briefly in Grimstadfjord, the ships proceeded on to Trondheim. On 23 February, the British submarine Trident torpedoed Prinz Eugen, causing serious damage.[32] The first operation in Norway in which Admiral Scheer took part was Operation Rösselsprung, in July 1942. On 2 July, the ship sortied as part of the attempt to intercept Arctic convoy PQ-17.[33] Admiral Scheer and Lützow formed one group while Tirpitz and Admiral Hipper composed another. While en route to the rendezvous point, Lützow and three destroyers ran aground, forcing the entire group to abandon the operation. Admiral Scheer was detached to join Tirpitz and Admiral Hipper in Altafjord.[34] The British detected the German departure and ordered the convoy to scatter. Aware that surprise had been lost, the Germans broke off the surface attack and turned the destruction of PQ-17 over to the U-boats and Luftwaffe. Twenty-four of the convoy's thirty-five transports were sunk.[35]

In August 1942, she conducted Operation Wunderland, a sortie into the Kara Sea to interdict Soviet shipping and attack targets of opportunity. The length of the mission and the distances involved precluded a destroyer escort for the operation; three destroyers would escort Admiral Scheer until they reached Novaya Zemlya, at which point they would return to Norway. Two U-boats — U-251 and U-456 — patrolled the Kara Gate and the Jugor Strait. The Germans originally intended to send Admiral Scheer with her sister ship Lützow, but since the latter had run aground the previous month, she was unavailable for the operation.[36]

Map showing the route taken by Admiral Scheer during Operation Wunderland

The operational plan called for strict radio silence to ensure surprise could be maintained. This required Meendsen-Bohlken to have total tactical and operational control of his ship; shore-based commands would be unable to direct the mission.[36] On 16 August, Admiral Scheer and her destroyer escort left Narvik on a course to pass to the north of Novaya Zemlya. Upon entering the Kara Sea, she encountered heavy ice; in addition to searching for merchant shipping, the Arado floatplane was used to scout paths through the ice fields.[37] On 25 August, she encountered the Soviet icebreaker Sibiryakov. Admiral Scheer sank the icebreaker, but not before she sent a distress signal.[38] The German ship then turned south, and two days later, arrived off the port of Dikson. Admiral Scheer damaged two ships in the port and shelled harbor facilities. Meendsen-Bohlken considered sending a landing party ashore, but firing from Soviet shore batteries convinced him to abandon the plan. After breaking off the bombardment, Meendsen-Bohlken decided to return to Narvik. She reached port on 30 August without having achieved any significant successes.[39]

On 23 October Admiral Scheer, Tirpitz and the destroyers Z4 Richard Beitzen, Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt, Z23, Z28, and Z29 left Bogen Bay and proceeded to Trondheim. There, Tirpitz stopped for repairs, while Admiral Scheer and Z28 continued on to Germany.[40] Fregattenkapitän Ernst Gruber served as the ship's acting commander at the end of November.[9] In December 1942, Admiral Scheer returned to Wilhelmshaven for major overhaul, where she was attacked and slightly damaged by RAF bombers. Consequently, Admiral Scheer moved to the less exposed port of Swinemünde.[33] In February 1943, KzS Richard Rothe-Roth took command of the ship.[9] Until the end of 1944 Admiral Scheer was part of the Fleet Training Group.[41]

Return to the Baltic

KzS Ernst-Ludwig Thienemann, the ship's final commander, took command of Admiral Scheer in April 1944.[9] On 22 November 1944, Admiral Scheer, the destroyers Z25 and Z35, and the 2nd Torpedo Boat Flotilla relieved the cruiser Prinz Eugen and several destroyers supporting German forces fighting the Soviets on the island of Ösel in the Baltic.[42] The Soviet Air Force launched several air attacks on the German forces, all of which were successfully repelled by heavy anti-aircraft fire.[43] The ship's Arado floatplane was shot down, however.[41] On the night of 23–24 November, the German naval forces completed the evacuation of the island. In all, 4,694 troops were evacuated from the island.[43]

In early February 1945, Admiral Scheer stood off Samland with several torpedo boats in support of German forces fighting Soviet advances. On 9 February, the ships began shelling Soviet positions. Between 18 and 24 February, German forces launched a local counterattack; Admiral Scheer and the torpedo boats provided artillery support, targeting Soviet positions near Peyse and Gross-Heydekrug. The German attack temporarily restored the land connection to Königsberg.[44] The ship's guns were badly worn out by March and in need of repair. On 8 March, Admiral Scheer departed the eastern Baltic to have her guns relined in Kiel; she carried 800 civilian refugees and 200 wounded soldiers. An uncleared minefield prevented her from reaching Kiel, and so she unloaded her passengers in Swinemünde. Despite her worn-out gun barrels, the ship then shelled Soviet forces outside Kolberg until she used up her remaining ammunition.[41]

The ship then loaded refugees and left Swinemünde; she successfully navigated the minefields on the way to Kiel, arriving on 18 March. Her stern turret had its guns replaced at the Deutsche Werke shipyard by early April. During the repair process, most of the ship's crew went ashore. On the night of 9 April 1945, a general RAF bombing raid by over 300 aircraft struck the harbor in Kiel.[41] Admiral Scheer was hit by five Tallboy bombs and capsized. She was partially broken up for scrap after the end of the war, though part of the hull was left in place and buried with rubble from the attack in the construction of a new quay. The number of casualties from her loss is unknown.[8][45]

The Temple of Dendur

•Period: Roman Period

•Reign: reign of Augustus Caesar

•Date: completed by 10 B.C.

•Geography: From Egypt, Nubia, Dendur, West bank of the Nile River, 50 miles South of Aswan

•Medium: Aeolian sandstone

•Dimensions:

oTemple Proper:

Height: 6.40 m (21 ft.)

Width: 6.40 m (21 ft.)

Length: 12.50 m (41 ft.)

oGate:

Height: 8.08 m (26.5 ft.)

Width: 3.66 m (12 ft.)

Depth: 3.35 m (11 ft.)

•Credit Line: Given to the United States by Egypt in 1965, awarded to The Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1967, and installed in The Sackler Wing in 1978

•Accession Number: 68.154

On view at The Met Fifth Avenue in Gallery 131.

Egyptian temples were not simply houses for a cult image but also represented, in their design and decoration, a variety of religious and mythological concepts. One important symbolic aspect was based on the understanding of the temple as an image of the natural world as the Egyptians knew it. Lining the temple base are carvings of papyrus and lotus plants that seem to grow from water, symbolized by figures of the Nile god Hapy. The two columns on the porch rise toward the sky like tall bundles of papyrus stalks with lotus blossoms bound with them. Above the gate and temple entrance are images of the sun disk flanked by the outspread wings of Horus, the sky god. The sky is also represented by the vultures, wings outspread, that appear on the ceiling of the entrance porch.

On the outer walls between earth and sky are carved scenes of the king making offerings to deities who hold scepters and the ankh, the symbol of life. The figures are carved in sunk relief. In the brilliant Egyptian sunlight, shadows cast along the figures’ edges would have emphasized their outlines. Isis, Osiris, their son Horus, and the other deities are identified by their crowns and the inscriptions beside their figures. These scenes are repeated in two horizontal registers. The king is identified by his regalia and by his names, which appear close to his head in elongated oval shapes called cartouches; many of the cartouches simply read “pharaoh.” This king was actually Caesar Augustus of Rome, who, as ruler of Egypt, had himself depicted in the traditional regalia of the pharaoh. Augustus had many temples erected in Egyptian style, honoring Egyptian deities. This small temple, built about 15 B.C., honored the goddess Isis and, beside her, Pedesi and Pihor, deified sons of a local Nubian chieftain.

In the first room of the temple, reliefs again show the “pharaoh” praying and offering to the gods, but the relief here is raised from the background so that the figures can be seen easily in the more indirect light. From this room one can look into the temple past the middle room used for offering ceremonies and into the sanctuary of the goddess Isis. The only carvings in these two rooms are around the door frame leading into the sanctuary and on the back wall of the sanctuary, where a relief depicts Pihor worshiping Isis, and below—partly destroyed—Pedesi worshiping Osiris.

Curatorial Interpretation

History

After the conquest of Egypt in 31 B.C., Augustus confiscated the property of Egyptian temples and centralized their administration. As a kind of compensation, he commissioned at least 17 building projects for local gods, including the small Isis-temple of Dendur (ancient Tutzis) in Lower Nubia. No date for the temple’s construction is recorded except that the cartouches include the name of the “Autokrator Kaisaros,” that is Augustus. But one assumes reasonably that it was built during the peaceful years following the Roman-Kushite wars of 25-22 B.C., which had ended with the treaty of Samos of the year 21 B.C.

The dates 20 or 15 B.C. are usually given. Since Augustus only died in 14 A.D., a later date can not be ruled out. There is also no evidence for the Roman prefect who may have commissioned the building. The three possible candidates are:

•Gaius Petronius or Publius Petronius: 24 B.C. - 21 B.C. (who destroyed Napata)

•Publius Rubrius Barbarus: to 12 B.C.

•Gaius Turranius: 7 B.C. - 4 B.C.

A detailed Coptic inscription states that in 577 (or 559?) A.D. the temple was converted into a Christian church. Since 1820, the temple has been a favorite travel destination for explorers and artists, who produced numerous depictions and early photographs of the temple. Graffiti on the pronaos walls recall their visits.

The first Aswan dam brought the water 3 m below the doorsill of the temple. In 1908, conservation work was carried out in preparation for a seasonal flooding of the building. The building was completely drowned annually by the two raisings of the first Aswan dam, in 1907-12 and 1929-33. Remains of the wall paint were washed away but the walls remained structurally unharmed. Lake Nasser, created in 1970 by the building of the Aswan High Dam, would have submerged the temple forever. In 1962, the gate and temple were therefore documented and taken down as part of the Nubian salvage campaign. In recognition of the American contribution to the campaign, the gate and temple were presented to the United States in 1965.

Thanks to the initiative of Henry Fischer and Thomas Hoving, the temple was awarded to the Metropolitan Museum and in 1974/75 rebuilt in the newly created Sackler wing designed by Kevin Roche (born 1922) and John Dinkeloo (1918-81). The architects were faced with the problem that the temple was not free standing but built into a sloping rock surface, a landscape that was not desired by the Museum. The temple therefore had to be squeezed into the shape of a freestanding building, presented on a granite stage. The material chosen (red granite and “mason granite”) reflects with its shiny, polished surfaces the architect’s imagination of imperial-style pharaonic architecture. The stepped planes in front and around the temple house are modern creations that do not follow the original arrangement. These alterations, implemented for practical reasons, are quite appealing for the visitor but not hold up against modern conservation standards. The opening was celebrated on September 27, 1978.

Description

a)Cult Terrace

The temple towered impressively over the water of the Nile, visually supported by a 3.5 m high, 15 m broad and 16 m deep terrace (much higher than the reconstruction in the Museum). The front of the terrace had no opening but a front curving inward, probably better to withstand the torrent of the Nile. Similar terraces are known at Elephantine, Philae, Qasr Ibrim, Kalabsha, Ajuala and Dabod (see Jaritz 1980, pls. 48-49). The waterfront and the sides were closed with low parapet walls, which were underpinned by a heavy, protruding ledge. The re-creation in the Museum is made of granite because the original sandstone would not have withstood the museum’s traffic. The granite parapet wall designed by Roche-Dinkeloo consisted originally of two courses of blocks. The upper course was removed in 1995 in order to improve the vista on the temple terrace.

b)Temple Enclosure and Gate

The temple enclosure (temenos) rose on top of a 90 cm high step above the rear (west) side of the terrace. A monumental gate in the center formed the east front of the temenos.

The gate was for unknown reasons not exactly aligned with the temple-house behind. The visible parts of the gate are decorated with relief. The gate is 6.50 m high (including the cavetto), the doorway is 1.60 m wide and 4.35 m (from the court level). A staircase of 5 steps leads from the gate down onto the cult terrace.

The rough outer sidewalls of the gate suggest that it was incorporated in a massive wall or pylon built of brick or stone, closing off the Nile front of the temenos. Apparently no traces of a pylon were noticed at the site and it could well be that it was never built. However, the existence of a pylon is implied in the Museum’s reconstruction by a layer of irregular stones.

One would expect that high walls running east-west from the pylon to the mountain slope behind would have enclosed the sides of the temenos. Blackman’s plan shows the remains of these walls, but they no longer appear on Ashiri’s plan of 1972. In the Museum reconstruction, the parapet walls flanking the front platform suggest a continuation backwards in the direction of the cliffs.

The interior floor of the temenos was never completely level and the rock surface began to slope up beginning at the pronaos. The irregular lower edge of the exterior reliefs of the temple walls indicate the inclination of the slope. The center of the east court was treated differently. There, the gate and temple were connected by a 7 m broad walkway, made of masonry and rising 50 cm above the rough court level. This walkway is clearly visible on an old photo of the site. However, the photo was taken after modern consolidation of the temple and how much of it was modern is not recorded.

A door in the lateral south wall is shown on Blackman’s plan. Perhaps another one opened in the north side. However, there was no processional approach from the riverside because the cult terrace blocked an axial approach.

c)Temple House

The temple was primarily dedicated to Isis, mistress of Philae, who was the patron saint of Lower Nubia, an area known as the Dodekaschoinos. Attached was the cult of two brothers, Pedesi and Pihor, the sons of a local Nubian chieftain Quper. They carry the title hesy, which is normally bestowed on people drowned in the Nile. One assumes that Quper and his sons had earned merit in the Meroitic wars of the Romans.

The actual temple house represents a distyle in antis, with two quatrefoil column capitals in the front opening. This temple type was common in Ptolemaic times (as seen for example in tomb chapels at Tuna el-Gebel and Dakka) with several larger variations that include a wider pronaos with more front columns. The temple house is ca. 13 m long, 6.5 m wide and 5 m high (to the roof) and includes 3 consecutive rooms: entrance hall or pronaos; offering hall; and sanctuary. Depictions from the 19th century suggest that the cavetto cornice of the temple house was still largely in place around 1839. Today, only one block is left.

The entrance hall or pronaos has an open front with two 3.95 m high columns (including the abacus) columns carrying the architraves. The columns have quatrefoil papyrus capitals with a four-story lily decoration. The lateral interspaces were closed with screen walls.

The pronaos has a small side door in the southwest corner. This door was part of the temple structure and is incorporated into the decoration of the walls. Another, smaller side door in the northeast corner was cut through the existing building, damaging the wall reliefs. Both doors suggest that the access from the front of the pronaos was not always possible.

A large room follows behind, assumed to have been the offering hall. Except for the door in the rear wall, the room is undecorated, and was apparently unfinished.

The walls of the sanctuary are also undecorated except for a stela-like panel in the center of the rear wall. Its decoration depicts Pihor worshiping Isis, and below – partly destroyed – Pedesi worshiping Osiris. The floor and lowermost part of the rear and sidewalls are carved from the rock.

All the rest of the interior and exterior is covered with relief, showing the “pharaoh” (“kaisaros autokrator”) praying and offering to the gods.

d)Rock Chamber

In the cliff behind the temple was a small rock chamber with a basin in the floor. In front was a court with a kind of tiny pylon. One assumes that this was the tomb of the two brothers and perhaps the predecessor of the temple. The entrance was behind the stela of Pedesi and Pihor.

The 1.65 m thick rear wall of the temple-house includes a built-in secret chamber accessed from the south end through a door closed with a thin, removable block. This crypt has been explained as the tomb of one of the brothers or as a hiding place for a priest giving oracles through a hole in the wall. The crypt could also have been a hiding place for liturgical equipment.

e)Evaluation

The Dendur temple is comparatively small but impressive and a major example of Roman architecture based on the Ptolemaic building tradition in Egypt. The temple demonstrates an important aspect of Egyptian architecture. The modern viewer is impressed by the monumental gate or pylon forming the front of the temple. However, the gate of temples like that of Dendur cannot be reached by a frontal, axial approach. The access is blocked by a cult terrace (for example the first pylon of Karnak or the pylon of Medinet Habu). These pylons/gates were not intended as entrances but as exits, monumental stages where the god (in the form of a cult figure) emerges from the interior and performs his/her appearance at the “gates of appearances.” From the gate of the Dendur temple, the divinity descended onto the cult terrace, were it reposed and viewed the Nile and the realm. Jaritz (1980, pp. 61-654) has shown that the cult terrace of the Khnum temple on Elephantine also was the gathering place for cult communities who celebrated repasts with the divinity.

Dieter Arnold 2016

Provenance

Given to the United States by the Egyptian Government, 1965. Awarded to the Museum by the U.S. Government, 1967.

Selected References

•Gau, Francois Chretien 1822. Antiquités de la Nubie : ou, Monumens inédits des bords du Nil, situés entre la première et la seconde cataracte, dessinés et mesurés en 1819. Stuttgart, pl. 23-5.

•Rifaud, Jean-Jacques 1830. Voyage en Égypte, en Nubie et lieux circonvoisins depuis 1805 jusqu’en 1827. Paris: Crapelet, pp. 27-8.

•Blackman, Aylward M. 1911. The temple of Dendûr. Cairo: Imprimerie de l’Institut Français d’Archeologie Orientale.

•Monnet-Saleh, Janine 1969. “Observations sur le temple de Dendour.” In Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 68, pp. 1–13.

•El-Achiri, Hassan, M. Aly, F.-A. Hamid, and Ch. LeBlanc 1972. Le temple de Dandour, 1-3. Collection scientifique (Markaz Tasjīl al-Āthār al-Miṣrīyah), Cairo.

•Jaritz, Horst 1980. Elephantine III : Die Terrassen vor den Tempeln des Chnum und der Satet : Architektur und Deutung. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern.

•Bagnall, Roger 1985. “Publius Petronius, Augustan Prefect of Egypt.” In Papyrology. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 85-93.

•Bianchi, Robert Steven 1998. “The Oracle at the Temple of Dendur.” In Egyptian Religion. The Last Thousand Years. Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Jan Quaegebeur, 85, pp. 773-80.

•Arnold, Dieter 1999. Temples of the Last Pharaohs. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 244-46.

•Hill, Marsha 2000. “Roman Egypt.” In The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West, edited by Elizabeth J. Milleker. New Haven: Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 84-5, figs. 62-63, p. 207.

•Metropolitan Museum of Art 2012. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 58.

•Metropolitan Museum of Art 2012. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide. New York and New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, p. 58.

Timeline of Art History (2000-Present)

Timelines

•Egypt, 1-500A.D.

MetPublications

•The Art of Ancient Egypt: A Resource for Educators

•“Dendur: The Six-Hundred-Forty-Third Stone”: Metropolitan Museum Journal, v. 33 (1998)

•Masterpieces of The Metropolitan Museum of Art

•Masterpieces of The Metropolitan Museum of Art

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Arabic)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Chinese)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (French)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (German)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Italian)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Japanese)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Korean)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Portuguese)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Russian)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide (Spanish)

•The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, Egypt and the Ancient Near East

•One Met. Many Worlds.

•“The Temple of Dendur”: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 36, no. 1 (Summer, 1978)

•The Year One: Art of the Ancient World East and West

LOCATION:

Low tide at a private beach between Tavua & Rakiraki, Fiji. Area is not obvious in terms of access.

Temperature between 32 - 38 degrees Celsius.

[Please do not use this image without permission. If this image or any of the others interest you – write to me via FlickrMail or leave a comment, and I’m sure we'll be able to negotiate access to the original file].

The fish caught at high tide in a restored salmon habitat on Steamboat Slough near Marysville are documented by length and type

Tulalip Tribes researchers along with WSDOT biologists counted and measure the fish on May 12, 2021 to help measure the success of our efforts to restore this estuary near Marysville, WA that had been landlocked for decades.

The dike that blocked water from reaching this area was breached in 2019 as part of our efforts to improve fish habitat near I-5 and SR 529. Improvements to a nearby interchange will result in the loss of some habitat and this restored estuary will offset that loss. The early counts show our mitigation effort has been a great success. Fish returned almost immediately and began making it a home again where juvenile fish can rest and gain strength before journeying to the ocean.

The River Test is a river in Hampshire, England. It has a total length of 40 miles (64 km) and it flows through downland from its source near Ashe to the sea at the head of Southampton Water. In its upper reaches it is a chalk stream, and is used for fly fishing for trout.

The river is managed by the Environment Agency, whilst the Port of Southampton is the navigation authority for the tidal section below Redbridge.

The River Test has given its name to the Test Valley District, a local government district , and to Southampton Test, a UK Parliament constituency.

The river plays a significant part in Richard Adams' novel Watership Down.

The river rises near the village of Ashe, 10 km to the west of Basingstoke (at grid reference SU 532,498), and flows west through the villages of Overton, Laverstoke, and the town of Whitchurch, before joining with the Bourne Rivulet at Testbourne and turning in a more southerly direction. It then proceeds through the villages of Longparish and Middleton to Wherwell and Chilbolton, where the Rivers Dever and Anton join.[3]

From Chilbolton the river goes through the villages of Leckford, Longstock, Stockbridge and Houghton to Mottisfont and Kimbridge, where the River Dun joins the flow. From here the village of Timsbury is passed, then through the grounds of Roke Manor before reaching the town of Romsey. On the western edge of Romsey, Sadler's Mill, an 18th Century watermill, sits astride the River Test.[4]

South of Romsey, the river passes the country house of Broadlands, and then Nursling that was once the site of a Roman bridge. Finally the river is joined by the River Blackwater and soon becomes tidal, widening out into a considerable estuary that is lined on its northern bank by the container terminals and quays of the Port of Southampton. The Test estuary then meets that of the River Itchen and the two continue to the sea as Southampton Water.[5]

Between Chilbolton and Redbridge, the river was once paralleled by the Andover Canal, which was itself converted to a railway in 1865, and then in turn abandoned. Most traces of the canal have disappeared, although the remains of a stretch can still be seen between Timsbury and Romsey

The river plays a significant part in Richard Adams' novel Watership Down.

After Bigwig leads the break-out from Efrafa, the Watership rabbits are pursued by an Efrafan force led by their Chief, General Woundwort. Hazel carries out a plan devised by Blackberry which leads to their successful escape down the Test on a punt. In the text we are told that this plan would not have been possible on most rivers, but the Test's smooth-flowing, weed-free nature makes it an exception. Shortly afterwards, the punt becomes lodged on a low bridge, and the surviving rabbits are forced to swim under it to get out.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Test

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

U.S. Route 34 marker

U.S. Route 34

Trail Ridge Road

Route information

Maintained by NPS

Length: 48 mi (77 km)

Existed: 1932 – present

Tourist

routes: Trail Ridge Road/Beaver Meadow Road

Major junctions

West end: Grand Lake

East end: Estes Park

Location

Counties: Grand County, Larimer County

Highway system

Trail Ridge Road

U.S. National Register of Historic Places

NRHP Reference # 84000242[1]

Added to NRHP November 14, 1984

Trail Ridge Road is the name for a stretch of U.S. Highway 34 that traverses Rocky Mountain National Park from Estes Park, Colorado in the east to Grand Lake, Colorado in the west. The road is also known as Trail Ridge Road/Beaver Meadow National Scenic Byway,

Trail Ridge Road is closed during the winter, and often remains closed until late spring or early summer depending on the snowpack. It requires access to Rocky Mountain National Park even for local residents.

Route description

Trail Ridge Road, with Longs Peak (left of center), Pagoda Peak (center, in sun), Chief's Head (right of center, in shadow), and Mount Terra Tomah (at far right edge, in shadow), from 12,000 feet (3,700 m) above sea level in Rocky Mountain National Park

View of Trail Ridge Road

Trail Ridge Road, Colorado

The wooden poles mark the edge of the road for the spring snowplowing. The road is closed through the winter.[2]

From Kawuneeche Visitor Center at the park's Grand Lake Entrance, Trail Ridge Road follows the North Fork of the Colorado River north through the Kawuneeche Valley. There are several trailheads along this section of the road, notably the Colorado River Trailhead, which is the western terminus of the road segment closed during the winter.

The road crosses the Continental Divide at Milner Pass (elev. 10,758 ft or 3,279 m) and reaches a maximum elevation of 12,183 ft (3,713 m), near Fall River Pass (elev. 11,796 ft or 3,595 m). Near the highest point on the road is another pass, Iceberg Pass (elev. 11,827 ft or 3,605 m).

According to construction contracts and park maintenance files the east end of the road is located at the Fall River Entrance, however some guides state that earlier - at Deer Ridge Junction.[3]

Trail Ridge is a high flat spur range extending east from the main range of the Rockies between Fall River in the North and the Big Thompson River in the South. The road follows Trail Ridge from the Fall River Pass near Alpine Visitor Center to the Deer Ridge Junction.[3]

Trail Ridge Road - elevation profile, based on elevation values obtained from Google Maps Elevation Service (m/km here).

History

Fall River Road was the first road into the park's high country. It opened in 1921 and quickly proved inadequate for motor travel as a single-track road with steep grades (up to 16%), tight curves and a short annual season due to snowpack.[4] Construction began in 1929 and was complete to Fall River Pass by July 1932, with a maximum grade of 7%. The road was complete through the Kawuneeche Valley to Grand Lake in 1938.[5] The route followed what was known to local Arapaho Indians as the Dog Trail. Internal opposition to the construction of a road through the park's alpine tundra was overruled by National Park Service director Horace Albright, who wished to encourage park visitation. The road was designed to intrude as little as possible into the landscape, in accordance with Park Service design principles.[6]

Hidden Valley (or Ski Estes Park) was a local ski area attraction from 1955 - 1991, off of Trail Ridge Road, now defunct.[7]

Before the road was constructed

Trail Ridge had been used by Native Americans to cross the mountains between their home lands in the west and hunting areas on the east side. Arapahoe Indians called the trail located on the ridge as "taienbaa" ("Where the Children Walked") because it was so steep that children could not be carried, but had to walk. The Ute tribe crossing the mountains at Forest Canyon Pass marked their route with stone cairns. The present park Ute Trail follows partially that ancient route.[3]

On the west side, about 1880, a wagon road was constructed along the Kawuneeche Valley from the town of Grand Lake to the mining camps of Lulu City and Gaskil. The camps were abandoned after a few years when short-lived mining boom ended and later the road was used only occasionally by hunters and tourists.[3]

LAKE KIVU

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lake Kivu

Coordinates 2°0′S 29°0′ECoordinates: 2°0′S 29°0′E

Type Rift Valley lakes, Meromictic

Primary outflows Ruzizi River

Catchment area 2,700 km2 (1,000 sq mi)

Basin countries Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Max. length 89 km (55 mi)[1]

Max. width 48 km (30 mi)[1]

Surface area 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi)[1]

Average depth 240 m (787 ft)

Max. depth 480 m (1,575 ft)

Water volume 500 km3 (120 cu mi)

Surface elevation 1,460 m (4,790 ft)

Islands Idjwi

Settlements Goma, Congo

Bukavu, Congo

Kibuye, Rwanda

Cyangugu, Rwanda

Lake Kivu with Goma in the background

Lake Kivu is one of the African Great Lakes. It lies on the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, and is in the Albertine Rift, the western branch of the East African Rift. Lake Kivu empties into the Ruzizi River, which flows southwards into Lake Tanganyika. The name comes from kivu which means "lake" in some Bantu languages, just like the words tanganyika or nyanza.[citation needed]

Contents

1 History

2 Geography

3 Chemistry

3.1 Methane extraction

4 Biology and fisheries

5 See also

6 References

History

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012)

People on the shore at Gisenyi

The first European to visit the lake was German Count Adolf von Götzen in 1894. Since then it has been caught up in the conflict between Hutu and Tutsi people in Rwanda, and their allies in DR Congo, which led to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the First and Second Congo Wars. Lake Kivu gained notoriety as a place where many of the victims of the genocide were dumped.

Geography

The lake covers a total surface area of some 2,700 km2 (1,040 sq mi) and stands at a height of 1,460 metres (4,790 ft) above sea level. Some 1 370 km2 or 58% of the lake's waters lie within DRC borders. The lake bed sits upon a rift valley that is slowly being pulled apart, causing volcanic activity in the area, and making it particularly deep: its maximum depth of 480 m (1,575 ft) is ranked eighteenth in the world.

The world's tenth-largest inland island, Idjwi, lies in Lake Kivu, as does the tiny island of Tshegera, which also lies within the boundaries of Virunga National Park; while settlements on its shore include Bukavu, Kabare, Kalehe, Sake, and Goma in Congo, and Gisenyi, Kibuye, and Cyangugu in Rwanda.

Chemistry

Lake Kivu is a fresh water lake and, along with Cameroonian Lake Nyos and Lake Monoun, is one of three that experience limnic eruptions. Around the lake, geologists found evidence of massive biological extinctions about every thousand years, caused by outgassing events. The trigger for lake overturns in Lake Kivu's case is unknown, but volcanic activity is suspected. The gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes is unique to each lake; in Lake Kivu's case, methane and carbon dioxide due to lake water interaction with a volcano. The amount of methane is estimated to be 65 cubic kilometers (if burnt over one year, it would give an average power of about 100 gigawatts for the whole period). There is also an estimated 256 cubic kilometers of carbon dioxide. The water temperature is 24°C, and the pH level is about 8.6.[2] The methane is reported to be produced by microbial reduction of the volcanic CO2.[3] The risk from a possible Lake Kivu overturn is catastrophic, dwarfing other documented lake overturns at Lakes Nyos and Monoun, because of the approximately two million people living in the lake basin.

Cores from the Bukavu Bay area of the lake reveal that the bottom has layered deposits of the rare mineral monohydrocalcite interlain with diatoms, on top of sapropelic sediments with high pyrite content. These are found at three different intervals. The sapropelic layers are believed to be related to hydrothermal discharge and the diatoms to a bloom which reduced the carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitiate monohydrocalcite.[4]

Scientists hypothesize that sufficient volcanic interaction with the lake's bottom water that has high gas concentrations would heat water, force the methane out of the water, spark a methane explosion, and trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide.[5][6] The carbon dioxide would then suffocate large numbers of people in the lake basin as the gases roll off the lake surface. It is also possible that the lake could spawn lake tsunamis as gas explodes out of it.[7][8]

The risk posed by Lake Kivu began to be understood during the analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Lake Kivu's methane was originally thought to be merely a cheap natural resource for export, and for the generation of cheap power. Once the mechanisms that caused lake overturns began to be understood, so did awareness of the risk the lake posed to the local population.

An experimental vent pipe was installed at Lake Nyos in 2001 to remove gas from the deep water, but such a solution for the much larger Lake Kivu would be considerably more expensive. No plan has been initiated to reduce the risk posed by Lake Kivu.[dubious – discuss] The approximately 500 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in the lake is a little under 2 percent of the amount released annually by human fossil fuel burning. Therefore the process of releasing it could potentially have costs beyond building and operating the system.

Methane extraction

Methane extraction platform.

Lake Kivu has recently been found to contain approximately 55 billion cubic metres (1.94 trillion cubic feet) of dissolved biogas at a depth of 300 metres (1,000 ft). Until 2004, extraction of the gas was done on a small scale, with the extracted gas being used to run boilers at a brewery, the Bralirwa brewery in Gisenyi.[9][10] As far as large-scale exploitation of this resource is concerned, the Rwandan government has negotiated with a number of parties to produce methane from the lake.

In 2011 ContourGlobal, a U.S. based energy company focused on emerging markets, secured project financing to initiate a large-scale methane extraction project. The project will be run through a local Rwandan entity called KivuWatt, using an offshore barge platform to extract, separate, and clean the gasses obtained from the lake bed before pumping purified methane via an underwater pipeline to on-shore gas engines. Stage one of the project aims to build and supply three "gensets" along the lake shore, totaling 25MW of electrical capacity. Initial project operations are scheduled to commence in 2012.[11] In addition to managing gas extraction, KivuWatt will also manage the electrical generation plants and on-sell the electrical power to the Rwandan government under the terms of a long-term Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). This allows KivuWatt to control a vertically integrated energy offering from point of extraction to point of sale into the local grid. Extraction is said to be cost-effective and relatively simple because once the gas-rich water is pumped up, the dissolved gases (primarily carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and methane) begin to bubble out as the water pressure gets lower. This project is expected to increase Rwanda's energy generation capability by as much as 20 times, and will enable Rwanda to sell electricity to neighboring African countries.[10] The firm was awarded the 2011 Africa Power deal of the year for innovation in the financing arrangements it obtained from various sources for the KivuWatt project. [12] .[13]

A problem associated with the prevalence of methane is that of mazuku.

Biology and fisheries

Fishing boats on Lake Kivu, 2009.

Reflection of the sky on Lake Kivu

The fish fauna in Lake Kivu is relatively poor with 28 species, including four introduced species.[14] The natives are the Lake Rukwa minnow (Raiamas moorii), four species of Barbus (B. altianalis, B. apleurogramma, B. kerstenii and B. pellegrini), an Amphilius catfish, two Clarias catfish (C. liocephalus and C. gariepinus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 15 endemic Haplochromis cichlids.[14] The introduced species are three cichlids, the longfin tilapia (Oreochromis macrochir), O. leucostictus and redbreast tilapia (Coptodon rendalli), and a clupeid, the Lake Tanganyika sardine, Limnothrissa miodon.[14]

The exploitable stock of the Lake Tanganyika sardine was estimated at 2000–4000 tons per year.[15] It was introduced to Lake Kivu in the late 1959 by a Belgian Engineer A. Collart. At present, Lake Kivu is the sole natural lake in which L. miodon, a sardine originally restricted to Lake Tanganyika, has been introduced initially to fill an empty niche. Prior to the introduction, no planktivorous fish was present in the pelagic waters of Lake Kivu. In the early 1990s, the number of fishers on the lake was 6,563, of which 3,027 were associated with the pelagic fishery and 3,536 with the traditional fishery. Widespread armed conflict in the surrounding region from the mid-1990s resulted in a decline in the fisheries harvest.[16]

Following this introduction, the sardine has gained substantial economic and nutritional importance for the lakeside human population but from an ecosystem standpoint, the introduction of planktivorous fish may result in important modifications of plankton community structure. Recent observations showed the disappearance during the last decades of a large grazer, Daphnia curvirostris, and the dominance of mesozooplankton community by three species of cyclopoid copepod: Thermocyclops consimilis, Mesocyclops aequatorialis and Tropocyclops confinis.[17][18]

The first comprehensive phytoplankton survey was released in 2006.[19] With an annual average chlorophyll a in the mixed layer of 2.2 mg m-3 and low nutrient levels in the euphotic zone, the lake is clearly oligotrophic. Diatoms are the dominant group in the lake, particularly during the dry season episodes of deep mixing. During the rainy season, the stratified water column, with high light and lower nutrient availability, favour dominance of cyanobacteria with high numbers of phototrophic picoplankton.[19][20][21][22] The actual primary production is 0.71 g C m-2 d-1 (~ 260 g C m-2 y-1).[23]

A study of evolutionary genetics showed that the cichlids from lakes in northern Virunga (e.g., Edward, George, Victoria) would have evolved in a "proto-lake Kivu", much older than the intense volcanic activity (20,000-25,000 years ago) which cut the connection.[24] The elevation of the mountains west of the lake (which is currently the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, one of the largest reserves of eastern lowland (or Grauer's) gorillas in the world), combined with the elevation of the eastern rift (located in eastern Rwanda) would be responsible for drainage of water from central Rwanda in the actual Lake Kivu. This concept of "proto-lake Kivu" was challenged by lack of consistent geological evidence,[25] although the cichlid's molecular clock suggests the existence of a lake much older than the commonly cited 15,000 years.

Lake Kivu is the home of four species of freshwater crab, including two non-endemics (Potamonautes lirrangensis and P. mutandensis) and two endemics (P. bourgaultae and P. idjwiensis).[26] Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika is the only other with endemic freshwater crabs.[26]

It has been many years since I last visited here. I tried over the winter, but found the church locked on a Saturday morning.

A common occurrence for an urban church.

But, in town for a haircut and meeting with a good friend, Mary, walking past at half eleven I saw the door open and the congregation filing out, so with just one camera and the 50mm lens, I went round snapping.

One really positive highlight is that they seem to have got rid of the dreadful lighting, meaning natural light now floods in and shows the multiple Victorian details standing out as vibrant as when they were first done.

At some point, a longer, more detailed revisit is called for, but for now, the highlights!

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A superb location in a leafy churchyard away from the busy shopping centre, and yet much more of a town church than that of a seaside resort. It was originally a thirteenth-century building, but so much has happened to it that today we are left with the impression of a Victorian interior. Excellent stained glass by Kempe, mosaics by Carpenter and paintings by Hemming show the enthusiasm of Canon Woodward, vicar from 1851 to 1898. His efforts encouraged others to donate money to beautify the building in an almost continuous restoration that lasted right into the twentieth century They were spurred on by the discovery, in 1885, of the bones of St Eanswythe, in a lead casket which had been set into the sanctuary wall. She had founded a convent in the town in the seventh century and died at the age of twenty-six.

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Folkestone+1

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FOLKESTONE.

THE parish of Folkestone, which gives name to this hundred, was antiently bounded towards the south by the sea, but now by the town and liberty of Folkestone, which has long since been made a corporation, and exempt from the jurisdiction of the hundred. The district of which liberty is a long narrow slip of land, having the town within it, and extending the whole length of the parish, between the sea shore and that part of the parish still within the jurisdiction of the hundred, and county magistrates, which is by far the greatest part of it.

THE PARISH, which is about three miles across each way, is situated exceedingly pleasant and healthy. The high chalk, or down hills uniclosed, and well covered with pasture, cross the northern part of it, and from a sine romantic scene. Northward of these, this part of the parish is from its high situation, called the uphill of Folkestone; in this part is Tirlingham, the antient mansion of which has been some years since pulled down, and a modern farm-house erected in its stead; near it is Hearn forstal, on which is a good house, late belonging to Mr. Nicholas Rolse, but now of Mr. Richard Marsh; over this forstal the high road leads from Folkestone to Canterbury. The centre of the parish is in the beautiful and fertile vale called Folkestone vale, which has downs, meadows, brooks, marshes, arable land, and every thing in small parcels, which is sound in much larger regions; being interspersed with houses and cottages, and well watered by several fresh streams; besides which, at Ford forstall, about a mile northward from the town, there rises a strong chalybeat spring. This part of the parish, by far the greatest part of it, as far as the high road from Dover, through it, towards Hythe, is within the jurisdiction of the hundred of Folkestone, and the justices of the county. The small part on the opposite, or southern side of that road is within the liberty of the town or corporation of Folkestone, where the quarry or sand hills, on the broken side of one of which, the town is situated, are its southern maritime boundaries. These hills begin close under the chalk or down hills, in the eastern part of this parish, close to the sea at Eastware bay, and extend westward along the sea shore almost as far as Sandgate castle, where they stretch inland towards the north, leaving a small space between them and the shore. So that this parish there crossing one of them, extends below it, a small space in the bottom as far as that castle, these quarry, or sand hills, keeping on their course north-west, from the northern boundary of Romney Marsh, and then the southern boundary of the Weald, both which they overlook, extending pretty nearly in a parallel line with the chalk or down hills.

The prospect over this delightful vale of Folkestone from the hill, on the road from Dover as you descend to the town, is very beautiful indeed for the pastures and various fertility of the vale in the centre, beyond it the church and town of Hythe, Romney Marsh, and the high promontory of Beachy head, boldly stretching into the sea. On the right the chain of losty down hills, covered with verdure, and cattle seeding on them; on the lest the town of Folkestone, on the knole of a hill, close to the sea, with its scattered environs, at this distance a pleasing object, and beyond it the azure sea unbounded to the sight, except by the above-mentioned promontory, altogether from as pleasing a prospect as any in this county.

FOLKESTONE was a place of note in the time of the Romans, and afterwards in that of the Saxons, as will be more particularly noticed hereafter, under the description of the town itself. By what name it was called by the Romans, is uncertain; by the Saxons it was written Folcestane, and in the record of Domesday, Fulchestan. In the year 927 king Athelstane, son of king Edward the elder, and grandson of king Alfred, gave Folkstane, situated, as is mentioned in the grant of it, on the sea shore, where there had been a monastery, or abbey of holy virgins, in which St. Eanswith was buried, which had been destroyed by the Danes, to the church of Canterbury, with the privilege of holding it L. S. A. (fn. 1) But it Seems afterwards to have been taken from it, for king Knute, in 1038, is recorded to have restored to that church, the parish of Folkstane, which had been given to it as above-mentioned; but upon condition, that it should never be alienated by the archbishop, without the licence both of the king and the monks. Whether they joined in the alienation of it, or it was taken from them by force, is uncertain; but the church of Canterbury was not in possession of this place at the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in 1080, being the 14th year of the Conqueror's reign, at which time it was part of the possessions of the bishop of Baieux, the conqueror's half-brother, under the general description of whose lands it is thus entered in it:

In Limowart lest, in Fulcbestan hundred, William de Acris holds Fulchestan. In the time of king Edward the Consessor, it was taxed at forty sulings, and now at thirty-nine. The arable land is one hundred and twenty carucates. In demesne there are two hundred and nine villeins, and four times twenty, and three borderes. Among all they have forty-five carcates. There are five churches, from which the archbishop has fifty-five shillings. There are three servants, and seven mills of nine pounds and twelve shillings. There are one hundred acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of forty bogs. Earl Godwin held this manor.

Of this manor, Hugo, son of William, holds nine sulings of the land of the villeins, and there he has in demesne four carucates and an half, and thirty-eight villeins, with seventeen borderes, who have sixteen carucates. There are three churches, and one mill and an half, of sixteen shillings and five-pence, and one saltpit of thirty pence. Wood for the pannage of six bogs. It is worth twenty pounds.

Walter de Appeuile holds of this manor three yokes and twelve acres of land, and there he has one carucate in demesne, and three villeins, with one borderer. It is worth thirty shillings.

Alured holds one suling and forty acres of land, and there he has in demesne two carucates, with six borderers, and twelve acres of meadow. It is worth four pounds.

Walter, son of Engelbert, holds half a suling and forty acres, and there he has in demesne one carucate, with seven borderers, and five acres of meadow. It is worth thirty shillings.

Wesman holds one suling, and there he has in demesne one carucate, and two villeins, with seven borderers having one carucate and an half. It is worth four pounds.

Alured Dapiser holds one suling and one yoke and six acres of land, and there he has in demesne one carucate, with eleven borderers. It is worth fifty shillings.

Eudo holds half a suling, and there he has in demesne one carucate, with four borderers, and three acres of meadow. It is worth twenty shillings.

Bernard de St. Owen, four sulings, and there he has in demesne three carucates, and six villeins, with eleven borderes, having two carucates. There are four servants, and two mills of twenty-four shillings, and twenty acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of two bogs.

Of one denne, and of the land which is given from these suling to ferm, there goes out three pounds. In the whole it is worth nine pounds.

Baldric holds half a suling, and there he has one carucate, and two villeins, with six borderers having one carucate, and one mill of thirty pence. It is worth thirty shillings.

Richard holds fifty-eight acres of land, and there he has one carucate, with five borderers. It is worth ten shillings.

All Fulchestan, in the time of king Edward the Consessor, was worth one hundred and ten pounds, when he received it forty pounds, now what he has in demesne is worth one hundred pounds; what the knights hold abovementioned together, is worth forty-five pounds and ten shillings.

¶It plainly appears that this entry in Domesday does not only relate to the lands within this parish, but to those in the adjoining parishes within the hundred, the whole of which, most probably, were held of the bishop of Baieux, but to which of them each part refers in particular, is at this time impossible to point out. About four years after the taking of the above survey, the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions consiscated to the crown. After which, Nigell de Muneville, a descendant of William de Arcis, mentioned before in Domesday, appears to have become possessed of the lordship of Folkestone, and as such in 1095, being the 9th year of king William Rusus, removed the priory of Folkestone from the bail of the castle to the place where it afterwards continued. His son William dying in his life-time s. p, Matilda his sole daughter and heir was given in marriage with the whole of her inheritance, by king Henry I. to Ruallanus de Albrincis, or Averenches, whose descendant Sir William de Albrincis, was become possessed of this lordship at the latter end of that reign; and in the 3d year of the next reign of king Stephen, he confirmed the gifts of his ancestors above-mentioned to the priory here. He appears to have been one of those knights, who had each a portion of lands, which they held for the de sence of Dover castle, being bound by the tenure of those lands to provide a certain number of soldiers, who should continually perform watch and ward within it, according to their particular allotment of time; but such portions of these lands as were not actually in their own possession were granted out by them to others, to hold by knight's service, and they were to be ready for the like service at command, upon any necessity whatever, and they were bound likewife, each knight to desend a certain tower in the castle; that desended by Sir William de Albrincis being called from him, Averenches tower, and afterwards Clinton tower, from the future owners of those lands. (fn. 2) Among those lands held by Sir William de Albrincis for this purpose was Folkestone, and he held them of the king in capitle by barony. These lands together made up the barony of Averenches, or Folkestone, as it was afterwards called, from this place being made the chief of the barony, caput baroniæ, as it was stiled in Latin; thus The Manor of Folkestone, frequently called in after times An Honor, (fn. 3) and the mansion of it the castle, from its becoming the chief seat or residence of the lords paramount of this barony, continued to be so held by his descendants, whose names were in Latin records frequently speit Albrincis, but in French Avereng and Averenches, and in after times in English ones, Evering; in them it continued till Matilda, daughter and heir of William de Albrincis, carried it in marriage to Hamo de Crevequer, who, in the 20th year of that reign, had possession given him of her inheritance. He died in the 47th year of that reign, possessed of the manor of Folkestone, held in capite, and by rent for the liberty of the hundred, and ward of Dover castle. Robert his grandson, dying s. p. his four sisters became his heirs, and upon the division of their inheritance, and partition of this barony, John de Sandwich, in right of his wife Agnes, the eldest sister, became entitled to this manor and lordship of Folkestone, being the chief seat of the barony, a preference given to her by law, by reason of her eldership; and from this he has been by some called Baron of Folkestone, as has his son Sir John de Sandwich, who left an only daughter and heir Julian, who carried this manor in marriage to Sir John de Segrave, who bore for his arms, Sable, three garbs, argent. He died in the 17th year of Edward III. who, as well as his son, of the same name, received summons to parliament, though whether as barons of Folkestone, as they are both by some called, I know not. Sir John de Segrave, the son, died possessed of this manor anno 23 Edward III. soon after which it appears to have passed into the family of Clinton, for William de Clinton, earl of Huntingdon, who bore for his arms, Argent, crusulee, situchee, sable, upon a chief, azure, two mullets, or, pierced gules; which coat differed from that of his elder brother's only in the croslets, which were not borne by any other of this family till long afterwards, (fn. 4) died possessed of it in the 28th year of that reign, at which time the mansion of this manor bore the name of the castle. He died s. p. leaving his nephew Sir John de Clinton, son of John de Clinton, of Maxtoke, in Warwickshire, his heir, who was afterwards summoned to parliament anno 42 Edward III. and was a man of great bravery and wisdom, and much employed in state affairs. He died possessed of this manor, with the view of frank-pledge, a moiety of the hundred of Folkestone, and THE MANOR OF WALTON, which, though now first mentioned, appears to have had the same owners as the manor of Folkestone, from the earliest account of it. He married Idonea, eldest daughter of Jeffry, lord Say, and at length the eldest coheir of that family, and was succeeded in these manors by his grandson William, lord Clinton, who, anno 6 Henry IV. had possession granted of his share of the lands of William de Say, as coheir to him in right of his grandmother Idonea, upon which he bore the title of lord Clinton and Saye, which latter however he afterwards relinquished, though he still bore for his arms, Qnarterly, Clinton and Saye, with two greybounds for his supporters. After which the manor of Folkestone, otherwise called Folkestone Clinton, and Walton, continued to be held in capite by knight's service, by his descendants lords Clinton, till Edward, lord Clinton and Saye, which title he then bore, together with Elizabeth his wife, in the 30th year of Henry VIII. conveyed these manors, with other premises in this parish, to Thomas Cromwell lord Cromwell, afterwards created earl of Essex, on whose attainder two years afterwards they reverted again to the crown, at which time the lordship of Folkestone was stiled an honor; whence they were granted in the fourth year of Edward VI. to the former possessor of them, Edward, lord Clinton and Saye, to hold in capite, for the meritorious services he had performed. In which year, then bearing the title of lord Clinton and Saye, he was declared lord high admiral, and of the privy council, besides other favours conferred on him; and among other lands, he had a grant of these manors, as abovementioned, which he next year, anno 5 Edward VI. reconveyed back to the crown, in exchange for other premises. (fn. 5) He was afterwards installed knight of the garter, by the title of Earl of Lincoln and Baron of Clinton and Saye; and in the last year of that reign, constable of the tower of London. Though in the 1st year of queen Mary he lost all his great offices for a small time, yet he had in recompence of his integrity and former services, a grant from her that year, of several manors and estates in this parish, as well as elsewhere, and among others, of these manors of Folkestone and Walton, together with the castle and park of Folkestone, to hold in capite; all which he, the next year, passed away by sale to Mr. Henry Herdson, citizen and alderman of London, who lest several sons, of whom Thomas succeeded him in this estate, in whose time the antient park of Folkestone seems to have been disparked. His son Mr. Francis Herdson alienated his interst in these manors and premises to his uncle Mr. John Herdson, who resided at the manor of Tyrlingham, in this parish, and dying in 1622, was buried in the chancel of Hawking church, where his monument remains; and there is another sumptuous one besides erected for him in the south isle of Folkestone church. They bore for their arms, Argent, a cross sable, between four fleurs de lis, gules. He died s. p. and by will devised these manors, with his other estates in this parish and neighbourhood, to his nephew Basill, second son of his sister Abigail, by Charles Dixwell, esq. Basill Dixwell, esq. afterwards resided at Tyrlingham, a part of the estate devised to him by his uncle, where, in the 3d year of king Charles I. he kept his shrievalty, with great honor and hospitality; after which he was knighted, and in 1627, anno 3 Charles I. created a baronet; but having rebuilt the mansion of Brome, in Barham, he removed thither before his death. On his decease unmarried, the title of baronet became extinct; but he devised these manors, with the rest of his estates, to his nephew Mark Dixwell, son of his elder brother William Dixwell, of Coton, in Warwickshire, who afterwards resided at Brome. He married Elizabeth, sister and heir of William Read, esq. of Folkestone, by whom he had Basill Dixwell, esq. of Brome, who in 1660, anno 12 Charles II. was created a baronet. His son Sir Basill Dixwell, bart. of Brome, about the year 1697, alientated these manors, with the park-house and grounds, and other estates in this parish and neighbourhood, to Jacob Desbouverie, esq. of LondonHe was descended from Laurence de Bouverie, de la Bouverie, or Des Bouveries, of an antient and honorable extraction in Flanders, (fn. 6) who renouncing the tenets of the Romish religion came into England in the year 1567, anno 10 Elizabeth, and seems to have settled first at Canterbury. He was a younger son of Le Sieur des Bouveries, of the chateau de Bouverie, near Lisle, in Flanders, where the eldest branch of this family did not long since possess a considerable estate, bearing for their arms, Gules, a bend, vaire. Edward, his eldest son, was an eminet Turkey merchant, was knighted by king James II. and died at his seat at Cheshunt, in Hertfordshire, in 1694. He had seven sons and four daughters; of the former, William, the eldest, was likewife an eminent Turkey merchant, and was, anno 12 queen Anne, created a baronet, and died in 1717. Jacob, the third son, was purchaser of these manors; and Christopher, the seventh son, was knighted, and seated at Chart Sutton, in this county, under which a further account of him may be seen; (fn. 7) and Anne, the second daughter, married Sir Philip Boteler, bart. Jacob Desbouverie afterwards resided at Tyrlingham, and dying unmarried in 1722, by his will devised these manors, with his other estates here, to his nephew Sir Edward Desbouverie, bart. the eldest brother son of Sir William Desbouverie, bart. his elder brother, who died possessed of them in 1736, s. p. on which his title, with these and all his other estates, came to his next surviving brother and heir Sir Jacob Desbouverie, bart. who anno 10 George II. procured an act to enable himself and his descendants to use the name of Bouverie only, and was by patent, on June 29, 1747, created baron of Longford, in Wiltshire, and viscount Folkestone, of Folkestone. He was twice married; first to Mary, daughter and sole heir of Bartholomew Clarke, esq. of Hardingstone, in Northamptonshire, by whom he had several sons and daughters, of whom William, the eldest son, succeeded him in titles and estates; Edward is now of Delapre abbey, near Northamptonshire; Anne married George, a younger son of the lord chancellor Talbot; Charlotte; Mary married Anthony, earl of Shastesbury; and Harriot married Sir James Tilney Long, bart. of Wiltshire. By Elizabeth his second wife, daughter of Robert, lord Romney, he had Philip, who has taken the name of Pusey, and possesses, as heir to his mother Elizabeth, dowager viscountess Folkestone, who died in 1782, several manors and estates in the western part of this county. He died in 1761, and was buried in the family vault at Britford, near Salisbury, being succeeded in title and estates by his eldest son by his first wife, William, viscount Folkestone, who was on Sept. 28, anno 5 king George III. created Earl of Radnor, and Baron Pleydell Bouverie, of Coleshill, in Berkshire. He died in 1776, having been three times married; first, to Harriot, only daughter and heir of Sir Mark Stuart Pleydell, bart. of Colefhill, in Berkshire. By her, who died in 1750, and was buried at Britford, though there is an elegant monument erected for her at Coleshill, he had Hacob, his successor in titles and estates, born in 1750. He married secondly, Rebecca, daughter of John Alleyne, esq. of Barbadoes, by whom he had four sons; William-Henry, who married Bridget, daughter of James, earl of Morton; Bartholomew, who married MaryWyndham, daughter of James Everard Arundell, third son of Henry, lord Arundell, of Wardour; and Edward, who married first Catherine Murray, eldest daughter of John, earl of Dunmore; and secondly, Arabella, daughter of admiral Sir Chaloner Ogle. His third wife was Anne, relict of Anthony Duncombe, lord Faversham, and daughter of Sir Thomas Hales, bart. of Bekesborne, by whom he had two daughters, who both died young. He was succeeded in titles and estates by his eldest son, the right hon. Jacob Pleydell Bouverie, earl of Radnor, who is the present possessor of these manors of Folkestone and Walton, with the park-house and disparked grounds adjacent to it, formerly the antient park of Folkestone, the warren, and other manors and estates in this parish and neighbourhood.

FOLKESTONE is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Dover.

The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary and St. Eanswith, consists of three isles and three chancels, having a square tower, with a beacon turret in the middle of it, in which there is a clock, and a peal of eight bells, put up in it in 1779. This church is built of sand-stone; the high chancel, which has been lately ceiled, seems by far the most antient part of it. Under an arch in the north wall is a tomb, with the effigies of a man, having a dog at his feet, very an tient, probably for one of the family of Fienes, constables of Dover castle and wardens of the five ports; and among many other monuments and inscriptions, within the altar-rails, are monuments for the Reades, of Folkestone, arms, Azure, a griffin, or, quartering gules, a pheon between three leopards faces, or; for William Langhorne, A.M. minister, obt. 1772. In the south chancel is a most elegant monument, having the effigies of two men kneeling at two desks, and an inscription for J. Herdson, esq. who lies buried in Hawkinge church, obt. 1622. In the south isle a tomb for J. Pragels, esq. obt. 1676, arms, A castle triple towered, between two portcullises; on a chief, a sinister hand gauntled, between two stirrups. In the middle isle a brass plate for Joane, wife of Thomas Harvey, mother of seven sons (one of which was the physician) and two daughters. In the north wall of the south isle were deposited the remains of St. Eanswith, in a stone coffin; and under that isle is a large charnelhouse, in which are deposited the great quantity of bones already taken notice of before. Philipott, p. 96, says, the Bakers, of Caldham, had a peculiar chancel belonging to them in this church, near the vestrydoor, over the charnel-house, which seems to have been that building mentioned by John Baker, of Folkestone, who by his will in 1464, ordered, that his executors should make a new work, called an isle, with a window in it, with the parishioners advice; which work should be built between the vestry there and the great window. John Tong, of Folkestone, who was buried in this church, by will in 1534, ordered that certain men of the parish should be enfeoffed in six acres of land, called Mervyle, to the use of the mass of Jhesu, in this church.

On Dec. 19, 1705, the west end of this church, for the length of two arches out of the five, was blown down by the violence of the wind; upon which the curate and parishioners petitioned archbishop Tillot son, for leave to shorten the church, by rebuilding only one of the fallen arches, which was granted. But by this, the church, which was before insufficient to contain the parishioners, is rendered much more inconvenient to them for that purpose. By the act passed anno 6 George III. for the preservation of the town and church from the ravages of the sea as already noticed before. After such works are finished, &c. the rates are to be applied towards their repair, and to the keeping in repair, and the support and preservation of this church.

¶This church was first built by Nigell de Muneville, lord of Folkestone at the latter end of king Henry I. or the beginning of king Stephen's reign, when he removed the priory from the precinct of the castle to it in 1137, and he gave this new church and the patronage of it to the monks of Lolley, in Normandy, for their establishing a cell, or alien priory here, as has been already mentioned, to which this new church afterwards served as the conventual church of it. The profits of it were very early appropriated to the use of this priory, that is, before the 8th of king Richard II. anno 1384, the duty of it being served by a vicar, whose portion was settled in 1448, at the yearly pension of 10l. 0s. 2½d. to be paid by the prior, in lieu of all other profits whatsoever. In which state this appropriation and vicarage remained till the surrendry of the priory, in the 27th year of king Henry VIII. when they came, with the rest of the possessions of it, into the king's hands, who in his 31st year demised the vicarage and parish church of Folkestone, with all its rights, profits, and emoluments, for a term of years, to Thomas, lord Cromwell, who assigned his interest in it to Anthony Allcher, esq. but the fee of both remained in the crown till the 4th year of king Edward VI. when they were granted, with the manor, priory, and other premises here, to Edward, lord Clinton and Saye, to hold in capite; who the next year conveyed them back again to the crown, in exchange for other premises, (fn. 23) where the patronage of the vicarage did not remain long; for in 1558, anno 6 queen Mary, the queen granted it, among several others, to the archbishop. But the church or parsonage appropriate of Folkestone remained longer in the crown, and till queen Elizabeth, in her 3d year, granted it in exchange, among other premises, to archbishop Parker, being then in lease to lord Clinton, at the rent of 57l. 2s. 11d. at which rate it was valued to the archbishop, in which manner it has continued to be leased out ever since, and it now, with the patronage of the vicarage, remains parcel of the possessions of the see of Canterbury; the family of Breams were formerly lessees of it, from whom the interest of the lease came to the Taylors, of Bifrons, and was sold by the late Rev. Edward Taylor, of Bisrons, to the right hon. Jacob, earl of Radnor, the present lessee of it.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol8/pp152-188

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Ficha Técnica:

Camera Canon EOS REBEL T1i

Lenses Canon EF-S 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 IS

Exposure 0.01 sec (1/100)

Aperture f/7.1

Focal Length 29 mm

ISO Speed 100

História:

O Ford Galaxie foi um automóvel fabricado pela Ford no Brasil de 1967 a 1983.

Tratava-se de um modelo sedan luxuoso, contando inclusive com ar condicionado e direção hidráulica

já no fim da década de 1960, itens considerados opcionais até hoje em muitos carros.

Eleito pela Revista Autoesporte o Carro do Ano de 1967.

- Na Década de 1960:

O Ford Galaxie fabricado no Brasil surgiu no ano de 1967 baseado no Ford Galaxie fabricado nos Estados Unidos de 1965 a 1967. Com a versão 500 do Galaxie brasileiro, que era um sonho de consumo, tinha um motor V8 de 164 hp (potência bruta) , 4,5 litros (4.458 cm³) e pesava 1780 quilos. Com o motor 272 ele alcançava mais de 140km/h (muito para a época). Ele tinha bastante força e era uma usina de torque,

podendo retomar de 30km/h na última marcha (o câmbio era de três marchas na coluna) em uma leve subida.

Nessa edição "Galaxie 500" contava com 5,33 metros, suspensão e bancos (mais considerados sofás) muito macios.

Em 1969, foi lançada a versão LTD do Galaxie, mais luxuosa, com acabamento do painel e das portas em melhorado, teto em vinil, ar-condicionado e câmbio automático (hidramático, como chamado na época) opcionais, etc.

Para essa versão, passava a ser oferecido o novo motor 292 de 4,8 litros (4.785 cm³) e 190 hp.

Já no ano seguinte esse motor passaria a ser montado também na versão Galaxie 500 e na versão de entrada,

chamada apenas de Galaxie.

Fonte:

pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_galaxie

History:(In the USA market)

The Ford Galaxie was a full-size car built in the United States by the Ford Motor Company for model years 1959 through 1974. The name was used for the top models in Ford’s full-size range from 1959 until 1961, in a marketing attempt to appeal to the excitement surrounding the Space Race. In 1962, all full-size Fords wore the Galaxie badge, with "500" and "500/XL" denoting the higher series. 1965 saw the introduction of the Galaxie 500/LTD, followed by Galaxie 500 7-Litre in 1966. The Galaxie 500 part was dropped from the LTD in 1966, and from the XL in 1967, however the basic series structuring levels were maintained. The "regular" Galaxie 500 continued below the LTD as Ford’s mid-level full-size model from 1965 until its demise at the end of the 1974 model year.[1]

The Galaxie was the high volume counterpart to the Chevrolet Impala. Some Galaxies were high-performance, racing specification machines, a larger forebear to the muscle car era. Others were plain family sedans.

A version of the car was also produced in Brazil under the names Galaxie 500, LTD and Landau from 1967 to 1983.

The similarly named Ford Galaxy is a large car/minivan available in the European market. The vehicle's name is taken from the original Ford Galaxie.

Bio:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Galaxie

The Postcard

A postcard by W.S (Devon) Ltd. that was posted on Monday the 1st. July 1957 to an address in Banstead, Surrey.

The Princess Pier

Although the Princess Promenade Pier looks like part of the harbour wall, a look at the stonework reveals a myriad of lattice girders supporting an attractive timber promenade deck.

theheritagetrail.co.uk tell us that, although it was originally designed in 1890 as a simple concrete groyne, the lattice steelwork and timber decking were added to the structure in 1894.

The pier is simplicity itself, having wrought iron and timber seats running the full length on both sides, with ornate lamps at regular intervals.

Near the head of the pier, steps lead down to a concrete walkway, set at an angle of 60 degrees, which continues to the harbour entrance.

One of the few buildings to have been constructed on the pier was the Islander entertainment complex at the pier-head. This was severely damaged by fire in 1974 and subsequently demolished.

The pier takes its name from Princess Louise, the then Princess Royal and fourth daughter of Queen Victoria.

Agatha Christie

Agatha Christie (1890-1976) often roller-skated on the pier when she was a child and a young woman. In Torquay Museum she is pictured skating on the pier in an ankle length skirt and large feathered hat, as was the fashion at the time.

Skating on the pier cost two old pennies and was a noisy and bumpy affair, but enjoyable outdoor fun.

Agatha Christie was an avid surfer in the 1920's. She is thought to be the first British woman to surf standing up.

General Cargo,

IMO: 9074078,

MMSI: 477287000,

Call Sign: VRUR7,

Flag: Hong Kong [HK],

Gross Tonnage: 29381 t,

Summer DWT: 47053 t,

Length Overall x Breadth Extreme: 199.2 x 30.57 m,

Year Built: 1994,

Lynnmour, North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

The JCB Display Team, more commonly known as the "Dancing Diggers" performs across the length and breadth of the country and is recognised as one of the top arena attractions available.

The team has appeared on television many times, showcasing the amazing abilities of the machine operators as they push their diggers to the absolute maximum of their capabilities.

The team comprised of 4 giant JCB 3CX diggers and one 527-55 loadall.

The four JCB's in the team weigh 8.5 tonnes each and cost in excess of £48,000 each.

The Display Team drivers perform dare devil stunts and formation digger dancing. During a performance accompanied by music they push the machines and themselves to the limit, thrilling audiences of all ages.

The stunts performed are not only very difficult, but are also very dangerous, and must, under no circumstances be attempted by anyone in the audience!

Whilst on location the team provided a static display for the public which was very popular

The Machines

527-55 LOADALL

The JCB 527-55 is a hugely efficient Dieselmax-powered Loadall. It’s powerful, productive, manoeuvrable, comfortable and safe.

3CX Eco

The JCB 3CX is the world’s number one backhoe loader (along with the JCB 4CX). The 3CX is a product of JCB’s efficient design philosophy, responding to today’s rising fuel prices and environmental concerns with class-leading efficiency and low running costs. In short, innovative technologies have been applied to squeeze the absolute maximum out of every drop of fuel on the JCB 3CX Eco.

The Company

The firm was founded by Joseph Cyril Bamford in October 1945 in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England.

The JCB logo dates from 1953; from 1960 the company typewriters were given an extra key to render it accurately. The logo was designed by Leslie Smith, and is off-set at 18 degrees from the horizontal and 22 degrees from the vertical - the angles Joe Bamford liked.

To demonstrate his faith in the hydraulic failsafes on JCB machines (which lock the arms in the event of a loss of hydraulic pressure, preventing them from crashing to the ground), Joe Cyril Bamford arranged to have several backhoes raise themselves up on their arms, and drove his car beneath them.

This has since developed into a world famous demonstration of the versatility of the backhoe configuration. The JCB display team (JCB Dancing Diggers) tour agricultural shows and produce videos, showing some of the unusual ways in which such vehicles can support themselves or manoeuvre. For example, it is quite common for drivers to support the vehicle on both buckets, either for turning on the spot without damaging ground, or for spinning the tracks in a puddle to clean them. The display team expanded this concept into a sort of vehicle gymnastics. The drivers are members of JCB's demonstration team, who visit prospective customers and demonstrate machines on the customer's property in order to prove the machine's suitability for the task at hand.

The Park of the Alcantara River covers the basin of the Alcantara river located on the northern slopes of the Etna volcano. The source of the river is located in the Nebrodi Mountains near to Floresta. The Alcantara river has a length of around 50 kilometres and, near to the point where it crosses a series of imposing lava flows, the river has created a series of deep gorges characterised by their sheer sides and columns with prismatic bases. The columns surround the walls of the basalt canyon like organ pipes. Inside the gorges small pools and cascades have formed where it is possible to take a swim. Access to the park is located near to Motta Camastra at Fondaco Motta and from this point it is possible to descend into the gorge to the riverbank on foot via a long pathway or, upon payment, via a series of private lifts. In the summer the Circumetnea railway offers a tourist package which includes a guided tour of the Alcantara Gorges. Another feature worthy of a visit are the so-called "Gurne" of small lakes which are formed by the river near to Francavilla di Sicilia.

The Alcantara is a river in Sicily. It has its source on the south side of Monti Nebrodi and its mouth in the Ionian Sea at Capo Schiso in Giardini-Naxos. The river is 52 km long.The name Alcantara is of Arabic origin (al Qanţara - the Bridge) and refers to a bridge from Roman times found by the Arabs.Thucydides called it Akesines Potamos while its Latin names were "Assinus or Assinos" and "Onobala".Cantera was another hydronym adopted by Normans.The Alcantara has its source at an altitude of 1250m in the municipality of Floresta. On its way to the sea, past the north of Mount Etna, it flows through the municipalities of Randazzo, Mojo Alcantara, Francavilla di Sicilia, Motta Camastra, Castiglione di Sicilia, Graniti, Gaggi, Calatabiano, Taormina and Giardini-Naxos.Several thousand years ago, the river bed was blocked by a lava flow from Mount Etna. As the lava was cooled much more quickly by the water than it would have done otherwise, it crystallised in the form of columns. Over the next millennia, the river naturally eroded a channel through these columns, resulting in impressive gorges and ravines such as the "Gole dell'Alcantara".

Il parco fluviale dell'Alcantara è un parco regionale della Sicilia che è stato istituito nel 2001 al posto della preesistente riserva e comprende quella parte di territorio delle province di Messina e Catania che forma il bacino fluviale del fiume Alcantara, ed è situato nel versante nord dell'Etna, allo scopo di proteggere e promuovere il sistema naturale esistente.La sede del Parco si trova a Francavilla di Sicilia, nella struttura costruita negli anni novanta per ospitare un asilo nido e mai usata.Il territorio attraversato dal fiume Alcantara è di particolare importanza in virtù della sua morfologia creata proprio dallo scorrimento delle acque che lo hanno modellato ed inciso creando, nell'attraversamento di un'imponente serie di colate laviche, in località Fondaco Motta (comune di Motta Camastra) delle suggestive e profonde gole a strapiombo, conosciute come le Gole dell'Alcantara. Insieme ad uno spettacolare succedersi di laghetti e di cascate, di acque freddissime, è possibile osservare le stupefacenti strutture laviche colonnari a base prismatica. Disposte a canne d'organo esse decorano per lunghi tratti le pareti di roccia basaltica. Grazie allo studio di tali strutture i geologi hanno potuto elaborare precisi studi sull'evoluzione del vulcano Etna e sulla successione nel tempo delle sue colate più imponenti.Nel 1493 il Bembo descriveva la valle dell'Alcantara come fitta di boschi di platani, querce, roveri ed olmi. Oggi sopravvivono solo rare tracce di Platanus orientalis, mentre predomina la tipica macchia mediterranea con varie specie di ginestra e la Peonia mascula con la sua infiorescenza rossa. Man mano che si scende di quota fitti boschi di nocciolo si alternano agli agrumeti e ai vigneti da cui si ricava un vino scuro e corposo famoso dall'antichità. Ancora boschetti di quercia e pascoli. In primavera le rive sono tutte un'esplosione cromatica: fioriture di viola, papavero, anemone, mirto, rosa canina, ficodindia, terebinto, oleandro e varie specie di orchidee (tra le altre Anacamptis papilionacea, Ophrys tenthredinifera e Orchis purpurea).

L'avifauna della valle dell'Alcantara è assai varia, circa 200 specie, tra le quali vanno menzionate tra i rapaci il falco pellegrino, il gheppio e il lodolaio, estinto come nidificante il Lanario. Dubbia la presenza del piccione selvatico ben distribuita la tortora selvatica e il martin pescatore fino ai migratori della foce. Non raramente si incontrano anche la coturnice, la garzetta e il corvo imperiale. Altri animali presenti sono la volpe, il gatto selvatico, la martora, e il ghiro; ed ancora il riccio, l'istrice, l'arvicola di Savi e la crocidura siciliana. Presso le rive può trovarsi il discoglosso dipinto, anfibio tipico della Sicilia e il colubro leopardino, un bellissimo rettile raro ed innocuo. Tra le specie ittiche troviamo la trota iridea che in questo particolare corso d'acqua riesce a riprodursi, il triotto, l'anguilla e il ghiozzo.

L'Alcantara è un fiume della Sicilia orientale lungo 52 chilometri, tributario del Mar Ionio. Il suo bacino idrico si estende per circa 573 km² nelle province di Messina e di Catania.

L'Alcantara anticamente era chiamato dai Greci Akesines e dai Romani Onobola. Il nome attuale deriva dal termine di origine araba Al qantar (il ponte).Nasce dai Nebrodi a circa 1.400 m dalla Serra Baratta in Provincia di Messina. Dirigendosi impetuoso verso sud entra in Provincia di Catania giungendo in breve nella parte Nord della cittadina di Randazzo: qui muta bruscamente direzione grazie alla "spinta" del suo principale affluente di destra: il fiume Flascio. Rimpinguato notevolmente nella portata dall'affluente l'Alcantara si dirige verso est compiendo praticamente un angolo retto (è da precisare che sulle carte il fiume principale parebbe essere addirittura il Flascio e non l'Alcantara tanto è netto l'angolo di confluenza). Da qui il fiume prende a scorrere tra il massiccio di origine vulcanica del monte Etna a sud e i contrafforti meridionali dei monti Nebrodi e Peloritani a nord, fungendo sino alla foce da confine tra le province di Messina e Catania. Dal comune di Moio Alcantara in poi il fiume inizia a scorrere per lo più incassato, lambendo i centri di Francavilla di Sicilia e Castiglione di Sicilia. Presso Motta Camastra in località Fondaco Motta, dopo aver ricevuto da sinistra il torrente Zavianni, il fiume si inforra in uno spettacolare tratto ingolato costituito da lave basaltiche delle colate dell'Etna, le cosiddette Gole dell'Alcantara, meta assai celebre e frequentata ogni anno da migliaia di turisti. Da Gaggi fino verso Calatabiano il fiume amplia l'alveo per tornare a restringersi in prossimità della foce, nel territorio di Giardini-Naxos, dove solcano le campate del famoso ponte di origine araba Al qantar (il ponte), dal quale derivò il nome di questo meraviglioso corso d'acqua. La foce avviene nel Mar Ionio e precisamente in loc. San Marco.Il letto dell'Alcantara, sotto il profilo vulcanologico, ha visto in epoche preistoriche e protostoriche, il passaggio a più riprese di colate laviche che ne hanno ostruito e modificato il percorso. Il corso d'acqua ha così creato localmente delle caratteristiche forre con pareti alte diverse decine di metri, caratterizzate da strutture a colonne subverticali detta a canna d'organo o leggermente arcuate ad arpa e a ventaglio o disposte orizzontalmente a catasta di legna o, infine, disposte caoticamente e fratturate. Nel comune di Motta Camastra, sul versante Messinese, si trova l'unica grotta di scorrimento vulcanico: difficile da raggiungere ma splendida da ammirare viene chiamata Grotta dei Cento cavalli a testimoniare le sue enormi dimensioni.L'Alcantara è uno dei principali fiumi siciliani per portata media d'acqua in quanto seconda solo a quella del Simeto con circa 9 m³/s. Ove però si considerasse la regolarità di regime delle portate il fiume è sicuramente il primo della regione in quanto assai più regolare rispetto al Simeto. Ciò grazie alla collocazione dell'alto bacino che si estende in una delle aree più piovose della Sicilia unitamente all'approvvigionamento dato dai nevai dell'Etna e al carsismo dei terreni di origine lavica del medio bacino, spiega la sua cospicua portata annua e la presenza di acque anche nel periodo estivo. Non mancano in ogni caso piene eccezionali dovute a piogge insistenti, come avvenuto recentemente nel dicembre 2003, durante le quali l'Alcantara può mostrare un'impressionante irruenza soprattutto nel tratto ingolato.

Font : Wikipedia

Thanks to the Nailbourne project, I now understand how the communities and landscape fots in along its length, though that a bubbling noisy stream can just vanish then appear miles away is very difficult to get your head round. The Nailbourne only fully flows in very wet years, but when it does, the beds that are dry now can be several feet deep.

But downstream of Littlebourne, where the Nailbourne becomes the Little Stour, it is wider, about six feet wide, clogged with reeds and weeds, but also was used to power to large mills. They both stand, one between Littlebourne and Wickhambreaux, and the other in Wickhambreaux itself, though is now just a house But is a large white clapboard building, with a large wheel.

These days, the village looks very prosperous, all grand houses or cottage conversions.

From here, the Little Stour makes its way over the marshes which centuries ago was the Wantsum Channel, so Wickhambreaux was almost a seaside town.

Od that the only features I remembered from my previous visits was the avenue of pollarded trees and the blue ceiling of the roof. Missed was the glorious glass, especially the fine east window, very art deco.

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The interior of this very pretty church is dominated by nineteenth-century work. The whole of the chancel and baptistry is lined with dark brown encaustic tiles, hiding a straightforward fourteenth-century church. The east window is an early example of American Art Nouveau in England, and dominates the entire building. It was designed by Baron Arild Rosenkrantz in 1896. Above the window are stencilled paintings of angels ascending, which can also be seen in the nave, whilst the roof there has a charming star-spangled sky. At the south-west corner is a vestry - screened off by an eighteenth-century screen which may have formed part of the refitting of the chancel paid for by Mary Young. Her monument in the chancel records that 'infirm from her youth she protracted life to the 68th year of her age'. She left £100 for wainscotting and ornamenting the chancel. The interior viewed from the east gives an unusual appearance as the aisles flank the tower (see also Sandhurst).

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Wickhambreaux

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WICKHAM BREAUS

LIES adjoining to Littleborne north-eastward, being usally called Wickham Brook. It is likewise called Wickham by Wingham, to distinguish it from the two other parishes of the same name in this county. In Domesday it is written Wicheham, a name derived from its situation near the banks of the river, which runs close to it. There is only one borough in it, viz. the borough of Wickham, which comprehends the whole parish.

Wickham is a low, flat, and unpleasant situation, and lying so near the marshes cannot but be unhealthy, the land throughout it is in general good and sertile, especially near the village, where the fields are very large and level ground. The village, in number about twenty houses, stands at the south-east boundary of the parish, built round a green, over which the road leads to Ickham, having the church and court-lodge on one side, and the parsonage, a handsome brick house, on the other. At the further end of the green, the Lesser Stour crosses the road, and turns a corn-mill belonging to the manor, beyond it is only one house, called the Stone-house, being built of squared stones and slints in chequers, and by the arched windows and door-ways seems of some antiquity. The parish stretches a good distance northward, as far as Groveferry, the house of which is within it, and the greater Stour river, over a level of about 500 acres of marsh land, which extend from the river into a sinus, with a ridge of upland on each side, to within a quarter of a mile of the village. North eastward from which is the Saperton, formerly the property of the Beakes's, who resided here as early as king Henry the VIIIth.'s reign; it was sold by them to the Furneses, whence it came by marriage, with Copthall, in this parish, to the St. John's, viscounts Bolingbroke, who have lately sold it, but one of the family of Beake, many of whom lie buried in this church, now occupies it. A little beyond this is Newnham, once accounted a manor, formerly belonging to the Ropers, lords Teynham, afterwards to the Bartholomews, then to Joseph Brooke, esq. of Rochester, and now to his devisee the Rev. John Kenward Shaw Brooke, of Town-Malling.—Hence among the marshes is the hamlet of Grove, through which the road leads across them to the right over the lesser Stour, to Wingham, Ash, and the eastern parts of Kent, and to the left by Grove-ferry over the Greater Stour, to the northern part of the country and the Isle of Thanet. There is no other wood in the parish excepting Trendley park. There is no fair.

At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the year 1080, this place was part of those possessions with which that king had enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux. Accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of his lands:

In Donamesford hundred, the bishop himself holds in demesne Wicheham. It was taxed at four sulings. The arable land is eleven carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty-six villeins, with thirty-two cottagers having nine carucates. There is a church, and one priest who gives forty shillings per annum. There is one park, and two mills of fifty shillings, and two saltpits of thirtytwo pence, and three fisheries of four shillings, and thirtytwo acres of meadow. Pasture for three hundred sheep and for thirty-one beasts. Wood for the pannage of eighty bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, when he received it twenty pounds, now thirty pounds. There belong to this manor in Canterbury three plats of land paying six shillings and eight pence. Alured Biga held it of king Edward. Moreover there belongs to this manor half a suling of free land, which Sired held of Alured Biga, and Goisfrid, son of Badland, now holds it of the bishop of Baieux, and it is and was worth separately sixty shillings.

Four years afterwards the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, of which this manor appears afterwards to have been held by the Cliffords. Walter, son of Walter de Clifford, possessed it in the reign of king John, and with Agnes de Cundy, his wife, was a good benefactor to St. Augustine's abbey, and that of St. Radigund. (fn. 1) By the marriage of Margaret, daughter and heir of Walter Clifford, with John de Brewse, it passed into that name, and William de Brewse, or de Braiosa, as they were written in Latin, was possessed of it in the 42d year of king Henry III. His descendant William de Brewse, lord of the honour of Brembre, in Sussex, and of Gower, in Wales, as he stiled himself, whose ancestor came into England with the Conqueror, who gave him the castle of Brember, and whose descendant afterwards, by the marriage with Bertha, daughter and one of the coheirs of Milo, earl of Hereford, became possessed of the castles of Brecknock and Gower likewife, and bore for his arms, Azure, a lion rampant, between twelve cross-croslets, or; though I find by the pedigrees of this family, that his ancestors bore Azure, three bars vaire, argent, and gules. He was several times summoned to parliament in king Edward I.'s reign, as was his son of the same name, both in that and Edward II.'s reign, and died possessed of this manor in the 19th year of the latter. Very soon after which it appears, with the church appendant to it, to have come into the possession of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, half brother to king Edward II. (fn. 2) After which it descended to his brother John Plantagenet, likewife earl of Kent, it being then held of the king in sergeantry. He died anno 26 Edward III. upon which Joane his sister, commonly called the Fair Maid of Kent, wife of Sir Thomas Holand, became his heir, who in her right not only possessed this manor, but became earl of Kent likewise. She afterwards married Edward the black prince, and died in the 9th year of king Richard II. being succeeded in this manor then held in capite, by Thomas Holand, earl of Kent, her son by her first husband, whose two sons, Thomas and Edward, both earls of Kent, and the former created Duke of Surry, in turn succeeded to it, and the latter dying anno 9 Henry IV. his five sisters became his coheirs, and on a partition made between them, Edmund, earl of March, son of Eleanor, late countess of March, the eldest of them became entitled to this manor in his mother's right, being the last earl of March of this family, for he died s. p. in the 3d year of king Henry VI. being then possessed of it. The year after which, Joane, wife of Sir John Gray, appears by the escheat rolls to have been entitled to it; not long after which it became the property of the family of Tibetot, or Tiptoft, as they were usually called, in whom it continued down to John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, who was attainted and beheaded in 1471, anno 10 Edward IV. king Henry being then restored to the crown. He lest an infant son Edward, who, though he was afterwards restored in blood by king Edward IV. yet I do not find that he was ever reinstated in the possession of this manor, which remained in the crown till the reign of king Henry VIII. who granted it, with the advowson of the church, to Sir Matthew Browne, of Beechworth-castle, who in the 22d year of it, passed it away to Lucy, widow of his uncle Sir Anthony Browne, standard-bearer of England, whose grandson Anthony was, anno I and 2 of Philip and Mary, created viscount Montague, and died possessed of this manor anno 34 Elizabeth, and by his will devised it to his eldest son by his second wife, Sir George Browne, who was of Wickham Breaus, and his grandson Sir George Browne, K. B. leaving two daughters his coheirs, Winifrid, married to Basil Brooks, esq. of Salop, and Eleanor, to Henry Farmer, esq. of Oxfordshire, they joined in the sale of it, at the latter end of Charles II.'s reign, to Sir H. Palmer, bart. of Wingham, who died possessed of it in 1706, s. p. and by his will devised it to his nephew Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. who died in 1723, and by his will gave it to his natural son Herbert Palmer, esq. who married Bethia, one of the daughters of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, who died in 1760, s. p., having devised this manor, with the advowson of the church appendant, to his widow. She afterwards married John Cosnan, esq. who in her right became possessed of it, and died in 1778, s. p. leaving her furviving, upon which she again became entitled to the possession of it, and continued owner of it till her death in 1797, on which it came to her nephew Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, the present owner of it. A court leet and court baron is held for this manor.

Trendley park, now accounted a manor of itself, is situated at the north-west boundary of this parish, being entirely separated from the rest of it by that of Littleborne intervening. It was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, and is noticed in the survey of Domesday, in the description of the manor of Wickham above recited, in which it is mentioned as being then a park; and it should seem that at least part of it was then accounted as appurtenant to that manor; though in the description of the manor of Littleborne, in the same survey, which then belonged to the abbey of St. Augustine, it appears that the bishop had lands belonging to that manor too lying within his park here. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park as much land as is worth sixty shillings, says the record. In part of the recompence for which, the bishop seems to have given the abbot the manor of Garwinton, in Littleborne, and other land within the manor of Leeds, as may be seen by the entries of both these manors in the same record. Soon after which there was another exchange of land made between the bishop and archbishop Lanfranc, for some which lay within his park of Wikeham. What is remarkable in this instrument is, that it is given in two languages, in Saxon and Latin, but neither is a translation of the other, for both are originals, as was a frequent custom of that time. Appendant to it is the bishop's seal in wax, representing him on one side on horseback, with his sword and spurs, as an earl, and on the other habited as a bishop, with his pastoral staff; being perhaps the only seal of Odo at this time extant. (fn. 3) By all which it appears, that this park is much more antient than that of Woodstock, which has been accounted the first inclosed park in England. How long it continued an inclosed park, I have no where found; but in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign it was not so, as appears by the escheat-rolls of the 3d year of it, after the death of Edmund, earl of March, at which time there were two hundred acres of wood in it. He was lord of the manor of Wickham, and Trendley park was chiefly at that time certainly appurtenant to it, and continued so whilst in the possession of the same owners, which it did most probably till the attainder of John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, in the 10th year of king Edward IV. when they both came into the hands of the crown, and though king Henry VIII. afterwards granted the manor of Wickham to Sir Matthew Browne, yet I do not find that Trendley park was granted with it. From which time it has had separate owners. For some time it has been the property of the family of Denne, who continue at this time the owners of it. It lies in an unpleasant, lonely part of the parish, facing Westbere, and consists of three hundred acres of woodland, and a house called the Park-house. There is a high road through the middle of it from Stodmarsh to Canterbury market, which in king Edward II.'s reign, was attempted to be shut up, but the sheriff, with the posse comitatus, was ordered to open it again, as being an antient and allowed high road.

Charities.

Andrew Holness, of Seton, in Ickham, by will in 1554, gave to the poor 2s. in money and bread, to be distributed yearly; the churchwardens to take so much yearly out of his lands in Ickham and Wickham, except his house and garden at Seton, in case his executors did not give the same yearly.

Henry Sloyden, of Wickham Breaus, by will in 1568, gave for the use of the poor and Littleborne, in equal portions, a piece of land containing six acres and a half in the latter parish, called Church-close, which is distributed twice a year by the respective minister and churchwardens, and is of the annual produce of 4l.

John Smith, rector of this parish, by deed in 1656, gave a school-room, and a house and garden for a schoolmaster, in this parish, for teaching the children of it. The master to be chosen from one of his relations in preference, if any such could be found, is vested in the rector and churchwardens of this parish.

Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, by his will in 1611, gave the sum of 10s. to each of the several parishes of Wickham, Stodmarsh, Littleborne, and five others therein mentioned, to be paid into the hands of the minister and churchwardens yearly, out of his manor and lands of Well-court, at Michaelmas, towards the relief of the poor of each of them.

Thomas Belke, D. D. rector of this parish, by will in 1712, gave 501. for the putting out of five poor children of this parish apprentices.

There are about thirty poor constantly relieved, and casually seventy.

This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.

¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Andrew, consists of three isles and one chancel, having at the west end a square tower, in which hang six bells. The church is not large, but is handsome and neat. In the middle isle are several memorials for the Beakes, of Saperton. In the south isle for the Larkins, who lived at Grove, in this parish. In the east window are remains of good painted glass, viz. the arms of Edward the black price and of Mortimer, quartered with Burgh, and a representation of Herod's daughter beheading John the Baptist. In the chancel, on the pavement, is the figure of a priest in brass, and inscription, for Henry Welde, rector, obt. 1420. A gravestone, and monument for Alexander Young, B D. rector of this parish, who rebuilt this parsonage-house, and repaired that of Eastchurch, of which he was vicar likewife, at the expence of 2000l. obt. March 21, 1755. A memorial for John Smith, rector, obt. Oct. 28, 1658. In the church-yard are many headstones, and a tombstone for the family of Beake. In the windows of this church there were formerly many different shields of arms, long since demolished.

This church was always an appendage to the manor, and continues so at this time, Sir Narborough D' Aeth, bart. owner of the manor of Wickham, being the present patron of it.

There was antiently both a rectory and vicarage in this church, which continued till the year 1322, when on a vacancy of the latter, Richard de Newcastle, the rector, petitioned archbishop Walter Reynolds, that they might be consolidated, which was granted, and they have continued in that state to the present time. (fn. 4)

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 29l. 12s. 6d. and the yearly tenths at 2l. 19s. 3d. In 1588 it was valued at 250l. communicants one hundred and sixty-three. In 1640 the same. There are eighteen acres of glebe-land.

The marsh-lands in this parish, within Wickham and Preston valleys, pay a modus of two-pence an acre, and those within Newnham 1½d. only, in lieu of all tithes.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp158-166

Thanks to the Nailbourne project, I now understand how the communities and landscape fots in along its length, though that a bubbling noisy stream can just vanish then appear miles away is very difficult to get your head round. The Nailbourne only fully flows in very wet years, but when it does, the beds that are dry now can be several feet deep.

But downstream of Littlebourne, where the Nailbourne becomes the Little Stour, it is wider, about six feet wide, clogged with reeds and weeds, but also was used to power to large mills. They both stand, one between Littlebourne and Wickhambreaux, and the other in Wickhambreaux itself, though is now just a house But is a large white clapboard building, with a large wheel.

These days, the village looks very prosperous, all grand houses or cottage conversions.

From here, the Little Stour makes its way over the marshes which centuries ago was the Wantsum Channel, so Wickhambreaux was almost a seaside town.

Od that the only features I remembered from my previous visits was the avenue of pollarded trees and the blue ceiling of the roof. Missed was the glorious glass, especially the fine east window, very art deco.

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The interior of this very pretty church is dominated by nineteenth-century work. The whole of the chancel and baptistry is lined with dark brown encaustic tiles, hiding a straightforward fourteenth-century church. The east window is an early example of American Art Nouveau in England, and dominates the entire building. It was designed by Baron Arild Rosenkrantz in 1896. Above the window are stencilled paintings of angels ascending, which can also be seen in the nave, whilst the roof there has a charming star-spangled sky. At the south-west corner is a vestry - screened off by an eighteenth-century screen which may have formed part of the refitting of the chancel paid for by Mary Young. Her monument in the chancel records that 'infirm from her youth she protracted life to the 68th year of her age'. She left £100 for wainscotting and ornamenting the chancel. The interior viewed from the east gives an unusual appearance as the aisles flank the tower (see also Sandhurst).

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Wickhambreaux

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WICKHAM BREAUS

LIES adjoining to Littleborne north-eastward, being usally called Wickham Brook. It is likewise called Wickham by Wingham, to distinguish it from the two other parishes of the same name in this county. In Domesday it is written Wicheham, a name derived from its situation near the banks of the river, which runs close to it. There is only one borough in it, viz. the borough of Wickham, which comprehends the whole parish.

Wickham is a low, flat, and unpleasant situation, and lying so near the marshes cannot but be unhealthy, the land throughout it is in general good and sertile, especially near the village, where the fields are very large and level ground. The village, in number about twenty houses, stands at the south-east boundary of the parish, built round a green, over which the road leads to Ickham, having the church and court-lodge on one side, and the parsonage, a handsome brick house, on the other. At the further end of the green, the Lesser Stour crosses the road, and turns a corn-mill belonging to the manor, beyond it is only one house, called the Stone-house, being built of squared stones and slints in chequers, and by the arched windows and door-ways seems of some antiquity. The parish stretches a good distance northward, as far as Groveferry, the house of which is within it, and the greater Stour river, over a level of about 500 acres of marsh land, which extend from the river into a sinus, with a ridge of upland on each side, to within a quarter of a mile of the village. North eastward from which is the Saperton, formerly the property of the Beakes's, who resided here as early as king Henry the VIIIth.'s reign; it was sold by them to the Furneses, whence it came by marriage, with Copthall, in this parish, to the St. John's, viscounts Bolingbroke, who have lately sold it, but one of the family of Beake, many of whom lie buried in this church, now occupies it. A little beyond this is Newnham, once accounted a manor, formerly belonging to the Ropers, lords Teynham, afterwards to the Bartholomews, then to Joseph Brooke, esq. of Rochester, and now to his devisee the Rev. John Kenward Shaw Brooke, of Town-Malling.—Hence among the marshes is the hamlet of Grove, through which the road leads across them to the right over the lesser Stour, to Wingham, Ash, and the eastern parts of Kent, and to the left by Grove-ferry over the Greater Stour, to the northern part of the country and the Isle of Thanet. There is no other wood in the parish excepting Trendley park. There is no fair.

At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the year 1080, this place was part of those possessions with which that king had enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux. Accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of his lands:

In Donamesford hundred, the bishop himself holds in demesne Wicheham. It was taxed at four sulings. The arable land is eleven carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty-six villeins, with thirty-two cottagers having nine carucates. There is a church, and one priest who gives forty shillings per annum. There is one park, and two mills of fifty shillings, and two saltpits of thirtytwo pence, and three fisheries of four shillings, and thirtytwo acres of meadow. Pasture for three hundred sheep and for thirty-one beasts. Wood for the pannage of eighty bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, when he received it twenty pounds, now thirty pounds. There belong to this manor in Canterbury three plats of land paying six shillings and eight pence. Alured Biga held it of king Edward. Moreover there belongs to this manor half a suling of free land, which Sired held of Alured Biga, and Goisfrid, son of Badland, now holds it of the bishop of Baieux, and it is and was worth separately sixty shillings.

Four years afterwards the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, of which this manor appears afterwards to have been held by the Cliffords. Walter, son of Walter de Clifford, possessed it in the reign of king John, and with Agnes de Cundy, his wife, was a good benefactor to St. Augustine's abbey, and that of St. Radigund. (fn. 1) By the marriage of Margaret, daughter and heir of Walter Clifford, with John de Brewse, it passed into that name, and William de Brewse, or de Braiosa, as they were written in Latin, was possessed of it in the 42d year of king Henry III. His descendant William de Brewse, lord of the honour of Brembre, in Sussex, and of Gower, in Wales, as he stiled himself, whose ancestor came into England with the Conqueror, who gave him the castle of Brember, and whose descendant afterwards, by the marriage with Bertha, daughter and one of the coheirs of Milo, earl of Hereford, became possessed of the castles of Brecknock and Gower likewife, and bore for his arms, Azure, a lion rampant, between twelve cross-croslets, or; though I find by the pedigrees of this family, that his ancestors bore Azure, three bars vaire, argent, and gules. He was several times summoned to parliament in king Edward I.'s reign, as was his son of the same name, both in that and Edward II.'s reign, and died possessed of this manor in the 19th year of the latter. Very soon after which it appears, with the church appendant to it, to have come into the possession of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, half brother to king Edward II. (fn. 2) After which it descended to his brother John Plantagenet, likewife earl of Kent, it being then held of the king in sergeantry. He died anno 26 Edward III. upon which Joane his sister, commonly called the Fair Maid of Kent, wife of Sir Thomas Holand, became his heir, who in her right not only possessed this manor, but became earl of Kent likewise. She afterwards married Edward the black prince, and died in the 9th year of king Richard II. being succeeded in this manor then held in capite, by Thomas Holand, earl of Kent, her son by her first husband, whose two sons, Thomas and Edward, both earls of Kent, and the former created Duke of Surry, in turn succeeded to it, and the latter dying anno 9 Henry IV. his five sisters became his coheirs, and on a partition made between them, Edmund, earl of March, son of Eleanor, late countess of March, the eldest of them became entitled to this manor in his mother's right, being the last earl of March of this family, for he died s. p. in the 3d year of king Henry VI. being then possessed of it. The year after which, Joane, wife of Sir John Gray, appears by the escheat rolls to have been entitled to it; not long after which it became the property of the family of Tibetot, or Tiptoft, as they were usually called, in whom it continued down to John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, who was attainted and beheaded in 1471, anno 10 Edward IV. king Henry being then restored to the crown. He lest an infant son Edward, who, though he was afterwards restored in blood by king Edward IV. yet I do not find that he was ever reinstated in the possession of this manor, which remained in the crown till the reign of king Henry VIII. who granted it, with the advowson of the church, to Sir Matthew Browne, of Beechworth-castle, who in the 22d year of it, passed it away to Lucy, widow of his uncle Sir Anthony Browne, standard-bearer of England, whose grandson Anthony was, anno I and 2 of Philip and Mary, created viscount Montague, and died possessed of this manor anno 34 Elizabeth, and by his will devised it to his eldest son by his second wife, Sir George Browne, who was of Wickham Breaus, and his grandson Sir George Browne, K. B. leaving two daughters his coheirs, Winifrid, married to Basil Brooks, esq. of Salop, and Eleanor, to Henry Farmer, esq. of Oxfordshire, they joined in the sale of it, at the latter end of Charles II.'s reign, to Sir H. Palmer, bart. of Wingham, who died possessed of it in 1706, s. p. and by his will devised it to his nephew Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. who died in 1723, and by his will gave it to his natural son Herbert Palmer, esq. who married Bethia, one of the daughters of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, who died in 1760, s. p., having devised this manor, with the advowson of the church appendant, to his widow. She afterwards married John Cosnan, esq. who in her right became possessed of it, and died in 1778, s. p. leaving her furviving, upon which she again became entitled to the possession of it, and continued owner of it till her death in 1797, on which it came to her nephew Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, the present owner of it. A court leet and court baron is held for this manor.

Trendley park, now accounted a manor of itself, is situated at the north-west boundary of this parish, being entirely separated from the rest of it by that of Littleborne intervening. It was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, and is noticed in the survey of Domesday, in the description of the manor of Wickham above recited, in which it is mentioned as being then a park; and it should seem that at least part of it was then accounted as appurtenant to that manor; though in the description of the manor of Littleborne, in the same survey, which then belonged to the abbey of St. Augustine, it appears that the bishop had lands belonging to that manor too lying within his park here. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park as much land as is worth sixty shillings, says the record. In part of the recompence for which, the bishop seems to have given the abbot the manor of Garwinton, in Littleborne, and other land within the manor of Leeds, as may be seen by the entries of both these manors in the same record. Soon after which there was another exchange of land made between the bishop and archbishop Lanfranc, for some which lay within his park of Wikeham. What is remarkable in this instrument is, that it is given in two languages, in Saxon and Latin, but neither is a translation of the other, for both are originals, as was a frequent custom of that time. Appendant to it is the bishop's seal in wax, representing him on one side on horseback, with his sword and spurs, as an earl, and on the other habited as a bishop, with his pastoral staff; being perhaps the only seal of Odo at this time extant. (fn. 3) By all which it appears, that this park is much more antient than that of Woodstock, which has been accounted the first inclosed park in England. How long it continued an inclosed park, I have no where found; but in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign it was not so, as appears by the escheat-rolls of the 3d year of it, after the death of Edmund, earl of March, at which time there were two hundred acres of wood in it. He was lord of the manor of Wickham, and Trendley park was chiefly at that time certainly appurtenant to it, and continued so whilst in the possession of the same owners, which it did most probably till the attainder of John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, in the 10th year of king Edward IV. when they both came into the hands of the crown, and though king Henry VIII. afterwards granted the manor of Wickham to Sir Matthew Browne, yet I do not find that Trendley park was granted with it. From which time it has had separate owners. For some time it has been the property of the family of Denne, who continue at this time the owners of it. It lies in an unpleasant, lonely part of the parish, facing Westbere, and consists of three hundred acres of woodland, and a house called the Park-house. There is a high road through the middle of it from Stodmarsh to Canterbury market, which in king Edward II.'s reign, was attempted to be shut up, but the sheriff, with the posse comitatus, was ordered to open it again, as being an antient and allowed high road.

Charities.

Andrew Holness, of Seton, in Ickham, by will in 1554, gave to the poor 2s. in money and bread, to be distributed yearly; the churchwardens to take so much yearly out of his lands in Ickham and Wickham, except his house and garden at Seton, in case his executors did not give the same yearly.

Henry Sloyden, of Wickham Breaus, by will in 1568, gave for the use of the poor and Littleborne, in equal portions, a piece of land containing six acres and a half in the latter parish, called Church-close, which is distributed twice a year by the respective minister and churchwardens, and is of the annual produce of 4l.

John Smith, rector of this parish, by deed in 1656, gave a school-room, and a house and garden for a schoolmaster, in this parish, for teaching the children of it. The master to be chosen from one of his relations in preference, if any such could be found, is vested in the rector and churchwardens of this parish.

Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, by his will in 1611, gave the sum of 10s. to each of the several parishes of Wickham, Stodmarsh, Littleborne, and five others therein mentioned, to be paid into the hands of the minister and churchwardens yearly, out of his manor and lands of Well-court, at Michaelmas, towards the relief of the poor of each of them.

Thomas Belke, D. D. rector of this parish, by will in 1712, gave 501. for the putting out of five poor children of this parish apprentices.

There are about thirty poor constantly relieved, and casually seventy.

This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.

¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Andrew, consists of three isles and one chancel, having at the west end a square tower, in which hang six bells. The church is not large, but is handsome and neat. In the middle isle are several memorials for the Beakes, of Saperton. In the south isle for the Larkins, who lived at Grove, in this parish. In the east window are remains of good painted glass, viz. the arms of Edward the black price and of Mortimer, quartered with Burgh, and a representation of Herod's daughter beheading John the Baptist. In the chancel, on the pavement, is the figure of a priest in brass, and inscription, for Henry Welde, rector, obt. 1420. A gravestone, and monument for Alexander Young, B D. rector of this parish, who rebuilt this parsonage-house, and repaired that of Eastchurch, of which he was vicar likewife, at the expence of 2000l. obt. March 21, 1755. A memorial for John Smith, rector, obt. Oct. 28, 1658. In the church-yard are many headstones, and a tombstone for the family of Beake. In the windows of this church there were formerly many different shields of arms, long since demolished.

This church was always an appendage to the manor, and continues so at this time, Sir Narborough D' Aeth, bart. owner of the manor of Wickham, being the present patron of it.

There was antiently both a rectory and vicarage in this church, which continued till the year 1322, when on a vacancy of the latter, Richard de Newcastle, the rector, petitioned archbishop Walter Reynolds, that they might be consolidated, which was granted, and they have continued in that state to the present time. (fn. 4)

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 29l. 12s. 6d. and the yearly tenths at 2l. 19s. 3d. In 1588 it was valued at 250l. communicants one hundred and sixty-three. In 1640 the same. There are eighteen acres of glebe-land.

The marsh-lands in this parish, within Wickham and Preston valleys, pay a modus of two-pence an acre, and those within Newnham 1½d. only, in lieu of all tithes.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp158-166

A full length portrait of the empress Vibia Sabina, wife of Hadrian (married at 17 years old in 100 CE). She died in 136 or 137 CE. She is shown fully draped, wearing the tunica muliebris, and wears a diadem. The statue was excaved at the Theater of Vaison-la-Romaine (Vasio) in the campaigns of 1909-1913 (found in 1913).

Musée municipal. H: 2.06 m

RBU2013.1624

Have gone to some length this year to try growing tomatoes in the foggy SF Bay Area like we used to grow in Connecticut 's hot summers. Using special soil, fertilizer, huge self-watering container, red plastic over the dirt around the plants, etc.

Have many flowers like this one on plants with names like "Oregon Spring", "Glacier",

"Pruden's Purple", & "San Francisco Fog". Question now is -- will they set fruit? So far two tiny little green tomatos -- the size and hardness of marbles -- have appeared.

Time will tell. Tips, anyone?

www.merledress.com/amazing-trumpet-mermaid-strapless-slee...

Camera: Canon EOS 50D

Exposure: 0.005 sec (1/200)

Aperture: f/11.0

Focal Length: 50 mm

ISO Speed: 250

Location : My studio

mid length sparkle dress, part of the blooming leopold holiday 2011 lookbook.

blogged here.. bloomingleopold.blogspot.com/2011/12/blooming-leopold-hol...

2014: 365 - 47 We were all calling dibs on the shower when we got home from the lake. This is all I have the strength to take tonight... I am now going to go fall into bed!

www.lunadress.co.uk/destination-queen-anne-a-line-lace-te...

by LUMIX G MACRO 30mm / F2.8 ASPH. / MEGA O.I.S.

60.0mm ( 35mm equivalent focal length )

Type: Space heavy fighter-bomber

Crew: 1

Length/wingspan: 28 studs/22 studs

Engine(s): 1 Tiren Broad T-34 ion engine

Speed:

Service ceiling: Unlimited

Range:

Weaponry: 4x 0.7in laser cannons and 4 hard points capable of numerous weapons (though usually 4x 2.5 in laser cannons)

The T-57 Stalker is Ranter Tec’s winning entry in the HBC (Heavy Bomber Challenge) issued by the Trynin military as a direct response to the Boeing B-100 Boomerang. Technically the T-57 is fighter-bomber, not a heavy bomber. This break in the rules didn’t matter to the Trynin military who saw great potential in the versatile, heavily armored, single pilot, “heavy” fighter-bomber.

The T-57 was created immediately after the Trynin military issued the HBC and went from schematics to prototype in six month time. It was the first official entry in the HBC but was the last to go through military trials due to problems with the weight and engines. It took the T-57 almost two more years to go into mass production.

When the first T-57 squadrons were first flown in 2076 during the battle of [], they saw little success which was mainly due to their operators not correctly arming the T-57s. For the next year the T-57s would only claim two warships and only a hundred fighter-craft, with a loss of over seven-hundred T-57s. It wasn’t until [general] armed the T-57s with three inch beam cannons did they become success.

The T-57 is heavily armored with eight inch trendmite armor on the sides a two inch coating on the body. It does however lack a shield generator.

The Tiren Broad T-34 ion engines provide the T-57 with over [] pounds of thrust but its heavy armor plating reduce its top speed to [] mph. The broad emplacement (thus the name) of the engines across the whole rear end allows the T-57 to maneuver efficiently but again, its weight reduces its maneuverability. Although it does have two anti-gravity generators to allow atmospheric flight and increase its maneuverability. It also features an experimental magnetic thrust vectoring system to boost maneuverability and speed.

Most anti-aircraft T-57s are armed with the normal four .7 inch laser cannons in the nose and four 2.5 laser cannons in the roots. This gave the T-57 enough stopping power to down a small transport if necessary, and a light enough airframe to maneuver correctly and maintain high enough speeds.

Many of the bomber variants were armed with two .7 inch laser cannons in the upper nose, two 1 inch plasma cannons in the lower nose, and two 3 inch beam cannons in the roots. This arrangement of weapons gave the T-57 almost as much firepower as the Boeing B-100 Boomerang but greatly hinders the maneuverability and speed.

During the end of the Agronomic war the T-57 began to operate more and more as a fighter craft. This was due to the massive amounts of real fighters lost in battle and the arrival of the U-2 Bomber.

The T-57s destroyed twenty-seven warships and over twenty-thousand fighter-craft during the Agronomic War. Today T-57s are the hottest fighter-craft on the market and all but the U.E.C (United Earth Confederation) have at least one squad of T-57s.

www.social6.com/alexkane Camera: Nikon 1 J4

Aperture: f/2.8

Exposure: ¹⁄₆₄₀ sec at f/2.8

ISO: 400

Lens: 1 NIKKOR 18.5mm f/1.8

Focal Length: 18.5mm (49mm in 35mm equivalent)

Wreck of ML133 at Camasnagaul.

NN 09440 75247

This Motor Launch blew up on the morning of 11th May 1943 killing CPO Frank Hopkins who is buried in Glen Nevis

www.mbriscoe.me.uk/page11.html

The ML133 Disaster

Built by Lady Bee Ltd. Of Shoreham, Sussex, ML 133 was 75ft in length (cf. above) and was launched on November 18th 1940, commissioned on December 4 1940 and completed eight days later. The following account was written by Mr Christopher Wardle who was on board at the time:

The Death of the 133. (A very vivid Memory}

As it happened.....No bullshit...The real and true facts.

I was a crew member for the entire life of the boat, I joined it in England, sailed it to Scotland and we were the original ML Training Flotilla, the Flotilla consisted of several B class ML’s

The crew of all the B class ML’s at that time was 11 personnel. The 133 was the flotilla leader and carried a fully fledged CPO as coxswain, a Leading Telegrapher, a two-and-a-half ring (Lt Cdr) skipper, who incidentally at the time of the incident was in Inverness at a conference on fire-fighting.... would you believe. So the crew of all the flotilla of ML’s at the time consisted of The Captain, the 1st Lt...usually a very very young kid with one ring (Sub. Lt). Almost every Officer was ‘Wavy Navy’ (RNVR), the only regular navy on board was myself and the coxswain all the rest were Hos (Hostility Only).

We also had two ‘Mickey Mouses’ (Motor Mechanics), usually ex-garage mechanics and extremely competent guys, a telegraphist, who, since there was little on-air radio work served as the Officers flunky and above deck signalman, a Coxswain and 5 seamen, either ordinary or able seaman a total of 11.

It was a clear cold morning in May. The 133 was doing what was called guard duties. What we were guarding, I have no idea. But we asked no questions. We just did what we was told to do.

So the morning of the 11th May 1943 we were swinging around a buoy (near Camusnagaul) with a watchman on the upper deck protecting all the good folk at Fort William. Usually the coxswain poked his head into the mess deck and ‘Called the hands’, but for some reason he didn’t so I, as next in seniority did the honours.

One of the Motor Mechanics....Geordie... I think he was the oldest guy on board, maybe in his 40s ...very old to a young 23! Anyway he went into the engine room to start up a small motor we used for washing down the upper deck; always the first duty of the day. In the meantime the rest of the crew were either dressing, in the toilet, or trying to use the bathroom....all bleary eyed, ....Still no sign of the coxswain....very unusual. He was an extremely efficient CPO... no nonsense...ran the ship extremely well.

I was just in the middle of dressing when there was this explosion. I ran up the hatch to the upper deck. The 2 sides of boat had blown outboard from the wardroom to the forecastle and Geordie was laying on the starboard side groaning with one of his eyes hanging loose. Fire had engulfed the entire engine room. When Geordie had started the small motor there had been petrol fumes in the bilges and a spark must have caused the explosion and the fire.

He was in no condition to do anything; he was shocked and injured. The first thing was to call the coxswain CPO Frank (Polly) Hopkins... we battered on his door ...but no response. His door opened inward, refused to budge, think the explosion had lifted the bilge boards and jammed his door... But why wasn’t he answering? I just don’t know, we had nothing with which to smash his door, but we tried. In the end we all took to the upper deck....there was no panic...just a bunch of guys watching the fire getting bigger and bigger’

Being built of timber the boat stayed afloat tied up to the mooring buoy, even though both her sides had been blown almost flat against the water. Christopher continues….

‘The skipper was away. The young Jimmy (1st Lieutenant) was already in the water so I was the senior guy left and I told everyone to get into the water. We had no means at all to fight the fire, we couldn’t sink her , the sea cocks and all the extinguishers were in the engine room and there was no way we could help Geordie so we abandoned ship.

I swam towards the pier a mile away; it was bloody cold too! Some of the flotilla from around the corner obviously saw the smoke and dropped anchor and came a running. I was picked up by the 154. The sparker aboard was a friend, who took great delight hurling a lifebuoy at me before helping me aboard.

The big explosion came as we were swimming towards the pier; all the ammunition and the 100 octane petrol, 4000 gallons of it, I believe. The depth charges too probably went up. That was quite a bang. I heard later quite a few windows were lost in the town and whether this was true or not, I heard it said they found parts of the 3 pounder gun near the Ben!

From that point didn’t know what was transpiring. We were all taken to the base and fitted out (with dry clothing etc.) ‘cos we were all fairly naked having only just got out of our bunks, and in a couple of days we were all sent on leave. I was sent for by Commander Welman, the CO of the base who grilled me on what happened. He seemed more concerned with pages from the confidential books that had been washed ashore as they were supposed to be kept in a locked safe. He wanted to know how they were loose and floating around. I told him the 1st Lt had them out to make the new admiralty adjustments to them and hadn’t had time to replace them, I guess.

I served the rest of my time as an instructor at the base. I heard the divers had found the coxswain at the bottom of the Hatch, he had obviously made it out of his cabin but only as far as the hatch just outside his door. I was sent on leave and didn’t even get chance to go to the coxswains funeral.

Chris Wardle

May 2010

One of the boats which raced to the scene was the local ferry boat driven by local man Archie McLean. Having picked up a number of men from the water, Archie quickly realised that CPO Hopkins was still aboard. Manoeuvring his boat through the smoke and flames, Archie managed to get it alongside the stricken vessel. Despite being aware that it was full of high octane petrol, live ammunition and probably some depth charges too, he attempted to recue the missing man. As he was about to climb aboard, the second explosion occurred and the attempt had to be abandoned. Archie was awarded honorary membership of the Coastal Forces Veterans Association and was proud to attend the annual reunions of the Coastal veterans who visited the town thereafter.

Geordie, fortunately survived the accident and C.P.O. Frank Hopkins is buried in Glen Nevis. Unfortunately his wife watched the whole incident while not realising that her husband had been killed. Meanwhile, the wreck of ML 133 can still be seen on the Camasnagaul shore at low water.

MOST SECRET

407

War Diary

11.5.1943

Tuesday

HOME COMMANDS

Casualties and Defects

....

M.L.133

destroyed

Reporting total destruction by fire and

explosion of M.L.133 at her moorings at

Camusnagall at 0825/11 one C.P.O. Missing.

Propose holding board of enquiry in accordance

with K.R. and A.I. Articles 1130 and 1136.

(ST. CHRISTOPHER, 111212B)

Image taken from a painting of the Isabella Gollan.

Details:

Name: Isabella Gollan

Type: Top Sail Schooner

Official number: ON 74884

Registered: Sydney 4th November 1876 (67/1876)

Length: 75 ft

Beam: 20.1 ft

Draft: 7.7 ft

Builder: Robert Scott

Launched: 2nd October 1876 at Pampoolah, South Passage Manning River

Gross Register: 69 tons

Re-Registered : Brisbane 1882 (8/1882)

Bought at auction 1st September 1883 by [Captain Thomas Bruce] - Brydon Jones & Co. agents (Company agents for a number of vessels).

Acquired by Brydon, Jones & Co. - details unknown.

Renamed: Grace Darling Circa June 1885

Owners:

1876 - 1883: Thomas Gollan, Manning River NSW

1883 - 1885: Captain Thomas Bruce (Details of sale to Brydon Jones & Co. unknown)

1885 - 1894: J M Brydon and W M Jones. (Brydon, Jones & Co. Qld.)

Launch:

The Isabella Gollan was launched on 2nd October 1876.

"In front of a large crowd of visitors and friends, Miss Christina Gollan christened the new schooner Isabella Gollan before she was successfully launched into the Manning River on Monday the 2nd October 1876 at Pampoolah NSW." Town & Country Saturday 14th October 1876

A very successful launch of a beautiful new schooner, named the Isabella Gollan came off at Pampoolah on Monday last, [2nd October 1876]. The vessel was built by Mr. Scott, and is the property of Mr. Thomas Gollan, commission agent, Sydney, who was brought up on this river, and whose parents and family are among us now. This is the second vessel built by the members of this family within two years, and speaks well for enterprise of our youths on the Manning.

The vessel launched is pronounced by competent judges to be well and truly built, and a beautiful model, she is 80 tons burthen, and will carry 1000 bags of maize.

It is her owner’s intention to place her in the Manning trade. Manning River Times - Monday 9th October 1876

Operation

1876

2nd December.

The following vessels were bar bound at the Manning River.

Isabella Gollan, Maggie Gollan, Coomba, Rose, Thistle, Raver, Annie Cochrane, White Cloud, Pomona, and Caroline.

16th December, Manning River

Two vessels named Maggie Gollan and Isabella Gollan were unfortunate to get on the North Spit, while attempting to Cross the Manning Bar outwards. Fortunately fine weather prevailed at the time, and both vessels have been got off, not without a deal of trouble, and in the case of the Isabella Gollan a loss of some 400 bags of maize. Great sympathy was manifested as to the fate of these two vessels, they being the property of two brothers, young men reared on the river.

Both vessels were built here; in fact the Isabella Gollan had only made one trip to Sydney, timber laden, before the unfortunate accident happened, but we hope this bad beginning will be the precursor of good fortune and that she may run many years.

Town & Country 23rd December 1876

1878

Isabella Gollan 28th June

A voyage from Sydney to Suva (Fiji) via the Manning River.

15th August

A voyage from Levuka, Fiji , arriving Sydney 11 September.

John Gollan master, 4 crew and a cargo of 11,000 coconuts.

“Mr Gollan took to a seafaring life, and passed the Marine Board as a master mariner for the coast, and traded on the north coast for some years as captain of Mr Thomas Gollan’s schooner Isabella Gollan. He was about the first person to convey sugar machinery to Rewa River, Suva, Fiji, in that vessel. After spending some years at sea, the schooner was sold.”

Manning River Times 15th December 1900 - obituary Mr John Gollan Junior

December - Thursday 19th December - Port Macquarie.

The schooner Isabella Gollan, timber laden, when trying to get out this morning, capsized her boat with four hands who were engaged in towing. Two of the men were drowned. Their bodies were carried away amongst the breakers and have not yet been'' found. The names of the two men drowned are Evans and Epps. Neither of them have families. The boat was found on the North Beach, five miles away. The vessel is on the North Spit, but it is likely she will be got off to-night. Sydney Morning Herald Friday 20th December 1878

1882

Isabella Gollan 7th January 1882

A voyage from Mackay to Sydney; Master Alexander Mackenzie, 4 crew & 1 passenger.

SOLD BY AUCTION - 1st September 1883

It will be noticed that the schooner Isabella Gollan, somewhat known to this port in the timber trade to the northern ports will be sold by auction on the 1st September, by Mr David Love, Auctioneer, Brisbane.

A good opportunity is here offered for our timber merchants with some spare cash to make a good bargain, as the vessel is well found and in capital condition.

Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser Saturday - 18th August 1883.

PURCHASE BY CAPTAIN THOMAS BRUCE

It appears that she was purchased by Master Mariner Captain Thomas Bruce. By March 1884 he was recorded as carrying sawn timber from Maryborough to Brisbane. The Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld.) - Wednesday 19 March 1884.

REGULAR TRADING ALONG QUEENSLAND COAST

The Isabella Gollan traded regularly to ports in Queensland until June 1885 when all reports suddenly ceased. This was the last record: "Isabella Gollan, schooner, is now bound from Maryborough for Brisbane."

The Brisbane Courier - Wednesday 3 June 1885

RENAMED GRACE DARLING

In July 1895 the Grace Darling, same tonnage (69 tons) appeared under the same owner and captain. CLEARED.

July 3 -GRACE DARLING, schooner, 69 tons, T. Bruce, master, for Baffle Creek and Townsville, with cargo. Brydon, Jones, and Co., agents. The Brisbane Courier - Saturday 4 July 1885.

Later reports confirmed that the Isabella Gollan and the Grace Darling was the same vessel. No formal record of the name change has been located.

CONTINUED TRADING ALONG QUEENSLAND COAST

From 1885 until 1894 the Grace Darling continued to ply the Queensland coast.

1889 - COLLISION WITH BARQUE CHILLI (UNDER TOW BY TUG TALDORA)

This extract is from an inquiry was that held at Rockhampton on the 31st August into the circumstances attending the collision between the barque Chili and the schooner Grace Darling, in the Fitzroy River, on the night of the 27th August.

"The barque Chili, 678 tons register in London, with a general cargo for Rockhampton, weighed anchor about 8 p.m. on the 27th August at the mouth of the Fitzroy River, in tow of the tug Taldora, for town, and in charge of Pilot Haynes, who was steering the tug, with Pilot Roberts as his assistant in charge of the steering of the Chili, which vessel was being towed astern. When the tug reached Pirate Bank she ported her helm to steer as close to Pirate Point as safety would permit whilst towing a vessel drawing 16ft. 5in. aft. Being strong flood tide the tug passed the schooner Grace Darling 150ft. clear, the latter vessel being anchored about midway between Pirate Point and the southern shore of the river. We find also that the barque, in being steered strictly in the tug's wake and influenced by the strong flood tide at that part of the river, collided with the Grace Darling, doing certain damage to the gear of both vessels. We find that an error had been committed owing to the darkness of the night, and had the Chili's helm been ported earlier the collision would have been avoided." The Brisbane Courier - Thursday 12 September 1889

1890 - ANOTHER COLLLISION WITH TALDORA

As if Captain Thomas Bruce didn't have enough problems after the damage to his ship in 1889, he was again struck by the steam tug Taldora while at anchor in Keppel Bay, close to Rockhampton. This extract is from the Preliminary Inquiry into the collision. "The collision took place on the 7th instant [7th June 1890], about a quarter past four in the morning. At that time the schooner, which was under the command of Captain Thomas Bruce, was lying at Sea Hill. The Taldora had been attending the s.s. Maranoa at the Sea Hill anchorage, that vessel having arrived from the north, and was returning to town, when she collided with the schooner. The master of the Grace Darling, in his evidence stated he was in his bed, when his attention was attracted by hearing a steamer under way close to them." Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld. - Thursday 19 June 1890

1890 - CAPTAIN BRUCE SELLS GRACE DARLING?

No hard evidence is available but all records to and from ports in Queensland show the Grace Darling's movements without Thomas Bruce as captain.

The actual Register of British Shipping will need to be checked.

1894 - GRACE DARLING WRECKED

On 14th March 1894, the schooner Grace Darling was wrecked in Moreton Bay

"The Port Master received telegraphic advice from the pilot station at Bulwer that the schooner Grace Darling parted from her anchors on the 14th instant, and became a total wreck. The captain and crew landed safely.

The Grace Darling, formerly the Isabella Gollan was a wooden schooner of 69 tons register, her dimensions being – length, 75 ft.; breadth, 20 ft.; depth, 7 ft. 7 ins. She was built at Manning River, New South Wales, in 1876, and was the property of Thomas Bruce.

The present owners are Messrs. Brydon Jones, and Co., of this city, who have had her actively engaged on the coast, principally between Brisbane and Rockhampton, in the coal trade.

She left Brisbane on the 11th instant for Burketown, via Normanton, in charge of Captain W. Morgan, but, owing to the heavy weather, she did not proceed further on her voyage than Bulwer, where she anchored that night. She remained at anchor until the following Wednesday, when her cables parted, and she was driven ashore before the force of the gale, becoming a total wreck.

Her cargo consisted of 90 tons of coal for Burketown, and 500 packages of dynamite and detonators for Normanton. The coal belonged to Aplin, Brown, and Co., and was covered by insurance. The dynamite was the property of Brabant and Co., and was insured in London. The hull was insured for ₤600 in the Alliance Marine and General Assurance Company of London, which company also held a line of ₤180 on the freight.

The captain and crew were brought by the Pippo to town. They were very scantily clothed, and many without boots, all their belongings having been lost in the wreck. Captain Morgan stated that the weather experienced at Bulwer was something not to be forgotten. The wind blew with such force that it appeared as it would blow a person off the deck. The schooner laboured heavily in the high sea that was running.

The two anchors and a kedge were put out from the schooner but, at 4 a.m. on Wednesday, she began to drive and drag her anchors. Captain Morgan ran up signals to the Pilot station, which were responded to, but owing to the line being down, no communication could be had with the city, whence relief could have been sent.

The pilot schooner Governor Cairns, which lay at anchor off Bulwer, could, of course, render no assistance, and the Grace Darling gradually approached the beach. When it became inevitable that she must be cast ashore, Captain Morgan slipped the cables and the schooner was soon carried on to the beach. She lay broadside on with a heavy list with a heavy list towards the sea, and it was not very long before the breakers sprung the decks, stove in the hatches, and took possession of the cargo. The crew got ashore in the ship’s dingy, after encountering the greatest danger, as the sea was then running was according to the old salts at the Pilot Station the worst they had seen for seventeen years. The dinghy was naturally played about in all directions by the surf, and at one time capsized and threw all hands into the water.

After a struggle they all got beyond the reach of the breakers and were accommodated at the Pilot Station. When coming off to the Pippo, which had been sent to their assistance, they were again thrown into the water through the boat capsizing, and they had eventually to be taken off in the longboat. The Queenslander (Brisbane, Qld.) - 24th March 1894

The Marine Board of Inquiry reported as follows:

Marine Board of Queensland Transcript (No. 4921)

REPORT and Decision respecting the casualty to the schooner Grace Darling at Moreton Island , Queensland, on the 14th March 1894.

The Marine Board of Queensland having heard the evidence of the late master, leading seaman, and cook and seaman, find that the Grace Darling, a schooner of 69 tons register, official No 74884, registered in Brisbane, William Morgan, master (N.S.W., coast trade to adjacent colonies, No. 100), owned by Messrs Brydon, Jones, and Co, with a crew of five hands all told, left Brisbane on the 9th March, with about 90 tons of coal on board, and proceeded to the magazine at Fisherman's Island, where 440 cases of dynamite and 15 cases detonators were also taken on board. She took her final departure from the magazine on the 11th March; draught of water, 8 ft. aft and 7 ft. 2 in. forward; and in consequence of thick and squally weather from E. by S. to E.S.E., the master anchored off the pilot station, Moreton Island, at 3.30 p.m. the same day, in 14 fathoms, with the boatshed bearing E. 1/2 N. She remained there, riding with the port anchor and 45 fathoms cable, until midnight on the 13th, when, in consequence of the wind increasing, the starboard anchor with 45 fathoms of cable was let go, the port cable at the same time being veered to 60 fathoms. Between midnight of the 13th and 5 a.m. of the 14th the wind changed from E.S.E. to S.S.E., and continued to increase in force. About 8 or 9 a.m. on the 14th a stream anchor of between three and four hundredweight was let go, attached to a manila rope. When about a couple of cables from the beach the weather moderated a little, and the anchors held; but at about 2 or 3 o'clock the same afternoon (14th) the wind increased to hurricane force from the S. to S.S.W., and the vessel continued to drag until between 4 and 5 p.m., when she was in the breakers so close to the beach that the master considered there was no possible chance of saving her, so slipped the cables and beached her, the crew landing in the boat with great difficulty. The vessel eventually became a total wreck.

The vessel had no barometer on board, and the master appears to have been quite indifferent as to the impending weather, and made no effort to communicate with the pilot station on this head, and for his failure to observe this ordinary precaution the Board consider him greatly to blame.

The Board find that the stranding was due to the stress of weather, but, taking all the circumstances into consideration, hold that the master contributed to the disaster by his want of judgment in not seeking a safer anchorage when the first change of wind took place. The Board consider the master, William Morgan, to be deserving of censure, and he is hereby censured accordingly.

STRANDED VESSEL PUT UP FOR SALE

Schooner Grace Darling.

It is announced in another column that the Grace Darling will be sold - by auction at 11 o'clock to-morrow morning by Isles, Love, and Co. The Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld.) - Wednesday 21 March 1894. It does not appear to have resulted in a sale as the wreck stayed on the beach.

The Wreck

The wreck of the Grace Darling is a popular dive site in the waters off Comboyuro Point, Northern Moreton Bay and is protected by the Department of Environment and Heritage.

Image source: Nicholson Family Collection

Acknowledgements : The assistance of the Tinonee Museum and the Gollan Family.

Acknowledgements: The assistance of Mori Flapan (Mori Flapan boatregister) by providing access to his extensive database is greatly appreciated.

All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval.

GREAT LAKES MANNING RIVER SHIPPING, NSW - Flick Group --> Alphabetical Boat Index --> Boat builders Index --> Tags List

english

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Walls_of_Lugo

The Roman Walls of Lugo (Spanish, Galician: Muralla Romana de Lugo) were constructed in the 3rd Century and are still largely intact today, stretching over 2 kilometers around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain). The fortifications were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in late 2000 as "the finest example of late Roman fortifications in western Europe." The walls have also held Spanish monument status (Bien de Interés Cultural) since 1921. In 2007, the walls were twinned with the Great Wall of China during a ceremony attended by China's then-ambassador to Spain, Qiu Xiaoqi.

A walkway over the walls now allows visitors to stroll along the entire length. The town also has a visitor's centre dedicated to the walls, the Centro de Interpretación de la Muralla. Since the inscription of the walls on the World Heritage List in 2000, Lugo holds a popular festival called Arde Lucus each year to celebrate its Roman past.

The city walls were built between 263 and 276 A.D. to defend the Roman town of Lucus Augusti (present-day Lugo) against local tribesmen and Germanic invaders. The walls formed part of a complex of fortifications which also included a moat and an intervallum (the clearing between the walls and the city). The entire length of the walls is around 2,120 m, enclosing an area of 34.4 hectares. Not all of the town was enclosed by walls: much of the southeastern part of the town remained unprotected, while in other places unused areas were enclosed by walls.

The width of the walls is around 4.2 m and the height of the walls varies between 8 and 12 m. The walls consist of internal and external stone facing with a core of earth mixes with gravel, pebbles and worked Roman stone recycled from demolished buildings, cemented with water.

There are 10 gates in the walls: five dating to Roman times and five added after 1853 to accommodate the expanding town population. The best preserved of the five original gates are the Porta Falsa and the Porta Miña, the latter of which still has the original vaulted arch set between two towers. Five stairways and a ramp provide access to the parapet walk over the walls. Within the walls, a number of double staircases provide access to the towers from the parapet walk.

Of the original towers, 49 are still intact, and another 39 have partially survived. The towers were built at irregular intervals along the walls. They consist of two stories and are mostly semicircular; a few are rectangular. The gaps in the wall for the towers vary in length from 5.35 m to 12.80 m. Different materials were used for the construction of the towers. Often the base of the tower was constructed of dressed granite, with the remainder in slate.

During the Middle Ages, pilgrims passed through the gates of the Lugo walls, particularly Porta Miña, on their way to Santiago de Compostela.

Português

A muralha romana de Lugo rodeia a zona histórica da cidade de Lugo na província homónima, na Galiza.

A antiga cidade romana de Lucus Augusti, fundada por Paulo Fábio Máximo em nome do imperador Augusto em 13 a.C. com a finalidade de anexar definitivamente o nordeste da península Ibérica ao Império Romano, foi dotada de um muro de defesa que perdurou, com escassas reformas, até aos tempos atuais.

A muralha, com um comprimento de mais de dois quilómetros, delimita a zona histórica da urbe galega. Construída como separação e defesa, transformou-se num elemento integrador entre a antiga Lucus e a que se desenvolveu ao redor dela. Suas dez portas realizam a função de ligar uma parte da cidade com a outra, e o seu adarve tornou-se uma rua, percorrida pelos viandantes autóctones e visitantes. Passou, portanto, de ser um obstáculo para sua evolução e crescimento a ser um monumento integrado na estrutura urbana e fonte de riqueza turística.

A muralha romana foi declarada Patrimônio da Humanidade pela UNESCO em 2000 e está irmanada desde 6 de Outubro de 2007 com a Muralha da China de Qinhuangdao.

A muralha da antiga Lucus Augusti é a melhor conservada das muralhas romanas situadas na península Ibérica. As modificações que sofreu ao longo dos seus mais de dezessete séculos de existência não chegaram a modificar substancialmente o seu aspeto original, que segue as diretrizes do engenheiro romano Vitrúvio.

O conjunto defensivo tem um comprimento de 2.117 metros, embora haja divergências na medida, e abrange uma extensão de 34,4 Ha. A largura dos muros é de 4,20 metros atingindo os 7 metros em alguns trechos.

A muralha mantém uma série de torres defensivas entre as quais se erguem os muros da mesma. A distância entre torres, varia entre os 8,80 e 9,80 metros até os 15,90 e 16,40 metros, com uma altura entre os 8 e os 12 metros pela parte exterior. Tem-se registro de que havia 85 ou 86, 46 delas conservam-se íntegras enquanto há vestígios das outras 39

As torres têm umas dimensões de 5,35 metros até 12,80 metros no oco ou segmento, e de 4,80 até 6 metros, na flecha. Uma das torres tem vitrais de meio ponto de 1,15 m de largo e de 1,43 m de alto (algum alcança 1,53 m).

Traçado

O traçado da construção defensiva está envolvido em mistério, pois ninguém consegue explicar por que deixou fora importantes núcleos residenciais da antiga cidade ao mesmo tempo em que protegia zonas desabitadas.

Estende-se por uma orografia irregular, mais alto a noroeste e em descenso para sudeste. A forma é quadrangular, com vértices suavizados.

Materiais

Os materiais dos quais esta construída a muralha são, nomeadamente, o granito, para os remates das portas e ângulos de reforço das torres, e as lajes de lousa, que constitui a exterior dos muros. O interior está recheio com um morteiro composto de terra, pedras e seixos cimentados com água. Todos estes materiais são abundantes na zona.

Torres

Das 85 ou 86 torres originais conservam-se 71, de elas 60 são de planta circular e 11 quadrangulares. Deveram estar coroadas por torres de dois pavimentos que tinham vitrais, como testemunha a torre chamada de A Mosqueira na qual ainda permanecem.

A disposição das torres evita a existência de ângulos mortos. Os trechos de muro entre duas torres têm um comprimento dentre 6,30 m. e 13,50 m.

Os vestígios da torre chamada A Mosqueira fazem supor que cada uma das torres, ou cubos, tinha na origem uma estrutura superior que contava, ao menos, com dois pavimentos. Estes pavimentos teriam grandes vitrais onde se estima que seriam situadas armas defensivas como bestas, onagris ou escorpiões.

Portas

A muralha dispunha de cinco portas de acesso que correspondiam às vias principais do traçado urbano. Entre 1853 e 1921 de abriram outras cinco por necessidades da expansão da cidade, das dez portas existentes, seis são de pedestres e quatro permitem o tráfego rodado.

Na época romana havia cinco portas que coincidem com as atuais de Porta Miñá (Minhã), Porta Falsa, Porta de São Pedro, Porta Nova e Porta de Santiago. Delas, a Porta Miñá e, possivelmente, a Falsa são de fatura original, as outras três são posteriores. A porta principal estava em onde se construiu o Reduto de Cristina e era conhecida pelo nome de Porta Castelli.

As portas abertas a partir de 1853 são as de São Fernando (1853), a Estação (1875), Bispo Izquierdo (1888), Bispo Aguirre (1894) e Bispo Odoário (1921).

Pela porta de São Pedro entravam as pistas XIX e XX procedentes de Asturica Augusta, atual Astorga e Braccara Augusta, atual cidade de Braga em Portugal. Pela Porta Nova ligava-se com Brigantium, Betanzos e pela Porta Miñá ia-se para Iria Flavia (Padrón) enquanto pela Porta Falsa ia-se para a costa e o porto de Lucus Asturum (Lugo de Llanera).

A muralha não somente era um elemento defensivo, mas também servia para delimitar o foro e com ele os impostos da cidade. Nelas cobrava-se o imposto de portagem e realizava-se o controlo das pessoas que entravam e saíam do recinto.

As portas de madeira que permitiam fechar o acesso permaneceram até ao século XIX. A partir de 1877 desapareceram definitivamente. O controlo do trânsito manteve-se até bem entrado o século XX permanecendo como testemunha do mesmo as portagens em várias das portas.

Porta de Santiago

A antiga porta do Poxigo (do Postigo), que existia já na época romana; o nome referiria a uma portela existente dentro de uma porta de maiores dimensões. Suas dimensões são 4,15 m de largo, 5,50 m de alto e até ao adarve 6,90 m.

Em 1759 foi reformada para permitir a passagem de carruagens e decorada pela sua parte interior com um nicho com a imagem de Santiago Maior e o escudo de armas do Bispo Izquierdo. Foi porta particular para uso exclusivo dos cônegos para aceder às suas hortas até 1589. Na época de pestes era a porta que permanecia aberta e tinha uma ponte levadiça.

Porta Miñá

De indubitável origem romana, é a que menos modificações teve. Está situada num talvegue e tem 3,65 m de largo. É chamada de Miñá (Minhã, lat. Mineana) devido a que por ela se acede ao rio Minho; também é conhecida como Porta do Carme e foi chamada Minei ou Miñá.

Sua obra é em abóbada de berço e arco de volta perfeita. Está guarnecida por dois torreões e tem um recinto destinado ao corpo de guarda (usado como capela durante algum tempo). Graças à crise econômica do município em 1870, livrou-se de ser demolida.

Porta do Bispo Odoário

A construção desta porta, realizada ilegalmente, deu lugar a que a muralha fora declarada Monumento Nacional. Abriu-se o vão em 1921 como parte das obras do novo Hospital de Santa Maria e construiu-se em 1928 pelo arquiteto Ramiro Sainz Martínez, arquiteto oficial do monumento.

Mede 12 m de largo e 9,10 de alto. Tem um arco de tipo carpanel e uma abóbada de corno de vaca.

Porta Nova

A porta medieval foi demolida em 1899 e, no seu lugar, foi construída outra mais moderna e de maior tamanho. Tem 4,60 m de largo e 8 de alto com arco tipo carpanel e aparelho de silhar. Perdura o habitáculo destinado à portagem.

A atual construção deve-se ao arquiteto Juan Álvarez de Mendoza e foi inaugurada em Abril de 1900. Constava de um recinto para o corpo de guarda, de origem romano, que se utilizou como capela.

Porta de São Fernando

Inaugurada em 1858 pela rainha Isabel II da Espanha, foi começada em 1853 e finalizado no ano seguinte. Chamou-se de porta do príncipe em honra do filho de Isabel II. Em 1962 foi reformada, aumentando a largura da mesma e dando-lhe seu aspeto atual. As suas medidas são, largo 12,5 m, alto 7,50m. Tem uma abóbada de corno de vaca, ou de passagem oblíqua.

Converteu-se no principal acesso à cidade velha e é a única que permite o passo de veículos e pedestres ao mesmo tempo. Comunica as zonas mais povoadas da urbe.

Porta Falsa

Nos séculos XVII e XVIII era conhecida como Porta do Boquete e é, pelas suas dimensões, uma das originais romanas. Responde ao tipo de portas romanas chamadas de posterulae de uso militar, embora fosse muito modificada.

Mede 3,45 m de largo e 5,65 de alto. Em 1798 foi modificada; é formada por um arco de volta perfeita. Durante a Idade Média foi condenada e reaberta em 1602, ainda que até 20 anos depois não se estabilizaria essa apertura.

Porta da Estação

A chegada da ferrovia à cidade e a situação da estação forçou a apertura desta porta, que foi projeto de Nemesio Cobreros Cuevillas e abriu-se em 1875. Um ano mais tarde foi ampliada, tirando as duas torres situadas a seus lados. Em 1921 foi demolida e construída a atual. Tem 10 m de largura e 8 de altura. É de arco tipo carpanel e tem encostados dois recintos que serviram como portagens.

Porta de São Pedro

situada no lugar de uma porta romana era denominada na Idade Média como Porta de Sancti Petri bem como como Porta Toletana ao ser a que dá acesso ao caminho de Castela. É por onde entra o Caminho de Santiago na variante Caminho Primitivo de Lugo.

Mede 3,70m de largo e 4,85 m de alto e é constituída por uma abóbada de meio canhão e uma abóbada de berço. Está ladeada por dois torreões e tem um recinto de corpo de guarda. Salvou-se da modificação em 1865 por motivos econômicos. No exterior ostenta o escudo da cidade e a data da remodelação data de 1781.

Porta do Bispo Izquierdo

Batizada en honra do Bispo Izquierdo que é considerado como um dos benfeitores da cidade. É também conhecida como Porta do cárcere, já que se abriu, em 1888, por necessidades de acesso ao novo recinto carcerário. Foi a terceira nova porta que se abriu no século XIX.

Tem uma largura de 4,32m e uma altura de 7,15. Com arco de volta perfeita e abóbada de berço, tem recinto que servia como portagem. O arquiteto foi Nemesio Cobreros Cuevillas.

Porta do Bispo Aguirre

Em 1894 abriu-se esta porta com o objeto de facilitar a comunicação com o seminário que se construíra nas cercanias em 1885 por ordem do Bispo Aguirre e com o cemitério que se inaugurara em 1858.

Tem uma largura de 10 m e uma altura de 8,15. É de arco tipo carpanel e está dotada de recintos para o uso de portagens. Assim como o seminário, foi realizada pelo arquiteto Nemesio Cobreros Cuevillas. Na sua construção foram demolidas duas torres da muralha que continham lápidas romanas.

Escadas

O acesso para o adarve realizava-se mediante escadas embutidas nos muros das torres. Estas escadas eram duplas, de padrão imperial. Há rasto de 16 destas construções.

Em 1962 acharam-se os primeiros vestígios da existência destas escadas de acesso ao adarve, mas estavam totalmente tapadas por lixo e terra. Foram reabilitadas quando a posta em marcha do Plano Integral da Muralha. Estima-se que havia uma escada por cada torre.

As escadas não chegavam à altura do chão. Para aceder ao primeiro degrau era preciso utilizar escadas móveis. Isto permitiria, caso necessidade, isolar a muralha retirando-as.

Atualmente, acede-se mediante quatro escadas exteriores aos muros e uma rampa, construídos a partir do século XVIII.

Estrutura defensiva

A estrutura defensiva que formava a muralha estava formada pelo fosso, a própria muralha e o intervallum.

O fosso ficava a cerca de 5 metros das torres; tinha uma largura de 20 metros e uma profundeza de 4. Embora apenas fiquem vestígios do mesmo, foi documentado em 1987 mediante diferentes estudos arqueológicos, sendo comprovado que não era um fosso contínuo, mas formado por diversos trechos independentes com encontros acoplados. Têm no fundo uma série de canais cuja finalidade está sem definir.

O intervallum era um espaço que ficava entre a muralha e as edificações urbanas. Recorria o contorno todo da mesma, como um passeio de ronda inferior, e servia para a intendência da defesa. Com o passar do tempo este espaço foi sendo ocupado por edificações. Em meados do século XX havia mais de 30 edifícios encostados à muralha, invadindo o intervallum.

Um fosso perimetral funcionava como primeiro elemento defensivo, documentado nas distintas intervenções arqueológicas levadas a cabo no século XXI. Ficava a unha distancia de 32 metros em relação as muralhas e 25 metros en relación ao eixo dos cubos.[

História

A datação da muralha de Lugo, baseada nos materiais construtivos e nos achados arqueológicos, a situa na segunda metade do século III. A sua construção coincide com a percepção da ameaça bárbara pelas autoridades do Império. Estima-se que sua construção foi um único projeto, que rematou em finais do século III ou na primeira metade do século IV.

Além da ameaça bárbara, a situação e importância estratégica da cidade aconselharam a sua construção. A própria situação da cidade, bem resguarda ao ficar no alto de uma pequena colina e rodeada por um lado pelo rio Minho e pelos outros pelos arroios Rato, Paradai e Chanca. A muralha protegeu a cidade do vento frio de Norte.

A construção da linha defensiva deixou fora bairros inteiros como o de Recatelo e incluiu terras de trabalho e despovoadas. Enquanto outras cidades se reduziam quando se fortificavam, Lugo cresceu.

Sob o domínio dos suevos e visigodos Lugo vai despovoando-se. Afonso I tentou frear essa perda populacional, mas não foi até depois da sua conquista aos muçulmanos que se inverteu a tendência.

No século VIII a cidade cai em mãos de Musa, e em 998 é atacada por Almançor, que demoliu um dos muros embora não atingisse conquistar a urbe.

Na Baixa Idade Média forma-se um novo núcleo urbano ao redor da praça central. Mas ainda há grandes zonas despovoadas dentro do núcleo defensivo, tal é, portanto a princípios do século XXI ainda existem áreas sem urbanizar compreendidas em ele.

Erguem-se complexos defensivos sobre a muralha, há documentação do realizado sobre a chamada porta de São Pedro pelo Infante D. Enrique, no século XIV. Em 1621 reabre-se a chamada «porta Falsa».

No século XVI começa a construção de moradias nos ocos entre as torres pela parte exterior, propiciando o crescimento ultra-muros da cidade.

Em 1837 realiza-se a construção do chamado Reduto Cristina e entre 1853 e 1921 vão-se abrindo novas portas nas muralhas. Chegariam a ser cinco. Estas são;

1853, a do Príncipe Alfonso.

1875, a da Estação.

1888, a do Bispo Izquierdo.

1894, a do Bispo Aguirre.

1921, a do Bispo Odoário.

A 16 de Abril de 1921 a muralha é declarada Monumento Nacional, a partir da apertura dum vão num dos muros para a construção de uma das portas. Em 1971 inicia-se o plano conhecido como Operação Muralha Limpa que tem como objetivo o livrar o monumento de todas as edificações encostadas ao seu paramento exterior.

O reduto de María Cristina

© Mariana Tomas 2008

Scale model of the schooner 'Rifleman' on display at Harrington NSW.

Details:

Name: Rifleman

Type: Schooner

Length: 82.6ft

Beam: 18.0ft

Depth: 7.4ft

Tonnage: (Volumetric measure 1 ton = 100 cubic ft)

Tonnage: 81.5tons

Builder: Alexander Newton Snr

Launched: Saturday 14th December 1861.

Official number: ON036732

Signal letters:unknown

Registered: Sydney - 7th January 1862 -1/1862

Ports & Owners:

- 1862 - Alexander Newton

- 1862/March - J.C. Aickman - Merchant, & T. McClatchie - Mariner, Christchurch New Zealand 8/8/62

- 1864 - T. McClatchie & W. Wilson, Nurseryman.

- 1870 - T. McClatchie & J. Hobbs, Mariner, Lyttelton.

- 1871 - August - Part owner 1871, Captain Joseph Hobbs.

Description:

- 1 White beech deck

- 3 stepped masts/white beech topmasts

- Square stern

- Scroll figure head /female bust

- Carvel built from locally sourced hardwoods.

Launch:

Custom House

“The Victoria crossed Manning River bar at 6 p.m, on Monday (16th), and arrived here at 11 a.m, yesterday. She reports the Mary and Gleaner lying in the river, and also the launch of a large three-masted schooner, on Saturday (14th), named the Rifleman, from Mr. Newton’s yard.

The Victoria brings up 280 bags maize, 28 bags onions, 45 cases eggs, 10 coops poultry, 50 hides, 3 casks tallow.

Sydney Morning Herald Wednesday 18th December 1861.

History:

1862

The'Rifleman'

"This fine new three-masted schooner arrived from the Manning on Monday afternoon, having left there on Saturday, in command of Mr Alexander Newton, her builder.

She is 77 tons new measurement, breadth of beam 15ft, depth of hold 7 feet 8 inches; length 81 feet on the keel, and 90 feet over -all.

Mr Newton, her builder was formerly in partnership with Mr Malcolm, which firm turned out several smart vessels on the Manning.

He is now cutting timber for building a barque of 80 tons."

The Maitland Mercury Tuesday 7th January 1862.

NEW ZEALAND

After registration, under the command of Captain Newton the Rifleman set sail for Otago on the 16th January 1862 with 34 passengers.

Alexander Newton spent six months with the Rifleman around the New Zealand coast before selling her to Aickman and McClatchie.

John Campbell Aickman was a man with far-reaching interests, whose advertisements in the Christchurch newspapers of the time covered land sales, hardware, furniture,corn, chandlery and clothing.

Thomas McClatchie, Rifleman's first New Zealand master, retained his half-share in the schooner for the rest of her nine-year career.

William Wilson, who bought Aickman's share in the schooner in 1864, was a well-known horticulturalist, credited with introducing many exotic plant species into the Canterbury Province, and was Mayor of Christchurch for a period during the 1860's.

MAORI WARS

1868

In July 1868, Rifleman featured in an event which caused considerable alarm among the colonists of the North Island of New Zealand. Waitangi in the Chatham Islands had become a prison camp for political exiles after the land wars between the settlers and tribes of the East Coast. In 1866 some 180 East coast Maoris had been sent without trial to the Chatham Islands, where their women and children were allowed to join them.

Promised that they should be allowed to return when the war ended, they were docile and well behaved until about May 1868, when it became clear that they faced indefinite exile.

The most active and vocal of the prisoners was Te Turuki Rikirangi, who claimed he had been unjustly imprisoned, and had demanded trial before a Court of Justice so many times that his nickname became "Te Kooti" (the Court) - the name by which he has been known ever since.

ARK OF SALVATION

On the 3rd of July, the Rifleman arrived at Waitangi with a cargo of provisions for the garrison; also anchored in the bay was another smaller vessel, the schooner Florence.

The Rifleman would be the 'ark of salvation' that Te Kooti had predicted.

THE ESCAPE

On the afternoon of the 4th of July Te Kooti put his escape plan into action. The prisoners overwhelmed and handcuffed the men of the Armed Constabulary who were their guards, boarded the Florence and cast her adrift so that they should not be followed, and seized the Rifleman.

With 163 men, 64 women and 71 children as passengers, the Rifleman arrived at Whareongaonga near Gisborne on the 10th of July. Te Kooti kept his promise that no harm would befall the crew, paid them £6 each and provided a letter for the authorities exonerating them from any involvement in the escape.

Meanwhile, at Waitangi, events had turned out just as Te Kooti had hoped: the Florence had stranded and all attempts to refloat her failed, frustrating any chance the garrison and the two ships masters had of giving chase.

WRECK OF THE RIFLEMAN

1871

In August 1871 Rifleman's new part owner, Joseph Hobbs, was in command of the schooner when she stranded on Great Barrier Island in the Hauraki Gulf.

"By the arrival of a gentleman yesterday from the Great Barrier, we learn that the rumour circulated on Monday last respecting the wreck of the three-masted schooner Rifleman is correct.

The schooner left here on the 29th ult. for the Chatham Islands and that night, it coming on to blow a strong south-west gale, the master of the vessel deemed it advisable to run for the Barrier for shelter. It was Captain Hobbs' intention to have brought up in Tryphena Bay, but owing to the darkness of the night he mistook the harbour and run into Blind Bay, and before Captain Hobbs noticed his mistake the vessel went ashore, striking heavily. The schooner is considerably damaged and there is little hope of being able to get her off again. The crew got ashore all safe. When our informant left the men were engaged in stripping the vessel of her sails, rigging and anything of value."

Wellington Independent 13th September 1871.

Despite this pessimistic report, Rifleman was refloated and taken to Auckland for repair. The accident may have weakened the structure of the schooner, for her end came only a month later.

LOST WITH ALL HANDS

On the 10th of October 1871, Rifleman left Lyttelton bound for Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds, under the command of Peter Toomey.

The schooner was last sighted in a gale off Cape Campbell.

No wreckage, or sign of Captain Toomey and his six-man crew was ever found; Cook Strait had claimed another victim.

References:

- "War and Politics in New Zealand 1855 - 1870" B.J. Dalton.

-"Historic Poverty Bay" - J.A. Mackay."

-"Shipwrecks, New Zealand Disasters" - Ingram & Wheatley

-"Scotchtown and Pelican" - The Shipwright's Tale-by V.A. Newton.

Image Source: Nicholson Family Collection

All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval.

GREAT LAKES MANNING RIVER SHIPPING, NSW - Flickr Group --> Alphabetical Boat Index --> Boat builders Index --> Tags List

by Voigtländer NOKTON Classic 40mm F1.4 MC

80.0mm ( 35mm equivalent focal length )

The JCB Display Team, more commonly known as the "Dancing Diggers" performs across the length and breadth of the country and is recognised as one of the top arena attractions available.

The team has appeared on television many times, showcasing the amazing abilities of the machine operators as they push their diggers to the absolute maximum of their capabilities.

The team comprised of 4 giant JCB 3CX diggers and one 527-55 loadall.

The four JCB's in the team weigh 8.5 tonnes each and cost in excess of £48,000 each.

The Display Team drivers perform dare devil stunts and formation digger dancing. During a performance accompanied by music they push the machines and themselves to the limit, thrilling audiences of all ages.

The stunts performed are not only very difficult, but are also very dangerous, and must, under no circumstances be attempted by anyone in the audience!

Whilst on location the team provided a static display for the public which was very popular

The Machines

527-55 LOADALL

The JCB 527-55 is a hugely efficient Dieselmax-powered Loadall. It’s powerful, productive, manoeuvrable, comfortable and safe.

3CX Eco

The JCB 3CX is the world’s number one backhoe loader (along with the JCB 4CX). The 3CX is a product of JCB’s efficient design philosophy, responding to today’s rising fuel prices and environmental concerns with class-leading efficiency and low running costs. In short, innovative technologies have been applied to squeeze the absolute maximum out of every drop of fuel on the JCB 3CX Eco.

The Company

The firm was founded by Joseph Cyril Bamford in October 1945 in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England.

The JCB logo dates from 1953; from 1960 the company typewriters were given an extra key to render it accurately. The logo was designed by Leslie Smith, and is off-set at 18 degrees from the horizontal and 22 degrees from the vertical - the angles Joe Bamford liked.

To demonstrate his faith in the hydraulic failsafes on JCB machines (which lock the arms in the event of a loss of hydraulic pressure, preventing them from crashing to the ground), Joe Cyril Bamford arranged to have several backhoes raise themselves up on their arms, and drove his car beneath them.

This has since developed into a world famous demonstration of the versatility of the backhoe configuration. The JCB display team (JCB Dancing Diggers) tour agricultural shows and produce videos, showing some of the unusual ways in which such vehicles can support themselves or manoeuvre. For example, it is quite common for drivers to support the vehicle on both buckets, either for turning on the spot without damaging ground, or for spinning the tracks in a puddle to clean them. The display team expanded this concept into a sort of vehicle gymnastics. The drivers are members of JCB's demonstration team, who visit prospective customers and demonstrate machines on the customer's property in order to prove the machine's suitability for the task at hand.

Features of Princess 54 Flybridge

Basic data

Type: Motoryacht

Year : 2009

Length: 16.59 m

Location: Torquay

Name: GOOSE

Flag: Reino Unido

Shipyard: Princess

Material: Fibreglass

Dimensions

Beam: 4.57 m

Draft: -

Ballast: -

Displacement: 23500.17 Kg

Capacity

Maximum number of passengers: 15

Cabins: 3

Berths: 3

Heads: 2

Water capacity: 473.18 L

Motor

Number of engines: 2

Total power: 1550 HP

Fuel capacity: 2081.98 L

Engine 1

Motor type : Inboard

Power: 775 HP

Fuel type : Diesel

Make of the motor: Volvo D12-800

Engine usage (hours): 596

Engine 2

Motor type : Inboard

Power: 775 HP

Fuel type : Others

Make of the motor: Volvo D12-800

Engine usage (hours): 596

This Motoryacht's equipment

Accommodation

Her practical 3 compartment and 2 powder room layout sleeps up to 6 visitors overnight:

- Master Stateroom with en-suite powder room.- Twin Cabin.- Forward VIP Cabin.

A apart air-conditioned team compartment is located aft which includes a single cot and powder room.

The Guest Bathroom is accessed via the hallway on the lower deck or alternatively through a door from the VIP Cabin. If required, this door from the VIP Cabin can be locked and this powder room can be pre-owned by visitors during the day.

All compartments feature openable seaportholes. Each powder room is provisioned with ventilation fans and electric quietflush toilets (excluding her Crew Cabin which special a basic fit out and a Marine WC).

A 26" SAMSUNG LCD TV is mounted on the Master Stateroom's forward bulkhead.

Main Deck Living Area

- Seritona Cherry Gloss finish throughout.

- Leather cushioning.

- U-shaped sofa with desk on starboard side.

- Triple stainless steel framed sliding doors.

- Port side Bar with glassware stowage and sideboard group.

- Bottle stowage compartmentet with shelves for glassware.

- WAECO Refrigerator with Ice Box section.

- 26" LG LCD TV which can be deployed or hidden using electric Up & Down motor .

- Tinted gustows.

- Curtains or blinds to all gustows and doors.

- Clock and pubometer.

- U-shaped Dining Area for 6 with desk.

- Wheelhouse (See 'Wheelhouse and Navigation Gear' section below).

- Stairs to Lower Deck.

Deck Equipment

- OPACMARE Hydraulic Passerelle with Remote Control (2.75m range, 320kg lifting capacity).

- New exterior cushioning in 2017.

- Upholstered Cockpit sofa.

- Bimini top on Flybridge.

- Self-draining.

- Hatch on gasoline strut to lazarette stowage.

- Lazarette.

- Lockable access hatch to engine room.

- Steps to side decks.

- Cockpit beaming.

- Transom gate leading to bathing floor.

- 2 x Underwater illumination.

- Side safes.

- Fender stowage.

- 220/ 240 v sand supseaport inlet.

- Stainless steel handrails.

- Remote fuel cocks located in safe.

- Integral stairway to flybridge with teak treads.

- Transom teak laid bathing floor with foldaway swimming ladder, hot and chilly shower.

- Transom stowage safe.

- Dinghy chock system.

- Teak-laid transom floor, cockpit deck, flybridge stairway and stairs to side decks.

- Reversible electric mainstay winch with foredeck, main helm and flybridge controls.

- Self stowing 20kg Delta Anchor with 60m of chain.

- Stemhead roller with automated mainstay launch and retrieve.

- Foredeck freshwater mainstay / deckwash system.

- Stainless-steel front, rear and spring cleats.

- Stainless-steel front fairleads.

- Stainless-steel pulpit and guard rails with fender baskets.

- Stainless steel coachroof and flybridge rails.

- Stainless steel rubbing band with rubber insert.

- Full set of IMCO direction illumination.

- Riding beam.

- Twin beam searchbeam with dual-station remote controls.

- Twin electric horns.

- Fuel and water fillers.

- OCEAN 8 passenger liferaft.

Wheelhouse and Navigation Gear

Dual station instruments and controls at Flybridge and main deck Wheelhouse position including:

- Burr elm instrument console with engine instruments and fuel gauges.

- Rudder position indicator

- Power-assisted water potential navigation

- Anchor winch remote control.

- Volvo Penta EVC engine controls.

- SIDEPOWER Bowthruster and Sternthruster controls.

- BENNET cut tab controls.

- ACR Point Pad, Universal Remote Control.

- RAYMARINE ST60 Speed, Depth instruments.

- RAYMARINE Autohelm Autopilot.

- FURUNO 3D-DRS4A NavNet3D Radar / GPS Plotter with an additional 12.1" MFD12 repeater group on the Flybridge.

- High-velocity PLASTIMO magnetic compass.

- SIMRAD RS87 VHF.

- SEAFIRE Fire Fighting system group.

- Horn button.

Wheelhouse:

- Searchbeam remote control.

- Opening side gustow.

- Navigation beam switches.

- Flybri

Sailboat Specifications

Hull Type: Keel/Cbrd.

Rigging Type: Gaffhead Sloop

Length overall: 22’6″ 6.858m

Length over deck: 19’3” 5.867m

Length of waterline: 17’7″ 5.334m

Beam: 7’2” 2.184m

Draught:1’6” – 4’0”0.457m – 1.219m

Displacement:2350lb1065kg

Ballast: 700 lb / 318 kg

Sail area:194ft218.02m2

Approx towing weight:3300lb1500kg

RCD categoryC

S.A./Disp.: 17.60

Bal./Disp.: 29.79

Disp./Len.: 195.75

Construction: GRP

Designer: Roger Dongray

First Built: 1979

# Built: 1000

Builder

Cornish Crabbers LLP

Unit 5, Bess Park Road

Wadebridge

Cornwall

PL27 6HB

Telephone: +44 (0)1208 862 666

Email: info@cornishcrabbers.co.uk

Auxiliary Power/Tanks (orig. equip.)

Make: Yanmar (opt.)

Model: Yanmar 1GM10 9hp

Type: Diesel

Sailboat Calculations

S.A./Disp.: 17.60

Bal./Disp.: 29.79

Disp./Len.: 195.75

Comfort Ratio: 14.60

Capsize Screening Formula: 2.16

Shrimper 19 standard sail away specification

Hull Construction: Hand laid solid GRP hull with no foam core. Integral centerplate case laminated as part of the complete hull structure. Internal bunk and

forepeak moulding bonded into hull with internal structural bulkheads bonded to both hull and deck mouldings. Standard colours are off white, dark blue

or dark green. The hull and deck joint is by way of an overlap or ‘Biscuit Tin Lid’ with GRP bonding.

Rudder: The rudder is transom hung on two stainless steel hangings bolted through the transom with Hardwood backing pads. The rudder is constructed

from laminated plywood with a stainless steel lifting drop plate.

Engine Beds: Engine beds are incorporated in the GRP bunk moulding with mild steel mounts bonded into the bed design which incorporates an oil drip tray.

Ballast: Ballast is by way of iron punchings encapsulated in resin inside the hull keel moulding. A galvanised steel centerplate forms part of the ballast

with a stainless steel lifting wire leading to a winch lifting system operated from the cockpit.

Boot Top: A single boot top moulded in gel coat located above antifouling level. Colour in contrast to main hull and normally matching the deck.

Deck Construction: Hand laid GRP with Balsa core in way of horizontal load areas. Hard wood pads under deck fittings and stress points.

Cockpit : Cockpit locker lids are hand laid with Balsa core. There is integrated non slip on horizontal surfaces with an optional two tone colour. A cockpit

drain is located in the center of the main foot well with additional drainage from the seats. A central watertight locker offers general storage or houses the

diesel engine when fitted.

Deck Fittings: Bespoke deck fittings including bowsprit, tabernacle and chain plates are made from stainless steel. 4 aluminium deck cleats are positioned

aft & amidships with two fairleads feeding a teak Sampson post forward. All sail controls are led aft to rope clutches / jammers with a single halyard

winch to starboard. Adjustable jib & mainsheet cars. Access below is via a teak lined sliding companionway hatch and split plywood / Perspex washboards.

Extra ventilation provided by an aluminium forward hatch.

Ports: 2 aluminium fixed ports are fitted one each in the hull topsides.

Chain plates: Chain plates are in stainless steel and through bolted on the hull sides.

Vents: Ventilation is via a washboard vent and opening forward hatch.

Miscellaneous Equipment: Fuel filler &tank vent.(Inboard version only), Life harness attachment point by the companionway, Rope tidies for halyards.

Cockpit Lockers: Two main watertight lockers with latches and padlocks are provided. A padlock is also provided for the companionway hatch.

Mainmast: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a stainless steel mast band to take Cap shrouds, jib and mainsail halyards.

All deck mounted on a substantial stainless steel tabernacle.

Main Boom: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a Stainless steel gooseneck fitting, kicker and mainsheet bands and all

associated reefing line leads / terminals.

Bowsprit: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a Stainless steel pivot fitting, end plate and bobstay take off points.

Gaff: Laminated in Sitka Spruce and treated with Sikkens Cetol including a Stainless steel gaff collar with rubber protection on bearing surface. Wire hoist

span and block.

Standing Rigging: Cap shrouds, lower shrouds & forestay in 4mm 1 x 19 stainless steel wire with swagged ends. Chromed rigging screws. Jib mounted on

reefing spar and controls led aft to cockpit.

Running Rigging: Main throat / peak halyards – 6mm braid. Jib &Staysail halyards – 6mm braid. Main topping lift – 6mm braid. Mainsail reefing lines –

6mm braid. Mainsail outhaul – 6mm braid. Mainsheet & Jib sheets – 10mm sheet rope. All associated blocks for purchase tackles.

Mainsail: Dacron in tan or cream. 2 reef points with tie in lacing. Luff and gaff lacing as required.

Jib: Dacron in tan or cream with wire luff and tell tails.

Boom Cover: In maroon, or cream acrylic. Fixings to allow for topping lift and mainsheet take off. All sails supplied with, sail numbers, logo and ties.

Engineering

Outboard Version

Outboard well: A teak engine mounting with stainless brackets. Engine well hull blank. GRP moulded fuel tank stowage and fuel lead splitter through aft

locker compartment. (fuel lead not supplied as standard)

Inboard Version

Stern Gear: A 1” stainless steel shaft is fitted, connected to the engine via a coupling and fitted with a Tides Marine ‘lip seal’ gland. The shaft drives a fixed

2-bladed propeller.

Engine: Yanmar 1GM10 9hp marine diesel engine. A 55 amp (12V) alternator is fitted to the engine.

Engine Instruments and Controls: The engine instruments are located at the rear of the cockpit coaming and are recessed with a clear cover. Instruments

include audible alarm, alternator warning light, start switch and stop control. A single lever engine control is supplied and fitted in the cockpit well.

Engine Cooling: The engine is directly salt water cooled. A 1/2″ diameter pipe leads from the main seawater inlet through a strainer to the engine and

discharges overboard through the exhaust.

Engine Exhaust: A flexible exhaust hose connects the exhaust via a swan neck with water trap to the outlet fitting through the transom.

Fuel System: A plastic diesel tank with a capacity of approximately 18 litres, breather and integrated fuel gauge. The tank is fitted with flow and return

lines, the flow line having a manual shut off valve.

Plumbing

Bilge System: 1 x Manual bilge pump operated from the cockpit with a handle stored in the aft locker.

Fresh Water Tanks: 2 x 10ltr plastic jerry cans with manual hand pump. Also a bucket / sink.

Soil System: When fitted the heads discharge directly to sea via a vent loop and skin fitting.

Inlet / Outlet Fittings: Engine: In through a single skin fitting with a valve and strainer, out via the exhaust system.

Gas System: There is a double burner hob cooker attached to a separately stored gas bottle.

12 volt DC system

Batteries: Engine – one 12 volt 55 amp/hour. (Optional on outboard version)

Charging: Via main engine – a 35 amp (at 12 volt) alternator.

Switchboard: An optional switch panel is fitted to boats that have additional electronics fitted.

Miscellaneous Standard Equipment

Deck: 1 x winch handle. 1 x bilge pump handle. Stowed in aft cockpit locker. 1 x fire extinguisher – situated down below.

Joinery: The interior joinery is constructed from high quality materials and in accordance with good yacht practice. Bulkheads and side back linings are

from plywood.

Finish: All cabin woodwork is finished in a mix of painted bulkheads and varnished trim.

Soles: Rubber textured sole throughout.

Upholstery: A choice of soft or wipe down plastic upholstery is available.

Thanks to the Nailbourne project, I now understand how the communities and landscape fots in along its length, though that a bubbling noisy stream can just vanish then appear miles away is very difficult to get your head round. The Nailbourne only fully flows in very wet years, but when it does, the beds that are dry now can be several feet deep.

But downstream of Littlebourne, where the Nailbourne becomes the Little Stour, it is wider, about six feet wide, clogged with reeds and weeds, but also was used to power to large mills. They both stand, one between Littlebourne and Wickhambreaux, and the other in Wickhambreaux itself, though is now just a house But is a large white clapboard building, with a large wheel.

These days, the village looks very prosperous, all grand houses or cottage conversions.

From here, the Little Stour makes its way over the marshes which centuries ago was the Wantsum Channel, so Wickhambreaux was almost a seaside town.

Od that the only features I remembered from my previous visits was the avenue of pollarded trees and the blue ceiling of the roof. Missed was the glorious glass, especially the fine east window, very art deco.

------------------------------------------

The interior of this very pretty church is dominated by nineteenth-century work. The whole of the chancel and baptistry is lined with dark brown encaustic tiles, hiding a straightforward fourteenth-century church. The east window is an early example of American Art Nouveau in England, and dominates the entire building. It was designed by Baron Arild Rosenkrantz in 1896. Above the window are stencilled paintings of angels ascending, which can also be seen in the nave, whilst the roof there has a charming star-spangled sky. At the south-west corner is a vestry - screened off by an eighteenth-century screen which may have formed part of the refitting of the chancel paid for by Mary Young. Her monument in the chancel records that 'infirm from her youth she protracted life to the 68th year of her age'. She left £100 for wainscotting and ornamenting the chancel. The interior viewed from the east gives an unusual appearance as the aisles flank the tower (see also Sandhurst).

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Wickhambreaux

------------------------------------------

WICKHAM BREAUS

LIES adjoining to Littleborne north-eastward, being usally called Wickham Brook. It is likewise called Wickham by Wingham, to distinguish it from the two other parishes of the same name in this county. In Domesday it is written Wicheham, a name derived from its situation near the banks of the river, which runs close to it. There is only one borough in it, viz. the borough of Wickham, which comprehends the whole parish.

Wickham is a low, flat, and unpleasant situation, and lying so near the marshes cannot but be unhealthy, the land throughout it is in general good and sertile, especially near the village, where the fields are very large and level ground. The village, in number about twenty houses, stands at the south-east boundary of the parish, built round a green, over which the road leads to Ickham, having the church and court-lodge on one side, and the parsonage, a handsome brick house, on the other. At the further end of the green, the Lesser Stour crosses the road, and turns a corn-mill belonging to the manor, beyond it is only one house, called the Stone-house, being built of squared stones and slints in chequers, and by the arched windows and door-ways seems of some antiquity. The parish stretches a good distance northward, as far as Groveferry, the house of which is within it, and the greater Stour river, over a level of about 500 acres of marsh land, which extend from the river into a sinus, with a ridge of upland on each side, to within a quarter of a mile of the village. North eastward from which is the Saperton, formerly the property of the Beakes's, who resided here as early as king Henry the VIIIth.'s reign; it was sold by them to the Furneses, whence it came by marriage, with Copthall, in this parish, to the St. John's, viscounts Bolingbroke, who have lately sold it, but one of the family of Beake, many of whom lie buried in this church, now occupies it. A little beyond this is Newnham, once accounted a manor, formerly belonging to the Ropers, lords Teynham, afterwards to the Bartholomews, then to Joseph Brooke, esq. of Rochester, and now to his devisee the Rev. John Kenward Shaw Brooke, of Town-Malling.—Hence among the marshes is the hamlet of Grove, through which the road leads across them to the right over the lesser Stour, to Wingham, Ash, and the eastern parts of Kent, and to the left by Grove-ferry over the Greater Stour, to the northern part of the country and the Isle of Thanet. There is no other wood in the parish excepting Trendley park. There is no fair.

At the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the year 1080, this place was part of those possessions with which that king had enriched his half-brother Odo, the great bishop of Baieux. Accordingly it is thus entered in that record, under the general title of his lands:

In Donamesford hundred, the bishop himself holds in demesne Wicheham. It was taxed at four sulings. The arable land is eleven carucates. In demesne there are two carucates, and thirty-six villeins, with thirty-two cottagers having nine carucates. There is a church, and one priest who gives forty shillings per annum. There is one park, and two mills of fifty shillings, and two saltpits of thirtytwo pence, and three fisheries of four shillings, and thirtytwo acres of meadow. Pasture for three hundred sheep and for thirty-one beasts. Wood for the pannage of eighty bogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth twenty-five pounds, when he received it twenty pounds, now thirty pounds. There belong to this manor in Canterbury three plats of land paying six shillings and eight pence. Alured Biga held it of king Edward. Moreover there belongs to this manor half a suling of free land, which Sired held of Alured Biga, and Goisfrid, son of Badland, now holds it of the bishop of Baieux, and it is and was worth separately sixty shillings.

Four years afterwards the bishop was disgraced, and all his possessions were consiscated to the crown, of which this manor appears afterwards to have been held by the Cliffords. Walter, son of Walter de Clifford, possessed it in the reign of king John, and with Agnes de Cundy, his wife, was a good benefactor to St. Augustine's abbey, and that of St. Radigund. (fn. 1) By the marriage of Margaret, daughter and heir of Walter Clifford, with John de Brewse, it passed into that name, and William de Brewse, or de Braiosa, as they were written in Latin, was possessed of it in the 42d year of king Henry III. His descendant William de Brewse, lord of the honour of Brembre, in Sussex, and of Gower, in Wales, as he stiled himself, whose ancestor came into England with the Conqueror, who gave him the castle of Brember, and whose descendant afterwards, by the marriage with Bertha, daughter and one of the coheirs of Milo, earl of Hereford, became possessed of the castles of Brecknock and Gower likewife, and bore for his arms, Azure, a lion rampant, between twelve cross-croslets, or; though I find by the pedigrees of this family, that his ancestors bore Azure, three bars vaire, argent, and gules. He was several times summoned to parliament in king Edward I.'s reign, as was his son of the same name, both in that and Edward II.'s reign, and died possessed of this manor in the 19th year of the latter. Very soon after which it appears, with the church appendant to it, to have come into the possession of Edmund of Woodstock, earl of Kent, half brother to king Edward II. (fn. 2) After which it descended to his brother John Plantagenet, likewife earl of Kent, it being then held of the king in sergeantry. He died anno 26 Edward III. upon which Joane his sister, commonly called the Fair Maid of Kent, wife of Sir Thomas Holand, became his heir, who in her right not only possessed this manor, but became earl of Kent likewise. She afterwards married Edward the black prince, and died in the 9th year of king Richard II. being succeeded in this manor then held in capite, by Thomas Holand, earl of Kent, her son by her first husband, whose two sons, Thomas and Edward, both earls of Kent, and the former created Duke of Surry, in turn succeeded to it, and the latter dying anno 9 Henry IV. his five sisters became his coheirs, and on a partition made between them, Edmund, earl of March, son of Eleanor, late countess of March, the eldest of them became entitled to this manor in his mother's right, being the last earl of March of this family, for he died s. p. in the 3d year of king Henry VI. being then possessed of it. The year after which, Joane, wife of Sir John Gray, appears by the escheat rolls to have been entitled to it; not long after which it became the property of the family of Tibetot, or Tiptoft, as they were usually called, in whom it continued down to John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, who was attainted and beheaded in 1471, anno 10 Edward IV. king Henry being then restored to the crown. He lest an infant son Edward, who, though he was afterwards restored in blood by king Edward IV. yet I do not find that he was ever reinstated in the possession of this manor, which remained in the crown till the reign of king Henry VIII. who granted it, with the advowson of the church, to Sir Matthew Browne, of Beechworth-castle, who in the 22d year of it, passed it away to Lucy, widow of his uncle Sir Anthony Browne, standard-bearer of England, whose grandson Anthony was, anno I and 2 of Philip and Mary, created viscount Montague, and died possessed of this manor anno 34 Elizabeth, and by his will devised it to his eldest son by his second wife, Sir George Browne, who was of Wickham Breaus, and his grandson Sir George Browne, K. B. leaving two daughters his coheirs, Winifrid, married to Basil Brooks, esq. of Salop, and Eleanor, to Henry Farmer, esq. of Oxfordshire, they joined in the sale of it, at the latter end of Charles II.'s reign, to Sir H. Palmer, bart. of Wingham, who died possessed of it in 1706, s. p. and by his will devised it to his nephew Sir Thomas Palmer, bart. who died in 1723, and by his will gave it to his natural son Herbert Palmer, esq. who married Bethia, one of the daughters of Sir Thomas D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, who died in 1760, s. p., having devised this manor, with the advowson of the church appendant, to his widow. She afterwards married John Cosnan, esq. who in her right became possessed of it, and died in 1778, s. p. leaving her furviving, upon which she again became entitled to the possession of it, and continued owner of it till her death in 1797, on which it came to her nephew Sir Narborough D'Aeth, bart. of Knowlton, the present owner of it. A court leet and court baron is held for this manor.

Trendley park, now accounted a manor of itself, is situated at the north-west boundary of this parish, being entirely separated from the rest of it by that of Littleborne intervening. It was part of the possessions of Odo, bishop of Baieux, and is noticed in the survey of Domesday, in the description of the manor of Wickham above recited, in which it is mentioned as being then a park; and it should seem that at least part of it was then accounted as appurtenant to that manor; though in the description of the manor of Littleborne, in the same survey, which then belonged to the abbey of St. Augustine, it appears that the bishop had lands belonging to that manor too lying within his park here. Of this manor the bishop of Baieux has in his park as much land as is worth sixty shillings, says the record. In part of the recompence for which, the bishop seems to have given the abbot the manor of Garwinton, in Littleborne, and other land within the manor of Leeds, as may be seen by the entries of both these manors in the same record. Soon after which there was another exchange of land made between the bishop and archbishop Lanfranc, for some which lay within his park of Wikeham. What is remarkable in this instrument is, that it is given in two languages, in Saxon and Latin, but neither is a translation of the other, for both are originals, as was a frequent custom of that time. Appendant to it is the bishop's seal in wax, representing him on one side on horseback, with his sword and spurs, as an earl, and on the other habited as a bishop, with his pastoral staff; being perhaps the only seal of Odo at this time extant. (fn. 3) By all which it appears, that this park is much more antient than that of Woodstock, which has been accounted the first inclosed park in England. How long it continued an inclosed park, I have no where found; but in the beginning of king Henry VI.'s reign it was not so, as appears by the escheat-rolls of the 3d year of it, after the death of Edmund, earl of March, at which time there were two hundred acres of wood in it. He was lord of the manor of Wickham, and Trendley park was chiefly at that time certainly appurtenant to it, and continued so whilst in the possession of the same owners, which it did most probably till the attainder of John Tiptost, earl of Worcester, in the 10th year of king Edward IV. when they both came into the hands of the crown, and though king Henry VIII. afterwards granted the manor of Wickham to Sir Matthew Browne, yet I do not find that Trendley park was granted with it. From which time it has had separate owners. For some time it has been the property of the family of Denne, who continue at this time the owners of it. It lies in an unpleasant, lonely part of the parish, facing Westbere, and consists of three hundred acres of woodland, and a house called the Park-house. There is a high road through the middle of it from Stodmarsh to Canterbury market, which in king Edward II.'s reign, was attempted to be shut up, but the sheriff, with the posse comitatus, was ordered to open it again, as being an antient and allowed high road.

Charities.

Andrew Holness, of Seton, in Ickham, by will in 1554, gave to the poor 2s. in money and bread, to be distributed yearly; the churchwardens to take so much yearly out of his lands in Ickham and Wickham, except his house and garden at Seton, in case his executors did not give the same yearly.

Henry Sloyden, of Wickham Breaus, by will in 1568, gave for the use of the poor and Littleborne, in equal portions, a piece of land containing six acres and a half in the latter parish, called Church-close, which is distributed twice a year by the respective minister and churchwardens, and is of the annual produce of 4l.

John Smith, rector of this parish, by deed in 1656, gave a school-room, and a house and garden for a schoolmaster, in this parish, for teaching the children of it. The master to be chosen from one of his relations in preference, if any such could be found, is vested in the rector and churchwardens of this parish.

Sir Henry Palmer, of Bekesborne, by his will in 1611, gave the sum of 10s. to each of the several parishes of Wickham, Stodmarsh, Littleborne, and five others therein mentioned, to be paid into the hands of the minister and churchwardens yearly, out of his manor and lands of Well-court, at Michaelmas, towards the relief of the poor of each of them.

Thomas Belke, D. D. rector of this parish, by will in 1712, gave 501. for the putting out of five poor children of this parish apprentices.

There are about thirty poor constantly relieved, and casually seventy.

This parish is within the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Bridge.

¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Andrew, consists of three isles and one chancel, having at the west end a square tower, in which hang six bells. The church is not large, but is handsome and neat. In the middle isle are several memorials for the Beakes, of Saperton. In the south isle for the Larkins, who lived at Grove, in this parish. In the east window are remains of good painted glass, viz. the arms of Edward the black price and of Mortimer, quartered with Burgh, and a representation of Herod's daughter beheading John the Baptist. In the chancel, on the pavement, is the figure of a priest in brass, and inscription, for Henry Welde, rector, obt. 1420. A gravestone, and monument for Alexander Young, B D. rector of this parish, who rebuilt this parsonage-house, and repaired that of Eastchurch, of which he was vicar likewife, at the expence of 2000l. obt. March 21, 1755. A memorial for John Smith, rector, obt. Oct. 28, 1658. In the church-yard are many headstones, and a tombstone for the family of Beake. In the windows of this church there were formerly many different shields of arms, long since demolished.

This church was always an appendage to the manor, and continues so at this time, Sir Narborough D' Aeth, bart. owner of the manor of Wickham, being the present patron of it.

There was antiently both a rectory and vicarage in this church, which continued till the year 1322, when on a vacancy of the latter, Richard de Newcastle, the rector, petitioned archbishop Walter Reynolds, that they might be consolidated, which was granted, and they have continued in that state to the present time. (fn. 4)

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 29l. 12s. 6d. and the yearly tenths at 2l. 19s. 3d. In 1588 it was valued at 250l. communicants one hundred and sixty-three. In 1640 the same. There are eighteen acres of glebe-land.

The marsh-lands in this parish, within Wickham and Preston valleys, pay a modus of two-pence an acre, and those within Newnham 1½d. only, in lieu of all tithes.

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol9/pp158-166

Length: 5.5 meters ; Width: 47 inches

Blouse Piece: No

Wash Care:

1. Hand wash separately in cold water and salt

2. Don't soak it in water for more than 5 minutes

3. Medium iron

Fabric: Handwoven Cotton

Method: Hand Block Printed

Order Processing Time: 2-7 days

Disclaimer: The pictures are clicked in daylight. Color may vary slightly from the image due to the screen brightness

nakshthelabel.com/collections/handwoven-coon/products/kri...

The Thing from Another World 1951

Watch the skies, everywhere! Keep looking. Keep watching the skies!

—Ned “Scotty” Scott

www.youtube.com/v/T5xcVxkTZzM Trailer

This is one of the major classics of 50s sci fi movies. Released in April of 1951, it was the first full-length film to feature a flying saucer from outer space, which carried a hostile alien. The budget and the effects are typical B-grade stuff, but the acting and pacing are well above the usual B levels. Kenneth Toby and Margaret Sheriden star. James Arness (more known for his westerns) plays The Thing.

Howard Hawks' early foray into the science fiction genre took advantage of the anti-communist feelings of the time to help enhance the horror elements of the story. McCarthyism and the Korean War added fuel to the notion of Americans stalked by a force which was single of mind and "devoid of morality." But in the end, it is American soldiers and scientists who triumph over the evil force - or the monster in the case of this film. Even today, this is considered one of the best of the genre.

Film review by Jeff Flugel. June 2013

There's not a lot new or particularly insightful I can offer when it comes to discussing the seminal sci-fi flick, The Thing from Another World that hasn't been written about ad naseum elsewhere. One of the most famous and influential of all 1950s creature features, it kicked off more than a decade of alien invasion and bug-eyed monster movie mayhem, inspired a host of future filmmakers (one of whom, John Carpenter, would go on to direct his own version of the story in 1982), and remains one of the best-written and engaging films of its kind.

Loosely (and I do mean loosely) adapted from John W. Campbell's novella, "Who Goes There?," The Thing is legendary director Howard Hawks' lone foray into the science fiction/ horror genres, but it fits comfortably into his filmography, featuring as it does Hawks' favorite themes: a group of tough professionals doing their job with ease, good-humored banter and practiced finesse; a bit of romance with a gutsy dame who can easily hold her own with the boys; and lots of overlapping, razor-sharp dialogue. Featuring a script by Charles Lederer and an uncredited Ben Hecht, The Thing is easily the most spryly written and funniest of all 50s monster movies. In fact, it's this sharpness in the scripting, and the extremely likeable ensemble cast of characters, rather than the now-familiar story and somewhat unimaginative monster design, that makes the film still feel fresh and modern to this day.

There's likely few people out there reading this who don't know the story of The Thing like the back of their hand, but here goes...When an unidentified aircraft crashes close to a remote research station near the North Pole, Captain Pat Hendry (Kenneth Tobey, in the role of his career) and his squad are dispatched there to investigate. Dr. Carrington (Robert Cornthwaite) heads the scientific contingent there, and he informs Hendry that he thinks the downed craft is possibly "not of this earth." A joint team of soldiers and scientists head out to the crash site and find an actual, honest-to-goodness flying saucer lying buried under the ice.

The spaceship is destroyed while the men try to melt the ice around it with thermite bombs, but they find a lone, 8-foot-tall extraterrestrial occupant frozen nearby and bring the body back to the outpost in a block of ice. Dr. Carrington and his crew of eggheads want to study the thing, but Hendry is adamant that it should be kept as is until he gets word from his superior in Anchorage, General Fogerty. It wouldn't be a monster movie without something going pear-shaped, of course, and before you know it, a careless mistake results in the creature being thawed out of his iceberg coffin and going on a bit of a rampage, taking out a number of sled dogs and a few unsuspecting scientists along the way. The rest of the film details the tense battle between the surviving humans and the coldly intelligent, remorseless alien invader, which seems virtually unkillable, impregnable to cold, bullets and fire...

The set-up for the film, and how everything eventually plays out, might seem overly familiarly nowadays, but in 1951, this was cutting-edge stuff, at least in cinemas. The Thing plays as a veritable blueprint of how to make a compelling "alien monster-on-the-loose" movie. Howard Hawks not being particularly well-versed, or even interested in, science fiction per se likely worked to its benefit, as he ended up making, as he so often did in his other films, what is first-and-foremost a well-oiled entertainment, rather than simply a genre exercise.

Typical of a Hawks film, The Thing is meticulously designed, composed and shot, but in such a way as to appear offhand. Hawks almost never went in for showy camera angles or flashy effects. His technique was nearly invisible; he just got on with telling the story, in the most straightforward, unfussy way. But this easy, seemingly effortless style was very carefully considered, by a shrewd and knowing mind. As Bill Warren, author of one of the best (and certainly most encyclopedic) books about 1950s sci-fi filmmaking, Keep Watching the Skies, notes in his detailed analysis of the film:

As most good movies do, The Thing works in two areas: sight and sound. The locale is a cramped, tunnel-like base; the men are confined within, the Thing can move freely outdoors in the cold. Compositions are often crowded, with more people in the shot than seems comfortable, reinforcing the idea of confinement After the Thing escapes, only the alien itself is seen standing and moving alone.

This feeling of a cold, hostile environment outside the base is constantly reinforced throughout the film, and a real tension mounts when, towards the climax, the highly intelligent Thing, itself immune to the subzero arctic conditions, turns off the compound's heating, knowing the humans inside will quickly die without it. (The freaky, otherworldly theremin-flavored music by Dimitri Tiomkin adds a lot to the eerie atmosphere here.)

As groundbreaking and well-structured as the plot of The Thing was (and is), what makes the film play so well today is the great script and the interaction of a bunch of seasoned character actors, who toss off both exposition and pithy bon mots in such a low-key, believable manner. This is a truly ensemble movie, and the fact that it doesn't feature any big name stars really adds to the overall effect; no one really hogs all the limelight or gets the lion's share of good lines. Hawks was a director who usually worked with the biggest names in the business, but, much as in the earlier Air Force, he was equally at home working with a cast of rock-solid character actors.

All this talk of Howard Hawks as director, when it's actually Christian Nyby who is credited with the job, has long been a source of speculation with fans of the film. Todd McCarthy, in his bio Howard Hawks: The Grey Fox of Hollywood, seems to clear the issue up once and for all (though really, after viewing enough Hawks films, the results speak for themselves):

The perennial question surrounding The Thing From Another World has always been, Who actually directed it, Christian Nyby or Howard Hawks? The sum of participants' responses make the answer quite clear. Putting it most bluntly, (associate producer) Ed Lasker said "Chris Nyby didn't direct a thing. One day Howard was late and Chris said,'Why don't we get started? I know what the shot should be.' And I said, 'No, Chris, I think we'll wait until Howard gets here." Ken Tobey testified, "Chris Nyby directed one scene. Howard Hawks was there, but he let Chris direct one scene. We all rushed into a room, eight or ten of us, and we practically knocked each other over. No one knew what to do." Dewey Martin, Robert Cornthwaite and Richard Keinen all agreed that Hawks was the director, and Bill Self said, "Chris Nyby was a very nice, decent fellow, but he wasn't Howard Hawks."

Nyby had been Hawks' editor on a number of films, and Hawks apparently decided to help his collaborator establish a name for himself by allowing him directorial credit on the film. This seemingly altruistic gesture didn't mean that Hawks wasn't involved in virtually every aspect of the making of the film, however, and ultimately, The Thing did little for Nyby's directing career, at least on the big screen (he did go on to a long and busy career directing for numerous television programs, however.)

Bill Self was told at the time that Hawks didn't take directing credit on The Thing because it was planned as a low-budget film, one in which RKO didn't have much confidence. But, as critics have been saying ever since it was released, The Thing is a Howard Hawks film in everything but name. The opening scene of various members of the team bantering is so distilled as to be a virtual parody of Hawksian overlapping dialogue. Even more than Only Angels Have Wings, the picture presents a pristine example of a group operating resourcefully in a hermetically sealed environment in which everything in the outside world represents a grave threat. (3)

In addition to all the masculine camaraderie and spooky goings-on, one of the best aspects of The Thing is the fun, charming little tease of a romance between Capt. Hendry and Nikki (top-billed Margaret Sheridan). Nikki works as Prof. Carrington's assistant and is not merely the requisite "babe" in the film. True to the Hawksian norm, she's no pushover when it comes to trading insults with the men, nor a shrinking violet when up to her neck in perilous situations. Unlike most actresses in 50s monster movies, she doesn't utter a single scream in The Thing

and in fact, it's her practical suggestion which gives Bob, Hendry's ever-resourceful crew chief (Dewey Martin), the notion of how to finally kill the monster. Lederer and Hecht's screenplay hints at the backstory to Nikki and Pat's relationship in humorous and oblique ways, and their flirtation amidst all the chaos adds sparkle to the film but never gets in the way of the pace of the story. One nice little throwaway exchange near the finale encapsulates their verbal give-and-take, as Nikki playfully pokes the temporarily-befuddled Hendry, as his men scurry about, setting Bob's plan in motion.

Nikki: Looks as if the situation's well in hand.

Hendry: I've given all the orders I'm gonna give.

Nikki: If I thought that were true, I'd ask you to marry me.

Sheridan, a former model signed to a 5-year contract by Hawks, is quite good here, but after The Thing her career never really caught fire and she retired from acting a few years later. The closest thing to a star turn in the film is Kenneth Tobey as Capt. Hendry. Tobey racked up an impressive number of credits throughout his nearly 50-year-long career, generally as gruff, competent military men or similar types, and he was always good value, though it's as Capt. Hendry in The Thing that he truly shines. He consistently humanizes the no-nonsense, take charge man of action Hendry by displaying an easygoing approach to command. Most of Hendry's men call him by his first name, and delight in ribbing him about his budding romance with Nikki, and he responds to all this joshing in kind. When things get hairy, Tobey's Hendry doesn't have to bark his orders; it's clear that, despite the friendly banter, his men hold him in high esteem and leap to do his bidding at a moment's notice.

Many of the other members of the cast, while none of them ever became household names, will likely be recognizable from countless other roles in both film and television. Hawks gave Dewey Martin co-star billing in The Big Sky a few years later. Robert Cornthwaite kept busy for decades on stage and television, as well as in supporting roles in films such as Monkey Business, Kiss Me Deadly and Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? John Dierkes (Dr. Chapman) and Douglas Spencer (Scotty) both had juicy roles in the western classic Shane, as well as many other movies too numerous to name. Sharp-eyed viewers will also recognize Eduard Franz, Paul Frees (he of the famous voice) and Groucho Marx's right-hand man on You Bet Your Life, George Fenneman, in pivotal roles. And of course we mustn't forget 6' 7" James Arness (years before becoming renowned as Marshall Matt Dillon on Gunsmoke) as the hulking Thing.

A quick note on the "remake": John Carpenter's The Thing (1982), a bleak, grisly and brilliant take on the story, was a box-office dud when first released, but has since attained well-deserved status as a modern classic. While most fans seem divided into two camps - those who love the more restrained, old-fashioned thrills of the original, and those who prefer the more visceral, paranoiac Carpenter version - I happen to treasure both films equally and revisit each of them often. The Carpenter version is by far the gutsier, unsettling one, emphasizing as it does the "trust no one," shape-shifting "the alien is one of us" scenario imagined by John W. Campbell, but the Hawks' film is the most fun, with a far more likeable array of characters, working together to defeat an implacable menace. Each has its own clear merits. I wouldn't want to do without either film, and frankly see no need to choose one over the other.

"Every one of you listening to my voice...tell the world. Tell this to everybody, wherever they are: Watch the skies. Everywhere. Keep looking. Keep watching the skies.”

Acting Credits

Margaret Sheridan - Nikki Nicholson

Kenneth Tobey - Captain Patrick Hendrey

Robert Cornthwaite - Professor Carrington

Dewey Martin - Crew Chief

Douglas Spencer - Ned "Scotty" Scott

Eduard Franz - Dr Stern

Robert Nichols - Lieutenant Ken Erickson

William Self - Colonel Barnes

Sally Creighton - Mrs Chapman

John Dierkes - Dr. Chapman

James R. Young - Lieutenant Eddie Dykes

Norbert Schiller - Dr. Laurenz

William Neff - Olson

Allan Ray - Officer

Lee Tung Foo - Cook

Edmund Breon - Dr. Ambrose

George Fenneman - Dr. Redding

Tom Steele - Stuntman

James Arness - The Thing

Billy Curtis - The Thing While Shrinking