Lake Gnarpurt is listed under the Ramsar Convention as a part of the Western District. The Lake is a good example of a brackish wetland on the Western Plains. Such wetlands are thought to be scarce throughout Victoria and are inadequately protected. .

Lake Gnarpurt is visited by several species included on the CAMBRA and JAMBA lists. The include Red-necked Stint (Calidris ruficollis) and Great Egret (Ardea alba). .

Rare species of birds recorded at Lake Gnarpurt are Brolga (Grus rubicunda), Freckled Duck (Sticonetta Australis) and Blue-billed Duck (Oxyura australis). .

Lake Gnarpurt is considered to be significant for its scientific and educational values. Studies may be undertaken on gauging water levels, surface inflows and waterbirds (numbers, migratory patterns, habitat use, and feeding patterns). Invertebrate species may be studied to determine exact status and identify possibly relationships between salinity, sediment type, diversity and abundance. .

Description .

Lake Gnarpurt is located in a closed drainage basin approximately 27 kilometres north-east of Colac in the Western District of Victoria. It is a moderately saline, permanent body of water with an average depth of approximately 2.57 metres. The salinity of the Lake shows little seasonal variation. .

The lakes of the Western District were formed during a period of volcanic activity which began in the Upper Pliocene (1.64 - 5.2 mya) and ended approximately 5 000 years ago. Several lakes in the Camperdown region developed when flowing lava formed discrete tongues that coalesced to form hollows. All are shallow lakes with irregular shorelines. Lake Gnarpurt is a shallow plains lake formed by a water-filled depression between lava flows during the Quaternary (1.64 mya) some authors have suggested that Lake Gnarpurt formed by collapse of volcanic magma after the solution of underlying limestones. Lunettes (dunes) exist around the eastern margins of the larger lakes and have aided studies on the climatic history of the area. The land separating Lake Corangamite and Lake Gnarpurt consists of a low lunette overlying a coxiella shell bed. .

The invertebrate fauna of the Lake is characteristic of other moderately saline lakes in the region. The most dominant benthic species is Austrochiltonia subtenuis. Other species such as Coxiella sp and Haloniscus searlei are not as abundant in Lake Gnarpurt when compared with other lakes in the area. This may be due to the exposed areas at which samples have been collected. The diversity of insects at the Lake is also comparatively low. There has been no observed difference in the faunal composition of the Lake over the last thirty years. .

Three species of fish are known to exist in Lake Gnarpurt. These are Short-finned Eel (Anguilla australis) , Common Minnow (Galaxias maculatus) and the introduced Chinook Salmon (Onchorhychus tschawyscha). .

Flora on Lake Gnarpurt has been studied in little detail. Species recorded on the Lake include Nodularia spumigena, Chaetoceros and Ruppoa megacarpa (the only macrophyte recorded from the Lake). There are no significant stands of vegetation remaining around Lake Gnarpurt as the surrounding land has been cleared for agriculture.

This is my list of my favorite 2018 songs.

 

This year I was able to listen to a much broader range of songs than in the past thanks to a great new website (Popnable) that lists the top YouTube listens for an astonishing range of countries (from Kyrgyzstan to Cameroon).

 

Unfortunately, much of the local music throughout the world is the same factory-produced, autotuned, syndrum-drenched crap that dominates American radio, just in more obscure languages. Ultimately, I weeded through 4000-plus songs to come up with this list of just under 100 songs.

 

If anyone wants to actually hear any of the songs on this list, go to Spotify and search on “2018 Snopes Favorites.” That should turn up the entire playlist. Or just go to YouTube and start searching song by song.

 

89 – The Carters – “Apeshit” – It is a sign of the times that President Obama’s year-end best songs list (which was pretty good) includes this song by husband and wife Jay-Z and Beyonce, which includes the line “get off my d**k.” This was an absolutely sex-drenched year in music, and the number of songs about female private parts was astonishing.

 

88 - MC MM, DJ RD – “So Quer Vrau” – This seemingly German oompah band song is actually by Brazilian hardcore rappers.

 

87 - Nickie Minaj “Barbie Dreams” – This song disses a whole bunch of rappers in the filthiest ways imaginable. It’s hilarious.

 

86 - EAZ, Xen, Ledri Vula – “Nasty Girl” – Most of the lyrics to this gentle rap song are in Albanian, but the English chorus seems to be about a female derriere.

 

85 – Poppy – “Girls In Bikinis” – Poppy is a former Rockette from Boston. From Wikipedia, she seems to live a cosplay life. She has recently started the Poppy.Church.

 

84 - Tayna, Don Phenom – “Columbiana” – Another song mostly in Albanian. It seems to be about marijuana. It’s an obvious ripoff of Camila Cabelo’s “Havana,” but it sure sounds good.

 

83 - Yemi Alade – “Bum Bum” – This hooky song by a Nigerian rapper is another about the female derriere, this time about “shaking your bum bum bum.”

 

82 - Pistol Annies - “Got My Name Changed Back” – Miranda Lambert, Ashley Monroe, and Angaleena Presley are the Pistol Annies. Aggressively feminist country music. “Well I've got me an ex that I adored/But he got along good with a couple road whores/Got my name changed back (yeah yeah)/I got my name changed back (yeah yeah)/I don't wanna be a Missus on paper no more/I got my name changed back (yeah yeah) … I broke his heart and took his money….”

 

81 - Ashley McBryde – “Girl Goin' Nowhere” – McBryde is a heavily tattooed Nashville singer-songwriter who’s gotten a lot of critical buzz for her first album. This is a good song, but I’m a little skeptical about her long term potential.

 

80 - Meghan Trainor – “Let You Be Right” – Catchy mainstream pop with cute lyrics:” I don't wanna fight tonight/ I'ma let you be right (let you be right)/We can make up if you just kiss me at the next traffic light”

 

79 - MC Stojan - “La Miami” – This is classical sounding Arabic pop, with a circular rhythm and sinuous guitar lines – but it’s in Serbian. Even using Google Translate, I can’t figure out what this song is about, although I assume Miami has something to do with it.

 

78 - Pasha, RebMoe – “I Don't Speak French” – Goofy and catchy song by a Norwegian rapper.

 

77 – Shenseea – “Body Good” – Shenseea is a Jamaican dancehall performer. This song is a tribute to (in keeping with 2018’s dominant theme) the goodness of female genitalia.

 

76 - Haifa Wehbe – “Touta” – In 2006, Wehbe was on People Magazine’s 50 Most Beautiful People list. Wehbe won the title of Miss South Lebanon at the age of sixteen and was a runner-up at the Miss Lebanon competition, which was revoked after it was discovered that she was ineligible because she had been married and had a child. (I love Wikipedia.)

 

75 – Badshah – “She Move It Like” – Badshah is India’s most popular rapper. Google Translate couldn’t handle the lyrics to this song, but I’m betting it’s about the female derriere.

 

74 - Becky Warren – “Carmen” – Bouncy, upbeat country/Americana love song to Carmen.

 

73 - Richard Thompson – “The Rattle Within” – Wonderful to hear a good new Richard Thompson song. One of the greatest guitarists ever.

 

72 - M3NSA – “God Is Good God Is Good God Is Good” – Ghanaian singer and producer M3NSA savagely mocks the minister of the International Central Gospel Church, who was implicated in a financial scandal.

 

71 – Litany – “Call On Me” – female singer from Harrogate, UK. Smooth and polished request for a one-night stand.

 

70 - 24hrs, Lil Pump – “Lie Detector” – 24 Hours is an Atlanta rapper (is everyone who lives in Atlanta a famous rapper?). The song incorporates a brief tribute to female genitalia.

 

69 - Clay Parker and Jodi James - "Easy, Breeze" – Gillian Welch lives.

 

68 - Lost Frequencies, James Blunt – “Melody” – The sweetest song of the year is from a Belgian DJ.

 

67 - Alice Merton – “Why So Serious” – An old-fashioned anthemic female belter by a German/English singer.

 

66 - Emmanuel Jal, Nyaruach – “Ti Chuong” – Christian Sudanese gospel rapper, formerly a conscript child soldier in the Sudanese People’s Liberation Army.

 

65 - Colin Self - “Story” - Mr. Self’s self-description: “Colin Self was born in 1987 in Portland, Oregon. He lives and works in Berlin and Brooklyn. Self graduated in 2010 with a BFA from The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. A composer, choreographer, and performance artist, Self often works in and with interdisciplinary collectives, using the voice, the body, and digital technologies to explore gender, communication, our relationships to the biological and the technological, the potential for social transformation, and the spaces between and across binaries and boundaries.”

 

64 - Sebongile Kgaila – “Gladys” – From the great compilation album, “I’m Not Here to Hunt Rabbits.” Apparently, Botswanans play guitar differently than everyone else in the world.

 

63 - Rodney Crowell, Mary Karr – “Christmas In Vidor” – I wonder what the Beaumont, Texas suburb of Vidor ever did to piss Rodney Crowell off so bad to warrant this piece of pure venom.

 

62 - Orquesta Akokan – “Mambo Rapidito” – 14-piece mambo band from Havana.

 

61 - Future, Juice WRLD – “Fine China” – Classic trap artist from Atlanta rhymes “fine china, “I remind her,” “I’m a divah,” and “vagina.” Really pretty song.

 

60 - King Princess – “Pu**y Is God” – Brooklynite King Princess is very fond of what the Victorians called pudenda. I hesitate to put a gender label on “King Princess,” but she presents as female.

 

59 – cupcakke – “Duck Duck Goose” – “Easy Bake Oven and this pu**y so similar….” If cupcakke got her mind out of the gutter, she wouldn’t have no mind at all.

 

58 - Courtney Barnett – “Need A Little Time” – Sydney, Australia singer with an irresistible deadpan singing voice. Classic rock and roll. Barnett has three songs on the 2018 list.

 

57 - Janelle Monae – “Make Me Feel” – Monae is probably the best of the big-voiced women who dominate the pop radio charts.

 

56 – Rosalia – “Que No Salga La Luna - Cap.2: Boda” – I’ve long wondered why the distinctive rhythms of Spanish flamenco have not crossed over to the mainstream. It looks like Rosalia might be the first flamenco artist to reach a wider audience. She deserves it, this is gorgeous music.

 

55 - Car Seat Headrest – “My Boy (Twin Fantasy)” – Leesburg, Virginia’s greatest (now in Seattle).

 

54 - Courtney Barnett – “City Looks Pretty” – Buzzy guitars wrap around Pavementesque lyrics like this – “Friends treat you like a stranger and strangers treat you like their best friend, oh well.” Addictive.

 

53 - Thee Oh Sees – “Enrique El Cobrador” – Black Sabbath lives! (and can play their instruments way better than they used to)

 

52 – XXXTENTACION – “Sad!” – Stereotypically, rapper XXXTENTACION’s career got a huge boost (this song has 878 million Spotify streams) when he was gunned down in Deerfield Beach, Florida in June at age 20. Unstereotypically, his music was innovative and interesting (and not exclusively about female genitalia). It’s really too bad.

 

51 – Spiritualized – “The Morning After” – Still spacy after all these years.

 

50 - David Byrne – “ I Dance Like This” – The B-side to “Burning Down the House.”

 

49 - Soccer Mommy – “Your Dog” – A bracing lyric from the rare Nashville native – “I don’t want to be your f**king dog that you drag around, a collar on my neck tied to a pole, leave me in the freezing cold.” Ringing guitars to boot.

 

48 - The Chainsmokers – “Sick Boy” – It is an enduring mystery why the Chainsmokers, who are 100% American, sing in a British accent. But, boy do they sound great.

 

47 - Laura Marling, LUMP, Mike Lindsay – “Curse of the Contemporary” – Eric Burdon meets Heart, with Fleetwood Mac avant-garde garnishes. Maybe the most purely pretty song of 2018.

 

46 - Cardi B – “Get Up 10” – “Look, they gave a bitch two options: strippin' or lose/ Used to dance in a club right across from my school/ I said "dance" not "f**k", don't get it confused/Had to set the record straight 'cause bitches love to assume.”

 

45 - Mary Gauthier - “The War After the War” – Political correctness can be both beautiful and, well, correct.

 

44 - Car Seat Headrest - “Stop Smoking (We Love You)” – The title is the sum total of the lyrics.

 

43 - Mercedes Peon – “Deixaas” – I’m predicting this is by far the best Galician music you’ve ever heard. Driving beat over lovely intertwined female voices … how could you go wrong?

 

42 – Odette – “Lotus Eaters” – Piano and voice from a 20-year old woman from Sydney with a plummy fake accent. It ought to be awful, but it really is not. Not at all.

 

41 - Priscilla Renea – “Gentle Hands” – “I want a strong man with gentle hands.”

 

40 - Rodney Crowell, Brennen Leigh – “Merry Christmas From An Empty Bed” – Rodney Crowell’s “Christmas Everywhere” is the best Christmas album since the 1981 classic “A Christmas Record” on Ze records. This heartbreaker is the best traditional heartbreaker on the album, though not the best song on the album (which has 4 songs on this list).

 

39 - Courtney Barnett – “I'm Not Your Mother I'm Not Your Bitch” – Message delivered with a deluge of feedback.

 

38 - Sofi Tukker – “Batshit” – This duo, who met at Brown University, have a lock in case the Guinness Book of World Records ever decides to add a category of “most times the word ‘batshit’ has been used in a single song.” Autotuned, syndrummed, very polished … and yet really really good.

 

37 - Alec Benjamin – “If We Have Each Other” – A song to tide us over since Ed Sheeran did nothing new this year. And it’s not bad at all. Maybe Ed should be looking over his shoulder.

 

36 - Too $hort – Balance – Another female derriere tribute song, but it rises above the genre. “It must be a challenge, trying to keep your balance, with a ass like that, yeah it’s fat, okay…”

 

35 - Valee, Jeremih – “Womp Womp” – A portion of her physique “tastes like peach cobbler.” Valee is flying a little under the radar because he’s trying to do trap out of Chicago (where it gets way colder than Atlanta, which makes it hard to pull off trap levels of chill). Another very pretty song with extremely sexually explicit lyrics.

 

34 - Otoboke Beaver “anata watashi daita ato yome no meshi” – These Tokyo women don’t just pay tribute to HarDCore, they run straight over HarDCore.

 

33 - Rodney Crowell – “Let's Skip Christmas This Year” – Toni loves to put on Christmas music starting pretty much the day after Thanksgiving, but she doesn’t understand how Spotify works so I’m in charge of the playlist. This Rodney Crowell anti-classic will be added to the short list from now on.

 

32 - Y La Bamba – “Mujeres”– As someone who firmly believes that didacticism and politics are the surest combination for producing terrible music, if you’d have told me that this “Mujeres” is a “battle cry against machismo” by Portland-based Latinx Luz Elena Mendoza I would have confidently predicted a constricted dry monstrosity. ‘Wrong, Moose Breath!,” as Carnak the Magnificent often chastised the magnificently predictable Ed McMahon.

 

31 - Kapil Seshasayee – “The Ballad of Bant Singh” – If you explore the body of work of Glasgow jazzbo Kapil Seshasayee you’ll find way too much unlistenable experimentation, usually at great length. But this three-minute piece about Bant Singh, an Untouchable who was beaten nearly to death for protesting his daughter’s gang rape, is tightly focused and moving.

 

30 - Mountain Man - “Stella” – An acapella piece by an unknown three-woman group from Raleigh, North Carolina should have been easy to delete when assembling this list from a starting conglomeration of 4000-plus songs. It wasn’t.

 

29 - Tal National – “Entente” – For music critics, 2018 was the year of the Tuareg guitarists. The Tuaregs are a Berber tribal group who inhabit the Sahara on the southern fringes of North Africa and northern fringes of sub-Saharan Afria (including portions of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Nigeria). Apparently, Jimi Hendrix’s music was extremely popular among the Tuareg and there are a bunch of Tuareg guitarists who have built on Hendrix to produce a guitar-drenched wall of sound. Toni and I and our friends Carol and Jack saw a great show by Tuaregan guitarist Mdou Mocstar at Drom in the East Village in January. But Mocstar released no new music in 2018 and I couldn’t find any music released in 2018 by Tuareg guitarists that measured up to that show. The closest I found was this song by Tal National, a pan-North African group that includes at least one Tuareg. They’re very different from the Tuareg guitarists, but are worthwhile i their own right (if a touch “World Music-ish”).

 

28 – XXXTENTACION - “Moonlight” – One of the last songs from this 20-year-old is both inspiring and depressing in its intertwining of the beauty of femininity in the moonlight and a “Smith and Wesson” and a “knife in the intestine.”

 

27 - Sebongile Kgaila – “Tika Molamu (Knobkerrie Throw)” – You guitarists out there should try to put aside your preconceptions and really listen to this new way of playing the guitar from Botswana. Fascinating and energetic.

 

26 - A$AP Rocky – “Sundress” – A$AP Rocky moved from Harlem to New Jersey where he has been inspired by his fellow intellectual New Jersey-ites Yo La Tengo and the Feelies.

 

25– Fontaines D.C. – “Chequeless Reckless - Darklands Version” – An idiot is someone who lets their education do all their thinking.

 

24 - Lucy Dacus – “Night Shift” – A song about recovery from breaking up with your first love. “The first time I ever tasted somebody else’s spit, I had a coughing fit. I mistakenly called them by your name.”

 

23 – Wussy – “One Per Customer” – Wussy, a Cincinnati band, is the greatest American band that basically no one has ever heard of (Robert Christgau, the venerable rock critic, is a huge fan, but as he’s almost 80 no one listens to him any more). “Don’t you wish you could have been an astronaut, back when astronauts had more appeal?”

 

22 - 88rising, Joji, Rich Brian, Higher Brothers, AUGUST 08 – “Midsummer Madness” – “Can’t look me in the eyes when you’re sober … last night I lost all my patience … you were f**ked up I was wasted… midsummer madness … I can’t take it … no more.” Beautiful tenor lead and lovely harmonies.

 

21 - Rodney Crowell, Daddy Cool & The Yule – “All For Little Girls & Boys” – Rodney Crowell actually doesn’t sing on the best song on his brilliant Christmas album “Christmas Everywhere.” This piece is almost 1920’s Appalachian in its sensibilities.

 

20 - Ammar 808, Sofiane Saidi – “Kahl el inin” – Tunisian-led bass-heavy trance music band.

 

19 - XXXTENTACION, Rio Santana, Judah, Carlos Andrez – “I don't even speak spanish lol” – A lovely song by the doomed 20-year-old celebrating lust on the dance floor with (for once) no trace of foreboding about his imminent murder. “Dance with me through the night.”

 

18 - Rita Ora, Bebe Rexha, Charli XCX, Cardi B – “Girls” – Gorgeous autotuned anthem, “Sometimes I just want to kiss girls, girls, girls….”

 

17 – Rosalia – “MALAMENTE - Cap.1: Augurio” – This fairly traditional flamenca song (admittedly heavily syndrummed) has 67 million streams on Spotify. That is definitely progress for this radically underappreciated Spanish music.

 

16 - Saba Andemariam – “Halengaye” – I have probably wildly overrated this song since I’m not really very familiar with Ethiopian and Eritrean music. I might be a note-for-note copy for some other Tigrayan classic, for all I know. But to my ignorant ears, it’s a densely structured, edgy gem.

 

15 - Cole Swindell – “Break up in the End” – Country to the core. “I'll introduce you to my mom and dad/Say ‘I think I love her’ when you leave that room/I'd still not take their advice when I say you're moving in/Even though we break up in the end”

 

14 - Amen Dunes – “Miki Dora” – NYC solo musician backed by a rotating group of musicians, but they make some shamelessly gorgeous music.

 

13 - Pistol Annies – “Milkman” – Second best country music song of the year. “If mama would've loved the milkman/Maybe she wouldn't judge me/If she'd've had a ride in his white van/Up and down Baker Street/On a Monday with her hair down and hand about to slide between his knees/But mama never did love nothin' but daddy and me”

 

12 - 03 Greedo – “Bacc to Jail” – I usually have a visceral reaction against songs that heavily use the n-word (or the n***ah word). But this song is an exception. The word fits the singer’s helpless acceptance that he is being sentenced to many years in prison for the victimless crimes of drug dealing and gun possession.

 

11 - Moon Hooch – “Light It Up” – As far as I can tell, Moon Hooch is by far the best jazz band playing today. Not a trace of ossification here.

 

10 - Kane Brown – “Short Skirt Weather” – Kane Brown is about to take popular country music by storm and it’s tempting to label him the “new Charley Pride” since he’s black. But “Short Skirt Weather” is way better than anything Pride ever did. “Oh my baby's made for short skirt weather/Yeah she makes me wish summer would just go on forever/From them yellow polka dots/From blue jeans to leather/Oh my baby's made for short skirt weather.” Brown is going to transcend color (no pun intended).

 

9 - Janelle Monae, Pharrell Williams – “I Got The Juice” – The title says it all.

 

8 – The Low Anthem – “Give My Body Back” - After a terrible auto accident after a Washington, DC show, the Low Anthem became very introspective … and very interior, without any real concern about what might be commercial. They did a DC show this spring that was one of the most intellectually challenging shows I’ve ever seen. “Give My Body Back,” a song about a cube-shaped salt doll who walks into the ocean to determine who she really is, has to be their most commercially palatable song of their recent work. This is definitely the most pretentious song on this list, but it was also a serious contender for the best song of the year.

 

7 - Ashley Monroe – “Hands On You” – Mainstream country yet the most genuinely erotic song of a year filled with sex-drenched songs. “I wish I would've laid my hands on you/ Shown you a thing or two/I wish I would've pushed you against the wall/Lock the door and bathroom stall, windows and the screen/I wish you would've laid your hands on me/That kind gon' bring me to my knees/I wish I would've let you lay me down/'Cause I wouldn't be here wishing now/ I wish I would've laid my hands on you”

 

6 – Wussy – “Gloria” – “Now he checks the page again/To find the thing he might have missed/Is she a phantom or a memory/Or the girl that you once kissed/So he is typing in her name to prove/That she does not exist/Her name is Gloria”

 

5 - Fuse ODG, KiDi, Kuami Eugene – “New African Girl” – The most hopeful song of the year came from this British-Ghanaian group: “African girl show them…. Aaah show them/ Ghanaian girl show them…/ Aaaahh show them Cameroonian girl, show them… / Aaahh show them Jamaican girl show them… / aaahh show them our skin so smooth/ Like lotion baby girl come wine that thing/ She got a big bum bum/ Bigger than the ocean/ Are you gonna gimme that thing yeah/ I want to be with you for life/ Oh let me take you on a ride/ yeah I give you what you want ooh cia bella/Let your body talk talk/Make your body talk talk/You African girl talk talk (Oh lord of mercy )/ bad gal talk”

 

4 - Priscilla Renea – “Jonjo” – The most genuinely poetic song of the year, about a girl and her brother and a treehouse. Purportedly country music, though I’m skeptical that any of Ms. Renea’s songs will ever crack those unsubtle charts.

 

3 - Childish Gambino – “This Is America” – If videos counted, this would be number 1. But why should Atlanta win everything?

 

2 - girl in red – “i wanna be your girlfriend”- “Oh hannah/I wanna feel you close/Oh hannah/Come lie with my bones”

 

1 - Bastian Baker – “Blame It on Me” – “Driving, the gun’s in the seat between us/It might be loaded, it might be loaded/And someday I won’t have to ask that question/It’s always loaded, it’s always loaded/And it all breaks down when you fire that gun” ---– “I’d have walked away, but the blood is on both of our hands.”

The Brisbane City Council Heritage Register lists these two building as Plumridge Ltd, Building No 1 & Plumridge Ltd, Building No. 2:

 

The set of three and four storey brick buildings at 166 and 188 Barry Parade was built at a time of increased industrial and commercial activity in Fortitude Valley. Built by the confectionary manufacturers Bouchard, Plumridge and Rankin Brothers between 1901 and 1927 the set of buildings demonstrates the pattern of industrial development in Fortitude Valley in the early twentieth century. Built both prior to and post the construction of Barry Parade the set of buildings contributes to the historic streetscape.

 

188 and 166 Barry Parade are a set of three and four storey brick factory buildings built in the early twentieth century. These imposing buildings provide a historic streetscape into and out of Fortitude Valley to the City that reflect the industrial and commercial growth of the area as well as the impact that the newly cut Barry Parade had on Brisbane in this era.

 

The First sale of land in Fortitude Valley occurred in 1844. Nine suburban allotments of two and four acres each were offered at an upset price of £3 per acre. However the land at Kangaroo Point and in the centre of the settlement at north Brisbane was more sought after and when in 1846 the town limits of Brisbane were proclaimed, Fortitude Valley fell outside the limit.

 

By 1854 there were about 150 dwellings in the Fortitude Valley area, stretching as far as Breakfast Creek. In 1858 Wickham Street was surveyed from the corner of Ann Street to Boundary Street. At this stage very few commercial premises had been erected, and Valley residents relied on North Brisbane traders for supplies. Despite these difficulties the population was steadily growing. A government census in 1861 showed that there was a total population of over 1300 people in Fortitude Valley by that year.

 

Accompanied by the widespread economic boom of the 1880s were population and building booms. Between 1881 and 1891, Brisbane’s population increased from 37 000 to 100 000. More than half the increase in metropolitan population during the period 1881 - 1886 was concentrated in Fortitude Valley, Spring Hill, Newstead and South Brisbane.

 

Within a very short time span the residential nature of the Valley began to be eroded. As the 1890s progressed those residential sections in close proximity to the rapidly growing retail and industrial areas were changing. The Valley became a heterogeneous area, and it was not uncommon for houses to have motor garages, factories, churches and even hotels as neighbours. Throughout the 1890s large factories and warehouses were established beyond the retail centre, close to the workers’ dwellings.

 

188 Barry Parade (formerly known as Susan Street) was built in 1900 - 1901 and was the first of these brick buildings to be constructed. The confectionery manufacturers Bouchard, Plumridge and Rankin Brothers first appear in the Post Office Directories in 1901 at 41 Susan Street, Fortitude Valley. They had purchased the property (subdivisions 40 & 50 of 87) in 1900. The business was known as Bouchard, Plumridge and Rankin Brothers until 1911 when it was renamed Bouchard and Plumridge and in 1912 it became Plumridge Ltd.

 

In 1921 the adjoining building (on the right-hand side) was constructed. Built by contractor H. Robert for ₤7500 the four storey brick building was the second of a set of three to be constructed for the confectionery manufacturers Plumridge Ltd. At this time, the Valley was experiencing substantial growth as the prosperity of the 1920s fuelled both a flurry of construction in the Valley heart and the desire of Brisbane residents for the most modern shopping experience. In addition to the construction of a large number of new, usually masonry buildings, many existing premises were altered or extended in an effort to attract business. In 1936, when the company purchased the building at 166 Barry Parade, this building was leased out to Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company and Plumridge Pty Ltd began operating out of the building at 166 Barry Parade.

 

The undertaking of road widening in the Central Business District (CBD) to improve traffic flow and park creation was part of a broader international town planning movement that was prominent between 1912 and 1920. This movement had a significant impact on the Brisbane Municipal Council, leading to the implementation of The City of Brisbane Improvement Act of 1916. Extensive plans were then detailed for the widening of the CBD’s ‘principal streets, the resumption of extensive areas of land, and the extension of the city’s parks and recreational facilities’. The Municipal Council borrowed £1,000,000 and work on the scheme began in 1923.

 

The construction of Barry Parade, while a 1923 initiative of the Brisbane City Council under Mayor Diddams, was completed within a couple of years by the Greater Brisbane Council, amalgamated in 1925. The project fell neatly within the plans of the new council for “city improvements” such as the building of permanent arterial roads. When completed, Barry Parade allowed an easier flow of traffic around the commercial heart of Fortitude Valley and into the city. Just over a decade later it would also feed traffic onto the newly built Story Bridge.

 

166 Barry Parade, the three-storey brick building on the south wing of the manufactory complex was built in 1927. It is, however, unclear whom initially inhabited the building until it was purchased by Plumridge Ltd in 1936 and the company moved their business from 188 Barry Parade to 166 Barry Parade, leasing out 188 Barry Parade to Nestle & Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. From 1947, the company trading at 166 Barry Parade was McNiven Pty Ltd manufacturing wholesale confectioners.

 

With a tradition of confectionary manufacturing from the early twentieth century 188 and 166 Barry Parade are an important set of large, brick manufactory buildings in Fortitude Valley. Not only do they demonstrate the increased industrial activity that occurred in this area of Brisbane at the turn of the century, they also reflect the impact that the construction of Barry Parade had on the layout of new buildings in the 1920s.

 

Source: Brisbane City Council Heritage Register.

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#ShareKid

www.markcarmodyphotography.com/blog and www.rarebirdalert.co.uk/RealData/Articles.asp

 

The Chinstrap Penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) is a species of penguin which is found in the South Sandwich Islands, Antarctica, Deception Island, the South Orkneys, South Shetland, South Georgia, Bouvet Island and Balleny. Their name derives from the narrow black band under their heads which makes it appear as if they are wearing black helmets, making them one of the most easily identified types of penguin. They live on barren islands and during winter congregate on large icebergs of the sub-Antarctic region and the Antarctic Peninsula; however, they require solid, snow-free ground for nesting. The chinstrap penguin's primary predator is the leopard seal. The 16 million chinstrap penguins have typical lifespans of 15–23 years.

 

The (long-tailed) Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) is a penguin species in the genus Pygoscelis, most closely associated with the Adélie penguin (P. adeliae) and the Chinstrap penguin (P. antarcticus). The first scientific description was made in 1781 by Johann Reinhold Forster with a reference point of the Falkland Islands. They call in a variety of ways, but the most frequently heard is a loud trumpeting which is emitted with its head thrown back. The IUCN Red List lists the Gentoo as Near Threatened, due to a rapid decline in some key populations which is believed to be driving a moderate overall decline in the species population. (wikipedia)

 

This area was just teeming with Gentoo, Chinstrap, Adelie Penguins, with some Kings thrown in for good measure. It was a remarkable sight.

 

Archaeological Site of Perge

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

 

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5411/

 

Description

 

Perge, the long-established city of Pamphylia region, is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu Village. The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

Archaeological finds in Perge date back to different periods beginning from the Late Chalcolitic Ages. It's revealed through the even rarely found remains that Perge had been settled permanently in Early Bronze Ages, meaning that it is a significant settlement witnessing permanent land use from the beginning of that time.

One of the remains belonging to early periods of settlement has been excavated in Bogazköy. "Parha" name written on a bronze plate by cuneiform script and documenting an agreement in 13th BC is associated with the name of Perge. Any remains contemporary with the bronze plate has not been found yet.

During the Hellenistic period, the city also enlarged through the campaign in the south. City Walls of that era and a part of it (South Gate-the circular shaped tower) have been unearthed.

The city is also known with the local sculptures. On the other hand, the women were very active on the administrative level of the city. This is also emphasized with the fine sculptures of the important women such as Platia Magna.

Perge reigned by the Romans beginning from BC 133 by the legacy of Pergamon. An inscription excavated in Perge reveals the state organizations in the 1st AD and the location of Perge within this organizational scheme. According to this inscription, a federal state of Lykia and Pamphylia has been founded and Perge partook within this administration. The city benefited from the prosperity and built monumental structures, while welfare period last until the mid of the 3rd AD. The city remained under the Easter Roman domain beginning from the 5th AD, and then reigned by the Seljuks, Hamidogullari and the Ottomans respectively.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

  

Perga is today an archaeological site and a tourist attraction. Ancient Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia, was situated between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), 60 stadia (about 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi)) from the mouth of the latter; the site is in the modern Turkish village of Murtana on the Suridjik sou, a tributary of the Cestrus, formerly in the Ottoman vilayet of Konya. Its ruins include a theatre, a palaestra, a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis was located outside the town.

Another big ancient city in the area is Selge, Pisidia, located about 20km to the northeast

  

The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

  

Excavation Studies:

 

Perge excavations are one of Turkey's well-established scientific studies started by Istanbul University about 70 years ago. These studies - such as Arif Müfid Mansel, Jale İnan and Haluk Abbasoğlu - were the great masters of Turkish archeology. Scientific studies are carried out by Antalya Museum from 2012

  

Arif Müfid Mansel

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/antalyabolgesimerkezi/?p=6570‎13

 

Jale Inan

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jale_%C4%B0nan

 

Haluk Abbasoğlu

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/klasikarkeoloji/?p=6999

  

External links

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

 

Perge’yi görmeyen Antalya’yı görmüş sayılmaz

  

Ertugrul Gunay:

 

www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/yazarlar/ertugrul-gunay/perge...

Went to the open house for the new Canada Post mail sorting plant adjacent to Vancouver Intl Airport and after drove over to nearby Iona Beach Regional Park.

 

There was lots of kelp washed up on the shore from recent high winds.

 

Iona Beach Regional Park is located in west Richmond adjacent to the Vancouver International Airport and the Iona Island sewage treatment ponds. The park includes the federally-owned southern jetty providing a four kilometer walk into Georgia Strait (where the sewage plant outlet dumps into the Strait). The jetty provides excellent viewing opportunities for oceanic birds.

 

The second federally-owned north jetty was originally constructed as a rockwall to divide the river, however sand accumulation has resulted in the development of a small sand spit that supports a developing sand dune ecosystem.

 

Two artifical ponds have been constructed in the park that aim at restoring marsh vegetation and providing wildlife habitat. They are a significant stopover spot for migrating shorebirds and waterfowl. Numerous rare birds have been spotted in the park and vicinity, including white pelican, long-tailed jaeger, ruff and yellow-headed blackbirds. A breeding population of yellow-headed blackbirds is found here. Daily birding lists are maintained in the kiosk at the sewage treatment plant.

 

Iona Island is recognized across North America as one of the best places to study shorebirds. The riverbank, Fraser River tidal flat, marsh, grassland and beach habitats attract a wide range of bird species, including many rare and vagrant species.

 

The park opened in 1990 by BC Premier, William N. Vander Zalm and later developed as a part of Vancouver Int'l Airport (YVR) Habitat Compensation Program when the north runway was built in 1992. 400 metres of tidal channels were created for herons and fish as well as the planting of around 1500 native trees and shrubs.

planned stitch along for September/October. More info on my blog at www.lilipopo.co.uk

Aizanoi Antique City.

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

  

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5724/

  

Description

 

The Aizanoi ancient city is located in the inner Western Anatolia Region, 48 km Southwest of the Kütahya Province, and within the boundaries of the Çavdarhisar district. Today, it is approximately at a 1000-1050 m altitude in the flat treeless plateau which is known as Örencik Plain. The City was located approximately 40 km Southwest of the Cotiaeum, 25 km Northeast of Cadi, 40 km Northwest of Appia, West of Alia and on the edge of the River Rhyndakos.

The city was re-discovered by the European travellers in 1824 and surveyed and identified between the years of 1830 and 1840. The scientific excavations within Aizanoi were launched in 1926 by D. Krencker and M.Schede on behalf of the German Archeological Institute and presently the excavations works are being carried out by the Pamukkale University.

Aizanoi was the capital of Aizanitis, who belonged to Phrigia. There was less information about Pre-Roman period for Aizanoi. It is said that the early settlement in the region dates back to the second millennium BC. During the excavations carried out around the Zeus Temple, settlement layers dated to the third millennium were unearthed. Aizanoi acquired importance in the political sense, during the conflict between the Bithyniaand PergamonKingdoms. During the Hellenistic Period, Aizanoi was alternated between the hegemonies of the Pergamon and Bithynia Kingdoms and then came under Roman control in 133 BC. Phrygia Epictetos which consists of Aizanoi, Nacoleia, Cotiation, Midaion, Doryleion, Cadoi minted their own coins after 133 BC. This case shows that Aizanoi was in metropolis statue in the first century BC. However, big monumental public buildings and urban infrastructure in the city were constructed during the early imperial period. During the Roman Period Aizanoi was not only one of the most important cities in the Phrgyia Region but also had an important status as a commercial road network. Through its production of cereals, wine and sheep's wool the city was to rise to prosperity during the period of the Roman Empire.Since the intensive architectural development activities were realized especially in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD., the local stone workshops gained importance during that period. Because of the religious and political power of Aizanoi, Rome provided an important relationship with the communities in the region. During the early Byzantine Period, the city was the seat of a bishopric and it had lost its importance after the 7th century. In medieval times the hill upon which the temple stands was transformed into a fortified citadel which subsequently served a group of the Çavdar Tatars as a fort of Seljuk dynasties, thus giving the community its present name, Çavdarhisar.

The visible remains of the city are mostly derived from the period of the Roman Empire. The city has significant remains such as the Zeus Temple, the Complex of Stadium-Theatre, Macellum, Portico Street, the bridges and dam, two necropolises, odeon, the Roman Baths

 

Justification of Outstanding Universal Value

Aizanoi is one of the most significant cities of the Roman Period with the Zeus Temple, the Complex of Stadium-Theatre and the Macellum.

The structure of the Temple which is one of the best preserved Zeus Temples in the world. The Temple of Zeus, situated upon a hill, was the city's main sanctuary.There is an area covered with vaults under the temple. The temple has an unusual feature in Anatolia with this plan. The temple is composed of pronoas, naos, opisthodomos and a vaulted room under the basement. The distance between the columns and the walls of the inner rooms is twice as much as the distance between the columns; that means the building is a pseudodipteros. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. Covering the ancient inscriptions and ashlar masonry of the temple are simple representations of riders, combat scenes and horses. These engraved images depict episodes from the life of the Çavdar Tatars in the 13th century, who lived within the citadel walls surrounding the temple plateau. The magnificent Temple of Zeus contributed much to the city's prominence in antiquity and it is among the rarest ancient buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its original form.

The Complex of Stadium-Theatre is located in the north part of the city and was one of the most intensive development activities in the city during the Roman Period. The stadium with a capacity of 13500 people and the theatre with the capacity of 20.000 people were constructed adjacently and as such it is unique in the ancient world.

One of the first stock exchange markets of the world was established in Aizanoi. The Macellum (Round Building) is dated to the midst of the 2nd century AD., probably serving as a food market. Inscriptions on the walls of this building show the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial that were controlled by an edict issued in 301 A.D. by the Roman Emperor Diocletianus in order to fight the inflation in that period. The inscriptions survived till today and can be read completely at present. It can be understood that Aizanoi was a cradle of trade with such as the most significant inscription.

Criterion (ii): The Macellum in Aizanoi dated to the midst of 2nd century AD is one of the first exchange stock markets in the world. Inscriptions on the Macellum showing the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial survived till today and can be read completely. These inscriptions have been used as a reference source for the other similar inscriptions unearthed during the excavations.

Criterion (iv): The Stadium with a capacity of 13500 people and the theatre with a capacity of 20.000 people were constructed adjacently and as such it is unique in the ancient world. The form of the complex erected in Aizanoi is not seen elsewhere in the ancient times.

The structure of the Temple is one of the best preserved Zeus Temples in the world. There is an area covered with vaults under the temple. The temple has an unusual feature in Anatolia with this plan. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. The temple is among the rarest ancient buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its original form.

Statements of authenticity and/or integrity

Aizanoi Ancient City was first registered as an archaeological site with the decision of the Superior Council of Immovable Antiquities and Monuments dated 20th December 1975 numbered 8854. By the decision of the related Conservation Council dated 1989 numbered 488, the borders of the 1st and 3rd degree archaeological site were determined. Afterwards, by the decision of the Conservation Council taken in 2011, the rural settlement area located within the first degree archeological site was registered as an urban archeological site.

The conservation plan prepared for the 3rd degree archeological site was approved by the related Conservation Council in 1993. Its revision was approved in 2000. Also, the conservation plan prepared for the 1st archeological site and the urban archeological site was approved by the related conservation council in 2011.

The scientific excavations within Aizanoi were launched in 1926 by D. Krencker and M. Schede on behalf of the German Archeological Institute and today the excavation works are being carried out by the Pamukkale University.

Comparison with other similar properties

When compared to the other Zeus Temples in the World, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is one of the best preserved. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. The temple is among the rarest religious buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its form.

The Complex of Stadium-Theatre which was constructed adjacently is unique in the ancient world. The Macellum in Aizanoi dated to the midst of 2nd century AD is one of the first exchange stock markets in the world. Inscriptions on the Macellum showing the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial are survived till today and can be read completely at present.

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizanoi

 

Penkalas Bridge

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Penkalas Bridge

 

Penkalas Bridge in 1992

Coordinates

39.200833°N 29.612222°E

Coordinates: 39.200833°N 29.612222°E

Crosses

Penkalas (Kocaçay)

Locale

Aezani, Turkey

Characteristics

Design

Arch bridge

Material

Stone

No. of spans

5

History

Construction end

2nd century AD

  

Penkalas Bridge

Location in Turkey

The Penkalas Bridge is a Roman bridge over the Penkalas (today Kocaçay), a small tributary of the Rhyndakos (Adırnas Çayı), in Aezani, Asia Minor (Çavdarhisar in present-day Turkey).

The 2nd-century AD structure was once one of four ancient bridges in Aezani and is assumed to have been the most important crossing-point due to its central location in the vicinity of the Zeus temple and the direct access it provided to the Roman road to Cotyaeum (Kütahya).[1] According to reports by European travellers, the ancient parapet remained in use as late as 1829, having been replaced today by an unsightly iron railing.[1]

Around 290 m upstream, another well-preserved, almost identical five-arched Roman bridge leads across the Penkalas.[

  

Archaeological Site of Perge

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

 

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5411/

 

Description

 

Perge, the long-established city of Pamphylia region, is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu Village. The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

Archaeological finds in Perge date back to different periods beginning from the Late Chalcolitic Ages. It's revealed through the even rarely found remains that Perge had been settled permanently in Early Bronze Ages, meaning that it is a significant settlement witnessing permanent land use from the beginning of that time.

One of the remains belonging to early periods of settlement has been excavated in Bogazköy. "Parha" name written on a bronze plate by cuneiform script and documenting an agreement in 13th BC is associated with the name of Perge. Any remains contemporary with the bronze plate has not been found yet.

During the Hellenistic period, the city also enlarged through the campaign in the south. City Walls of that era and a part of it (South Gate-the circular shaped tower) have been unearthed.

The city is also known with the local sculptures. On the other hand, the women were very active on the administrative level of the city. This is also emphasized with the fine sculptures of the important women such as Platia Magna.

Perge reigned by the Romans beginning from BC 133 by the legacy of Pergamon. An inscription excavated in Perge reveals the state organizations in the 1st AD and the location of Perge within this organizational scheme. According to this inscription, a federal state of Lykia and Pamphylia has been founded and Perge partook within this administration. The city benefited from the prosperity and built monumental structures, while welfare period last until the mid of the 3rd AD. The city remained under the Easter Roman domain beginning from the 5th AD, and then reigned by the Seljuks, Hamidogullari and the Ottomans respectively.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

  

Perga is today an archaeological site and a tourist attraction. Ancient Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia, was situated between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), 60 stadia (about 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi)) from the mouth of the latter; the site is in the modern Turkish village of Murtana on the Suridjik sou, a tributary of the Cestrus, formerly in the Ottoman vilayet of Konya. Its ruins include a theatre, a palaestra, a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis was located outside the town.

Another big ancient city in the area is Selge, Pisidia, located about 20km to the northeast

  

The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

  

Excavation Studies:

 

Perge excavations are one of Turkey's well-established scientific studies started by Istanbul University about 70 years ago. These studies - such as Arif Müfid Mansel, Jale İnan and Haluk Abbasoğlu - were the great masters of Turkish archeology. Scientific studies are carried out by Antalya Museum from 2012

  

Arif Müfid Mansel

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/antalyabolgesimerkezi/?p=6570‎13

 

Jale Inan

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jale_%C4%B0nan

 

Haluk Abbasoğlu

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/klasikarkeoloji/?p=6999

  

External links

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

 

Perge’yi görmeyen Antalya’yı görmüş sayılmaz

  

Ertugrul Gunay:

 

www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/yazarlar/ertugrul-gunay/perge...

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✨ ✨

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Now only is the Fatpack in the Stores & Creators Lists event from Aug. 9th til Aug. 14th for 100 lindens but the individual Nail appliers are being sold on the MP and in the mainstore for 99 lindens....yayyy !!!!!!!!! Soooo what are you waiting for? Head down to the mainstore and get the Fatpack of Pearls of Em 3 (Silver Tip) for 100 lindens and ENJOY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

 

Appliers for: Slink, Maitreya, Vista, & Omega

 

****************************************

 

Mainstore: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Cherry%20Isle/163/134/2434

 

Marketplace: marketplace.secondlife.com/stores/219967

Archaeological Site of Perge

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

 

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5411/

 

Description

 

Perge, the long-established city of Pamphylia region, is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu Village. The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

Archaeological finds in Perge date back to different periods beginning from the Late Chalcolitic Ages. It's revealed through the even rarely found remains that Perge had been settled permanently in Early Bronze Ages, meaning that it is a significant settlement witnessing permanent land use from the beginning of that time.

One of the remains belonging to early periods of settlement has been excavated in Bogazköy. "Parha" name written on a bronze plate by cuneiform script and documenting an agreement in 13th BC is associated with the name of Perge. Any remains contemporary with the bronze plate has not been found yet.

During the Hellenistic period, the city also enlarged through the campaign in the south. City Walls of that era and a part of it (South Gate-the circular shaped tower) have been unearthed.

The city is also known with the local sculptures. On the other hand, the women were very active on the administrative level of the city. This is also emphasized with the fine sculptures of the important women such as Platia Magna.

Perge reigned by the Romans beginning from BC 133 by the legacy of Pergamon. An inscription excavated in Perge reveals the state organizations in the 1st AD and the location of Perge within this organizational scheme. According to this inscription, a federal state of Lykia and Pamphylia has been founded and Perge partook within this administration. The city benefited from the prosperity and built monumental structures, while welfare period last until the mid of the 3rd AD. The city remained under the Easter Roman domain beginning from the 5th AD, and then reigned by the Seljuks, Hamidogullari and the Ottomans respectively.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

  

Perga is today an archaeological site and a tourist attraction. Ancient Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia, was situated between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), 60 stadia (about 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi)) from the mouth of the latter; the site is in the modern Turkish village of Murtana on the Suridjik sou, a tributary of the Cestrus, formerly in the Ottoman vilayet of Konya. Its ruins include a theatre, a palaestra, a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis was located outside the town.

Another big ancient city in the area is Selge, Pisidia, located about 20km to the northeast

  

The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

  

Excavation Studies:

 

Perge excavations are one of Turkey's well-established scientific studies started by Istanbul University about 70 years ago. These studies - such as Arif Müfid Mansel, Jale İnan and Haluk Abbasoğlu - were the great masters of Turkish archeology. Scientific studies are carried out by Antalya Museum from 2012

  

Arif Müfid Mansel

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/antalyabolgesimerkezi/?p=6570‎13

 

Jale Inan

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jale_%C4%B0nan

 

Haluk Abbasoğlu

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/klasikarkeoloji/?p=6999

  

External links

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

 

Perge’yi görmeyen Antalya’yı görmüş sayılmaz

  

Ertugrul Gunay:

 

www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/yazarlar/ertugrul-gunay/perge...

   

Place: Katwijk

 

Last October, when I rode a bicycle to the beach in Katwijk, I came across this Mitsubishi/Hyundai dealer, where I noticed a bunch of classic Mitsubishis on the first floor. Last Thursday I finally went back to ask if I could take some photos, which was fine. Auto Dijksman started as a bicycle and moped dealer, and became a Ford dealer in 1965 and since 1974 a Mitsubishi dealer, which means it has been an official dealer for 45 years, which probably makes it one of the oldest Mitsubishi dealers in the Netherlands, since Mitsubishi started selling cars in 1975 here. I thought it was a nice opportunity to write a story about Mitsubishi in the Netherlands.

 

In 1975 Mitsubishi immediately grabbed 0.7% market share, thanks to 3,358 units sold. In 1976 sales more than doubled to 7,521 units (1.5% MS), and sales steadily grew over the years, from 13,350 units (2.4% MS) in 1977, 14,138 (2.4%) in 1978, and probably on its best in 1980, with no less than 4.8% MS (21,544 sales). In 1981 numbers slightly dropped to 18,282 units (4.7% MS), but it climbed further in the rankings, making Mitsubishi the seventh most popular carmaker. These were the heydays for Japanese carmakers in the Netherlands, when European carmakers Opel, Ford, Volkswagen, Renault and Citroën were directly followed by Toyota, Mitsubishi, Datsun, Mazda and Honda on the list, all grabbing over 4% market share.

 

In the early 1980s, Mitsubishi quickly dropped on the list, from 14,051 sales in 1982 (3.5% MS) steadily down to only 1.9% market share (8,202 sales) in 1994. When Mitsubishi launched the Carisma, co-developed with Volvo, and both produced in the Netherlands. It was successfully launched thanks to a campaign where you could win one of 80 Carismas, by hanging the Mitsubishi Carisma poster published in all national and regional newspapers clearly visible on your window (see also: youtu.be/obASF7G6AR4 ). Well, at some point you could see those posters all over the Netherlands. Market share of Mitsubishi revived to 2.9% in 1997 (13,669 sales).

 

It was followed by yet another Mitsubishi developed in Europe and produced in the Netherlands. However, the arrival of the Space Star couldn't compensate for the sales decline of the Carisma. Market share tumbled to only 1.4% (6,907 units) in 2003.

 

Two years after its launch in Japan, the new Japanese Mitsubishi Colt went into production in its Dutch production facility, with a modernized and more European design and unique three-door model, which was followed by a coupe-cabriolet (CZC), which was assembled by Pininfarina in Italy. It sold well, but as Mitsubishi discontinued the Space Star and Carisma without developing successors, the initial sales growth was only temporarily and market share dropped again to a record low 0.7% in 2012 (3,580 sales).

 

Meanwhile, the Dutch government heavily subsidized fuel efficient cars with very low taxes for electric cars and plug-in hybrid vehicles. After Mitsubishi launched the Outlander PHEV, the first plug-in hybrid SUV, this resulted in enormous waiting lists. As advantages for PHEV cars became slightly less attractive in 2014, thousands of people ordered one in the hope to receive one before 2014. To cope up with Dutch demand and as the Outlander PHEV was delayed several months, Japanese production of the Outlander PHEV was fully reserved for the Netherlands. In november 2013, the Outlander alone was good for 2,766 units (6.8% market share), followed by 4,988 units or an out-of-this-world 12.7% market share in December. The Netherlands used to be the largest market for the Outlander PHEV in the world, and is currently only second to the UK with around 28,000 units sold. Demand for the Outlander PHEV collapsed after 2015, when Mitsubishi grabbed 3.2% of the market, due to the halt of subsidies.

 

Special thanks to www.autodijksman.nl for allowing me to take photos.

.

.

 

If the Magpie were an exotic, rare bird, people would rave about them, travel distances to view them, crave them in their private collections, but because it is a common, thriving bird with a green status of least concern on the UK conservation lists, it is perceived as a thief, can be very noisy and flays songbird chicks on your lawn it's a different story. Well, I adore these beautiful, cheeky, playful, intelligent and on occasions violent birds, and love them for the colour and attitude they bring to my garden and local woodlands....

  

So there!

  

YOU GOT A BAD REPUTATION!

  

Let's be honest, in Public relations terms, the Eurasian Magpie has something of a problem with it's image as a thief, a murderer of innocent baby birds and a voracious predator. In history too it's not all been an easy ride.

  

"One for Sorrow" is a traditional children's nursery rhyme about magpies dating back originally to the Sixteenth century. According to an old superstition, the number of magpies seen tells if one will have bad or good luck.

  

The rhyme was first recorded around 1780 in a note in John Brand's (Church of England clergyman and antiquarian), 'Observations on Popular Antiquities' on Lincolnshire with the lyric:

  

One for sorrow,

Two for mirth,

Three for a funeral

And four for birth

  

In 1846, Michael Aislabie Denham a collector of folklore and merchant released 'Proverbs and Popular Saying of the Seasons' in London with an extended version:

  

One for sorrow,

Two for mirth

Three for a funeral,

Four for birth

Five for heaven

Six for hell

Seven for the devil, his own self

  

And we all in the UK remember the children's TV show Magpie, which ran from 1968 to 1980 and featured an entirely new version of the rhyme in an opening song recorded by 'Spencer davis group' under the alias of 'The murgatroyd band', featuring the lines:

  

One for sorrow

Two for joy

Three for a girl

Four for a boy

Five for silver

Six for gold

Seven for a secret never to be told

Eight's a wish and

Nine a kiss

Ten is a bird you must not miss.

  

In 1815, two French playwrights, Theodore Baudouin d'Aubigny and Louis-Charles Caigniez wrote a historical melodram called La Pie Voleuse, in which a servant is sentenced to death for stealing silverware from her master, when the real thief is his pet magpie. The play opened on 29th April 1815 Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin 18, Boulevard Saint-Martin in the 10th arrondissement of Paris. Moved by the Parisian urban myth, Gioachino Rossini set his opera La gazza ladra 'The thieving Magpie' to the same story. Thus, the poor Magpie's reputation would be forever set!

  

Two hundred years later in tests, it was found that Magpies were not generally drawn to shiny objects and only two out of over sixty birds took items left in shiny piles by their food. This backs up many previous and subsequent tests that prove conclusively that Magpies are not uniformly thieves, and that there is no evidence of shiny objects ever being found in a magpie nest. Kleptomania and inquisitiveness are of course two entirely different things. As for killing baby birds and destroying local population of starlings, blackbirds and pigeons... again there is no scientific evidence that this has ever been the case, and it's proven that domestic cats are a bigger threat to songbirds. Nature has a balance and each species plays it's part.

  

A CLOSER LOOK

  

The Eurasian Magpie or Common Magpie (Pica pica) is a resident breeding bird found throughout the Northern part of the Eurasian continent and is often referred to simply as Magpie in Europe, the only other Magpie being the Iberian magpie (Cyanopica cooki) which can only be found in the Iberian Peninsula.

  

An omnivore which eats berries, grains, caterpillars and small mammals, young birds and eggs, insects, scraps, carrion, grain, acorns and vegetables, it is highly adaptable and will incorporate a vast array of foods into it's diet. It can vary in length from 17.3-18.1 inches with a wingspan of 20.5-23.6 inches and it's tail makes up more than half it's length. Viewed as mainly black and white, it actually has a head, neck and breast of gloss black, with a metallic green and violet sheen and gloss black with green or purple wings. Males tend to be larger than females, by sometimes more than twenty per cent, males weighing 210-272g compared to 182-214g of the females.

  

Magpies were originally referred to mas 'Pies', a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'pointed' in reference to their beaks or tails and 'Mag' actually dates back to the Sixteenth century being the shortened abbreviation for the name 'Margaret' which was once used as a term for women in general. The Pies call was said to resemble 'the idle chattering of women', and so the name became 'Mag pie'. The term 'Pie' used as a reference dates back even further to the thirteenth century, whilst 'pied' was first recorded in 1552 as a reference to birds resembling a Magpie with black and white plumage.

  

The Magpie was first described and illustrated by Zurich born Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in his book 'Historia animalium (History of the Animals)', published at Zurich in 1551–1558 and 1587. Carl Linnaeeus, a Swedish born botonist, zoologist, taxonomist and physician and known as the father of modern taxonomy, included the species in the 10th edition of 'Systema Naturae under the name 'Corvus pica'.

  

The separate genus 'Pica' was first noted by French Zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760, Pica being the classical Latin word for this Magpie.

In 2000, the North American Black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) became it's own species after the American Ornithologists Union decided that studies of vocalization and behaviour placed the Black-billed closer to the Yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) than to the Eurasian magpie. The Yellow-billed magpie has a yellow beak and streak around the eye. There are seven sub species of Magpies found throughout the world:

  

European, Eurasian or common Magpie (Pica pica) found in the British isles, Russia, Southern Scandinavia and Mediterranean.

  

Iberian Magpie ( Pica melanotos) found in the Iberian Peninsula, Siberia and first noted in 1857.

  

Northern Magpie (Pica fennorum) found in Northern Scandinavia and North western Russia and first noted in 1927.

  

Russian Magpie (Pica bactriana)found in Siberia, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia and Pakistan and first noted in 1850.

  

Kamchatkan magpie (Picacamtschatica) found in the northern Sea of Okhotsk and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East and first noted in 1884.

  

Others include Pica leucoptera and the separate species of Pica mauritanica, Pica asirensis, Pica serica and Pica bottanensis.

  

INTELLIGENCE

  

The Eurasian Magpie is believed to be not only among the most intelligent of bird species but also the most intelligent of all animals, it's Nidopallium (the region of the avian brain used mostly for executive functions and other higher cognitive tasks), is relatively the same approximate size as those in Humans and chimpanzees, with a brain to body mass ratio equal to Great apes and Cetaceans (Aquatic mammals of the order Cetacea).

  

They have been observed by one Japanese university campus, waiting at traffic lights and placing tough nuts in front of the wheels of stationary traffic. As the lights change and vehicles move away, the shells are crushed. They are accomplished food cache thieves as I have observed in my own garden where Magpies made several false raids on the food stores held by a dominant pair of Carrion Crows (Corvus corone) in my birdbath, before making a real attack. Magpies also work in pairs and use decoy tactics for this purpose, the female in my garden drawing the attention of the crows and flying off with them in hot pursuit, only for the male to nip in and grab the food to rendezvous back at their nest!

  

They even have the ability to learn from their own burglary efforts and guard their own food cache against others.

  

Like crows, Magpies will attend a funeral for their dead. Often a single bird will call for others on finding a dead magpie. Anything up to forty responders have been recorded, gathering around the dead bird for up to fifteen minutes before leaving. On occasions they have been observed laying wreaths of grass like flowers. They have been recorded 'showing happiness or joy' when playing, and are highly social. They are also fond of stealing shiny objects or items which interest them.

  

Magpies are capable of passing the self recognition 'Mirror self recognition MSR' test' or 'Mark test', developed in 1970 by American psychologist Gordon Gallup Jn. Yellow spots were placed on some magpie throats and three out of five birds spotted these marks in the mirror and tried to remove them. That confirms that they understand and recognise a reflection of themselves in the mirror, a test successfully passed by only a handful of other animals including the great apes (including us humans), just one single Asiatic elephant, dolphins, Orcas and the Cleaner Wrasse (a marine fish).

  

Magpies have demonstrated abilities in the game 'hide and seek' comparable to those of human children aged around 5 years, and in some tests they have managed to fashion simple tools from metal or wood to use as retrieval tools for food in human made puzzles, outsmarting seven year old children performing those same tests.

  

Results published in the journal 'Nature', by researchers from the University of Western Australia and the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, on work that began in 2013 studying the behaviour of 56 wild magpies, individually tagged, living in 14 territorial groups of between three and 12 birds in the Perth suburb of Guildford. Those studies found magpies living in larger groups appeared to be smarter than those in smaller groups, and also that clever female birds seemed to make better mothers, with a higher success rate when it came to both hatching their eggs and raising their young. The findings seemed to back up the 'social intelligence hypothesis' that posits intelligence in animals evolved in response to the demands of living in complex social systems according to Study co-author Dr Benjamin Ashton.

  

So there we have it, a brief look at the Eurasian, common or just simply Magpie, pie, or 'those bleedin' black and white things!' as my mum and dad always refer to them. Public opinion will no doubt never be swayed, but to my eyes they are magnificent birds with an abilty to please and shock, to entertain, to brighten my day and to bring nature to my daily life. My time with magpies is never dull, never predictable, never boring. I love the little beauties!

  

Paul Williams June 8th 2021

©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)

  

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©All photographs on this site are copyright: ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2021 & GETTY IMAGES ®

  

No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams). No image may be used as source material for paintings, drawings, sculptures, or any other art form without permission and/or compensation to ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)

  

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I would like to say a huge and heartfelt 'THANK YOU' to GETTY IMAGES, and the 39.104+ Million visitors to my FLICKR site.

  

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©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)

 

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Photograph taken at an altitude of Forty metres at 13:32pm on a cold and rainy afternoon on Wednesday 19th May 2021, of an adult Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica), taking a drink from a stone birdbath off Chessington Avenue in Bexleyheath, Kent.

  

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Nikon D850 Focal length 600mm Shutter speed: 1/640s Aperture f/6.3 iso320 Tripod mounted with Tamron VC Vibration Control set to position 3. Image area FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L (4128 x 2752). JPeg basic (14 bit uncompressed) AF-C Priority Selection: Release. Nikon Back button focusing enabled. AF-S Priority selection: Focus. 3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points Exposure mode: Manual exposure mode Metering mode: Matrix metering White balance on: Auto1 (5060k) Colour space: RGB Picture control: Neutral (Sharpening +2)

  

Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD G2. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Lee SW150 MKII filter holder. Lee SW150 95mm screw in adapter ring. Lee SW150 circular polariser glass filter.Lee SW150 Filters field pouch. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup.Manfrotto MT057C3-G Carbon fiber Geared tripod 3 sections. Neewer Carbon Fiber Gimble tripod head 10088736 with Arca Swiss standard quick release plate. Neewer 9996 Arca Swiss release plate P860 x2.Jessops Tripod bag. Mcoplus professional MB-D850 multi function battery grip 6960.Two Nikon EN-EL15a batteries (Priority to battery in Battery grip). Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag.

     

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LATITUDE: N 51d 28m 28.11s

LONGITUDE: E 0d 8m 10.17s

ALTITUDE: 40.0m

  

RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF FILE: 90.4MB

PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 28.70MB

   

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PROCESSING POWER:

  

Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.10 (9/05/2019) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (18/02/20) LF 1.00

  

HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit Version 1.4.1 (18/02/2020). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.13.5. Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.

   

A circa 1940s Mack NM-Series 6X6 former military truck chassis, spotted outside of a specialist HGV workshop in Ryedale, North Yorkshire, U.K.

 

The registration is “HRX 105” - which is a 1954 registration. The DVLA also lists 1954 as the year of manufacture. However, this Mack was likely re-registered after being decommissioned from military service, as this series of trucks was discontinued in 1945. A brief bit of research reveals this truck was once part of the fleet of Billy Smart’s circus many years ago.

i hate having EVERYTHING planned out on a list.. we need to be more spontaneous......

   

ok.. so.. i have a few things to say that have nothing to do with the picture..

 

im sooo sorry im not visiting your streams.. im really busy with the mid terms, but as you may know, im continuing with my 365 (and im not planning on stopping it).

 

i reaaally appreciate the visits, comments and faves, and when i get a little time i will return them, but something happened that pissed me off.. i had a contact that got a little upset because i spent 5 days without checking his stream, and decided to delete me (well.. at list he told me).

 

he totally has the right to do so, but, the thing that pissed me was that it seemed that he only came around and faved my things, and commented on them because later he knew i was gonna go to his stream and leave a couple comments, and that made me wonder; how many contacts do really appreciate what i do? or give a sincere opinion? and how many only comment and fave my stuff because they want for me to do the same?

 

people: i do not upload to get on explore everyday, or have 200 views and 66 faves in each picture.

i upload to share what i like to do with whoever is watching

and i am very sorry that i don't always have the time to visit your streams.

     

now im gonna return to my mission: get my creativity back.. :/ !

hope you all have a great day! :D

 

Lists & eggs

 

(Portland, ME / December 2011)

Illinois Railway parent Omnitrax still lists Kent Feeds on Bend Road on the right as an active customer on their website despite the switch being long gone.

 

This CP train is crawling south on track shared with Illinois Railway on its way from Janesville to Davis Junction with gondolas received from WSOR. The train is crossing the Kishwaukee River in the background.

The copious records of that invaluable resource, Bus Lists on the Web, do not comprehend this vehicle. Luckily, considering that it was a vehicle not much to my taste, I kept the print and recorded the details on the reverse. The coach was a brand new Duple Dominant-bodied Ford R1114 photographed on Saturday 29th July 1978 at "The Glen", on Durdham Down, Bristol. Off right, built into the side of a disused quarry, had been a discotèque called Tiffany's which, in the recent past, had loomed large in the courtship rituals (my own excepted) of young Bristolians. In the bus company canteen one day I heard a young conductor remark that he was "going up Tiffany's" that evening. An inspector within earshot turned and asked, "Is that that knocking-shop up the top of Blackboy Hill?" ...and it is by that sobriquet that I have since tended to think of the establishment. By the time of the photograph then, the Knocking-Shop Up the Top of Blackboy Hill had ceased to operate as a discotèque and must have included among its activities the provision of refreshment facilities for coach parties.

I didn't know much about this side of the coach business. Coaches bearing the rather catchy Smiths Happiway-Spencers name were a familiar sight in Bristol, no doubt passing through on their way to West Country destinations. The firm's new vehicles were reported as registered to Smith, Wigan. Where the Spencer name came into it I don't know; and what had either Smith or Spencer to do with the Blundell Group? I could never generate much interest in lightweight coaches such as Fords and Bedfords and accordingly never devoted much effort to the solution of these mysteries. I discover from an internet search that the firm not only continues to prosper, but some years ago absorbed the Wallace Arnold business.

Flirtation lists like the ones printed on this card also circulated in books, newspapers, and other media in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These lists suggested that common objects like buggy whips and handheld fans could be used by men and women to secretly signal their romantic intentions, but the coded gestures really seem too complicated for easy communication. Flowers, handkerchiefs, gloves, parasols, hats, cigars, and pencils were other items allegedly employed for covert courting.

 

For more on flirtation cards and acquaintance cards, see "When 'Flirtation Cards' Were All The Rage," an article by Linton Weeks on the NPR History Dept. blog.

 

For the other side of this card, see The Ghost Card, or the Skeleton on the Wall (and also a rotated version of the other side).

 

Whip Flirtation

 

Holding stock in left hand and lash in right—Desirous of an acquaintance.

Holding the same, and placing center against the waist—I am sorry.

Holding in left hand by center—Will you bathe with me?

Lash in right hand, stock down—I love you.

Same in left hand—I hate you.

Taking in both hands by center—I love another.

In center, hands crossed—We are watched.

Right hand in center, left on lash—Yes.

Left hand in center, right on lash—No.

Butt against right eye—I am engaged.

Against the left eye—I am married.

Holding it with the left hand against the right shoulder—Follow me.

In right hand against left shoulder—Wait for me.

End in each hand, center bent down—You are cruel.

Same, with center up—You are too willing.

Winding lash around forefinger—Repeat your last signal.

 

Fan Flirtation

 

Carrying in right hand in front of face—Follow me.

Carrying in left hand in front of face—I wish to be acquainted.

Placing on right ear—You have changed.

Twirling in left hand—I wish to get rid of you.

Drawing across the forehead—We are watched.

Carrying in right hand—You are too willing.

Twirling in right hand—I love another.

Closing—I wish to speak to you.

Drawing across eyes—I am sorry.

Resting on right cheek—Yes.

Resting on left cheek—No.

Open and shut—You are cruel.

Dropping—We will be friends.

Fanning slowly—I am married.

Fanning quickly—I am engaged.

Handle to lips—kiss me.

Shut—you have changed.

Open wide—Wait for me.

Drawing through hand—I hate you.

Drawing across cheek—I love you.

Archaeological Site of Perge

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

 

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5411/

 

Description

 

Perge, the long-established city of Pamphylia region, is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu Village. The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

Archaeological finds in Perge date back to different periods beginning from the Late Chalcolitic Ages. It's revealed through the even rarely found remains that Perge had been settled permanently in Early Bronze Ages, meaning that it is a significant settlement witnessing permanent land use from the beginning of that time.

One of the remains belonging to early periods of settlement has been excavated in Bogazköy. "Parha" name written on a bronze plate by cuneiform script and documenting an agreement in 13th BC is associated with the name of Perge. Any remains contemporary with the bronze plate has not been found yet.

During the Hellenistic period, the city also enlarged through the campaign in the south. City Walls of that era and a part of it (South Gate-the circular shaped tower) have been unearthed.

The city is also known with the local sculptures. On the other hand, the women were very active on the administrative level of the city. This is also emphasized with the fine sculptures of the important women such as Platia Magna.

Perge reigned by the Romans beginning from BC 133 by the legacy of Pergamon. An inscription excavated in Perge reveals the state organizations in the 1st AD and the location of Perge within this organizational scheme. According to this inscription, a federal state of Lykia and Pamphylia has been founded and Perge partook within this administration. The city benefited from the prosperity and built monumental structures, while welfare period last until the mid of the 3rd AD. The city remained under the Easter Roman domain beginning from the 5th AD, and then reigned by the Seljuks, Hamidogullari and the Ottomans respectively.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

  

Perga is today an archaeological site and a tourist attraction. Ancient Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia, was situated between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), 60 stadia (about 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi)) from the mouth of the latter; the site is in the modern Turkish village of Murtana on the Suridjik sou, a tributary of the Cestrus, formerly in the Ottoman vilayet of Konya. Its ruins include a theatre, a palaestra, a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis was located outside the town.

Another big ancient city in the area is Selge, Pisidia, located about 20km to the northeast

  

The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

  

Excavation Studies:

 

Perge excavations are one of Turkey's well-established scientific studies started by Istanbul University about 70 years ago. These studies - such as Arif Müfid Mansel, Jale İnan and Haluk Abbasoğlu - were the great masters of Turkish archeology. Scientific studies are carried out by Antalya Museum from 2012

  

Arif Müfid Mansel

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/antalyabolgesimerkezi/?p=6570‎13

 

Jale Inan

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jale_%C4%B0nan

 

Haluk Abbasoğlu

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/klasikarkeoloji/?p=6999

  

External links

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

 

Perge’yi görmeyen Antalya’yı görmüş sayılmaz

  

Ertugrul Gunay:

 

www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/yazarlar/ertugrul-gunay/perge...

   

of all the books I have read. I have maintained a log of all my readings on a monthly basis since May 2000. Always such a thrill to add a new entry!

 

The page starts off with just a book each for July 2007 and Feb 2008 and then the fun begins! We moved to Dubai in early August 2007, so reading was a low priority for the first couple of months, but after that I don't know why I didn't get back to reading.

As a light bulb will suddenly glow with an incandescent brilliance shortly before burning out, so Ladvale, the Dursley-based Gloucestershire independent, underwent a dazzling expansion followed by sudden disappearance. This patch of unfenced ground at the roadside had come to the firm, I think, with the acquisition of Applegate's of Stone. It was one of many small coach operators bought out by Ladvale in its takeover frenzy of the late 70s. Not unnaturally this had resulted in an extremely heterogenous fleet, relic of the varied vehicle-buying policies of the former companies.

So what was this? Plaxton body obviously. No badge, nor even the imprint of one that had been nicked by a souvenir hunter. I'd thought it a Leyland Leopard, probably because there was no sign of that AEC telltale, the instrument binnacle; but of course the steering position was too low for it to be visible, if present. So, I tried the long shot of a search on the registration number at Bus Lists on the Web ...long shot because I've usually found it a fruitless exercise. Result this time though: the vehicle is given as an AEC Reliance new in March 1962 to Heaps, Leeds. Not a familiar name, and I don't know the chain of ownership linking Heaps to Ladvale.

The photograph was taken on Thursday 21st June 1979. Around the corner on the A38 I'd left my bus parked at the side of the road. Having my camera with me and finding myself without passengers, I'd taken advantage of the opportunity to get a couple of shots.

Airport phones: then & now

 

Update: Featured photo in this Business Insider slideshow of the top 7 business travel apps for your smartphone www.businessinsider.com/7-best-business-travel-apps-2013-4

 

Used in another BI slideshow for the careers likely to grow in the coming decade, to illustrate managing/consulting careers www.businessinsider.com/americas-fastest-growing-industri...

 

Featured photo in this post about European travel and mobile phone roaming charges www.vilagvandor.hu/juliustol-kevesebbe-kerul-majd-hazatel... and this post about roaming charges www.liligo.es/blog-viajes/noticias-viajes/2013/07/08/nuev...

 

As seen in this blog post about improving mobile website conversion rates for marketers www.chatonomics.co.uk/retail-conversion-rates-on-mobile-r...

 

Used in this blog post about the best job opportunities for recent graduates www.businessinsider.com/jobs-for-recent-college-graduates...

 

Featured in this blog post about Airline IT departments flightviewfromthesky.com/2013/04/08/airline-it-trends-poi...

 

And in this blog post about Android apps for business productivity www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-android-apps-you-need-to-manage-y...

 

And seen in this post about building buzz for your event through social media www.smashhitdisplays.com/Blog/How-To-Attract-Potential-Cu...

 

Featured photo in this Reynolds Center of Journalism post on business travel businessjournalism.org/2013/10/29/quicktips-more-on-hallo...

 

As seen in this blog's enterprise mobile roundup post www.globalnerdy.com/2014/02/14/enterprise-mobile-roundup/

 

Featured photo in this blog post about parents ignoring their kids while using smartphones www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/13381/20140310/parent...

 

Used in this LinkedIn blog post about attracting customers at a trade show www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20140415133440-176600...

 

As seen in this post about global mobile rates www.liligo.es/magazine-viajes/nuevas-tarifas-de-roaming-p...

 

Featured photo in this blog post about business travellers skift.com/2014/07/17/rogue-business-travelers-are-misguid...

 

Used in this Dutch article about business travel secretaresse.blog.nl/technologie/2014/07/31/kostenbeheerd...

 

Featured photo in this blog post about new airline security rules for electronic devices and smartphones www.ticbeat.com/sim/arrancan-controles-dispositivos-mvile...

 

Used in this blog post about receiving text reminders on your phone www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/19727/20141206/forget...

 

Seen in this listicle about why you should travel www.creditdonkey.com/why-travel.html

 

Featured photo in this Business Insider/AP post about power outlets added at Las Vegas Airport to accomodate business travelers at CES www.businessinsider.com/las-vegas-airport-adding-power-ou...

 

Used in this blog post about must-have gadgets for women traveling on business advisortravelguide.com/5-handy-travel-accessories-for-fem...

 

Featured photo on this parenting blog about how parents can keep connected to their kids while they travel redtri.com/los-angeles/stay-connected-parents-travel/#

 

Seen in this blog post about the best carry-ons for women traveling on business ohare-midway.com/4-best-carry-ons-for-the-female-business...

 

Used in this blog post about keeping data safe while traveling cstrends.com/?q=node/36

 

As seen in this blog post with baggage packing tips for travelers www.simandan.com/?p=14837

 

Photo as seen in this blog post en espanol about using technology to make business decisions www.aunclicdelastic.com/cuatro-conclusiones-sobre-las-int...

 

Featured photo in this Washington Post blog about how women are treated differently in the workplace www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/06/10/why-w...

 

Used in this USA Today travel blog post about a new mobile service plan by T-mobile perfect for North American business travelers roadwarriorvoices.com/2015/07/12/t-mobile-unveils-the-wor...

 

As seen in this post about increases in business travel spending www.autorentalnews.com/news/story/2015/07/u-s-business-tr...

 

Used in this blog post about the challenges of bringing a phone while traveling www.greenbot.com/article/2944998/smartphones/the-ups-and-...

 

Featured photo in this Yahoo Travel post about digital wallets used by business travelers www.yahoo.com/travel/digital-wallets-in-business-travel-s... which was originally published here skift.com/2015/07/22/digital-wallets-in-business-travel-s...

 

Used in this listicle of the top airlines in the world for frequent flyers www.businessinsider.com/the-best-coach-class-airlines-in-...

 

As seen in this blog post about using mobile apps for business travel and expenses www.concur.co.uk/blog/4-reasons-to-use-apps-on-business-t...

 

Featured photo in this blog post of safety tip for women traveling on business trips drive.etsintl.net/blog/bid/205993/Business-Travel-Risk-Ma...

 

Used in this blog post about fun, easy ways to journal/blog your vacation stories for "lazy travelers" www.cheapflights.com/news/beyond-scrapbooking-5-creative-...

 

Featured photo in this Lonely Planet blog post about smartphone apps that make it easier to navigate airports www.lonelyplanet.com/news/2015/09/24/lost-in-an-unfamilia...

 

As seen on this site explaining how to use mobile devices to monitor your business' website while traveling on holiday www.alsco.com.au/2015/09/holiday-heres-manage-monitor-bus...

 

Included in this listicle of travel hacks, as an example of setting up flight notifications on your mobile device www.travelstart.co.za/blog/flying-hacks/

 

Used in this listicle about things people used to do before the internet took over our lives www.onlyinyourstate.com/arizona/az-preinternet-pastimes/

 

As seen in this blog post about why women are awesome solo travelers www.lifehack.org/332622/heres-why-solo-female-travelers-a...

 

Featured photo in this blog post about helpful travel apps you can use www.distincte.com/article/app-app-and-awayyy/

 

Used in this blog post about the best airport apps www.moneytalksnews.com/these-are-the-best-and-worst-trave...

 

As seen in this list of top travel apps for Android (even though that's definitely a Blackberry in their hand) www.zerodollartips.com/best-travel-apps-android-free-down...

 

Used in this blog post about how Uber's app can now predict where passengers are going before you even get in the car buzzorange.com/techorange/2014/09/16/uber-can-now-predict...

 

Featured photo in this blog post about how business travelers don't always use mobile apps for work purposes skift.com/2016/07/06/business-travelers-are-using-mobile-...

 

As seen in this listicle blog post about how to avoid getting scammed at the airport www.tripzilla.com/avoid-laglag-bala-airport-scam-philippi...

 

Used in this blog post about how smartphone are giving Millenials short attention spans www.nicolechardenet.com/2016/05/09/hamlet-for-goldfish/

 

Included in this blog post about working parents who travel frequently redtri.com/los-angeles/stay-connected-parents-travel/#

 

Used in this listicle about common airport mistakes, as an example of sending private information over public airport WiFi www.businessinsider.com/10-big-mistakes-youre-making-at-t...

 

Included in this Japanese blog post about how to get your ticket upgraded for your flight tabippo.net/upgrade/

 

As seen in this blog post about time management tips for leaders www.progressivewomensleadership.com/how-does-she-do-it-ti...

 

Used in this blog post about Uber's popularity among business travelers www.travelpulse.com/news/business-travel/report-uber-cont...

 

As seen in this Japanese blog post of how to get an upgrade to business class from economy fares tabippo.net/upgrade/

 

Featured in this blog post about how excessive business travel might be negative on quality of life www.travelpulse.com/news/business-travel/is-excessive-bus...

 

Used in this blog post about a new app which intelligently chooses when to send notifications blouinnews.com/93363/story/researchers-training-app-when-...

 

As seen in this listicle about dream interpretations jiins.jp/wasuremononoyumeuranai/

 

Included in this blog post about career tips www.newyorkminutemag.com/tips-and-tricks-to-using-linkedin/

 

Used in this Japanese blog post about travel beauty tips www.kenkou-job.com/plus/beauty-advisor/436.html

 

Featured in this travel gadget blog post www.travelpulse.com/news/travel-technology/9-travel-gadge...

 

Used in this blog post about entreprenuership and the isolation that comes with business travel rende.vu/blog/business-and-pleasure/

 

Featured in this Spanish blog post about US airports using facial recognition www.ticbeat.com/seguridad/los-aeropuertos-de-eeuu-implant...

 

Featured photo in this travel blog about why employees don't like to use company tools for booking business trips skift.com/2019/06/17/why-corporate-travelers-are-so-reluc...

 

Used in this blog post about preparing for business travel practicallyfine.com/business-travel-how-to-plan-and-prepare/

 

Featured in this Skift article about how business travel could be curtailed to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions in India skift.com/2023/03/15/skift-india-daily-india-must-cut-bac...

 

As seen in this blog post about the history of packing and luggage, specifically in a section about the invention of the rolling suitcase in the 1970s www.sandrawagnerwright.com/random-thoughts-on-packing-lug...

theyre side eyeing wren cos her list is super long

this was such a fail i suck at stuff like this :( oh well practice makes perfect i guess

I got this book from urban outfitters a few weeks back and since then I haven't wanted to put it down. it asks you to make lists of certain things in your life. some questions are kind of funny and personal, like "list people you wouldn't mind getting it on with" haha. anyway, you're supposed to keep it forever to look back on when you're really old. memories :')

Philadelphia's Schyulkill River. Dad Vale.

 

www.joiseyshowaa.com

 

Web sites using this photo:

www.depannage.fr/

www.manhelper.com/health_fitness/5_ways_to_get_great_card...

socialworkout.com/2009/04/10/sculling-schuylkill

dguides.com/philadelphia/activities/recreation/rowing.shtml

www.benessereblog.it/post/3629/sport-le-alternative-alla-...

authspot.com/poetry/come-lets-talk-ok/?utm_source=feedbur...

www.examiner.com/x-15304-DC-Fitness-Trends-Examiner~y2009...

talkingrich.net/page/information-trademarks

newyork.cbslocal.com/top-lists/5-best-ways-to-get-on-the-...

libguides.blc.edu/health

quizlet.com/269985863/english-verbs-ang-zdj-flash-cards/

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If the Magpie were an exotic, rare bird, people would rave about them, travel distances to view them, crave them in their private collections, but because it is a common, thriving bird with a green status of least concern on the UK conservation lists, it is perceived as a thief, can be very noisy and flays songbird chicks on your lawn it's a different story! Well, I adore these beautiful, cheeky, playful, intelligent and on occasions shockingly ruthless and violent birds, and love them for the colour and attitude they bring to my garden and local woodlands....

  

So there!

  

YOU GOT A BAD REPUTATION!

  

Let's be honest, in Public relations terms, the Eurasian Magpie has something of a problem with it's image as a thief, a murderer of innocent baby birds and a voracious predator. In history too it's not all been an easy ride.

"One for Sorrow" is a traditional children's nursery rhyme about magpies dating back originally to the Sixteenth century. According to an old superstition, the number of magpies seen tells if one will have bad or good luck. The rhyme was first recorded around 1780 in a note in John Brand's (Church of England clergyman and antiquarian), 'Observations on Popular Antiquities' on Lincolnshire with the lyric:

  

One for sorrow,

Two for mirth,

Three for a funeral

And four for birth

  

In 1846, Michael Aislabie Denham a collector of folklore and merchant released 'Proverbs and Popular Saying of the Seasons' in London with an extended version:

  

One for sorrow,

Two for mirth

Three for a funeral,

Four for birth

Five for heaven

Six for hell

Seven for the devil, his own self

  

And we all in the UK remember the children's TV show Magpie, which ran from 1968 to 1980 and featured an entirely new version of the rhyme in an opening song recorded by 'Spencer davis group' under the alias of 'The murgatroyd band', featuring the lines:

  

One for sorrow

Two for joy

Three for a girl

Four for a boy

Five for silver

Six for gold

Seven for a secret never to be told

Eight's a wish and

Nine a kiss

Ten is a bird you must not miss.

  

In 1815, two French playwrights, Theodore Baudouin d'Aubigny and Louis-Charles Caigniez wrote a historical melodram called La Pie Voleuse, in which a servant is sentenced to death for stealing silverware from her master, when the real thief is his pet magpie. The play opened on 29th April 1815 Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin 18, Boulevard Saint-Martin in the 10th arrondissement of Paris. Moved by the Parisian urban myth, Gioachino Rossini set his opera La gazza ladra 'The thieving Magpie' to the same story. Thus, the poor Magpie's reputation would be forever set!

  

Two hundred years later in tests, it was found that Magpies were not generally drawn to shiny objects and only two out of over sixty birds took items left in shiny piles by their food. This backs up many previous and subsequent tests that prove conclusively that Magpies are not uniformally thieves, and that there is no evidence of shiny objects ever being found in a magpie nest. Kleptomania and inquisitiveness are of course two entirely different things. As for killing baby birds and destroying local population of starlings, blackbirds and pigeons... again there is no scientific evidence that this has ever been the case, and it's proven that domestic cats are a bigger threat to songbirds. Nature has a balance and each species plays it's part.

  

A CLOSER LOOK

  

The Eurasian Magpie or Common Magpie (Pica pica) is a resident breeding bird found throughout the Northern part of the Eurasian continent and is often referred to simply as Magpie in Europe, the only other Magpie being the Iberian magpie (Cyanopica cooki) which can only be found in the Iberian Peninsula.

  

An omnivore which eats berries, grains, caterpillars and small mammals, young birds and eggs, insects, scraps, carrion,grain,acorns and vegetables, it is highly adaptable and will incorporate a vast array of foods into it's diet. It can vary in length from 17.3-18.1 inches with a wingspan of 20.5-23.6 inches and it's tail makes up more than half it's length. Viewed as manly black and white, it actually has a head, neck and breast of gloss black, with a metallic green and violet sheen and gloss black with green or purple wings. Males tend to be larger than females, by sometimes more than twenty per cent, males weighing 210-272g compared to 182-214g of the females.

  

Magpies were originally referred to mas 'Pies', a Proto-Indo-European root meaning 'pointed' in reference to their beaks or tails and 'Mag' actually dates back to the Sixteenth century being the shortened abbreviation for the name 'Margaret' which was once used as a term for women in general. The Pies call was said to resemble 'the idle chattering of women', and so the name became 'Mag pie'. The term 'Pie' used as a reference dates back even further to the thirteenth century, whilst 'pied' was first recorded in 1552 as a reference to birds resembling a Magpie with black and white plumage.

  

The Magpie was first described and illustrated by Zurich born Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in his book 'Historia animalium (History of the Animals)', published at Zurich in 1551–1558 and 1587. Carl Linnaeeus, a Swedish born botonist, zoologist, taxonomist and physician and known as the father of modern taxonomy, included the species in the 10th edition of 'Systema Naturae under the name 'Corvus pica'. The separate genus 'Pica' was first noted by French Zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760, Pica being the classical Latin word for this Magpie.

In 2000, the North American Black-billed magpie (Pica hudsonia) became it's own species after the American Ornithologists Union decided that studies of vocalization and behaviour placed the Black-billed closer to the Yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) than to the Eurasian magpie. The Yellow-billed magpie has a yellow beak and streak around the eye.

  

There are seven sub species of Magpies found throughout the world:

  

European, Eurasian or common Magpie (Pica pica) found in the British isles, Russia, Southern Scandinavia and Mediterranean.

  

Iberian Magpie ( Pica melanotos) found in the Iberian Peninsula, Siberia and first noted in 1857.

  

Northern Magpie (Pica fennorum) found in Northern Scandinavia and North western Russia and first noted in 1927.

  

Russian Magpie (Pica bactriana)found in Siberia, Caucasus, Iraq, Iran, Central Asia and Pakistan and first noted in 1850.

  

Kamchatkan magpie (Pica camtschatica) found in the northern Sea of Okhotsk and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East and first noted in 1884.

  

Others include Pica leucoptera and the separate species of Pica mauritanica, Pica asirensis, Pica serica and Pica bottanensis.

  

INTELLIGENCE

  

The Eurasian Magpie is believed to be not only among the most intelligent of bird species but also the most intelligent of all animals, it's Nidopallium (the region of the avian brain used mostly for executive functions and other higher cognitive tasks), is relatively the same approximate size as those in Humans and chimpanzees, with a brain to body mass ratio equal to Great apes and Cetaceans (Aquatic mammals of the order Cetacea).

  

They have been observed by one Japanese university campus, waiting at traffic lights and placing tough nuts in front of the wheels of stationary traffic. As the lights change and vehicles move away, the shells are crushed. They are accomplished food cache thieves as I have observed in my own garden where Magpies made several false raids on the food stores held by a dominant pair of Carrion Crows (Corvus corone) in my birdbath, before making a real attack. Magpies also work in pairs and use decoy tactics for this purpose, the female in my garden drawing the attention of the crows and flying off with them in hot pursuit, only for the male to nip in and grab the food to rendezvous back at their nest! They even have the ability to learn from their own burglary efforts and guard their own food cache against others.

  

Like crows, Magpies will attend a funeral for their dead. Often a single bird will call for others on finding a dead magpie. Anything up to forty responders have been recorded, gathering around the dead bird for up to fifteen minutes before leaving. On occasions they have been observed laying wreaths of grass like flowers. They have been recorded 'showing happiness or joy' when playing, and are highly social. They are also fond of stealing shiny objects or items which interest them.

  

Magpies are capable of passing the self recognition 'Mirror self recognition MSR' test' or 'Mark test', developed in 1970 by American psychologist Gordon Gallup Jn. Yellow spots were placed on some magpie throats and three out of five birds spotted these marks in the mirror and tried to remove them. That confirms that they understand and recognise a reflection of themselves in the mirror, a test successfully passed by only a handful of other animals including the great apes (including us humans), just one single Asiatic elephant, dolphins, Orcas and the Cleaner Wrasse (a marine fish).

  

Magpies have demonstrated abilities in the game 'hide and seek' comparable to those of human children aged around 5 years, and in some tests they have managed to fashion simple tools from metal or wood to use as retrieval tools for food in human made puzzles, outsmarting seven year old children performing those same tests.

  

Results published in the journal 'Nature', by researchers from the University of Western Australia and the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom, on work that began in 2013 studying the behaviour of 56 wild magpies, individually tagged, living in 14 territorial groups of between three and 12 birds in the Perth suburb of Guildford. Those studies found magpies living in larger groups appeared to be smarter than those in smaller groups, and also that clever female birds seemed to make better mothers, with a higher success rate when it came to both hatching their eggs and raising their young. The findings seemed to back up the 'social intelligence hypothesis' that posits intelligence in animals evolved in response to the demands of living in complex social systems according to Study co-author Dr Benjamin Ashton.

  

So there we have it, a brief look at the Eurasian, common or just simply Magpie, pie, or 'those bleedin' black and white things!' as my mum and dad always refer to them. Public opinion will no doubt never be swayed, but to my eyes they are magnificent birds with anabilty to please and shock, to entertain, to brighten my day and to bring nature to my daily life. My time with magpies is never dull, never predictable, never boring. I love the little beauties!

  

Paul Williams June 8th 2021

©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)

  

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©All photographs on this site are copyright: ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams) 2011 – 2021 & GETTY IMAGES ®

  

No license is given nor granted in respect of the use of any copyrighted material on this site other than with the express written agreement of ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams). No image may be used as source material for paintings, drawings, sculptures, or any other art form without permission and/or compensation to ©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)

  

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I would like to say a huge and heartfelt 'THANK YOU' to GETTY IMAGES, and the 39.000+ Million visitors to my FLICKR site.

  

***** Selected for sale in the GETTY IMAGES COLLECTION on June 11th 2021

  

CREATIVE RF gty.im/1322331837 MOMENT ROYALTY FREE COLLECTION**

  

This photograph became my 5,046th frame to be selected for sale in the Getty Images collection and I am very grateful to them for this wonderful opportunity.

  

©DESPITE STRAIGHT LINES (Paul Williams)

  

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Photograph taken at an altitude of Fifty one metres at 13:01pm on a mixed afternoon of sunshine and passing rain showers on Wednesday 26th May 2021, off Chessington Avenue in Bexleyheath, Kent.

  

Here we see an adult Eurasian Magpie (Pica pica), standing on a stone birdbath during one of those fleeting showers. Found throughout the Northern part of the Eurasian continent, it is also known as the Common Magpie, and is part of the Holarctic radiation of monochrome magpies. They can measure up to 18 inches in length with a 25 inch wingspan, and have a life expectancy of up to 3.7 years. They are also amongst the most intelligent birds and all non human animals.

 

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Nikon D850 Focal length 600mm Shutter speed: 1/500s Aperture f/6.3 iso125 Tripod mounted with Tamron VC Vibration control set to ON and position 3. Image area FX (36 x 24) NEF RAW L (14 bit uncompressed) Size L (8256 x 5504) Focus mode: AF-C AF-Area mode: 3D-tracking Priority Selection: Release. Nikon Back button focusing enabled. 3D Tracking watch area: Normal 55 Tracking points Exposure mode: Manual mode Metering mode: Matrix metering White balance on: Auto1 (4790k) Colour space: Adobe RGB Picture control: Neutral (Sharpening +2)

  

Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD G2. Nikon GP-1 GPS module. Lee SW150 MKII filter holder. Lee SW150 95mm screw in adapter ring. Lee SW150 circular polariser glass filter.Lee SW150 Filters field pouch. Hoodman HEYENRG round eyepiece oversized eyecup.Manfrotto MT057C3-G Carbon fiber Geared tripod 3 sections. Neewer Carbon Fiber Gimble tripod head 10088736 with Arca Swiss standard quick release plate. Neewer 9996 Arca Swiss release plate P860 x2.Jessops Tripod bag. Mcoplus professional MB-D850 multi function battery grip 6960.Two Nikon EN-EL15a batteries (Priority to battery in Battery grip). Black Rapid Curve Breathe strap. My Memory 128GB Class 10 SDXC 80MB/s card. Lowepro Flipside 400 AW camera bag.

  

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LATITUDE: N 51d 28m 28.01s

LONGITUDE: E 0d 8m 10.61s

ALTITUDE: 54.0m

  

RAW (TIFF) FILE: 130.00MB NEF FILE: 89.9MB

PROCESSED (JPeg) FILE: 42.00MB

     

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PROCESSING POWER:

  

Nikon D850 Firmware versions C 1.10 (9/05/2019) LD Distortion Data 2.018 (18/02/20) LF 1.00

  

HP 110-352na Desktop PC with AMD Quad-Core A6-5200 APU 64Bit processor. Radeon HD8400 graphics. 8 GB DDR3 Memory with 1TB Data storage. 64-bit Windows 10. Verbatim USB 2.0 1TB desktop hard drive. WD My Passport Ultra 1tb USB3 Portable hard drive. Nikon ViewNX-1 64bit Version 1.4.1 (18/02/2020). Nikon Capture NX-D 64bit Version 1.6.2 (18/02/2020). Nikon Picture Control Utility 2 (Version 2.4.5 (18/02/2020). Nikon Transfer 2 Version 2.13.5. Adobe photoshop Elements 8 Version 8.0 64bit.

   

Video:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=HNcxsaQgpUE&feature=youtu.be

 

*Make lists....

-Keeping track of your goals can help you budget your time wisely. But it can also aid you in seeing what you have already accomplished. By seeing progress with your goals, you will be more motivated to continue working towards them.

-Decide what kind of "to do" list works for you. What fits your lifestyle and schedule? Monthly, weekly, daily goals, etc? You don't want to over plan and feel bad about yourself when you don't have time/energy to get around to doing things on your list. So it's important to be realistic with yourself and your expectations. I personally find monthly goals work best for me since my schedule fluctuates, but I can still stay on track with getting things done.

-Keep other lists for more detailed tasks. For instance, say you want to wash a bunch of your dolls. Write "wash dolls" on your master "to do" list. But then have a separate checklist for each doll. This way you can keep track of who has or hasn't been cleaned. I do this with projects that can't all be done in one session, and need more time/attention.

-Write down any extra stuff you manage to accomplish in your set time frame. Sometimes we don't get around to everything on our lists because we get side tracked. By writing down the other things you did, you can still feel like you were productive.

-Break your lists down into categories. This will depend on what you want to accomplish with your doll collection. For me, I break my "to do" lists into four categories: Youtube, Flickr, "Dolly Maintenance," and "Extras." This enables me to make sure I'm dividing my time evenly between social media projects and things I need to do just for my dolls. It can also be a good way to see how certain tasks overlap. For instance, when my doll displays need dusting, it might be an ample time to film a collection video of all of them while they are off their shelves. This one task can actually turn into two different ones! Everyone's categories will be different. Perhaps you need to keep track of things you are selling, things you need to buy, dolls you need to clean, etc. It's also a good way to separate out your priorities--maybe some tasks are more important than others.

-Whiteboards can be a very handy way to write down very small, insignificant tasks that don't need real estate on your master "to do" list, but still need to get done. Sometimes I realize I need to re-shoot a photograph, or that a doll just got a new piece to her outfit. I will jot these notes down on my whiteboard as a quick reminder so I can take care of the task sooner. It also can be a placeholder for where I left off with editing, replacing photos, etc.

 

*Set small goals...

-Far too often we are over ambitious about what we want to get done. For instance, having a huge goal like wanting to reorganize ALL your doll stuff can be overwhelming. That's why having smaller goals that build up to the bigger one are more reasonable. For instance, if you want to reorganize all your doll stuff in the long run, start with one container, one type of accessory, etc.

-As you accomplish each smaller goal, you will see the progress towards completing the larger one. If you don't set realistic steps in place, then you will be too burdened and overwhelmed to do anything. It's better to do something small than nothing at all.

-Small goals will help you feel like you've achieved something, and will motivate you to keep taking the steps to accomplish your main, larger goal.

 

*Make it visually appealing...

-Let's be honest, we all like to look at pretty things. When a room, work space, or "to do" list is visually appealing, we are more likely to want to spend time with it. I like to surround my space with dolls and items that make me happy. As for my "to do" lists, I like to decorate the notebook they are in. Using different colors and fonts makes me enjoy writing and using my lists more.

-Don't over complicate things though! While I enjoy having an aesthetically pleasing "to do" list, I don't want to spend a ridiculous amount of time planning things...I'd rather spend that time working towards the actual goals. If you aren't a particularly creative person, or if you are like me and would rather actually do stuff than plan it, keep it simple. Using a notebook that is already visually appealing and not over decorating is a good middle ground.

-Be practical about what you need. Not all of us require a huge, fancy agenda/planner for our "to do" lists. If you need to carry it around with you or you don't have much space, keep your lists in a small book. I personally like to use sketchbooks, because I prefer to work without lines, and they are thin, but durable. They also are all blank, giving me the ability to create whatever I need out of the pages. But if you prefer to work in a book that already has pre-planned pages, than go for it! Tailor this to your specific needs.

 

*Stay organized...

-Set up things in advance! Since my "to do" lists are monthly, I will designate a page in my notebook for each month, and write my main four categories down in advance. This way I don't have to spend the time doing so each month. Rather, I can simply plan my goals quickly and get on doing them! So you can pre-plan sections for your day, week, month, etc...whatever works for you.

-Keep your lists in an accessible place. Nobody wants to dig under a pile of books and debris to get a notebook out. If you have the notebook or lists somewhere you can access them quickly on a daily basis, you are more likely to use the lists. There is no point in making lists or keeping track of your achievements if you aren't utilizing them regularly. I keep mine in a little slot on my desk, right by my computer. This is where I do most of my dolly computer work, and also it is in my doll room, where I complete many of my doll related tasks.

-Set aside time for cleaning and small tasks. Usually once a week I will go in my dolly room and pick up any debris leftover from projects. Even five minutes of this a few times a week can keep clutter under control. Sometimes it is as simple as putting books back in place, moving dolls off your work surface, sweeping the floor where some hair collected when you brushed your dolls, etc. The more often you do little tasks, the less deep cleaning you will have to do. Plus you can tackle very small tasks like dressing a doll, redoing someone's hair, putting away new stuff, etc.

-A clear space equals a clear mind. Nobody feels motivated when they have to climb over piles of junk or smell something icky. Have a special space that is clean and clear of debris to work on.

-Designate spots for projects. It's easy to make your desk or the floor a place to shove all the stuff you are working on, but haven't completed. I find that having a basket for dolls that need things done, a bin for mending, and a small case for clothes/accessories that were being worn by dolls that are currently being cleaned (or who just haven't been dressed up yet) is very handy. This prevents things from getting lost. Sometimes leaving a pile of doll clothes or a broken piece of their jewelry out can result in these things going missing. Just ask my Ocean Friends Kira where her fanny pack went after I left it out on the dining room table! Having designated spots can also prevent clutter on your main workspace. Somethings take longer to get around to doing, for instance mending clothes can be time consuming. Plus you don't have to worry about moving piles of dolls off your bed if you didn't have time to put them all back on display after dusting! Having a place just for these things ensures that you know where they are at all times, but these items aren't cluttering up your work area/mind.

Archaeological Site of Perge

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

 

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5411/

 

Description

 

Perge, the long-established city of Pamphylia region, is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu Village. The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

Archaeological finds in Perge date back to different periods beginning from the Late Chalcolitic Ages. It's revealed through the even rarely found remains that Perge had been settled permanently in Early Bronze Ages, meaning that it is a significant settlement witnessing permanent land use from the beginning of that time.

One of the remains belonging to early periods of settlement has been excavated in Bogazköy. "Parha" name written on a bronze plate by cuneiform script and documenting an agreement in 13th BC is associated with the name of Perge. Any remains contemporary with the bronze plate has not been found yet.

During the Hellenistic period, the city also enlarged through the campaign in the south. City Walls of that era and a part of it (South Gate-the circular shaped tower) have been unearthed.

The city is also known with the local sculptures. On the other hand, the women were very active on the administrative level of the city. This is also emphasized with the fine sculptures of the important women such as Platia Magna.

Perge reigned by the Romans beginning from BC 133 by the legacy of Pergamon. An inscription excavated in Perge reveals the state organizations in the 1st AD and the location of Perge within this organizational scheme. According to this inscription, a federal state of Lykia and Pamphylia has been founded and Perge partook within this administration. The city benefited from the prosperity and built monumental structures, while welfare period last until the mid of the 3rd AD. The city remained under the Easter Roman domain beginning from the 5th AD, and then reigned by the Seljuks, Hamidogullari and the Ottomans respectively.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

  

Perga is today an archaeological site and a tourist attraction. Ancient Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia, was situated between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), 60 stadia (about 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi)) from the mouth of the latter; the site is in the modern Turkish village of Murtana on the Suridjik sou, a tributary of the Cestrus, formerly in the Ottoman vilayet of Konya. Its ruins include a theatre, a palaestra, a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis was located outside the town.

Another big ancient city in the area is Selge, Pisidia, located about 20km to the northeast

  

The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

  

Excavation Studies:

 

Perge excavations are one of Turkey's well-established scientific studies started by Istanbul University about 70 years ago. These studies - such as Arif Müfid Mansel, Jale İnan and Haluk Abbasoğlu - were the great masters of Turkish archeology. Scientific studies are carried out by Antalya Museum from 2012

  

Arif Müfid Mansel

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/antalyabolgesimerkezi/?p=6570‎13

 

Jale Inan

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jale_%C4%B0nan

 

Haluk Abbasoğlu

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/klasikarkeoloji/?p=6999

  

External links

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

 

Perge’yi görmeyen Antalya’yı görmüş sayılmaz

  

Ertugrul Gunay:

 

www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/yazarlar/ertugrul-gunay/perge...

Aizanoi Antique City.

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

  

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5724/

  

Description

 

The Aizanoi ancient city is located in the inner Western Anatolia Region, 48 km Southwest of the Kütahya Province, and within the boundaries of the Çavdarhisar district. Today, it is approximately at a 1000-1050 m altitude in the flat treeless plateau which is known as Örencik Plain. The City was located approximately 40 km Southwest of the Cotiaeum, 25 km Northeast of Cadi, 40 km Northwest of Appia, West of Alia and on the edge of the River Rhyndakos.

The city was re-discovered by the European travellers in 1824 and surveyed and identified between the years of 1830 and 1840. The scientific excavations within Aizanoi were launched in 1926 by D. Krencker and M.Schede on behalf of the German Archeological Institute and presently the excavations works are being carried out by the Pamukkale University.

Aizanoi was the capital of Aizanitis, who belonged to Phrigia. There was less information about Pre-Roman period for Aizanoi. It is said that the early settlement in the region dates back to the second millennium BC. During the excavations carried out around the Zeus Temple, settlement layers dated to the third millennium were unearthed. Aizanoi acquired importance in the political sense, during the conflict between the Bithyniaand PergamonKingdoms. During the Hellenistic Period, Aizanoi was alternated between the hegemonies of the Pergamon and Bithynia Kingdoms and then came under Roman control in 133 BC. Phrygia Epictetos which consists of Aizanoi, Nacoleia, Cotiation, Midaion, Doryleion, Cadoi minted their own coins after 133 BC. This case shows that Aizanoi was in metropolis statue in the first century BC. However, big monumental public buildings and urban infrastructure in the city were constructed during the early imperial period. During the Roman Period Aizanoi was not only one of the most important cities in the Phrgyia Region but also had an important status as a commercial road network. Through its production of cereals, wine and sheep's wool the city was to rise to prosperity during the period of the Roman Empire.Since the intensive architectural development activities were realized especially in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD., the local stone workshops gained importance during that period. Because of the religious and political power of Aizanoi, Rome provided an important relationship with the communities in the region. During the early Byzantine Period, the city was the seat of a bishopric and it had lost its importance after the 7th century. In medieval times the hill upon which the temple stands was transformed into a fortified citadel which subsequently served a group of the Çavdar Tatars as a fort of Seljuk dynasties, thus giving the community its present name, Çavdarhisar.

The visible remains of the city are mostly derived from the period of the Roman Empire. The city has significant remains such as the Zeus Temple, the Complex of Stadium-Theatre, Macellum, Portico Street, the bridges and dam, two necropolises, odeon, the Roman Baths

 

Justification of Outstanding Universal Value

Aizanoi is one of the most significant cities of the Roman Period with the Zeus Temple, the Complex of Stadium-Theatre and the Macellum.

The structure of the Temple which is one of the best preserved Zeus Temples in the world. The Temple of Zeus, situated upon a hill, was the city's main sanctuary.There is an area covered with vaults under the temple. The temple has an unusual feature in Anatolia with this plan. The temple is composed of pronoas, naos, opisthodomos and a vaulted room under the basement. The distance between the columns and the walls of the inner rooms is twice as much as the distance between the columns; that means the building is a pseudodipteros. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. Covering the ancient inscriptions and ashlar masonry of the temple are simple representations of riders, combat scenes and horses. These engraved images depict episodes from the life of the Çavdar Tatars in the 13th century, who lived within the citadel walls surrounding the temple plateau. The magnificent Temple of Zeus contributed much to the city's prominence in antiquity and it is among the rarest ancient buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its original form.

The Complex of Stadium-Theatre is located in the north part of the city and was one of the most intensive development activities in the city during the Roman Period. The stadium with a capacity of 13500 people and the theatre with the capacity of 20.000 people were constructed adjacently and as such it is unique in the ancient world.

One of the first stock exchange markets of the world was established in Aizanoi. The Macellum (Round Building) is dated to the midst of the 2nd century AD., probably serving as a food market. Inscriptions on the walls of this building show the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial that were controlled by an edict issued in 301 A.D. by the Roman Emperor Diocletianus in order to fight the inflation in that period. The inscriptions survived till today and can be read completely at present. It can be understood that Aizanoi was a cradle of trade with such as the most significant inscription.

Criterion (ii): The Macellum in Aizanoi dated to the midst of 2nd century AD is one of the first exchange stock markets in the world. Inscriptions on the Macellum showing the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial survived till today and can be read completely. These inscriptions have been used as a reference source for the other similar inscriptions unearthed during the excavations.

Criterion (iv): The Stadium with a capacity of 13500 people and the theatre with a capacity of 20.000 people were constructed adjacently and as such it is unique in the ancient world. The form of the complex erected in Aizanoi is not seen elsewhere in the ancient times.

The structure of the Temple is one of the best preserved Zeus Temples in the world. There is an area covered with vaults under the temple. The temple has an unusual feature in Anatolia with this plan. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. The temple is among the rarest ancient buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its original form.

Statements of authenticity and/or integrity

Aizanoi Ancient City was first registered as an archaeological site with the decision of the Superior Council of Immovable Antiquities and Monuments dated 20th December 1975 numbered 8854. By the decision of the related Conservation Council dated 1989 numbered 488, the borders of the 1st and 3rd degree archaeological site were determined. Afterwards, by the decision of the Conservation Council taken in 2011, the rural settlement area located within the first degree archeological site was registered as an urban archeological site.

The conservation plan prepared for the 3rd degree archeological site was approved by the related Conservation Council in 1993. Its revision was approved in 2000. Also, the conservation plan prepared for the 1st archeological site and the urban archeological site was approved by the related conservation council in 2011.

The scientific excavations within Aizanoi were launched in 1926 by D. Krencker and M. Schede on behalf of the German Archeological Institute and today the excavation works are being carried out by the Pamukkale University.

Comparison with other similar properties

When compared to the other Zeus Temples in the World, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is one of the best preserved. Since the space surrounded by the columns in the temple is marble-covered, the Zeus Temple in Aizanoi is unique in the pseudodipteros plan. The other temples in this plan have a wooden roof cover. The temple is among the rarest religious buildings in Anatolia which have survived till today by preserving its form.

The Complex of Stadium-Theatre which was constructed adjacently is unique in the ancient world. The Macellum in Aizanoi dated to the midst of 2nd century AD is one of the first exchange stock markets in the world. Inscriptions on the Macellum showing the prices of all goods sold in the markets of the Imperial are survived till today and can be read completely at present.

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizanoi

 

Penkalas Bridge

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Penkalas Bridge

 

Penkalas Bridge in 1992

Coordinates

39.200833°N 29.612222°E

Coordinates: 39.200833°N 29.612222°E

Crosses

Penkalas (Kocaçay)

Locale

Aezani, Turkey

Characteristics

Design

Arch bridge

Material

Stone

No. of spans

5

History

Construction end

2nd century AD

  

Penkalas Bridge

Location in Turkey

The Penkalas Bridge is a Roman bridge over the Penkalas (today Kocaçay), a small tributary of the Rhyndakos (Adırnas Çayı), in Aezani, Asia Minor (Çavdarhisar in present-day Turkey).

The 2nd-century AD structure was once one of four ancient bridges in Aezani and is assumed to have been the most important crossing-point due to its central location in the vicinity of the Zeus temple and the direct access it provided to the Roman road to Cotyaeum (Kütahya).[1] According to reports by European travellers, the ancient parapet remained in use as late as 1829, having been replaced today by an unsightly iron railing.[1]

Around 290 m upstream, another well-preserved, almost identical five-arched Roman bridge leads across the Penkalas.[

  

HİSTORİC MUDURNU

  

UNESCO Tentative Lists

 

The settlement of Mudurnu was founded along a deep, narrow valley formed by the Mudurnu (Gallos) River, in a region rich with pine forests and thermal springs. The ancient geographer Strabon informs that the town of Modrene (Mudurnu) was located on the major trade routes of Anatolia. The Silk Road, which connected inner Asia with Tabriz in the 13th-14th centuries, continued to Bursa via Erzurum-Sivas, and passing through Mudurnu-Göynük-Taraklı-Geyve, finally reached Constantinople. Another major trade route of the time, the Crimean Road, connected Damascus and Mediterranean port cities with Bursa, proceeding to Constantinople and the Black Sea through Mudurnu-Bolu-Kastamonu-Cide. Situated at the junction of these roads, Mudurnu served as an important military base and mid-size trading town in the Byzantine, Seljukid and Ottoman periods.

Mudurnu developed as a trading and military hub at the junction of major trade routes including the Silk Road, to emerge as an important cultural centre of the Ahi Order in the Ottoman era. The dense linear settlement, lying along the rocky Mudurnu River valley, forms a harmonious ensemble of natural topography and urban fabric, creating a dramatic historic urban landscape. The legacy of Ottoman trade and crafts, the Ahi culture based on a philosophy of tolerance and equitable distribution of wealth, and associated monumental and civic architecture are significant features of this landscape. As an Early Ottoman religious philosophy, the Ahi tradition is particular to Anatolia and has played a key role in the development of Turkish sovereignty and culture in Anatolia. Kept alive in the social and physical milieu of Mudurnu since the 14th century, the Ahi tradition has clear reflections in the urban environment. The most striking social reflection of the Ahi tradition is the Merchants’ Prayer (Esnaf Duası) that has been performed in the historical bazaar (Arasta) for 700 years. The physical reflections of the Ahi culture are seen in the building activity that was undertaken with the wealth accumulated by the organization of Ahi guilds and Mudurnu’s strategic location at the junction of major routes. Significant elements of this built heritage are the Arasta that is home to the traditional artisanal trades, the vernacular urban fabric containing sophisticated examples of Western Black Sea region timber houses, the Yıldırım Bayezıd Mosque representing an important step in the evolution of the Ottoman single-domed mosque architecture and other monuments such as the hammam, saint tombs and graves of the Ottoman period.

 

The Ahi order, which played an active role in the economic life of the Anatolian Seljuks and has since been a symbol of Turkish morality, is not encountered in any other nation. Mudurnu is the only district-level urban centre in Turkey where the Merchants’ Prayer, a quintessentially Ahi practice, has been performed continuously without interruption for more than 700 years, and the ‘Ahi Culture Week’ is officially celebrated. Mudurnu has played a distinct role in certain milestones in the development of Turkish states in Anatolia, most notably through the Çandarlı Vizier dynasty, which helped establish early Ottoman state institutions, as a centre of education for Ottoman crown princes.

 

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6038/

I make lists for any and most reasons...things to do, things to remember, and any and all. Couple this with a challenge to make a list a day to a prompt for a month, and I'm in. These are two lists I made for such a challenge...and now, they are part of my #icad2016 Day6 Top Ten Lists. Pastel oils, gesso, gouache, and some good glue. !

Sorry for all the random tags, you don't need to read unless you want to.

 

Hey, so this is really long. (that's what she said) But really. If you want to know me, go ahead and read it all and you'll basically know me. I pretty much cover every important topic in my life right now. Or if you've got nothing better to do you can read it. Not all that interesting, but you can always stop whenever.

 

This is sorta what I'm turning into. A series of lists. That's the best way I can describe it. My mind just doesn't work in the way it used to (which I know doesn't sound right at all, being only 16) but I forget things surprisingly fast. My brain flutters from one subject to another almost instantly, so nothing really sticks. I have to write nearly every thought that pops into my head as soon as it does, or else I forget. That's why I have 27 notes in my cell phone, 4 notebooks in various places in my bedroom, and 36 drafted messages in my email account. That doesn't sound like a lot, but it's more than it sounds like. I just have to write it down, and those are a few of the places I do so.

 

Anyways, I'd think there's some facts in there, but I'll go ahead and list 10. Sorry about all that by the way, just felt the need to type a whole bunch of words. Blahblahblahblah.

 

1. In this picture, the bands with hearts♥ next to them are ones I'm fairly familiar with and just want to hear more from/want to learn more about and the rest are ones I've heard of or have heard a few songs by and want to hear more from. Not that you needed to know.

2. My musical tastes are basically determined by one person. Well, not really. But basically, anything he likes that he tells me about ends up being something I like as well. Except Surfer Blood, couldn't get into them... Agh and I swear if he stalks me on Flickr...

3. The previously mentioned person is someone who I really like being friends with but is a hard person to be friends with. Not because he's my ex, not because he's hurt me, not because I had feelings for him for the longest time, not because of any of that. Because he and I tend to argue. He's a smart kid, he's funny (maybe not always the most appropriate jokes, some of which are rather disturbing..) and he's a musical genius. Though he's cool, he and I just tend to butt heads pretty easily.

4. In all honesty, I have 4 best friends, and hardly any other friends. I'm quiet, and generally keep to myself, so it doesn't bother me all that much. It gets to me on occasion, but it's what I'm used to. I've never been to a high school party, I've never made out with a boy (though one of my exes would testify otherwise), I'm usually not very busy on the weekends, and the cutest romantic moments of my life only happened in dreams.

5. I don't really watch TV. It's okay, but it's all getting kinda weird. Everyone and everything has a show. Half of them seem to have some relation to little people. (And I mean no offense to anyone out there who's a little person, but you know it's true.) And although I've always hated MTV (and still do), I tolerate a few shows. Specifically, My Life as Liz, If You Really Knew Me, and that other show that I can't remember the name of. They're not amazing, but they're tolerable. Other than that I mainly watch movies and older cartoons.

6. I think it would be super awesome if the crew from If You Really Knew Me came to my school. But I'm pretty sure that even if they did, either

1) I wouldn't get the chance to even participate in the event (I noticed that they only do the workshop thing with like 100 kids in schools of like 1200 kids, so obviously not everyone gets the opportunity)

or 2) It would change nothing. I honestly don't see my confidence or social situation improving from a 1-day workshop. I mean, maybe slightly, but I wouldn't expect any dramatic changes to magically happen.

7. I'm noticing that my facts are like entire paragraphs. Oops. :b

8. My ex-best friend (as I'm calling him now) is one of the weirdest but most interesting individuals I've ever met. He's random, he's dramatic, he's slightly insane, and he's just... himself. All the time. But he's in the past now, unfortunately. And if he's creeping me now, I hope he knows I keep his Starburst card thingy (aka most prized possesion, lol) in my wallet. It was so unfortunate that we even had to part, but I guess things happen, and we've just gotta move on. Though I really do miss having him to talk to every now and again.

9. I happen to find the YACHT belief system really interesting. I'm not a follower of their non-cult belief thingy, but the concepts behind it are pretty solid. From what I read, it's basically all about time, and how you can't waste a second of the time you have. I've also heard their concerts are crazy, amazing, and life-changing events. Sounds cool.

10. Today I freaked out because I heard Dreams by The Cranberries on the radio. I am a strange individual. (And that song is super awesome)

 

Wow, so anyone who reads that basically knows my life story.

Nice to meet you. XD

Everglades National Park is an American national park that protects the southern twenty percent of the original Everglades in Florida. The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River. An average of one million people visit the park each year. Everglades is the third-largest national park in the contiguous United States after Death Valley and Yellowstone. UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979, and the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987. Everglades is one of only three locations in the world to appear on all three lists.

 

Most national parks preserve unique geographic features; Everglades National Park was the first created to protect a fragile ecosystem. The Everglades are a network of wetlands and forests fed by a river flowing 0.25 miles (0.40 km) per day out of Lake Okeechobee, southwest into Florida Bay. The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere. Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit the park, including the Florida panther, the American crocodile, and the West Indian manatee, along with 350 species of birds, 300 species of fresh and saltwater fish, 40 species of mammals, and 50 species of reptiles. The majority of South Florida's fresh water, which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer, is recharged in the park.

 

Humans have lived for thousands of years in or around the Everglades. Plans arose in 1882 to drain the wetlands and develop the land for agricultural and residential use. As the 20th century progressed, water flow from Lake Okeechobee was increasingly controlled and diverted to enable explosive growth of the Miami metropolitan area. The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, and dedicated in 1947, as major canal-building projects were initiated across South Florida. The ecosystems in Everglades National Park have suffered significantly from human activity, and restoration of the Everglades is a politically charged issue in South Florida.

 

Everglades National Park covers 1,508,976 acres (2,357.8 sq mi; 6,106.6 km2), throughout Dade, Monroe, and Collier counties in Florida, at the southern tip of the Atlantic coastal plain. The elevation typically ranges from 0 to 8 feet (2.4 m) above sea level, but a Calusa-built shell mound on the Gulf Coast rises 20 feet (6.1 m) above sea level.

 

The terrain of South Florida is relatively and consistently flat. The limestone that underlies the Everglades is integral to the diverse ecosystems within the park. Florida was once part of the African portion of the supercontinent Gondwana. After it separated, conditions allowed a shallow marine environment to deposit calcium carbonate in sand, shells, and coral to be converted into limestone. Tiny bits of shell, sand, and bryozoans compressed over multiple layers forming structures in the limestone called ooids, which created permeable conditions that hold water.

 

The Florida peninsula appeared above sea level between 100,000 and 150,000 years ago. As sea levels rose at the end of the Wisconsin ice age, the water table appeared closer to land. Lake Okeechobee began to flood, and convection thunderstorms were created. Vast peat deposits south of Lake Okeechobee indicate that regular flooding had occurred about 5,000 years ago. Plants began to migrate, subtropical ones from the northern part of Florida, and tropicals carried as seeds by birds from islands in the Caribbean. The limestone shelf appears to be flat, but there are slight rises—called pinnacles—and depressions caused by the erosion of limestone by the acidic properties of the water. The amount of time throughout the year that water is present in a location in the Everglades determines the type of soil, of which there only two in the Everglades: peat, created by many years of decomposing plant matter, and marl, the result of dried periphyton, or chunks of algae and microorganisms that create a grayish mud. Portions of the Everglades that remain flooded for more than nine months out of the year are usually covered by peat. Areas that are flooded for six months or less are covered by marl. Plant communities are determined by the type of soil and the amount of water present.

 

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Royal Palm at Everglades National Park has a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Summers are long, hot, and very wet and winters are warm and dry.

 

While they are common in the northern portion of Florida, no underground springs feed water into the Everglades system. An underground reservoir called the Floridan aquifer lies about 1,000 feet (300 m) below the surface of South Florida. The Everglades has an immense capacity for water storage, owing to the permeable limestone beneath the exposed land. Most of the water arrives in the form of rainfall, and a significant amount is stored in the limestone. Water evaporating from the Everglades becomes rain over metropolitan areas, providing the fresh water supply for the region. Water also flows into the park after falling as rain to the north onto the watersheds of the Kissimmee River and other sources of Lake Okeechobee, to appear in the Everglades days later. Water overflows Lake Okeechobee into a river 40 to 70 miles (64 to 113 km) wide, which moves almost imperceptibly.

 

At the turn of the 20th century, common concepts of what should be protected in national parks invariably included formidable geologic features like mountains, geysers, or canyons. As Florida's population began to grow significantly and urban areas near the Everglades were developed, proponents of the park's establishment faced difficulty in persuading the federal government and the people of Florida that the subtle and constantly shifting ecosystems in the Everglades were just as worthy of protection. When the park was established in 1947, it became the first area within the U.S. to protect flora and fauna native to a region as opposed to geologic scenery. The National Park Service recognizes nine distinct interdependent ecosystems within the park that constantly shift in size owing to the amount of water present and other environmental factors.

 

Freshwater sloughs are perhaps the most common ecosystem associated with Everglades National Park. These drainage channels are characterized by low-lying areas covered in fresh water, flowing at an almost imperceptible 100 feet (30 m) per day. Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough are significant features of the park. Sawgrass growing to a height of 6 feet (1.8 m) or more, and broad-leafed marsh plants, are so prominent in this region that they gave the Everglades its nickname "River of Grass", cemented in the public imagination in the title for Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book (1947), which culminated years of her advocacy for considering the Everglades ecosystem as more than a "swamp". Excellent feeding locations for birds, sloughs in the Everglades attract a great variety of waders such as herons, egrets, roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja), ibises and brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), as well as limpkins (Aramus guarauna) and snail kites that eat apple snails, which in turn feed on the sawgrass. The sloughs' availability of fish, amphibians, and young birds attract a variety of freshwater turtles, alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), water moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus conanti), and eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus).

 

Freshwater marl prairies are similar to sloughs but lack the slow movement of surface water; instead, water seeps through a calcitic mud called marl. Algae and other microscopic organisms form periphyton, which attaches to limestone. When it dries it turns into a gray mud. Sawgrass and other water plants grow shorter in freshwater marl than they do in peat, the other type of soil in the Everglades which is found where water remains present longer throughout the year. Marl prairies are usually under water from three to seven months of the year, whereas sloughs may remain submerged for longer than nine months and sometimes remain under water from one year to the next. Sawgrass may dominate sloughs, creating a monoculture. Other grasses, such as muhly grass (Muhlenbergia sericea) and broad-leafed water plants can be found in marl prairies. Animals living in the freshwater sloughs also inhabit marl prairies. Marl prairies may go dry in some parts of the year; alligators play a vital role in maintaining life in remote parts of the Everglades by burrowing in the mud during the dry season, creating pools of water where fish and amphibians survive from one year to the next. Alligator holes also attract other animals who congregate to feed on smaller prey. When the region floods again during the wet season, the fish and amphibians which were sustained in the alligator holes then repopulate freshwater marl prairies.

 

Hammocks are often the only dry land within the park. They rise several inches above the grass-covered river and are dominated by diverse plant life consisting of subtropical and tropical trees, such as large southern live oaks (Quercus virginiana). Trees often form canopies under which animals thrive amongst scrub bushes of wild coffee (Psychotria), white indigoberry (Randia aculeata), poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum) and saw palmetto (Serenoa repens). The park features thousands of these tree islands amid sloughs—which often form the shape of a teardrop when seen from above (see park map) because of the slowly moving water around them—but they can also be found in pineland and mangroves. Trees in the Everglades, including wild tamarind (Lysiloma latisiliquum) and gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba), rarely grow higher than 50 feet (15 m) because of wind, fire, and climate.

 

The plant growth around the hammock base is nearly impenetrable; beneath the canopy hammocks is an ideal habitat for animals. Reptiles (such as various species of snake and anole) and amphibians (such as the American green tree frog, Hyla cinerea), live in the hardwood hammocks. Birds such as barred owls (Strix varia), woodpeckers, northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), and southern bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus) nest in hammock trees. Mammal species living in hardwood hammocks include Florida black bears (Ursus americanus floridanus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), minks (Neogale vison), marsh rabbits (Sylvilagus palustris), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and the rare, critically endangered Florida panther (Puma concolor couguar).

 

Miami-Dade County was once covered in 186,000 acres (290.6 sq mi; 752.7 km2) of pine rockland forests, but most of it was harvested by the lumber industry. Pineland ecosystems (or pine rocklands) are characterized by shallow, dry sandy loam over a limestone substrate covered almost exclusively by slash pines (Pinus elliottii var. densa). Trees in this ecosystem grow in solution holes, where the soft limestone has worn away and filled with soil, allowing plants to take hold. Pinelands require regular maintenance by fire to ensure their existence. South Florida slash pines are uniquely adapted to promote fire by dropping a large amount of dried pine needles and shedding dry bark. Pine cones require heat from fires to open, allowing seeds to disperse and take hold. The trunks and roots of slash pines are resistant to fire. Prescribed burns in these areas take place every three to seven years; without regular fires, hardwood trees begin to grow in this region, and pinelands become recategorized as mixed swamp forests. Most plants in the area bloom about 16 weeks after a fire. Nearly all pinelands have an understory of palm shrubs and a diverse ground covering of wild herbs.

 

Pine rocklands are considered one of the most threatened habitats in Florida; less than 4,000 acres (6.3 sq mi; 16.2 km2) of pineland exist outside the park. Within the park, 20,000 acres (31.3 sq mi; 80.9 km2) of pineland are protected. A variety of animal species meet their needs for food, shelter, nesting, and rooking in pine rocklands. Woodpeckers, eastern meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus), grackles, and northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) are commonly found in pinelands. Black bears and Florida panthers also live in this habitat.

 

Cypress trees are conifers that are adapted to live in standing fresh water. They grow in compact structures called cypress domes and in long strands over limestone. Water levels may fluctuate dramatically around cypress domes and strands, so cypresses develop "knees" that protrude from the water at high levels to provide oxygen for the root systems. Dwarf cypress trees grow in drier areas with poorer soil. Epiphytes, such as bromeliads, Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), orchids and ferns grow on the branches and trunks of cypress trees. Everglades National Park features twenty-five species of orchids. Tall cypress trees provide excellent nesting areas for birds including wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), ibis, herons, egrets, anhingas (Anhinga anhinga), and belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon). Mammals in cypress regions include white-tailed deer, squirrels, raccoons, opossums, skunks, swamp rabbits, river otters (Lontra canadensis), and bobcats, as well as small rodents.

 

Mangrove trees cover the coastlines of South Florida, sometimes growing inland depending on the amount of salt water present within the Everglades ecosystems. During drier years when less fresh water flows to the coast, mangroves will appear among fresh water plants. When rain is abundant, sawgrass and other fresh water plants may be found closer to the coast. Three species of mangrove trees—red (Rhizophora mangle), black (Avicennia germinans), and white (Laguncularia racemosa)—can be found in the Everglades. With a high tolerance of salt water, winds, extreme tides, high temperatures, and muddy soils, mangrove trees are uniquely adapted to extreme conditions. They act as nurseries for many marine and bird species. They are also Florida's first defense against the destructive forces of hurricanes, absorbing flood waters and preventing coastal erosion. The mangrove system in Everglades National Park is the largest continuous system of mangroves in the world.

 

Within the Florida mangrove systems live 220 species of fish, and a variety of crabs, crayfish, shrimp, mollusks, and other invertebrates, which serve as the main source of food for many birds. Dozens of bird species use mangroves as nurseries and food stores, including pelicans, grebes, tricolored herons (Egretta tricolor), gulls, terns, hawks and kites, and arboreal birds like mangrove cuckoos (Coccyzus minor), yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia), and white-crowned pigeons (Patagioenas leucocephala). The mangroves also support 24 species of amphibians and reptiles, and 18 species of mammals, including the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), and West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus).

 

Coastal lowlands, or wet prairies, are salt water marshes that absorb marine water when it gets high or fresh water when rains are heavy. Floods occur during hurricane and tropical storm surges when ocean water can rise several feet over the land. Heavy wet seasons also cause floods when rain from the north flows into the Everglades. Few trees can survive in the conditions of this region, but plants—succulents like saltwort and glasswort—tolerate salt, brackish water, and desert conditions. Animal life in this zone is dependent upon the amount of water present, but commonly found animals include Cape Sable seaside sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis), Everglades snail kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), wood stork (Mycteria americana), eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi), and small mammals such as rats, mice, and rabbits.

 

The largest body of water within the park is Florida Bay, which extends from the mangrove swamps of the mainland's southern tip to the Florida Keys. Over 800 square miles (2,100 km2) of marine ecosystem lies in this range. Coral, sponges, and seagrasses serve as shelter and food for crustaceans and mollusks, which in turn are the primary food source for larger marine animals. Sharks, stingrays, and barracudas also live in this ecosystem. Pelicans, shorebirds, terns, and black skimmers (Rynchops niger) are among the birds frequenting park shorelines. The bay also has its own resident population of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus).

 

The bay's many basins are broken up by sandbanks that serve as plentiful recreational fishing grounds for snook (Centropomus undecimalis), redfish (Sciaenops ocellatus), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), tarpon (Megaflops atlanticus), bonefish (Albula vulpes), and permit (Trichinous falcatus),[48] as well as snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and bass. Wading birds such as roseate spoonbills (Platalea ajaja), reddish egrets (Egretta rufescens), and great white herons (Ardea herodias occidentalis) have unique subpopulations that are largely restricted to Florida Bay. Other bird species include bald eagles, cormorants, and ospreys. Mammals along the shoreline include raccoons, opossums, bobcats, and fox squirrels.

 

Humans likely first inhabited the South Florida region 10,000 to 20,000 years ago. Two tribes of Native Americans developed on the peninsula's southern tip: the Tequesta lived on the eastern side and the Calusa, greater in numbers, on the western side. The Everglades served as a natural boundary between them. The Tequesta lived in a single large community near the mouth of the Miami River, while the Calusa lived in 30 villages. Both groups traveled through the Everglades but rarely lived within them, remaining mostly along the coast.

 

The diets of both groups consisted mostly of shellfish and fish, small mammals, game, and wild plants. Having access only to soft limestone, most of the tools fashioned by Native Americans in the region were made of shell, bone, wood, and animal teeth; shark teeth were used as cutting blades, and sharpened reeds became arrows and spears. Shell mounds still exist today within the park, giving archaeologists and anthropologists evidence of the raw materials available to the indigenous people for tool construction. Spanish explorers estimated the number of Tequesta at first contact to be around 800, and Calusa at 2,000; the National Park Service reports there were probably about 20,000 natives living in or near the Everglades when the Spanish established contact in the late 16th century. The Calusa lived in social strata and were able to create canals, earthworks, and shellworks. The Calusa were also able to resist Spanish attempts at conquest.

 

The Spanish had contact with these societies and established missions further north, near Lake Okeechobee. In the 18th century, invading Creeks incorporated the dwindling numbers of the Tequesta into their own. Neither the Tequesta nor Calusa tribe existed by 1800. Disease, warfare, and capture for slavery were the reasons for the eradication of both groups. The only evidence of their existence within the park boundaries is a series of shell mounds that were built by the Calusa.

 

In the early 19th century, Creeks, escaped African slaves, and other Indians from northern Florida displaced by the Creek War, formed the area's Seminole nation. After the end of the Seminole Wars in 1842, the Seminoles faced relocation to Indian territory near Oklahoma. A few hundred Seminole hunters and scouts settled within what is today Big Cypress National Preserve, to escape the forced emigration to the west. From 1859 to about 1930, the Seminoles and Miccosukee, a similar but linguistically unique tribe, lived in relative isolation, making their living by trading. In 1928, surveying and construction began on the Tamiami Trail, along the northern border of Everglades National Park. The road bisected the Everglades, introducing a steady, if small, traffic of white settlers into the Everglades.

 

Some members of the Miccosukee and Seminole tribes continue to live within park boundaries. Management of the park includes approval of new policies and procedures by tribal representatives "in such a manner that they do not conflict with the park purpose".

 

Following the end of the Seminole Wars, Americans began settling at isolated points along the coast in what is now the park, from the Ten Thousand Islands to Cape Sable. Communities developed on the two largest pieces of dry ground in the area, on Chokoloskee Island and at Flamingo on Cape Sable, both of which established post offices in the early 1890s. Chokoloskee Island is a shell mound, a midden built roughly 20 feet (6 m) high over thousands of years of occupation by the Calusa. The settlements in Chokoloskee and Flamingo served as trading centers for small populations of farmers, fishermen, and charcoal burners settled in the Ten Thousand Islands. Both settlements and the more isolated homesteads could only be reached by boat until well into the 20th century. Everglades City, on the mainland near Chokoloskee, enjoyed a brief period of prosperity when, beginning in 1920, it served as the headquarters for the construction of the Tamiami Trail. A dirt road from Florida City reached Flamingo in 1922, while a causeway finally connected Chokoloskee to the mainland's Everglades City in 1956.

 

After the park was established, private property in the Flamingo area was claimed by eminent domain, and the site was incorporated into the park as a visitor center.

 

Several attempts were made to drain and develop the Everglades in the 1880s. The first canals built in the Everglades did little harm to the ecosystem, as they were unable to drain much of it. Napoleon Bonaparte Broward based the majority of his 1904 campaign for governor on how drainage would create "The Empire of the Everglades". Broward ordered the drainage that took place between 1905 and 1910, and it was successful enough that land developers sold tracts for $30 per acre, settling the town of Davie, and developing regions in Lee and Dade counties. The canals also cleared water that made way for agricultural fields growing sugarcane.

 

In the 1920s, a population boom in South Florida created the Florida land boom, which was described by author Michael Grunwald as "insanity". Land was sold before any homes or structures were built on it and in some cases before any plans for construction were in place. New landowners, eager to make good on their investments, hastily constructed homes and small towns on recently drained land. Mangrove trees on the coasts were taken down for better views and replaced with shallow-rooted palm trees. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction on larger canals to control the rising waters in the Everglades. Nevertheless, Lake Okeechobee continued to rise and fall, the region was covered with rain, and city planners continued to battle the water. The 1926 Miami Hurricane caused Lake Okeechobee levees to fail; hundreds of people south of the lake drowned. Two years later, the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane claimed 2,500 lives when Lake Okeechobee once again surged over its levees. Politicians who declared the Everglades uninhabitable were silenced when a four-story wall, the Herbert Hoover Dike, was built around Lake Okeechobee. This wall effectively cut off the water source from the Everglades.

 

Following the wall's construction, South Florida endured a drought severe enough to cause serious wildfires in 1939. The influx of humans had a detrimental effect on the plants and animals of the region when melaleuca trees (Melaleuca quinquenervia) were introduced to help with drainage, along with Australian pines brought in by developers as windbreaks. The region's timber was devastated for lumber supplies. Alligators, birds, frogs, and fish were hunted on a large scale. Entire rookeries of wading birds were shot to collect their plumes, which were used in women's hats in the early 20th century. The largest impact people had on the region was the diversion of water away from the Everglades. Canals were deepened and widened, and water levels fell dramatically, causing chaos in food webs. Salt water replaced fresh water in the canals, and by 1997 scientists noticed that salt water was seeping into the Biscayne Aquifer, South Florida's water source.

 

In the 1940s, Marjory Stoneman Douglas, a freelance writer and former reporter for The Miami Herald, began to research the Everglades for an assignment about the Miami River. She studied the land and water for five years and published The Everglades: River of Grass in 1947, describing the area in great detail, including a chapter on its disappearance. She wrote: "What had been a river of grass and sweet water that had given meaning and life and uniqueness to this enormous geography through centuries in which man had no place here was made, in one chaotic gesture of greed and ignorance and folly, a river of fire." The book has sold 500,000 copies since its publication, and Douglas's continued dedication to ecology conservation earned her the nicknames "Grand Dame of the Everglades", "Grandmother of the Everglades" and "the anti-Christ" for her singular focus at the expense of some political interests. She founded and served as president for an organization called Friends of the Everglades, initially intended to protest the construction of a proposed Big Cypress jetport in 1968. Successful in that confrontation, the organization has grown to over 4,000 members, committed to the preservation of the Everglades. She wrote and spoke about the importance of the Everglades until her death at age 108 in 1998.

 

Floridians hoping to preserve at least part of the Everglades began to express their concern over diminishing resources in the early 20th century. Royal Palm State Park was created in 1916 and protected Paradise Key; it included several trails and a visitor center several miles from Homestead. Miami-based naturalists first proposed that the area become a national park in 1923. Five years later, the Florida state legislature established the Tropical Everglades National Park Commission to study the formation of a protected area. The commission was led by Ernest F. Coe, a land developer turned conservationist, who was eventually nicknamed Father of Everglades National Park. Coe's original plan for the park included more than 2,000,000 acres (3,125.0 sq mi; 8,093.7 km2) including Key Largo and Big Cypress, and his unwillingness to compromise almost prevented the park's creation. Various other interests, including land developers and sport hunters, demanded that the size of the park be decreased.

 

The commission was also tasked with proposing a method to raise the money to purchase the land. The search coincided with the arrival of the Great Depression in the United States, and money for land purchase was scarce. The U.S. House of Representatives authorized the creation of the new national park on May 30, 1934, but the Act (HR 2837), which permanently reserved lands donated by public or private donation as wilderness, passed only with a rider that ensured no money would be allotted to the project for at least five years. Coe's passion and U.S. Senator Spessard Holland's politicking helped to fully establish the park, after Holland was able to negotiate 1,300,000 acres (2,031.2 sq mi; 5,260.9 km2) of the park, leaving out Big Cypress, Key Largo, the Turner River area, and a 22,000-acre (34.4 sq mi; 89.0 km2) tract of land called "The Hole in the Donut" that was too highly valued for agriculture. Miami Herald editor John Pennekamp was instrumental in pushing the Florida Legislature to raise $2 million to purchase the private land inside the park boundaries. It was dedicated by President Harry Truman on December 6, 1947, one month after Marjory Stoneman Douglas's book The Everglades: River of Grass was released. The same year, several tropical storms struck South Florida, prompting the construction of 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals, sending water unwanted by farmers and residents to the ocean.

 

The Central and Southern Florida Flood Control Project (C&SF) was authorized by Congress to construct more than one thousand miles of canals and flood control structures across South Florida. The C&SF, run by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, established an agricultural area directly south of Lake Okeechobee, and three water conservation areas, all bordered by canals that diverted excess water either to urban areas or into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico or Florida Bay. South of these manmade regions was Everglades National Park, which had been effectively cut off from its water supply. By the 1960s, the park was visibly suffering. The C&SF was directed to provide enough water to sustain the park; it did not follow through. A proposed airport that would have dire environmental effects on Everglades National Park became the center of a battle that helped to initiate the environmental movement into local and national politics. The airport proposal was eventually abandoned, and in 1972 a bill was introduced to curb development in South Florida and ensure the national park would receive the amount of water it needed. Efforts turned to repairing the damage wrought by decades of mismanagement: the Army Corps of Engineers changed its focus in 1990 from constructing dams and canals to constructing "purely environmental projects".

 

Regions originally included in Ernest Coe's vision for a national park were slowly added over the years to the park or incorporated into other protected areas: Biscayne National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park on Key Largo, Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge, and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary were all protected after the park's opening in 1947. Everglades National Park was designated an International Biosphere Reserve on October 26, 1976. On November 10, 1978, 1,296,500 acres (2,025.8 sq mi; 5,246.7 km2), about 86% of the park, was declared a wilderness area. It was renamed the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness in 1997. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on October 24, 1979, and as a Wetland of International Importance on June 4, 1987. It was placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger from 1993 until 2007 and then again in 2010. The park was added again due to the continued degradation of the set causing significant indications of eutrophication (for example algal blooms) negatively impacting the marine life causing the US government to request UNESCO and IUCN for assistance in development.

 

President George H. W. Bush signed the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act on December 13, 1989, that added 109,506 acres (171.1 sq mi; 443.2 km2) to the eastern side of the park, closed the park to airboats, directed the Department of the Army to restore water to improve the ecosystems within Everglades National Park, and "Direct(ed) the Secretary of the Interior to manage the Park in order to maintain the natural abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of native plants and animals, as well as the behavior of native animals, as part of their ecosystem." Bush remarked in his statement when signing the act, "Through this legislation that river of grass may now be restored to its natural flow of water".

 

In 2000, Congress approved the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), a federal effort to restore the Everglades with the objectives of "restoration, preservation and protection of the south Florida ecosystem while providing for other water-related needs of the region", and claiming to be the largest environmental restoration in history. It was a controversial plan; detractors worried that it "relies on uncertain technologies, overlooks water quality, subsidizes damaging growth and delays its environmental benefits".[90] Supporters of the plan included the National Audubon Society, who were accused by Friends of the Everglades and the Biodiversity Legal Foundation of prioritizing agricultural and business interests.

 

The namesake of Anhinga Trail dries its feathers

CERP projects are designed to capture 1.7 billion US gallons (6,400,000 m3) of fresh water every day, store it in underground reservoirs, and release the water to areas within 16 counties in South Florida. Approximately 35,600 acres (55.6 sq mi; 144.1 km2) of man-made wetlands are to be constructed to confine contaminated water before it is released to the Everglades, and 240 miles (390 km) of canals that divert water away from the Everglades are to be destroyed. During the first five years of implementation, CERP was responsible for the purchase of 207,000 acres (323.4 sq mi; 837.7 km2) of land at a cost of $1 billion. The plan aims to spend $10.5 billion over 30 years, combining 50 different projects and giving them 5-year timelines.

 

Everglades National Park was directly hit by Hurricanes Katrina, Wilma, and Rita in 2005. Such storms are a natural part of the park's ecosystem; 1960's Hurricane Donna left nothing in the mangroves but "standing dead snags" several miles wide, but 30 years later the area had completely recovered. Predictably, what suffered the most in the park from the 2005 hurricanes were man-made structures. In 2009 the visitor center and lodge at Flamingo were irreparably damaged by 125 mph (201 km/h) winds and an 8 ft (2.4 m) storm surge; the lodge had been functioning for 50 years when it was torn down; nothing is slated to replace it.

 

Everglades National Park reported in 2005 a budget of over $28 million. Of that, $14.8 million was granted from the National Park Service and $13.5 million from various sources including CERP, donations, and other grants. The entry fee for private vehicles in 2021 is $30. Of the nearly one million visitors to Everglades National Park in 2006, more than 38,000 were overnight campers, paying $16 a night or $10 a night for backcountry permits. Visitors spent $2.6 million within the park and $48 million in local economies. More than 900 jobs were sustained or created within or by the park, and the park added value of $35 million to local economies.

 

Everglades National Park has had 19 superintendents since it was dedicated in 1947. The park's first superintendent, Daniel Beard (1947-1958), was also its longest-serving. After Superintendent Beard, Warren F. Hamilton served between 1958 and 1963, followed by Stanley C. Joseph (1963-1966), Roger W. Allin (1966-1968), John C. Raftery (1968-1970), Joseph Brown (1970-1971), Jack E. Stark (1971-1976), John M. Good (1976-1980), John M. Morehead (1980-1986), Marueen E. Finnerty (Acting Superintendent, 1986), Michael V. Finley (1986-1989), Robert L. Arnberger (Acting Superintendent, 1989), Robert S. Chandler (1989-1992), Dick Ring (1992-2000), Marueen E. Finnerty (2000-2003), Dan Kimball (2004-2014), Shawn Benge (Acting Superintendent, 2014), Bob Krumenaker (Acting Superintendent, 2014-2015), and finally Pedro Ramos, who was appointed in 2015 and continues to serve.

 

The park was placed into Administrative Region I in 1937, when the regions were first established. Region I was retitled the Southeast Region in 1962, which was restructured into the Southeast Area in 1995. The reorganized unified Interior regions put it in the new Region 2.

 

The busiest season for visitors is from December to March, when temperatures are lowest and mosquitoes are least active. The park features five visitor centers: on the Tamiami Trail (part of U.S. Route 41) directly west of Miami is the Shark Valley Visitor Center. A fifteen-mile (24 km) round trip path leads from this center to a two-story observation tower. Tram tours are available during the busy season. Closest to Homestead on State Road 9336 is the Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, where a 38-mile (61 km) road begins, winding through pine rockland, cypress, freshwater marl prairie, coastal prairie, and mangrove ecosystems. Various hiking trails are accessible from the road, which runs to the Flamingo Visitor Center and marina, open and staffed during the busier time of the year. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center is closest to Everglades City on State Road 29 along the west coast. The Gulf Coast Visitor Center gives canoers access to the Wilderness Waterway, a 99-mile (160 km) canoe trail that extends to the Flamingo Visitor Center. The former Royal Palm State Park was the site of the first Everglades National Park visitor center and later became the Royal Palm Visitor Center within the park. The western coast of the park and the Ten Thousand Islands and the various key islands in Florida Bay are accessible only by boat.

 

Several walking trails in the park vary in hiking difficulty on Pine Island, where visitors can cross hardwood hammocks, pinelands, and freshwater sloughs. Starting at the Royal Palm Visitor Center, the Anhinga Trail is a half-mile self-guided tour through a sawgrass marsh where visitors can see alligators, marsh and wading birds, turtles, and bromeliads. Its proximity to Homestead and its accessibility make it one of the most visited sites in the park. The nearby Gumbo Limbo Trail is also self-guided, at half-mile long. It loops through a canopy of hardwood hammocks that include gumbo limbo (Bursera simaruba), royal palms (Roystonea), strangler figs (Ficus aurea), and a variety of epiphytes.

 

Twenty-eight miles (45 km) of trails start near the Long Pine Key campgrounds and wind through Long Pine Key, well-suited for offroad cycling through the pine rocklands in the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Wilderness Area. Two boardwalks allow visitors to walk through a cypress forest at Pa-Hay-O-Kee, which also features a two-story overlook, and another at Mahogany Hammock (referring to Swietenia mahagoni) that takes hikers through a dense forest in the middle of a freshwater marl prairie. Closer to Flamingo, more rugged trails take visitors through mangrove swamps, along Florida Bay. Christian Point Trail, Snake Bight Trail, Rowdy Bend Trail and Coastal Prairie Trail allow viewing of shorebirds and wading birds among the mangroves. Portions of the trails may be impassable depending on the time of year, because of mosquitoes and water levels. Ranger-led tours take place in the busier season only.

 

Camping is available year-round in Everglades National Park. Camping with some services is available at Long Pine Key, close to the Ernest F. Coe Visitor Center, where 108 sites are accessible by car. Near Flamingo, 234 campsites with some services are also available. Recreational vehicle camping is available at these sites, but not with all necessary services. Back-country permits are required for campsites along the Wilderness Waterway, Gulf Coast sites, and sites in the various keys. Several back-country sites are chickees; others are beach and ground sites.

 

Low-powered motorboats are allowed in the park; the majority of salt water areas are no-wake zones to protect manatees and other marine animals from harm. Jet skis, airboats, and other motorized personal watercraft are prohibited. Many trails allow kayaks and canoes. A state license is required for fishing. Fresh water licenses are not sold in the park, but a salt water license may be available. Swimming is not recommended within the park boundaries; water moccasins, snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), alligators, and crocodiles thrive in fresh water. Sharks, barracuda, and sharp dangerous coral are plentiful in salt water. Visibility is low in both salt water and fresh water areas.

 

Everglades National Park is an important part of the Great Florida Birding Trail. It has great biodiversity and many species of birds for bird watching and bird photography also.

 

Portions of Everglades National Park are ideal for dark sky observations in South Florida. The best viewing locations are in the remote southern and western areas of the Everglades, such as Flamingo and the Ten Thousand Islands. The Milky Way appears brightest when looking south, toward the least light-polluted areas.

 

Less than 50 percent of the Everglades which existed prior to drainage attempts remains intact today. Populations of wading birds dwindled 90 percent from their original numbers between the 1940s and 2000s. The diversion of water to South Florida's still-growing metropolitan areas is the Everglades National Park's number one threat. In the 1950s and 1960s, 1,400 miles (2,300 km) of canals and levees, 150 gates and spillways, and 16 pumping stations were constructed to direct water toward cities and away from the Everglades. Low levels of water leave fish vulnerable to reptiles and birds, and as sawgrass dries it can burn or die off, which in turn kills apple snails and other animals that wading birds feed upon. Populations of birds fluctuate; in 2009, the South Florida Water Management District claimed wading birds across South Florida increased by 335 percent. Following three years of increasing numbers, The Miami Herald reported in 2009 that populations of wading birds within the park decreased by 29 percent.

 

Cities along the west coast of Florida rely on desalinization for fresh water; the quantity demanded is too great for the land to provide. Nitrates in the underground water system and high levels of mercury also impact the quality of fresh water the park receives. In 1998, a Florida panther was found dead in Shark Water Slough, with levels of mercury high enough to kill a human. Increased occurrences of algal blooms and red tide in Biscayne Bay and Florida Bay have been traced to the amounts of controlled water released from Lake Okeechobee. The brochure given to visitors at Everglades National Park includes a statement that reads, "Freshwater flowing into the park is engineered. With the help of pumps, floodgates, and retention ponds along the park's boundary, the Everglades is presently on life support, alive but diminished."

 

A series of levees on the park's eastern border marks the line between urban and protected areas, but development into these areas threatens the park system. Florida still attracts nearly a thousand new residents every day,[119] and building residential, commercial and industrial zones near Everglades National Park stresses the water balance and ecosystems within the park. On the park's western border, Fort Myers, Naples, and Cape Coral are expanding, but no system of levees exists to mark that border. National Geographic rated both Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve the lowest-scoring parks in North America, at 32 out of 100. Their scoring system rated 55 parks by their sustainable tourism, destination quality, and park management. The experts who compiled the results justified the score by stating: "Encroachment by housing and retail development has thrown the precious ecosystem into a tailspin, and if humankind doesn't back off, there will be nothing left of one of this country's most amazing treasures".

 

Thirty-six federally protected animals live in the park, some of which face grave threats to their survival.

 

In the United States, the American crocodile's only habitat is within South Florida. They were once overhunted for their hides. They are protected today from hunting but are still threatened by habitat destruction and injury from vehicle collisions when crossing roads to reach waterways. About 2,000 crocodiles live in Florida, and there are roughly 100 nests in the Everglades and Biscayne National Parks. Crocodiles populations in South Florida have increased as has the number of alligators. Crocodiles were reclassified from "endangered" to "threatened" in the United States in 2007.

 

The Florida panther is one of the most endangered mammals on earth. About 230 live in the wild, primarily in the Everglades and the Big Cypress Swamp. The biggest threats to the panther include habitat destruction from human development, vehicle collisions, inbreeding due to their limited gene pool, parasites, diseases, and mercury poisoning.

 

Four Everglade species of sea turtle including the Atlantic green sea turtle, the Atlantic hawksbill, the Atlantic loggerhead (Caretta caretta), and the Atlantic ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) are endangered. Also, the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) is threatened. Numbers are difficult to determine, since males and juveniles do not return to their birthplace; females lay eggs in the same location every year. Habitat loss, illegal poaching, and destructive fishing practices are the biggest threats to these animals.

 

The range of the Cape Sable seaside sparrow is restricted to Everglades National Park and the Big Cypress Swamp. In 1981 6,656 Cape Sable seaside sparrows were reported in park boundaries, but surveys over 10 years documented a decline to an estimated 2,624 birds by 2002. Attempts to return natural levels of water to the park have been controversial; Cape Sable seaside sparrows nest about a foot off the ground, and rising water levels may harm future populations, as well as threaten the locally endangered snail kite. The Everglades snail kite eats apple snails almost exclusively, and the Everglades is the only location in the United States where this bird of prey exists. There is some evidence that the population may be increasing, but the loss of habitat and food sources keep the estimated number of these birds at several hundred.

 

The West Indian manatee has been upgraded from endangered to threatened. Collisions with boats and habitat loss are still its biggest threats.

 

Fire naturally occurs after lightning storms but takes its heaviest toll when water levels are low. Hardwood hammock and cypress trees are susceptible to heavy damage from fire, and some may take decades to grow back. Peat built up over centuries in the marsh can cause fires to burn deep scars in the soil. In 2007, Fred Sklar of the South Florida Water Management District said: "An extreme drought can be viewed (as) almost as catastrophic as a volcano. It can reshape the entire landscape. It can take 1,000 years to produce two inches of peat, and you can lose those couple of inches in a week."

 

Rising sea levels caused by global warming are another threat to the future of the park. Since 1932, ocean levels at Key West have steadily risen over 0.7 feet (0.2 m), which could have disastrous consequences for land so close to the ocean. It is estimated that within 500 years freshwater habitats in the Everglades National Park will be obliterated by salt water, leaving only the northernmost portion of the Everglades. Cost estimates for raising or replacing the Tamiami Trail and Alligator Alley with bridges are in the hundreds of millions of dollars.

 

Through Trump Administration, The Florida Department of Transportation, and Everglades National Park, there are plans to execute and complete the Next Steps project to help fix these various water issues, along with other parts of the park. This completion plan was announced in September 2020, will begin November 2020, and should be done by the end of 2024.

 

The introduction of non-native species into South Florida is a considerable problem for the park. Many of the biological controls such as weather, disease, and consumers who naturally limit plants in their native environments do not exist in the Everglades, causing many to grow larger and multiply far beyond their average numbers in their native habitats. Approximately 26 percent of all fish, reptiles, birds, and mammal species in South Florida are exotic—more than in any other part of the U.S.—and the region hosts one of the highest numbers of exotic plant species in the world.

 

Species that adapt the most aggressively to conditions in the Everglades, by spreading quickly or competing with native species that sometimes are threatened or endangered, are called "invasive". Thousands of exotic plant species have been observed in South Florida, usually introduced as ornamental landscaping, but park staff must eradicate such invasive plants as melaleuca tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), and Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum). Similarly, animals often do not find the predators or natural barriers to reproduction in the Everglades as they do where they originate, thus they often reproduce more quickly and efficiently. Lobate lac scale insects (Paratachardina pseudolobata) kill shrubs and other plants in hardwood hammocks. Bromeliad beetles (Metamasius callizona) destroy bromeliads and the ecosystems they host.

 

Walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) can deplete aquaculture stocks and they carry enteric septicemia. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) listed eight "Reptiles of Concern", including the Burmese python (Python molurus bivittatus), focusing on them for their large sizes and aggressive natures, allowing licensed hunters to kill any listed animals in protected areas and sell their meat and hides. Burmese pythons, two subspecies of African rock pythons (Python sebae; northern and southern), and yellow anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) were banned from import into the U.S. in 2012. United States Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar announced the inclusion of these reptiles at Everglades National Park. Exotic species control falls under the management of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which has been compiling and disseminating information about invasive species since 1994. Control of invasive species costs $500 million per year, but 1,700,000 acres (2,656.2 sq mi; 6,879.7 km2) of land in South Florida remains infested.

Textures

Nyhavn is a harbor district in Copenhagen , which is one of the city's most visited tourist destinations. The harbor was excavated from 1671 to 1673 by Danish soldiers and by Swedish prisoners of war from the Second Carl Gustav War as an alternative to the existing harbor . The "Nyhavnskanalen" was inaugurated by Christian V in the 1670s , but today it is simply called Nyhavn. Worth seeing are the over 300-year-old houses. The oldest house is Nyhavn no. 9 from 1681 . Today, Nyhavn is covered with sidewalk cafes and restaurants , especially on the north-east side, the sunny side.

 

For many years, Nyhavn was among the city's more sinister quarters, with sailors' taverns and the accompanying prostitutes. But in the 1980s, the area was thoroughly renovated, and Nyhavn today houses a number of nicer restaurants, cafes and bars. Among the best known are Nyhavn 17 and Cap Horn.

 

The poet HC Andersen lived in three of the houses over the course of twenty years. In 1834 he lived in no. 20, from 1848 to 1865 in no. 67 and from 1871 until his death in 1875 in no. 18.

 

The Nyhavnsbroen between Holbergsgade and Toldbodgade was originally built in 1874-1875 but was replaced by the current drawbridge in 1911-1912. The bridge divides Nyhavn into an inner part, where veteran ships are now located, and an outer part.

 

The memorial anchor at the end of Nyhavn was erected in 1951 in memory of the Danish sailors who perished during the Second World War .

 

Close to Nyhavn is the Inderhavnsbroen .

 

Copenhagen is Denmark's capital and with 1,363,296 inhabitants (2023) the country's largest urban area comprising 18 municipalities or parts thereof.

 

The inner city had 809,314 inhabitants on 1 July 2022 and is defined by Statistics Denmark as consisting of Copenhagen Municipality (area: 90.10 km 2 ; population: 647,509 1 July 2022 ), Frederiksberg Municipality (area: 8 .70 km 2 ; population: 104,094 1 July 2022), Tårnby Municipality (area: 66.10 km 2 ; population: 43,042 1 July 2022) and Dragør Municipality (area: 18.30 km 2 ; population: 14,669 1. July 2022.

 

Copenhagen is also the center of the Øresund region , which is the largest metropolitan area in the Nordic region . The Øresund region covers a total of 20,754.63 km 2 in eastern Denmark and Scania in Sweden and had a population of 4,136,082 on 1 July 2022, of which 2,711,554 lived in the Danish parts as of 1 January 2022.

 

The city is located on the east coast of the island of Zealand ; another part of the city extends to Amager and is separated by the Øresund from Malmö , Sweden. The Øresund connection connects the two cities via motorway and railway.

 

Copenhagen's history can be traced back to around the year 700, when there was a small fishing village where the city center is now. Copenhagen became Denmark's capital at the beginning of the 15th century. Originating in the 17th century, it consolidated its position as a regional power center with its institutions, defenses and troops. During the Renaissance, the city was the de facto capital of the Kalmar Union , being the seat of the royal house that ruled a majority of today's Nordic regions in a personal union with Sweden and Norway with the Danish monarch as head of state. The city flourished as a cultural and economic center in Scandinavia during the union for over 120 years, from the 15th century until the early 16th century, when the union was dissolved by Sweden's secession. After an outbreak of plague and fires in the 18th century, the city underwent a period of reconstruction. This included the construction of the exclusive Frederiksstaden neighborhood and the foundation of institutions such as the Royal Danish Theater and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts . After further misfortunes in the 19th century, when Horatio Nelson attacked the Danish-Norwegian fleet and bombarded the city, the reconstruction during the Danish Golden Age brought a neoclassical touch to Copenhagen's architecture. Later, after the Second World War, the Fingerplan fostered urban development along five S-train lines with Copenhagen as the centre.

 

Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has undergone strong urban and cultural development, facilitated by investments in its institutions and infrastructure. The city is Denmark's cultural, economic and administrative centre; it is one of the main financial centers in Northern Europe with the Copenhagen Stock Exchange . Copenhagen's economy has witnessed rapid development in the service sector, particularly through initiatives concerning information technology, pharmaceuticals and clean technology. Since the completion of the Øresund connection, Copenhagen has been increasingly integrated with the Swedish province of Skåne and its largest city Malmö, forming the Øresund region.

 

With a number of bridges connecting the different neighborhoods, the urban landscape is characterized by parks, promenades and waterfronts. Copenhagen's landmarks include Tivoli Gardens , The Little Mermaid , Amalienborg , Christiansborg , Rosenborg , the Marble Church , the Stock Exchange , the Glyptoteket , the National Museum , which are significant tourist attractions.

 

Copenhagen houses the University of Copenhagen , the Technical University of Denmark, CBS , the IT University of Copenhagen . Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is Denmark's oldest university. Copenhagen is home to the football clubs FC Copenhagen and Brøndby IF . Copenhagen Marathon started in 1980. Copenhagen is one of the world's most bicycle-friendly cities.

 

The name

Elaborating Further article: Copenhagen's name

Before the Middle Ages , the name of the town was probably Havn. In the Middle Ages, the city was called Køpmannæhafn in Old Danish ; a name that translated into modern Danish means merchants' harbor and is an expression of the importance that merchants had for the city at this time.

 

A number of other names built over the original Danish name for the city are used in different languages. Examples include Swedish Copenhagen , German and Dutch Kopenhagen , English Copenhagen , Italian Copenaghen , French and Spanish Copenhague , Portuguese Copenhaga , Latin Hafnia , Czech Kodaň , Icelandic Kaupmannahöfn and Faroese Keypmannahavn .

 

In 1923 , the Latin version of the name became the basis for the naming of the newly discovered element hafnium , as the discovery took place at the current Niels Bohr Institute .

 

Nicknames

As befits big cities, Copenhagen also has nicknames and even several of this kind:

 

King's Copenhagen : over the centuries, changing kings have left their mark on the capital. This applies in particular to Christian IV , who, in addition to expanding the area within the city walls to three times the size, contributed buildings such as Rosenborg , Rundetårn and Børsen .

The city with beautiful towers : tourist slogan created by brewer Carl Jacobsen in 1910. It alludes to the many towers and spires that then and now leave their mark on Indre By in particular, and to which the generous brewer himself also contributed in the form of the spire at Nicholas Church .

Wonderful Copenhagen ("wonderful Copenhagen"): both a tourist slogan made famous by the actor Danny Kaye , who sang about the city in a 1952 film about HC Andersen , and the name of the city's official tourism organization, Wonderful Copenhagen .

The Paris of the North is also occasionally seen , but unlike the others, this flattering comparison with the City of Cities is not exclusive, as it is shared with both Norway's Tromsø and Denmark's Aalborg .

 

The name "Copenhagen" is used both for the city as a whole, which includes all or parts of 17 other municipalities, for the city without its suburbs (cf. the image of the road signs, according to which Copenhagen and Vanløse are two different places) and for Copenhagen Municipality . This article covers the city as a whole.

 

The total urban area is defined geographically by the Geodata Agency (with the so-called polygon method ), where water areas are deducted. The method follows the UN 's guidelines, where in order for an urban area to be considered integrated, there must not be more than 200 meters between the houses (parks and the like not included). However, the Geodata Agency still counts the entire municipalities of Copenhagen and Tårnby , despite the fact that this includes large completely undeveloped areas, e.g. on western Amager , Saltholm and Peberholm . The area occupies a little over 450 km 2 , but the city of Copenhagen itself occupies far from this geographical size. Statistics Denmark then obtains the number of inhabitants via CPR . It is also Statistics Denmark that presents the aggregated information. The extent of Copenhagen – the metropolitan area's urban area – appears from Statistics Denmark's map of urban areas and rural districts . (Zoom in, let the mouse slide over the dark blue areas and see where it says 'Capital area in ... Municipality'). The outermost parts of Copenhagen are thus Kastrup , Tårnby , Karlslunde , Albertslund , Ballerup , Hareskovby , Bagsværd , Holte , Øverød , Søllerød , Nærum and Klampenborg – but with green wedges in between that extend to e.g. Avedøre and Rødovre .

 

Although the urban area is clearly demarcated by the authorities, they use different designations for it. The Geodata Agency uses Copenhagen, while Statistics Denmark uses the metropolitan area , and on the road signs along the approach roads, the Road Directorate has chosen Greater Copenhagen . However, Copenhagen is the only one of the three designations authorized by the Place Names Committee . [However, in all cases the same area is meant.

 

Many residents of Copenhagen's suburbs, however, identify to a greater extent with the municipality they live in. This may be to distance themselves from Copenhagen Municipality , which, as by far the largest municipality, naturally often steals the picture. In practice, however, Copenhagen is so densely built-up that in many places it is difficult to see where the borders between the individual municipalities actually go. Outsiders, however, will typically consider the city as a whole, although here and there there is also a tendency to either limit it to the Municipality of Copenhagen or expand it to the entire Capital Region . Therefore, Copenhagen's population is given in some places as approx. 0.6 million (of the municipality) or approx. 2.0 million (of the metropolitan region), where the correct number is 1,363,296 ( as of 1 January 2020 ).

 

Furthermore, a number of administrative divisions have used Copenhagen or the capital in their name. For example , the Capital Region also includes Bornholm , regardless of the fact that this island is approx. 130 km away, and the former Copenhagen County, despite the name, did not include the Municipality of Copenhagen , although the county seat was located there for a number of years.

 

History

Elaborating In-depth article: Copenhagen's history

History up to the 12th century

A number of finds from prehistoric times have been made in the Copenhagen area. At the building of Amager Strandpark, one found e.g. remains of a coastal settlement from the Neolithic . Burial mounds in the suburbs indicate human activity in prehistoric times, and many of the town names in the vicinity of Copenhagen also bear witness to the founding of towns in the greater Copenhagen area in the Viking Age .

 

Until recently, the oldest traces of urban settlement in the Copenhagen area were within the ramparts from around the year 1000, where traces of a small fishing village were found where Copenhagen is today. Fiskerlejet was located just north of Copenhagen's Town Hall around Mikkel Bryggers Gade, which at the time lay by the sea. But in connection with the excavation of the Metro, traces of boat bridges at Gammel Strand have been found, dating all the way back to around the year 700. During the excavation of the metro station at Kongens Nytorv, traces of a farm from the Viking Age have also been found.

 

1043-1536: The Middle Ages

The first time the precursor to Copenhagen under the name "Havn" is mentioned in the sources, is in connection with a naval battle between Svend Estridsen and the Norwegian king Magnus the Good in 1043. After that, there is silence about the city's fate in the next approx. 120 years.

 

It is likely that during the 12th century the city was able to profit from its central location between the large cathedral cities of Lund and Roskilde and thus was an important point for traffic and trade between the two cities. The natural harbor and the small island of Slotsholmen , which was easy to defend, probably also gave the city great advantages. In the second half of the 12th century, the silence about the town is broken, when Saxo mentions that Pope Urban III in 1186 confirms that the small town "Hafn", together with a number of other towns that King Valdemar had previously given to Bishop Absalon, must continue belong to Absalom. The exact year of King Valdemar's gift is not known, as the deed of gift that Absalon received has disappeared. From around 1167-1171 , Absalon built a castle and a city wall on the site.

 

Under Absalon's leadership, the city began to grow. Especially in the 13th century, the city expanded, so that it gradually came to cover a larger part of the area between Kongens Nytorv and Rådhuspladsen . Gråbrødre Kloster and the churches Our Lady , St. Peder (now St. Petri) and St. Nikolai were all built in the first half of the 13th century. The 13th century was a turbulent time in Danish history , which was expressed in the fierce battle between successive bishops and kings for the right to the city. However, in 1251 Bishop Jakob Erlandsen was able to force the pressured King Abel to surrender the city to him, and in 1254 this bishop gave the city its first city court. Five years later, in 1259, the city was attacked and plundered by the Rygian prince Jaromar .

 

Gradually, the city began to grow into the kingdom's largest and most important, although it had not yet become the capital. Although the city was the largest, there were still less than 5,000 inhabitants, and thus only a few hundred fewer in cities such as Ribe and Århus. The location in the middle of the kingdom with a natural harbor on an important sea trade route was ideal. In 1419, a Danish king, Erik of Pomerania , finally managed to permanently take power over the city from the church, and in 1443 Christopher III made the city a royal residence. In 1479 the university was founded. Copenhagen was now the country's most important city.

 

Christian IV was of great importance to Copenhagen. Under him, the city's old walls, which had hitherto been along Gothersgade around 1647, were moved, so that they ran along the current railway line between Nørreport and Østerport, bypassing the Nyboder newly built by Christian IV . Copenhagen's ramparts were also expanded with defenses in the newly built area of ​​Christianshavn .

 

From 1658-1660 during the First Karl Gustav War, Copenhagen was the last area in the kingdom under Danish control, but under siege by the Swedish troops led by Karl X Gustav . In February 1659, the Swedes tried to take the town by storm , but a joint effort by soldiers and the townspeople held them back. After the unsuccessful storming, however, the Swedes kept the city besieged until 27 May 1660. As an offshoot of the Peace of Copenhagen, the monarchy was introduced in 1660 under Frederik III and Copenhagen became an even more important city in Denmark, because it was from here that the increasingly centralist Danish state was governed. As part of this process, in 1660, Copenhagen got a new form of management called the City's 32 men , which was a precursor to the current Citizens' Representation .

 

In 1711-1712, one of the worst plague epidemics in Copenhagen's history ravaged . The plague killed approximately 22,000 of the city's approximately 60,000 inhabitants. A few years later, things went wrong once again, when just over a quarter of the city's buildings went up in smoke during a city fire in 1728 .

 

Inspired by European ideas, Frederiksstaden was founded in 1748 north of Kongens Nytorv with Amalienborg as the most beautiful part. In the latter half of the 18th century, during the Florissant period, Copenhagen experienced an enormous boom as a result of the profitable trade with the warring powers, England and France. However, the boom period ended for a time when first Christiansborg burned in 1794 and then a town fire in 1795 ravaged the inner city, and then the British navy came to claim Denmark's navy, which triggered the Battle of the Nest in 1801 , as part of the Napoleonic Wars . Parts of the city were also damaged in that conflict. However, the damage was far from the extent of the damage caused by the landed British army during the English bombardment of the city in 1807 , where large areas of the city burned down, as the British military used rockets. The medieval Church of Our Lady also went up in flames. The challenges for Denmark and Copenhagen end with the state bankruptcy in 1813 and the loss of Norway, and the accompanying trade from Copenhagen to Norway, in 1814.

 

After the tumultuous events in the years up to 1814, Denmark and Copenhagen had ended up as a small, poor country. It was therefore not immediately possible to rebuild the public buildings that had been destroyed by the bombardment, such as Our Lady's Church and the university , until well into the 19th century. When the economy finally got going, this gave rise to enormous development and most of Copenhagen's inner city is characterized by the reconstructions after the fires and the bombing. Culturally, Copenhagen came to form the framework for one of the most rewarding cultural periods in Danish history, the Golden Age , which was characterized by, among other things, CF Hansen , Bertel Thorvaldsen and Søren Kierkegaard . This was followed by industrialization in the second half of the 19th century. After a major cholera epidemic in 1853, it was finally decided to take down the old ramparts.

 

It was now allowed to build permanent, foundation-walled new construction outside the ramparts. This release, in combination with very liberal building legislation, led to a building boom in the bridge districts and a significant increase in the population. Around 1800, approximately 100,000 people lived in the capital, and at the start of the 20th century there were almost 500,000.

 

The new districts became very different: Frederiksberg and Østerbro became neighborhoods of the bourgeoisie ; Nørrebro and Vesterbro, on the other hand, became workers' districts.

 

As a replacement for the old fortress, the Estrup government adopted the construction of the large fortifications , including the Vestvolden, from 1886 . It was Denmark's largest workplace and was only later surpassed by the Great Belt connection . The construction of large projects such as the Free Harbor (1894), the Town Hall (1905) and the Central Station (1911) also left their mark. Copenhagen had become an industrial metropolis, home to companies on an international scale such as Burmeister & Wain , Østasiatisk Kompagni and the Great Nordic Telegraph Company .

 

After a weak start ( the Battle of Fælleden ), the labor movement had its breakthrough in the capital of the 20th century, where the post of finance mayor was taken over in 1903 by trade unionist Jens Jensen . In 1901, the municipality incorporated a number of parishes, including Brønshøj and Valby , and in 1902 the municipality of Sundbyernes was incorporated . The municipality's area was thus tripled, leaving Frederiksberg as an enclave in Copenhagen Municipality.

 

From World War I to the present

This section describes the period from the start of World War I in 1914 to the present day. The policy of neutrality meant that Copenhagen was not particularly affected by the First World War. The so-called goulash barons made a lot of money from stock speculation and from exporting meat products to Germany . After the First World War, there was a shortage of most things, and a great deal of unemployment contributed to a lot of unrest, especially in Copenhagen's working-class neighborhoods. In 1922, the Copenhagen-based Landmandsbanken went bankrupt, dragging many people down with it.

 

From 1917, the Social Democrats had a majority in the municipality's board. This led to increased public welfare, municipal housing construction, etc. The construction of Fælledparken and other parks was another result of the municipality's new social and health policy programme, which, among other things, as a result of the housing crises of 1908 and 1916 focused on building housing that was not influenced by building speculation. As buildings were built on the lands outside the Søerne and on the areas around e.g. Brønshøj and Valby, which had been merged with Copenhagen Municipality in 1901, approached Copenhagen with surrounding towns such as Lyngby, Herlev and Rødovre. And gradually these became suburbs. Due to a lack of suitable land in the inner city, much of the urban development took place around these cities. This development was also helped by more public transport, i.a. the opening of the S train lines from 1934.

 

During World War II, Copenhagen, like the rest of Denmark , was occupied by German troops. Several buildings were destroyed during the occupation either by sabotage or by attacks from the allied forces. Among these can be mentioned that the Shell House , which was the headquarters of the Gestapo , was bombed by British planes on 21 March 1945 . During this attack , the French School in Frederiksberg was hit and many children were killed. Many industrial buildings in Copenhagen were also blown up by the Danish resistance movement . One of the biggest popular protests against the conditions under the German occupation was the People's Uprising in 1944

 

After the war, the increasing use of motor vehicles became increasingly important for the city's development, and this caused the master plan's ideas of a Copenhagen built around collective S-train traffic to become somewhat diluted. Some suburbs grew up away from the S-train network. In the 1960s, development in the Municipality of Copenhagen seemed to have almost come to a standstill, while in the suburban municipalities people were building on life. Gladsaxe Municipality under Erhard Jakobsen and Albertslund are examples of this development in Copenhagen's surrounding municipalities.

 

Inner Copenhagen, on the other hand, experienced a period of decline from the 1960s with the relocation of industry and residents. This development began to reverse around 1990. Especially with the urban renewal plans from 1991, many run-down neighborhoods slowly but surely became desirable. With the construction of the subway and housing along the harbor, the inner city has become better connected. The construction of the Øresund Bridge in 2000 has connected Copenhagen with western Scania, and the city thus strengthened its status as the center of the Øresund region .

 

While Ungdomshuset på Jagtvej existed, the Nørrebro area in particular was regularly characterized by violent demonstrations that emanated from here. This culminated in the demolition of the house in March 2007, and subsided in mid-2008, when a new house was built for the young people in North West. Since then, there have been no major demonstrations based on the movement around the Youth House.

 

During the period, the housing market in the city was approx. 2002–2007, along with the rest of the country, characterized by a housing bubble. This stopped, as in the rest of Denmark, in 2006/2007, when large price drops were experienced. However, Copenhagen recovered quickly and the Copenhagen housing market has been characterized by rising prices since 2009 and today ( 2021 ) prices are higher than prices were at their peak in 2006. At the beginning of the period, it was also possible to assess cooperative housing according to market price. This opened up the otherwise closed co-operative housing market, and instead of being traded through closed lists and sometimes money under the table, co-operative housing is now most often traded in free trade. During the bubble period it was popular to settle in Malmö in Sweden and work in Copenhagen. ​​In 2021, there have been large price increases again and some politicians spoke of further restrictions on the possibilities of borrowing, while others spoke of the fact that it was not necessary.

 

In 2020, Copenhagen, like the rest of Denmark and the rest of the world, was hit by the Coronavirus pandemic . The authorities recommended homework and shut down entertainment.

 

Future plans

Until around 2025, four major expansion areas are planned in the Municipality of Copenhagen, which will provide space for 45,000 new Copenhageners; Ørestad south of Field's and on Amager Fælled , Nordhavnen , Valby around New Ellebjerg Station and the Carlsberg plot north of Carlsberg Station are to be developed. Likewise, it is planned that the former freight railway area between Dybbølsbro Station and Hovedbanegården is to be developed, but primarily with business, i.a. hotels and Ikea . All the areas are either old industrial areas or land reclamation, except for Amager Fælled which is originally salt meadow. The municipality of Copenhagen is also planning a very large development in the north-eastern harbor area in the form of Lynetteholmen .

 

In the preliminary municipal plan 2021, Frederiksberg Municipality plans urban development around e.g. Nordens Plads and the Hospital grounds where Frederiksberg Hospital used to be located. In addition, the focus is on conservation and hollow filling with either new buildings or green areas.

 

In Rødovre there are three primary urban development areas Rødovre North, the City Core (around Rødovre Centrum ) and Rødovre South. At the City Center, among other things, the possibilities of making a metro stop by extending one of the existing metro lines.

 

A major challenge with the many additional residents will be to make room for the traffic in the city. The extension in 2019 of the metro with the City Ring and the construction of light rail along ring 3 from Lyngby to Ishøj should create even more coherence in Copenhagen's public transport. There has also been talk for many years about an Eastern Ring Road around the central parts of the city. One possibility is that the eastern ring road can go over Lynetteholmen .

 

Geography

Geographically, Copenhagen is located in north-eastern Zealand with part of the city on the island of Amager . Western Copenhagen stretches relatively flat further into Zealand, while to both north and south you can experience more hilly terrain. In north-western Copenhagen, e.g. around Søborg and Høje Gladsaxe a larger chain of hills with heights up to 50 meters above sea level. These hilly landscapes in northern Copenhagen are intersected by a number of lakes and Mølleåen . Due to height in the Gladsaxe area, the Gladsaxe transmitter and Copenhagen's water supply have been placed here . In the south-western part of Copenhagen, a calcareous landslide rises at the Carlsberg fault . The more central parts of Copenhagen consist primarily of flatter landscape, alternating in Valby and Brønshøj with less domed hills. Two valley systems follow these small hill ranges from northeast to southwest. In one valley you will find the lakes , in the other you will find Damhussøen . These smaller valleys are crossed by the rivers Harrestrup Å and Ladegårdsåen . Amager and most of the inner city is flat coastal land.

 

Geologically speaking, Copenhagen, like most of Denmark, rests on an Ice Age bedrock moraine landscape, which in turn rests on a harder subsoil of limestone . In certain places in the area, there is only ten meters down to the limestone layer, which caused considerable problems during the construction of the metro.

 

Religion

A majority (56.5%) of those who live in the Diocese of Copenhagen are members of the People's Church, and the number is decreasing. The national cathedral, Vor Frue Kirke, is one of numerous churches in Copenhagen. There are also several other Christian congregations in the city, the largest of which is Roman Catholic.

 

Foreign immigration to Copenhagen, which has increased over the past three decades, has contributed to increasing religious diversity; The Hamad Bin Khalifa Civilization Center opened in 2014. Islam is the second largest religion in Copenhagen, making up an estimated 10% of the population. Although there are no official statistics, it is estimated that a significant proportion of the estimated 175,000–200,000 Muslims in the country live in the Copenhagen area, with the highest concentration in Nørrebro and Vesteggen . There are also up to 7,000 Jews in Denmark, with most living in Copenhagen, where there are several synagogues. Jews have a long history in the city and the first synagogue in Copenhagen was built in 1684. Today, the history of Danish Jews can be experienced at the Danish Jewish Museum in Copenhagen.

 

Music, theater and opera

The oldest and most famous theater in the capital is the Royal Theater , founded in 1748 , located at the end of Kongens Nytorv. Since its foundation, the theater has been the national stage for theatre , plays , opera and ballet . The theater has a large stage called Gamle scene , which can accommodate approx. 1,600 spectators. Within the last few years, however, opera and plays have been given independent buildings. The opera house was built in 2005 on Holmen opposite Amalienborg and can accommodate up to 1,703 spectators. The theater was built in 2008 at Kvæsthusbroen near Nyhavn. The Royal Danish Ballet can still be found on the old stage of the Royal Danish Theatre. Since it was founded in 1748, it is one of the oldest ballet companies in Europe. It is the home of the Bournonville ballet style .

 

In addition to the more traditional offerings such as theatre, opera and ballet, which the Royal Theater can offer, there are a multitude of other theaters that offer reinterpretations of classic plays as well as completely new pieces and genres, such as Folketeatret and Nørrebro Teater .

 

Copenhagen has had a large jazz scene for many years . Jazz came to Copenhagen in the 1960s, when American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster , Thad Jones and Dexter Gordon moved to the city. Musically, they gathered at Jazzhus Montmartre , which in the 1960s was the European center for modern jazz. The jazz club closed in 1995, reopened in May 2010, but is expected to close again in 2020/2021 due to challenges arising in connection with the shutdown due to the corona epidemic. Every year in July, the Copenhagen Jazz Festival is celebrated , which fills venues and squares with jazz concerts.

 

The most important venue for rhythmic music in Copenhagen is Vega on Vesterbro, which was voted "best concert venue in Europe" by the international music magazine Live Pumpehuset and Den Grå Hal are also popular indoor concert venues. The largest indoor concerts are held in the Park , where there is room for up to 55,000 spectators. The biggest outdoor concerts are often arranged in Valbyparken , including Grøn Koncert , which has ended the tour in Copenhagen since 1985 and since 2017 has also started in Copenhagen.

 

For free entertainment, you can take a walk up Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads , which in the late afternoon and evening transforms into an improvised three-ring circus with musicians, magicians , jugglers and other street performances.

 

Museums

As Denmark's capital, Copenhagen contains some of the most important collections of Danish history and culture, but some museums also have collections of great international quality. The National Museum , founded in 1807, is the most important museum in Denmark for culture and history. The museum contains, among other things, a multitude of ancient finds with priceless objects such as The Sun Chariot . New Carlsberg Glyptotek also displays a wide collection of objects from prehistoric times to the present day. The museum has ancient collections from Mesopotamia , Egypt including a large collection of mummies , Ancient Greece with a piece from the Parthenon Frieze that is of international quality, and various artifacts from Ancient Rome . The Glyptotek is completely unique and the only one of its kind in the Nordic countries .

 

The Statens Museum for Kunst is the country's largest art museum with large collections and often exhibitions of recent art. Thorvaldsen's Museum from 1848 with Bertel Thorvaldsen's many figures was the city's first proper art museum. The Hirschsprung collection contains mostly paintings from the Golden Age and by the Skagen painters . The modern art is presented primarily in Arken in Ishøj and Louisiana in Humlebæk north of Copenhagen.

 

In addition to Danish art and handicrafts , David's Collection contains one of the ten most important collections of Islamic art in the Western world. The war museum from 1838 contains an enormous collection of military equipment from the Middle Ages until recent times.

 

The natural history museums are represented by the Botanical Garden , the Geological Museum and the Zoological Museum . The three museums have entered into a collaboration, the Statens Natural History Museum, and are expected to be united in a building at the Botanical Gardens in 2024 as a national natural history museum. Experimentarium and Planetarium deal with general physics and astronomy .

 

Copenhagen also contains more specialized museums such as the Arbejdermuseet , Frihedsmuseet , Copenhagen City Museum , Storm P Museum and Enigma (expected to open in 2022) which is a successor to the Post & Tele Museum .

 

Parks, forests, lakes and beaches

Copenhagen has a number of parks, the two largest being Valbyparken and Fælledparken , respectively. 64 and 58 ha. Valbyparken is also surrounded by football pitches and allotment gardens. A beach is being built ( as of 2021 ) at the water's edge facing the Port of Copenhagen. The large lawn in the park lays, among other things, place for Green Concert . The public park on Østerbro is among the most visited attractions in Denmark, with several million visitors a year. The third largest park in Copenhagen is Frederiksberg Have (32 ha). Here you can e.g. enjoy the view of Norman Foster's elephant house in the Zoo , which occupies the western part of the garden.

 

In addition to parks, the city has some very open natural areas, the largest of which is Amager Fælled at 223 ha. Amager Fælled consists of approx. one quarter original salt marsh and three quarters filled seabed. The community has been continuously reduced and has ceded areas to e.g. Ørestad and ball fields. There are currently being prepared to be built in the southern part. This construction creates ( as of 2021 ) a lot of debate, especially in the Copenhagen media and in Copenhagen politics. In addition, there is the Sydhavnstippen , which is a 40 ha natural area with plenty of wildlife and plant life.

 

Another very popular park is Kongens Have in central Copenhagen with Rosenborg Castle . The park has been open to the public since the beginning of the 18th century. Centrally in the city along the former ramparts are a number of parks, of which Tivoli is the best known.

 

Something special for Copenhagen is that several cemeteries also have a double function as parks, although only for quiet activities. Assistens Kirkegård , where HC Andersen is buried, among other things, is an important green breathing hole for Indre Nørrebro . It is official policy in Copenhagen that in 2015 all residents must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes.

 

In addition to parks, Copenhagen also has a number of forests, including Vestskoven (15 km²) in the western part and Hareskoven (9 km²) in the northwestern part. The animal park (11 km²) is located in the northern part and contains both forest, plain and a golf course.

 

Just west of the ring of parks from the old ramparts are Copenhagen's Indre Søer . Other significant lakes include Damhussøen and i.a. Utterslev Mose and Bagsværd Lake .

 

Copenhagen has a number of sandy beaches. The largest is Amager Strandpark , which opened in 2005 , which includes a 2 km long artificial island and a total of 4.6 km of sandy beach. In addition, there are e.g. beaches at Bellevue and Charlottenlund along the north coast and Brøndby along the south coast. The beaches are complemented by several harbor baths along the waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge .

 

Media and Film

Many Danish media companies have their headquarters in Copenhagen. The state-funded DR started its radio activities here in 1925. At the beginning of the 1950s, the company was also responsible for spreading television throughout the country. Today, the media company has several television and TV channels, which are controlled from DR Byen , built in 2006/07 in Ørestad . The Odense -based TV 2 has gathered its Copenhagen activities at Teglholmen .

 

Two of the three major national newspapers, Politiken and Berlingske , as well as the two major tabloid newspapers , Ekstra Bladet and BT, have their headquarters in Copenhagen. Furthermore, Jyllands-Posten has a newsroom in the city. In 2003 Politikens Hus merged with Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten and formed the company JP/Politikens Hus . Berlingske , founded in 1749, is Denmark's oldest newspaper. Berlingske Media , which i.a. publisher Berlingske is owned by the London -based Mecom Group . In addition, there are a large number of local newspapers such as Vesterbro Avis . Other media companies include Aller Media , which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in Scandinavia, Egmont , which, among others, is behind Nordisk Film , and Gyldendal , the largest Danish book publisher.

 

Copenhagen also has a relatively large film and television industry. Filmbyen , located on a disused military base in the suburb of Hvidovre , houses several film companies and studios. Among the film companies is Zentropa , in which the film director Lars von Trier is a co-owner, who is behind several international film productions and who was one of the founders of the dogma movement . Historically, Copenhagen, and especially the company Nordisk Film , was the center of the film industry in Northern Europe in the 1910s and 1920s, with hundreds of annual film productions. Nordisk Film in Valby still produces many films and today has 1,200 employees (as of 2006 ) and is the largest producer and distributor of electronic entertainment in the Nordics.

 

The largest concentration of cafes is in Indre By, Østerbro and Vesterbro. The first Copenhagen cafe opened in 1831 at the Hotel D'Angleterre , but it was only with the opening of Café Sommersko in 1976 that the cafe culture really came to Copenhagen, and there are now over 300 cafes spread across the city.

 

Copenhagen's nightlife is centered around Indre by, Nørrebro and Vesterbro, i.a. Laurits Betjent , Nasa , Rust and Vega .

 

Within the last decade, Copenhagen has really distinguished itself with restaurants that can measure up among the best. Most prominent is Noma , with 2 stars in the Michelin guide since 2007, which has also been named the best restaurant in the world. In addition to Noma, Copenhagen had 11 restaurants that have received one star in the Michelin guide per 2021. With 18 stars, Copenhagen is the Nordic city with the most stars, which has been the case for a number of years. In 2016, Restaurant Geranium was the first Danish restaurant ever to receive three Michelin stars (which is the highest score), which they have maintained ever since.

 

The sausage cart has traditionally been the favorite place to eat for the little hungry, but is now being challenged by burger bars, pizzerias , shawarma and sushi bars and the like. Smørrebrød restaurants are another type of lunch catering that is characteristic of Copenhagen.

 

Copenhagen is the capital in the world where organic food has the largest market share. One in ten purchases is organic in Copenhagen.

 

Sports

Copenhagen represents a wide range of sports and is often a leader in the field in Denmark . Larger sports facilities include The park , but also e.g. Brøndby Stadium , Farum Park and Gladsaxe Stadium for football, Østerbro Stadium for athletics, Ballerup Super Arena for track cycling , Rødovre Skøjte Arena for ice hockey , Brøndbyhallen for handball and Bagsværd Rostadion for rowing .

 

The largest Danish stadium Parken , located on Østerbro , is both the home ground for the Danish national football team and the football club FC Copenhagen . FC Copenhagen has for a number of years been very dominant in the Danish Superliga with thirteen championships since 2000 . In addition, Copenhagen is, among other things, hometown of football clubs Brøndby IF , AB , B.93 , Frem and Fremad Amager . In addition to the park, larger football stadiums include Brøndby Stadium (Denmark's second largest), Gladsaxe Stadium and Farum Park . Østerbro Stadium is the city's largest stadium for athletics .

 

Within handball , KIF Kolding København is the biggest Copenhagen team. However, they only have a men's team associated with the handball league . KIF Kolding Copenhagen is a partial continuation of AG Copenhagen , which merged with Kolding IF Handball . Despite great success in the Champions League in the spring of 2012 , AG Copenhagen suddenly fell into financial crisis in the summer of the same year , which led to the club filing for bankruptcy on 31 July 2012 .

 

Within athletics , it is the club Sparta in particular that has made a name for itself and the men's team has won the Danish athletics tournament 29 years in a row until 2014 and the women's team has won the Danish athletics tournament 17 years in a row until 2014. The Copenhagen Athletics Games were held in the period 2005 –2007, and before that the Copenhagen Games were held (1973-1986). Both aspired to display world-class athleticism.

 

The DM in ice hockey for men was won many times until the mid-1970s by the Copenhagen clubs KSF and Rungsted IK . Since then, the DM has primarily been won by Jutland clubs, while Rungsted Seier Capital and Rødovre Mighty Bulls have changed to being Copenhagen's best men's ice hockey team. On the women's side, Hvidovre Ishockey Klub has been very dominant in the DM with 8 championships in the 10 tournaments since 2011, often with Herlev IK as the closest competitor.

 

Copenhagen has a long tradition of rowing and has produced several national team rowers. DSR , which is Denmark's largest rowing club, and Kvik , both located in Svanemøllebugten , have rowed the traditional swan mill match every year since 1895 . In addition, there are a number of other clubs, e.g. Copenhagen Rowing Club and Bagsværd Rowing Club .

 

Copenhagen can display a number of golf courses , including Copenhagen Golf Club in Dyrehaven and Royal Golf Center in Ørestad . The Royal Golf Center has been built with a view to being able to hold PGA tournaments .

 

In the Municipality of Copenhagen, plans have been made to make Copenhagen the host of future international sporting events. In 2009 , Copenhagen hosted the World Outgames , which is an international gay sporting event. And the ambition of holding world championships in e.g. handball and ice hockey are currently being strengthened by the construction of the Copenhagen Arena .

 

For equestrian sports, the Charlottenlund Track , which opened in 1891 and is the oldest in the Nordic region , can be found in the northern suburbs . Likewise, to the north, there is also the Klampenborg Galopbane . From 1922 to 1976, the Amager Trotting Track also existed in Tårnby .

 

Copenhagen was one of the host cities at the European Football Championship 2020 , which took place in June and July 2021. Three group stage matches and a round of 16 final were played in Parken .

 

The 1st stage of the Tour de France 2022 was run as a single start in the city center on 1 July .

 

Economy

Elaborating In-depth article: Copenhagen's economy

As the country's largest urban area, the capital area is a natural economic powerhouse for the country, but also for southern Sweden, the urban area plays an important economic role.

 

Previously, Copenhagen was characterized by a number of large industrial companies such as Burmeister & Wain and Dansk Sojakagefabrik . Copenhagen was also the starting point for CF Tietgen's extensive network of companies ( Privatbanken , Det Store Nordiske Telegrafselskab , De Danske Spritfabrikker and others). However, since the end of the Second World War, in line with similar trends in the rest of Europe, heavy industry has moved outside the city or completely out of the country, and Copenhagen has increasingly become a city of knowledge.

 

Politically, most of the central administration is located in Copenhagen, where most ministries have offices on or in the area around Slotsholmen . Likewise, most agencies are located in the Copenhagen area, which together with the many private knowledge workplaces provides a highly specialized labor market with many knowledge-intensive jobs.

 

The Copenhagen area is home to a handful of strong business clusters in the areas of biotech , cleantech , IT and shipping . The clusters within biotech and cleantech have many overlaps, within e.g. biomass production. Both clusters are supported by cluster organizations for the growth and promotion of the industries. Within biotech, the cluster organization is Medicon Valley and within cleantech/environmental technology, it is the newly founded Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster . Clusters have received a greater focus from the regional political side, as clusters such as the cleantech cluster cover more than 350 companies and approx. 30,000 jobs.

 

Several of the largest Danish companies have their headquarters in the city area; especially companies within the pharmaceutical industry ( Novo Nordisk , Lundbeck , Ferring and others) and shipping ( AP Møller-Mærsk , Torm , D/S Norden , J. Lauritzen) are important for the area's economy. Likewise, several large financial groups together with the National Bank characterize central Copenhagen, including Danske Bank , Nordea Bank Danmark and Nykredit . Carlsberg , ISS and Skandinavisk Tobakskompagni are other large companies headquartered in the Copenhagen area.

 

Tourism

According to the tourist organization HORESTA, the number of hotel nights in the capital region in 2018 was approx. nine million, which is approx. 1 million more than in 2012. Most foreign tourists in Copenhagen continue to come from Sweden , Norway and Germany .

 

Hotels

Elaborating Detailed article: Copenhagen hotels

In Copenhagen, there are five 5-star hotels, which include counts Hotel Nimb in Tivoli and Hotel Skt. Petri in Indre By . An extensive renovation in 2012–2013 of the famous Hotel D'Angleterre on Kongens Nytorv has made the hotel Copenhagen's only 6-star hotel.

 

Copenhagen has a total of 12 hotels with more than 300 rooms and Europe's largest hostel, Danhostel Copenhagen City at Kalvebod Brygge , with a total of 1020 beds. The city's – and Scandinavia's – largest hotel is the 75 meter high Bella Sky Comwell in Ørestad with a total of 812 rooms spread over two towers. With its 86 meters and 26 floors , the Radisson Blu Scandinavia Hotel at Islands Brygge is Denmark's tallest hotel. 8 out of Copenhagen's 11 largest hotels were built in the 21st century , whereas the Admiral Hotel in Frederiksstaden , which opened in 1978 , is located in a building built in 1787 . The Radisson Blu Royal Hotel by Arne Jacobsen from 1960 is also worth mentioning. It is centrally located at Vesterport .

 

Cruise tourism

Since the 1990s, cruise tourism – like many other large port cities in Europe and the rest of the world – has seen significant growth in Copenhagen. In the period 2005-2012, the number of calls increased by over 100, and the number of passengers almost doubled as the tonnage increased. In the Port of Copenhagen, cruise ships dock in three different – ​​and from 2014 four – areas : Langeliniekaj , Nordre Toldbod , Frihavnen and Nordhavnen (opens in 2014). In 2012, a cruise ship docked in the Port of Copenhagen 372 times with a total of 840,000 passengers, which was the best season so far in both Copenhagen and the rest of Denmark. Copenhagen is thus Scandinavia's largest cruise port and Northern Europe's second largest, surpassed only by Southampton .

 

Business clusters

The Copenhagen area is home to a handful of strong business clusters in the areas of biotech , cleantech , IT and shipping . The clusters within biotech and cleantech have many overlaps, within e.g. biomass production. Both clusters are supported by cluster organizations for the growth and promotion of the industries. Within biotech, the cluster organization is Medicon Valley and within cleantech/environmental technology, it is the newly founded Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster . The latter is considered one of the strongest in the world, partly as a result of annual growth rates of over 10% within exports.

 

Within shipping, the activities are gathered in The Danish Maritime Cluster , which has its center in Copenhagen. It is one of the world's leading maritime clusters, and accounts for 24% of Denmark's exports and 10% of total Danish production. The cluster as a whole employs 80,000 people in the companies themselves and 35,000 in related occupations, the majority of which are found in the large shipping companies in Copenhagen. The cluster has a large number of partners in education and research, including among others CBS , the University of Copenhagen and DTU . The organization of the cluster is led by the Maritime Development Center and Europe , which is also located in the city.

 

Within financial IT, there is also a business cluster. While finance and IT make up 5% of Denmark's general employment, the figure is 14% for the Capital Region. Since 2009, the organization Copenhagen Finance IT Region has tried to develop and maintain the industry in the region. One of the challenges is that 50% of jobs in the sector are at risk in relation to outsourcing, compared to 25% for the service sector in general. The cluster organization has a number of partners, including CBS , the Swedish Financial Agency , Dansk Metal and DI ITEK .

 

Retail

Strøget and Købmagergade are the two biggest shopping streets with the biggest and most common shops, while many of the side streets have the more "quirky" shops. On Gammeltorv by Strøget is the Caritas well, which is considered one of the finest memorials from the Renaissance . [169] In the bridge districts, especially the main streets, such as Nørrebrogade , Amagerbrogade and Østerbrogade from the center, function as traditional shopping streets.

 

In central Copenhagen are the department stores Magasin du Nord , Illum and Illums Bolighus , while shopping centers are found in several different places in the city, with Fields in Ørestad, City 2 in Taastrup and Fisketorvet at Dybbølsbro being the largest. In the central districts, other centers include e.g. Amager Centre , Frederiksberg Centre , Nørrebro City Center and Spinderiet in Valby, as well as Copenhagen Central Station and Copenhagen Airport also contain a number of shops. In the suburban areas there are e.g. Lyngby Storcenter , Glostrup Storcenter and Rødovre Centrum .

 

Architecture and urban planning

Copenhagen is famous for having a balance between new and old architecture and a homogeneous building mass of 5-6 storeys in height. In 2008 , the Citizens' Representative Council decided that Indre By should be kept free of high-rise buildings . Thus, large parts of Indre By appear quite well preserved despite historic city fires and bombardments, although many of the famous towers and spires are of recent date. However, large city fires have meant that there are not very many buildings older than 1728 left. Contrary to e.g. Stockholm is Copenhagen, characterized by point-by-point renovations of the building stock rather than violent clearances of larger neighborhoods. At the same time, the economy has often put restrictions on the most ambitious projects, which is why knock-on solutions such as at the Statens Museum for Art are widespread. Large parts of Indre By are subject to building conservation .

 

Some of the oldest buildings in the inner city are Sankt Petri Church from the 15th century and the Consistory House from approx. 1420 . Christian IV occupies a special place in the city's history. Not only did he double the city's area and build Christianshavn and Nyboder, but he was also the capital's first urban planner. Of all the king's many magnificent buildings, Børsen (1619–25) in the Dutch Renaissance style stands out as a unique building in European architecture. Baroque Copenhagen is also represented by the famous twisted staircase spire on the tower of Our Saviour's Church .

 

The new district of Frederiksstaden , which was started in 1749, was characterized by the Rococo style. In the center, a large square, Amalienborg Palace Square , was built with four noble palaces surrounding the Equestrian Statue of Frederik 5. . The entire neighborhood is included in the Kulturkanonen .

 

After the city's fire in 1795 and the British bombardment in 1807, large parts of the city had to be rebuilt. It became a house, with corners cut off so that the fire escapes could get around the corners. Most of Indre By is characterized by this architecture.

 

The fall of the ramparts (1856) was the start of an unbridled era, where new neighborhoods quickly sprung up. In the bridge quarters and on Gammelholm , an abysmal difference arose between the decorated facades facing the street and the dark backyards and small apartments.

 

One of the greatest architects of the 20th century, Arne Jacobsen, introduced modernism to Denmark and marked the city with, among other things, Royal Hotel (1960) and Nationalbank (1978).

 

The post-war planning of the capital area was supported by the Finger plan (1947). The finger plan determined that the urban densification in the future should primarily be concentrated in corridors along the S-Bahn network, while the spaces in between should be kept free for green areas.

 

The 1970s and 1980s were characterized by international modular architecture with no distinctive character and a building zeal that was mainly concentrated around the suburban municipalities, most often in the form of prefabricated concrete construction . In the central parts of Copenhagen during the period, the focus was mostly on urban renovations , this time aimed at the miserable backyard carts in the bridge districts.

 

At the beginning of the 1990s, the Municipality of Copenhagen was in crisis, but there was still enough money to initiate large conservation urban renewal projects on Vesterbro and Amagerbro . The construction of Ørestad was supposed to help pull the capital out of the doldrums.

 

Towards the end of the century, a real flourishing in architecture began with the additions to the Statens Museum for Art and the Royal Library. Then followed significant buildings such as the Opera House , the Theater House and the Tietgen College in Ørestad Nord.

 

High-rises and towers

Copenhagen has long been a densely built-up but not very tall city. This is due, among other things, to a great respect for the city's historic towers and very strict local plans . In the past 100 years, the general maximum building height has been approx. 25 meters. This has meant that the tallest buildings in Indre By to date are the towers and spires of Copenhagen City Hall , Christiansborg , Our Saviour's Church and Nikolaj Kunsthal .

 

The tallest buildings in Copenhagen are Herlev Hospital at 120 m and the tower at Christiansborg at 106 m. [ source missing ] However, the tallest man-made structure in Copenhagen is the Gladsaxesenderen at 220 metres. With its 267 m (incl. 47 m natural height), the top of the Gladsaxesenderen is the third highest point in Denmark after two other transmitter masts. [ source missing ] Domus Vista in Frederiksberg was, until Turning Torso in Malmö was inaugurated in 2005, the tallest residential building in the Nordic region, but is now only the second tallest.

 

Famous Copenhageners

Frank Arnesen , soccer player, soccer coach and talent manager

Bille August , film director

Herman Bang , journalist and author

Niels Bohr , physicist and Nobel Prize winner

Aage Bohr , physicist and Nobel laureate (Niels Bohr's son)

Victor Borge , entertainer

August Bournonville , ballet choreographer

Georg Brandes , cultural and literary critic

Helena Christensen , supermodel

Tove Ditlevsen , author

Carl Th. Dreyer , film director

Rune Glifberg , skateboarder

Vilhelm Hammershøi , painter

Gus Hansen , poker player

Iben Hjejle , actor

Peter Høeg , author

Arne Jacobsen , architect and designer

JC Jacobsen , founder of the Carlsberg brewery

Robert Jacobsen artist

CV Jørgensen , singer and songwriter

Søren Kierkegaard , philosopher

Per Kirkeby , painter

Christen Købke , painter

Kim Larsen , singer, guitarist and songwriter

Michael Laudrup , footballer

Bjørn Lomborg , political scientist and author

Lauritz Melchior , opera singer

Mads Mikkelsen , actor

Andreas Mogensen , astronaut

Maersk Mc-Kinney Møller , shipowner

Verner Panton , architect

Dirch Passer , comedian and actor

Peter Schmeichel , soccer player

Julius Thomsen , chemist

Bertel Thorvaldsen , sculptor

Lars von Trier , film director

Dan Turèll , author

Lars Ulrich , drummer and songwriter for Metallica

Jørn Utzon , architect

Mads Dittmann Mikkelsen R. actor

Magnus Millang actor

Archaeological Site of Perge

 

UNESCO Tentative Lists

 

whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5411/

 

Description

 

Perge, the long-established city of Pamphylia region, is located 18 km east of Antalya and 2 km north of Aksu Village. The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

Archaeological finds in Perge date back to different periods beginning from the Late Chalcolitic Ages. It's revealed through the even rarely found remains that Perge had been settled permanently in Early Bronze Ages, meaning that it is a significant settlement witnessing permanent land use from the beginning of that time.

One of the remains belonging to early periods of settlement has been excavated in Bogazköy. "Parha" name written on a bronze plate by cuneiform script and documenting an agreement in 13th BC is associated with the name of Perge. Any remains contemporary with the bronze plate has not been found yet.

During the Hellenistic period, the city also enlarged through the campaign in the south. City Walls of that era and a part of it (South Gate-the circular shaped tower) have been unearthed.

The city is also known with the local sculptures. On the other hand, the women were very active on the administrative level of the city. This is also emphasized with the fine sculptures of the important women such as Platia Magna.

Perge reigned by the Romans beginning from BC 133 by the legacy of Pergamon. An inscription excavated in Perge reveals the state organizations in the 1st AD and the location of Perge within this organizational scheme. According to this inscription, a federal state of Lykia and Pamphylia has been founded and Perge partook within this administration. The city benefited from the prosperity and built monumental structures, while welfare period last until the mid of the 3rd AD. The city remained under the Easter Roman domain beginning from the 5th AD, and then reigned by the Seljuks, Hamidogullari and the Ottomans respectively.

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

  

Perga is today an archaeological site and a tourist attraction. Ancient Perge, one of the chief cities of Pamphylia, was situated between the Rivers Catarrhactes (Düden Nehri) and Cestrus (Aksu), 60 stadia (about 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi)) from the mouth of the latter; the site is in the modern Turkish village of Murtana on the Suridjik sou, a tributary of the Cestrus, formerly in the Ottoman vilayet of Konya. Its ruins include a theatre, a palaestra, a temple of Artemis and two churches. The temple of Artemis was located outside the town.

Another big ancient city in the area is Selge, Pisidia, located about 20km to the northeast

  

The Archaeological site of Perge has been excavated systemically by Istanbul University since 1946.

  

Excavation Studies:

 

Perge excavations are one of Turkey's well-established scientific studies started by Istanbul University about 70 years ago. These studies - such as Arif Müfid Mansel, Jale İnan and Haluk Abbasoğlu - were the great masters of Turkish archeology. Scientific studies are carried out by Antalya Museum from 2012

  

Arif Müfid Mansel

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/antalyabolgesimerkezi/?p=6570‎13

 

Jale Inan

 

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jale_%C4%B0nan

 

Haluk Abbasoğlu

 

edebiyat.istanbul.edu.tr/klasikarkeoloji/?p=6999

  

External links

  

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perga

 

Perge’yi görmeyen Antalya’yı görmüş sayılmaz

  

Ertugrul Gunay:

 

www.hurriyet.com.tr/seyahat/yazarlar/ertugrul-gunay/perge...

   

details on my blog

The Nayanars or Nayanmars (Tamil: நாயன்மார்கள்) were devotional saint poets of vishnuin Tamil Nadu, who were active between the 5th and 10th centuries CE. The Tamil Śhaiva (related to Shiva) hagiography Periya Puranam (a volume of the Tirumurai written during the 13th century CE) narrates the history of each of 63 Nayanars and nine Thokai Adiyars.

Sundarar's 8th century work, Thiruthoṇdar thogai, lists 60 Shaiva saints but does not describe any of the legends associated with them. In the 10th century CE Nambiyandar Nambi composed the Tirutoṇṭar Antādi, a sequence of interlocking verses, whose title can be rendered as the Necklace of Verses on the Lord's Servants. In this work, Nambi adds Sundarar and his parents to the sequence, creating what is now the canonical list of 63 saints, each with a brief sketch of his legend.

Nayanars were from varied backgrounds, ranging from kings and soldiers to Dalits. The foremost Nayanmars were Appar, Sundarar , Thirughana Sambandar and Manikka vasagar[citation needed]. Together with the twelve Vaishnava Alvars, the Nayanars are sometimes considered South India's 75 Apostles of Bhakti because of their importance to the rise of the Hindu Bhakti movement[citation needed)

 

சேக்கிழார் அருளிய

திருத்தொண்டர் புராணம் என்ற பெரிய புராணம்

பன்னிரண்டாம் திருமுறை

This page was originally provided by Project Madurai. The songs have been proof-read by thiruchchirrambalam arakkattalai, Kovilpatti.

திருச்சிற்றம்பலம்

 

பரமனையே பாடுவார் புராணம்

1. புரம் மூன்றும் செற்றானைப் பூணாகம் அணிந்தானை 4155-1

உரனில் வரும் ஒரு பொருளை உலகு அனைத்தும் ஆனானைக் 4155-2

கரணங்கள் காணாமல் கண் ஆர்ந்து நிறைந்தானை 4155-3

பரமனையே பாடுவார் தம் பெருமை பாடுவாம் 4155-4

2. தென் தமிழும் வட கலையும் தேசிகமும் பேசுவன 4156-1

மன்றின் இடை நடம் புரியும் வள்ளலையே பொருள் ஆக 4156-2

ஒன்றிய மெய் உணர் வோடும் உள் உருகிப் பாடுவார் 4156-3

பன்றியுடன் புட்காணாப் பரமனையே பாடுவார் 4156-4

இயற்பகை நாயனார் புராணம்

1. சென்னி வெண்குடை நீடு அநபாயன் திருக் குலம் புகழ் பெருக்கிய சிறப்பின் 0404-1

மன்னு தொல் புகழ் மருத நீர் நாட்டு வயல் வளம் தர இயல்பினில் அளித்துப் 0404-2

பொன்னி நல் நதி மிக்க நீர் பாய்ந்து புணரி தன்னையும் புனித மாக்குவதோர் 0404-3

நன்னெடும் பெரும் தீர்த்த முன்னுடைய நலம் சிறந்தது வளம் புகார் நகரம் 0404-4

2. அக் குலப் பதிக் குடி முதல் வணிகர் அளவில் செல்வத்து வளமையின் அமைந்தார் 0405-1

செக்கர் வெண் பிறைச் சடையவர் அடிமைத் திறத்தின் மிக்கவர் மறைச் சிலம்படியார் 0405-2

மிக்க சீர் அடியார்கள் யார் எனினும் வேண்டும் யாவையும் இல்லை என்னாதே 0405-3

இக் கடல் படி நிகழ முன் கொடுக்கும் இயல்பின் நின்றவர் உலகு இயற் பகையார் 0405-4

3. ஆறு சூடிய ஐயர் மெய் அடிமை அளவிலாத ஓர் உளம் நிறை அருளால் 0406-1

நீறு சேர் திரு மேனியார் மனத்து நினைத்த யாவையும் வினைப்பட முடித்து 0406-2

மாறு இலாத நன்னெறியினில் விளங்கும் மனை அறம் புரி மகிழ்ச்சியின் வந்த 0406-3

பேறெலாம் அவர் ஏவின செய்யும் பெருமையே எனப் பேணி வாழ் நாளில் 0406-4

4. ஆயும் நுண் பொருள் ஆகியும் வெளியே அம்பலத்துள் நின்று ஆடுவார் உம்பர் 0407-1

நாயகிக்கும் அ•து அறியவோ பிரியா நங்கைதான் அறியாமையோ அறியோம் 0407-2

தூய நீறு பொன் மேனியில் விளங்கத் தூர்த்த வேடமும் தோன்ற வேதியராய் 0407-3

மாய வண்ணமே கொண்டு தம் தொண்டர் மாறாத வண்ணமும் காட்டுவான் வந்தார் 0407-4

5. வந்து தண்புகார் வணிகர் தம் மறுகின் மருங்கு இயற் பகையார் மனை புகுந்த 0408-1

எந்தை எம்பிரான் அடியவர் அணைந்தார் என்று நின்றதோர் இன்ப ஆதரவால் 0408-2

சிந்தை அன்பொடு சென்று எதிர் வணங்கிச் சிறப்பின் மிக்க அர்ச்சனைகள் முன் செய்து 0408-3

முந்தை எம் பெரும் தவத்தினாலென்கோ முனிவர் இங்கு எழுந்து அருளியது என்றார் 0408-4

6. என்று கூறிய இயற்பகையார் முன் எய்தி நின்ற அக் கைதவ மறையோர் 0409-1

கொன்ற வார்சடையார் அடியார்கள் குறித்து வேண்டின குணம் எனக் கொண்டே 0409-2

ஒன்றும் நீர் எதிர் மறாது உவந்து அளிக்கும் உண்மை கேட்டு நும் பாலொன்று வேண்டி 0409-3

இன்று நான் இங்கு வந்தனன் அதனுக்கு இசையலாம் எனில் இயம்பலாம் என்றார் 0409-4

7. என்ன அவ்வுரை கேட்டு இயற்பகையார் யாதும் ஒன்றும் என் பக்கல் உண்டாகில் 0410-1

அன்னது எம்பிரான் அடியவர் உடைமை ஐயம் இல்லை நீர் அருள் செயும் என்ன 0410-2

மன்னு காதல் உன் மனைவியை வேண்டி வந்தது இங்கு என அங்கணர் எதிரே 0410-3

சொன்ன போதிலும் முன்னையின் மகிழ்ந்து தூய தொண்டனார் தொழுது உரை செய்வார் 0410-4

8. இது எனக்கு முன்பு உள்ளதே வேண்டி எம் பிரான் செய்த பேறு எனக்கு என்னாக் 0411-1

கதுமெனச் சென்று தம் மனைவாழ் வாழ்க்கை கற்பின் மேம்படு காதலி யாரை 0411-2

விதி மணக் குல மடந்தை இன்றுனை இம் மெய்த் தவர்க்கு நான் கொடுத்தனன் என்ன 0411-3

மது மலர்க் குழலாள் மனைவியார் கலங்கி மனம் தெளிந்த பின் மற்று இது மொழிவார் 0411-4

9. இன்று நீர் எனக்கு அருள் செய்தது இதுவேல் என உயிர்க்கு ஒரு நாத நீர் உரைத்தது 0412-1

ஒன்றை நான் செயும் அத்தனை அல்லால் உரிமை வேறு உளதோ எனக்கு என்று 0412-2

தன் தனிப்பெருங் கணவரை வணங்கத் தாழ்ந்து தொண்டனார் தாம் எதிர் வணங்க 0412-3

சென்று மாதவன் சேவடி பணிந்து திகைத்து நின்றனள் திருவினும் பெரியாள் 0412-4

10. மாது தன்னை முன் கொடுத்த மாதவர் தாம் மனம் மகிழ்ந்து பேர் உவகையின் மலர்ந்தே 0413-1

யாது நான் இனிச் செய் பணி என்றே இறைஞ்சி நின்றவர் தம் எதிர் நோக்கி 0413-2

சாதி வேதியர் ஆகிய தலைவர் தையல் தன்னை யான் தனிக் கொடு போகக் 0413-3

காதல் மேவிய சுற்றமும் பதியும் கடக்க நீ துணை போதுக என்றார் 0413-4

11. என்று அவர் அருளிச் செய்ய யானே முன் செய் குற்றேவல் 0414-1

ஒன்றியது தன்னை என்னை உடையவர் அருளிச் செய்ய 0414-2

நின்றது பிழையாம் என்று நினைந்து வேறு இடத்துப் புக்குப் 0414-3

பொன் திகழ் அறுவை சாத்தி பூங்கச்சுப் பொலிய வீக்கி 0414-4

12. வாளடு பலகை ஏந்தி வந்து எதிர் வணங்கி மிக்க 0415-1

ஆளரி ஏறு போல்வார் அவரை முன் போக்கிப் பின்னே 0415-2

தோளிணை துணையே ஆகப் போயினார் துன்னினாரை 0415-3

நீளிடைப் பட முன் கூடி நிலத்திடை வீழ்த்த நேர்வார் 0415-4

13. மனைவியார் சுற்றத்தாரும் வள்ளலார் சுற்றத்தாரும் 0416-1

இனையது ஒன்றி யாரே செய்தார் இயற்பகை பித்தன் ஆனால் 0416-2

புனை இழை தன்னைக் கொண்டு போவதாம் ஒருவன் என்று 0416-3

துனை பெரும் பழியை மீட்பான் தொடர்வதற்கு எழுந்து சூழ்வார் 0416-4

14. வேலொடு வில்லும் வாளும் சுரிகையும் எடுத்து மிக்க 0417-1

காலென விசையில் சென்று கடிநகர் புறத்துப் போகிப் 0417-2

பாலிரு மருங்கும் ஈண்டிப் பரந்த ஆர்வம் பொங்க 0417-3

மால் கடல் கிளர்ந்தது என்ன வந்து எதிர் வளைத்துக் கொண்டார் 0417-4

15. வழி விடும் துணை பின் போத வழித்துணை ஆகி உள்ளார் 0418-1

கழி பெரும் காதல் காட்டிக் காரிகை உடன் போம் போதில் 0418-2

அழிதகன் போகேல் ஈண்டவ் வருங் குலக் கொடியை விட்டுப் 0418-3

பழிவிட நீ போ என்று பகர்ந்து எதிர் நிரந்து வந்தார் 0418-4

16. மறை முனி அஞ்சினான் போல் மாதினைப் பார்க்க மாதும் 0419-1

இறைவனே அஞ்ச வேண்டாம் இயற்பகை வெல்லும் என்ன 0419-2

அறை கழல் அண்ணல் கேளா அடியனேன் அவரை எல்லாம் 0419-3

தறை இடைப் படுத்துகின்றேன் தளர்ந்து அருள் செய்யேல் என்று 0419-4

17. பெரு விறல் ஆளி என்னப் பிறங்கு எரி சிதற நோக்கிப் 0420-1

பரிபவப் பட்டு வந்த படர் பெருஞ் சுற்றத் தாரை 0420-2

ஒருவரும் எதிர் நில்லாமே ஓடிப் போய்ப் பிழையும் அன்றேல் 0420-3

எரி சுடர் வாளில் கூறாய்த் துடிக்கின்றீர் என்று நேர்ந்தார் 0420-4

18. ஏட! நீ என் செய்தாயால்? இத்திறம் இயம்பு கின்றாய் 0421-1

நாடுறு பழியும் ஒன்னார் நகையையும் நாணாய் இன்று 0421-2

பாடவம் உரைப்பது உன்றன் மனைவியைப் பனவற்கு ஈந்தோ 0421-3

கூடவே மடிவது அன்றிக் கொடுக்க யாம் ஓட்டோம் என்றார் 0421-4

19. மற்றவர் சொன்ன மாற்றம் கேட்டலும் மனத்தின் வந்த 0422-1

செற்ற முன் பொங்க உங்கள் உடல் துணி எங்கும் சிந்தி 0422-2

முற்று நும் உயிரை எல்லாம் முதல் விசும்பு ஏற்றிக் கொண்டு 0422-3

நற்றவர் தம்மைப் போக விடுவேன் என்று எழுந்தார் நல்லோர் 0422-4

20. நேர்ந்தவர் எதிர்ந்த போது நிறைந்த அச் சுற்றத்தாரும் 0423-1

சார்ந்தவர் தம் முன் செல்லார் தையலைக் கொண்டு பெற்றம் 0423-2

ஊர்ந்தவர் படிமேற் செல்ல உற்று எதிர் உடன்று பொங்கி 0423-3

ஆர்ந்த வெஞ் சினத்தால் மேல் சென்று அடர்ந்து எதிர் தடுத்தார் (அன்றே. 0423-4

21. சென்று அவர் தடுத்த போதில் இயற்பகையார் முன் சீறி 0424-1

வன்றுணை வாளே யாகச் சாரிகை மாறி வந்து 0424-2

துன்றினர் தோளும் தாளும் தலைகளும் துணித்து வீழ்த்து 0424-3

வென்றடு புலியேறு அன்ன அமர் விளையாட்டில் மிக்கார் 0424-4

22. மூண்டு முன் பலராய் வந்தார் தனி வந்து முட்டினார்கள் 0425-1

வேண்டிய திசைகள் தோறும் வேறு வேறு அமர் செய் போழ்தில் 0425-2

ஆண்டகை வீரர் தாமே அனைவர்க்கும் அனைவர் ஆகிக் 0425-3

காண்டகு விசையில் பாய்ந்து கலந்து முன் துணித்து வீழ்த்தார் 0425-4

23. சொரிந்தன குடல்கள் எங்கும் துணிந்தன உடல்கள் எங்கும் 0426-1

விரிந்தன தலைகள் எங்கும் மிடைந்தன கழுகும் எங்கும் 0426-2

எரிந்தன விழிகள் எங்கும் எதிர்ப்பவர் ஒருவர் இன்றித் 0426-3

திரிந்தனர் களனில் எங்கும் சிவன் கழல் புனைந்த வீரர் 0426-4

24. மாடலை குருதி பொங்க மடிந்த செங் களத்தின் நின்றும் 0427-1

ஆடுறு செயலின் வந்த கிளைஞரோடு அணைந்தார் தம்மில் 0427-2

ஓடினார் உள்ளார் உய்ந்தார் ஒழிந்தவர் ஒழிந்தே மாண்டார் 0427-3

நீடிய வாளும் தாமும் நின்றவர் தாமே நின்றார் 0427-4

25. திருவுடை மனைவியாரைக் கொடுத்து இடைச் செறுத்து முன்பு 0428-1

வரு பெரும் சுற்றம் எல்லாம் வாளினால் துணித்து மாட்டி 0428-2

அருமறை முனியை நோக்கி அடிகள் நீர் அஞ்சா வண்ணம் 0428-3

பொருவருங் கானம் நீங்க விடுவன் என்று உடனே போந்தார் 0428-4

26. இருவரால் அறிய ஒண்ணா ஒருவர் பின் செல்லும் ஏழை 0429-1

பொரு திறல் வீரர் பின்பு போக முன் போகும் போதில் 0429-2

அருமறை முனிவன் சாய்க்காடு அதன் மருங்கு அணைய மேவித் 0429-3

திரு மலி தோளினானை மீள் எனச் செப்பினானே 0429-4

27. தவ முனி தன்னை மீளச் சொன்ன பின் தலையால் ஆர 0430-1

அவன் மலர்ப் பதங்கள் சூடி அஞ்சலி கூப்பி நின்று 0430-2

புவனம் மூன்று உய்ய வந்த பூசுரன் தன்னை ஏத்தி 0430-3

இவன் அருள் பெறப் பெற்றேன் என்று இயற்பகையாரும் மீண்டார் 0430-4

28. செய்வதற்கு அரிய செய்கை செய்த நல் தொண்டர் போக 0431-1

மை திகழ் கண்டன் எண்தோள் மறையவன் மகிழ்ந்து நோக்கிப் 0431-2

பொய் தரும் உள்ளம் இல்லான் பார்க்கிலன் போனான் என்று 0431-3

மெய் தரு சிந்தையாரை மீளவும் அழைக்கல் உற்றான் 0431-4

29. இயற்பகை முனிவா ஓலம் ஈண்டு நீ வருவாய் ஓலம் 0432-1

அயர்ப்பு இலாதானே ஓலம் அன்பனே ஓலம் ஓலம் 0432-2

செயற்கருஞ் செய்கை செய்த தீரனே ஓலம் என்றான் 0432-3

மயக்கறு மறை ஓலிட்டு மால் அயன் தேட நின்றான் 0432-4

30. அழைத்த பேர் ஓசை கேளா அடியனேன் வந்தேன் வந்தேன் 0433-1

பிழைத்தவர் உளரேல் இன்னும் பெருவலி தடக்கை வாளின் 0433-2

இழைத்தவர் ஆகின்றார் என்று இயற்பகையார் வந்து எய்தக் 0433-3

குழைப் பொலி காதினானும் மறைந்தனன் கோலம் கொள்வான் 0433-4

31. சென்றவர் முனியைக் காணார் சேயிழை தன்னைக் கண்டார் 0434-1

பொன்திகழ் குன்று வெள்ளிப் பொருப்பின் மேல் பொலிந்தது என்ன 0434-2

தன்துணை உடனே வானில் தலைவனை விடை மேல் கண்டார் 0434-3

நின்றிலர் தொழுது வீழ்ந்தார் நிலத்தினின்று எழுந்தார் நேர்ந்தார் 0434-4

32. சொல்லுவது அறியேன் வாழி தோற்றிய தோற்றம் போற்றி 0435-1

வல்லை வந்து அருளி என்னை வழித்தொண்டு கொண்டாய் போற்றி 0435-2

எல்லையில் இன்ப வெள்ளம் எனக்கு அருள் செய்தாய் போற்றி 0435-3

தில்லை அம்பலத்துள் ஆடும் சேவடி போற்றி என்ன 0435-4

33. விண்ணிடை நின்ற வெள்ளை விடையவர் அடியார் தம்மை 0436-1

எண்ணிய உலகு தன்னில் இப்படி நம்பால் அன்பு 0436-2

பண்ணிய பரிவு கண்டு மகிழ்ந்தனம் பழுது இலாதாய் 0436-3

நண்ணிய மனைவி யோடு நம்முடன் போதுக என்று 0436-4

34. திருவளர் சிறப்பின் மிக்க திருத் தொண்டர் தமக்குந் தேற்றம் 0437-1

மருவிய தெய்வக் கற்பின் மனைவியார் தமக்குந் தக்க 0437-2

பெருகிய அருளின் நீடு பேறு அளித்து இமையோர் ஏத்தப் 0437-3

பொரு விடைப் பாகர் மன்னும் பொற் பொது அதனுள் புக்கார் 0437-4

35. வானவர் பூவின் மாரி பொழிய மா மறைகள் ஆர்ப்ப 0438-1

ஞான மா முனிவர் போற்ற நல மிகு சிவலோகத்தில் 0438-2

ஊனமில் தொண்டர் கும்பிட்டு உடன் உறை பெருமை பெற்றார் 0438-3

ஏனைய சுற்றத்தாரும் வானிடை இன்பம் பெற்றார் 0438-4

36. இன்புறு தாரம் தன்னை ஈசனுக்கு அன்பர் என்றே 0439-1

துன்புறாது உதவும் தொண்டர் பெருமையைத் தொழுது வாழ்த்தி 0439-2

அன்புறு மனத்தால் நாதன் அடியவர்க்கு அன்பு நீடு 0439-3

மன்புகழ் இளைசை மாறன் வளத்தினை வழுத்தல் உற்றேன் 0439-4

கலிய நாயனார் புராணம்

1. பேருலகில் ஓங்கு புகழ்ப் பெரும் தொண்டை நன்னாட்டு 4022-1

நீருலவும் சடைக் கற்றை நிருத்தர் திருப்பதியாகும் 4022-2

காருலவும் மலர்ச் சோலைக் கன்னிமதில் புடை சூழ்ந்து 4022-3

தேருலவு நெடு வீதி சிறந்த திருஒற்றியூர் 4022-4

2. பீடு கெழும் பெரும் தெருவும் புத்தர் உடன் பீலி அமண் 4023-1

வேடம் உடையவர் பொருள் போல் ஆகாசவெளி மறைக்கும் 4023-2

ஆடு கொடி மணி நெடுமாளிகை நிரைகள் அலை கமுகின் 4023-3

காடனைய கடல் படப்பை என விளங்கும் கவின் காட்டும் 4023-4

3. பன்னு திருப்பதிக இசைப் பாட்டு ஓவா மண்டபங்கள் 4024-1

அன்ன நடை மடவார்கள் ஆட்டு ஓவா அணி அரங்கு 4024-2

பன் முறை தூரியம் முழங்கு விழவு ஓவா பயில் வீதி 4024-3

செம் நெல் அடிசில் பிறங்கல் உணவு ஓவா திருமடங்கள் 4024-4

4. கெழு மலர் மாதவி புன்னை கிளைஞாழல் தளை அவிழும் 4025-1

கொழு முகைய சண்பகங்கள் குளிர் செருந்தி வளர் கைதை 4025-2

முழு மணமே முந் நீரும் கமழ மலர் முருகு உயிர்க்கும் 4025-3

செழு நிலவின் துகள் அனைய மணல் பரப்பும் திருப்பரப்பு 4025-4

5. எயிலணையும் முகில் முழக்கும் எறிதிரை வேலையின் முழக்கும் 4026-1

பயில் தரு பல்லிய முழக்கும் முறை தெரியாப் பதி அதனுள் 4026-2

வெயில் அணி பல் மணி முதலாம் விழுப்பொருள் ஆவன விளக்கும் 4026-3

தயில வினைத் தொழில் மரபில் சக்கரப் பாடி தெருவு 4026-4

6. அக்குலத்தின் செய்தவத்தால் அவனி மிசை அவதரித்தார் 4027-1

மிக்க பெரும் செல்வத்து மீக்கூர விளங்கினார் 4027-2

தக்க புகழ்க் கலியனார் எனும் நாமம் தலை நின்றார் 4027-3

முக்கண் இறைவர்க்கு உரிமைத் திருத் தொண்டின் நெறி முயல்வார் 4027-4

7. எல்லையில் பல் கோடி தனத்து இறைவராய் இப்படித்தாம் 4028-1

செல்வ நெறிப் பயன் அறிந்து திருஒற்றியூர் அமர்ந்த 4028-2

கொல்லை மழவிடையார் தம் கோயிலின் உள்ளும் புறம்பும் 4028-3

அல்லும் நெடும் பகலும் இடும் திருவிளக்கின் அணி விளைத்தார் 4028-4

8. எண்ணில் திரு விளக்கு நெடு நாள் எல்லாம் எரித்து வரப் 4029-1

புண்ணிய மெய்த் தொண்டர் செயல் புலப்படுப்பார் அருளாலே 4029-2

உண்ணிறையும் பெரும் செல்வம் உயர்த்தும் வினைச் செயல் ஓவி 4029-3

மண்ணில் அவர் இருவினை போல் மாண்ட மாட்சிமைத்தாக 4029-4

9. திருமலி செல்வத்துழனி தேய்ந்து அழிந்த பின்னையுந்தம் 4030-1

பெருமை நிலைத் திருப் பணியில் பேராத பேராளர் 4030-2

வருமரபில் உள்ளோர் பால் எண்ணெய் மாறிக் கொணர்ந்து 4030-3

தரும் இயல்பில் கூலியினால் தமது திருப்பணி செய்வார் 4030-4

10. வளம் உடையார் பால் எண்ணெய் கொடுபோய் மாறிக் கூலி 4031-1

கொள முயலும் செய்கையும் மற்று அவர் கொடாமையின் மாறத் 4031-2

தளருமனம் உடையவர் தாம் சக்கர எந்திரம் புரியும் 4031-3

களனில் வரும் பணி செய்து பெரும் கூலி காதலித்தார் 4031-4

11. செக்கு நிறை எள் ஆட்டிப் பதம் அறிந்து தில தயிலம் 4032-1

பக்கம் எழ மிக உழந்தும் பாண்டில் வரும் எருது உய்த்தும் 4032-2

தக்க தொழில் பெறும் கூலி தாம் கொண்டு தாழாமை 4032-3

மிக்க திரு விளக்கு இட்டார் விழுத்தொண்டு விளக்கிட்டார் 4032-4

12. அப் பணியால் வரும் பேறு அவ் வினைஞர் பலர் உளராய் 4033-1

எப்பரிசும் கிடையாத வகை முட்ட இடர் உழந்தே 4033-2

ஒப்பில் மனை விற்று எரிக்கும் உறு பொருளும் மாண்ட அதன் பின் 4033-3

செப்பருஞ் சீர் மனையாரை விற்பதற்குத் தேடுவார் 4033-4

13. மனம் மகிழ்ந்து மனைவியார் தமைக் கொண்டு வள நகரில் 4034-1

தனம் அளிப்பார் தமை எங்கும் கிடையாமல் தளர்வு எய்தி 4034-2

சின விடையார் திருக் கோயில் திரு விளக்குப் பணிமுட்டக் 4034-3

கன வினும் முன்பு அறியாதார் கை அறவால் எய்தினார் 4034-4

14. பணி கொள்ளும் படம் பக்க நாயகர்தம் கோயிலினுள் 4035-1

அணி கொள்ளும் திருவிளக்குப் பணிமாறும் அமையத்தில் 4035-2

மணி வண்ணச் சுடர் விளக்கு மாளில் யான் மாள்வன் எனத் 4035-3

துணிவுள்ளங் கொள நினைந்து அவ் வினை முடிக்கத் தொடங்குவார் 4035-4

15. திரு விளக்குத் திரி இட்டு அங்கு அகல் பரப்பிச் செயல் நிரம்ப 4036-1

ஒருவிய எண் ணெய்க்கு ஈடா உடல் உதிரம் கொடுநிறைக்கக் 4036-2

கருவியினால் மிடறு அரிய அக்கையைக் கண் நுதலார் 4036-3

பெருகு திருக் கருணையுடன் நேர்வந்து பிடித்து அருளி 4036-4

16. மற்றவர் தம் முன் ஆக மழ விடை மேல் எழுந்து அருள 4037-1

உற்றவூறு அது நீங்கி ஒளி விளங்க உச்சியின் மேல் 4037-2

பற்றிய அஞ்சலியினர் ஆய் நின்றவரைப் பரமர் தாம் 4037-3

பொற்புடைய சிவபுரியில் பொலிந்து இருக்க அருள் புரிந்தார் 4037-4

17. தேவர் பிரான் திருவிளக்குச் செயல் முட்ட மிடறு அரிந்து 4038-1

மே வரிய வினை முடித்தார் கழல் வணங்கி வியன் உலகில் 4038-2

யாவர் எனாது அரன் அடியார் தமை இகழ்ந்து பேசினரை 4038-3

நாவரியும் சத்தியார் திருத்தொண்டின் நலம் உரைப்பாம் 4038-4

சாக்கிய நாயனார் புராணம்

1. அறு சமயத் தலைவராய் நின்றவருக்கு அன்பராய் 3636-1

மறு சமயச் சாக்கியர்தம் வடிவினால் வரும் தொண்டர் 3636-2

உறுதிவரச் சிவலிங்கம் கண்டு உவந்து கல் எறிந்து 3636-3

மறுவில் சரண் பெற்ற திறம் அறிந்தபடி வழுத்துவாம் 3636-4

2. தாளாளர் திருச்சங்க மங்கையினில் தகவுடைய 3637-1

வேளாளர் குலத்து உதித்தார் மிக்க பொருள் தெரிந்து உணர்ந்து 3637-2

கேளாகிப் பல் உயிர்க்கும் அருள் உடையார் ஆய்க் கெழுமி 3637-3

நீளாது பிறந்து இறக்கும் நிலை ஒழிவேன் என நிற்பார் 3637-4

3. அந் நாளில் எயில் காஞ்சி அணிநகரம் சென்று அடைந்து 3638-1

நல்ஞானம் அடைவதற்குப் பலவழியும் நாடுவார் 3638-2

முன்னாகச் சாக்கியர் தாம் மொழி அறத்தின் வழி சார்ந்து 3638-3

மன்னாத பிறப்பு அறுக்கும் தத்துவத்தின் வழி உணர்வார் 3638-4

4. அந் நிலைமைச் சாக்கியர்தம் அரும் கலை நூல் ஓதி அது 3639-1

தன்னிலையும் புறச் சமயச் சார்வுகளும் பொருள் அல்ல 3639-2

என்னும் அது தெளிந்து ஈசர் அருள் கூட ஈறில் சிவ 3639-3

நன்னெறியே பொருள் ஆவது என உணர்வு நாட்டுவார் 3639-4

5. செய்வினையும் செய்வானும் அதன் பயனும் கொடுப்பானும் 3640-1

மெய் வகையால் நான்காகும் விதித்த பொருள் எனக் கொண்டே 3640-2

இவ்வியல்பு சைவநெறி அல்ல வற்றுக்கு இல்லை என 3640-3

உய்வகையால் பொருள் சிவன் என்று அருளாலே உணர்ந்து அறிந்தார் 3640-4

6. எந்நிலையில் நின்றாலும் எக்கோலம் கொண்டாலும் 3641-1

மன்னிய சீர்ச் சங்கரன் தாள் மறவாமை பொருள் என்றே 3641-2

துன்னிய வேடம் தன்னைத் துறவாதே தூய சிவம் 3641-3

தன்னை மிகும் அன்பினால் மறவாமை தலை நிற்பார் 3641-4

7. எல்லாம் உடைய ஈசனே இறைவன் என்ன அறியாதார் 3642-1

பொல்லா வேடச் சாக்கியரே ஆகிப் புல்லர் ஆகுவார் 3642-2

அல்லார் கண்டர் தமக்கு இந்த அகிலம் எல்லாம் ஆள் என்ன 3642-3

வல்லார் இவர் அவ் வேடத்தை மாற்றாது அன்பின் வழிநிற்பார் 3642-4

8. காணாத அருவினுக்கும் உருவினுக்கும் காரணமாய் 3643-1

நீள் நாகம் அணிந்தார்க்கு நிகழ் குறியாம் சிவலிங்கம் 3643-2

நாணாது நேடியமால் நான் முகனும் காண நடுச் 3643-3

சேணாரும் தழல் பிழம்பாய்த் தோன்றிது தெளிந்தாராய் 3643-4

9. நாள் தோறும் சிவலிங்கம் கண்டு உண்ணும் அது நயந்து 3644-1

மாடோர் வெள் இடை மன்னும் சிவலிங்கம் கண்டு மனம் 3644-2

நீடோடு களியுவகை நிலைமை வரச் செயல் அறியார் 3644-3

பாடோர் கல் கண்டு அதனைப் பதைப்போடும் எடுத்து எறிந்தார் 3644-4

10. அகம் நிறைந்த பேர் உவகை அடங்காத ஆதரவால் 3645-1

மகவு மகிழ்ந்து உவப்பார்கள் வன்மை புரிசெயலினால் 3645-2

இகழ்வனவே செய்தாலும் இளம் புதல்வர்க்கு இன்பமே 3645-3

நிகழும் அது போல் அதற்கு நீள் சடையார் தாம் மகிழ்வார் 3645-4

11. அன்றுபோய் பிற்றைநாள் அந்நியதிக்கு அனையுங்கால் 3646-1

கொன்றை முடியார் மேல் தாம் கல் எறிந்த குறிப்புஅதனை 3646-2

நின்றுணர்வார் எனக்கு அப்போது இது நிகழ்ந்தது அவர் அருளே 3646-3

என்று அதுவே தொண்டு ஆக என்றும் அது செய நினைந்தார் 3646-4

12. தொடங்கிய நாள் அருளிய அத்தொழில் ஒழியா வழிதொடரும் 3647-1

கடன் புரிவார் அது கண்டு கல் எறிவார் துவராடைப் 3647-2

படம் புனை வேடம் தவிரார் பசுபதியார் தம் செயலே 3647-3

அடங்கலும் என்பது தெளிந்தார் ஆதலினால் மாதவர்தாம் 3647-4

13. இந் நியதி பரிவோடும் வழுவாமல் இவர் செய்ய 3648-1

முன்னும் திருத்தொண்டர் நிலை முடிந்தபடி தான் மொழியில் 3648-2

துன்னிய மெய் அன்புடனே எழுந்தவினை தூயவர்க்கு 3648-3

மன்னு மிகு பூசனையாம் அன்பு நெறி வழக்கினால் 3648-4

14. கல்லாலே எறிந்த அதுவும் அன்பான படி காணில் 3649-1

வில்வேடர் செருப்பு அடியும் திருமுடியில் மேவிற்றால் 3649-2

நல்லார் மற்று அவர் செய்கை அன்பாலே நயந்து அதனை 3649-3

அல்லாதார் கல் என்பார் அரனார்க்கு அ•து அலராமால் 3649-4

15. அங்கு ஒரு நாள் அருளாலே அயர்ந்து உண்ணப் புகுகின்றார் 3650-1

எங்கள் பிரான் தனை எறியாது அயர்ந்தேன் யான் என எழுந்து 3650-2

பொங்கியது ஓர் காதலுடன் மிகவிரைந்து புறப்பட்டு 3650-3

வெங்கர்¢யின் உரி புனைந்தார் திருமுன்பு மேவினார் 3650-4

16. கொண்டதொரு கல்எடுத்துக் குறிகூடும் வகை எறிய 3651-1

உண்டி வினை ஒழித்து அஞ்சி ஓடி வரும் வேட்கை ஓடும் 3651-2

கண்டருளும் கண்நுதலார் கருணை பொழிதிருநோக்கால் 3651-3

தொண்டர் எதிர் நெடும் விசும்பில் துணைவி ஓடும் தோன்றினார் 3651-4

17. மழ விடைமேல் எழுந்து அருளி வந்த ஒரு செயலாலே 3652-1

கழல் அடைந்த திருத்தொண்டர் கண்டு கரம் குவித்து இறைஞ்சி 3652-2

விழ அருள் நோக்கு அளித்து அருளிமிக்க சிவலோகத்தில் 3652-3

பழ அடிமைப் பாங்கு அருளிப் பரமர் எழுந்து அருளினார் 3652-4

18. ஆதியார் தம்மை நாளும் கல் எறிந்து அணுகப் பெற்ற 3653-1

கோதில் சீர்த் தொண்டர் கொண்ட குறிப்பினை அவர்க்கு நல்கும் 3653-2

சோதியார் அறிதல் அன்றித் துணிவது என் அவர்தான் சூடித் 3653-3

தீதினை நீக்கல் உற்றேன் சிறப்புலியாரைச் செப்பி 3653-4

 

Originally conceived by British Leyland, the Metro was built to similar principals as those of the Mini it was intended to replace, with a small, practical platform with as much use available to the passenger as was possible. The car came under various initial guises, including the Austin Metro, the Austin miniMetro, the Morris Metro van and the MG Metro, a version of the car with a 1.3L A-Series Turbo Engine.

 

Although the car was launched in 1980, development of a Mini replacement had dated back to the beginning of the 70's. Dubbed ADO88 (Amalgamated Drawing Office project number 88), the Metro was eventually given the go ahead in 1977, but wanted to have the appeal of some of the larger 'Supermini' (what a contradiction in terms) cars on the market, including cars such as the Ford Fiesta and the Renault 5. Designed by Harris Mann (the same guy who gave us the Princess and the Allegro), the car was given a much more angular body for the time, but despite its futuristic looks did share many features of the earlier Mini, including the 675cc BMC-A Series engine that dated back to 1959, and the gearbox. Initial cars also included the Hydragas Suspension system originally used on the Allegro and the Princess, though with no front/rear connection. The car was also built as a hatchback, which would eventually be a key part of its success as the Mini instead utilised only a small boot.

 

The Metro was originally meant for an earlier 1978 launch, but a lack of funds and near bankruptcy of British Leyland resulted in the car's launch being pushed back. This delay however did allow the folks at Longbridge to construct a £200m robotic assembly plant for the new Metro line, with the hope of building 100,000 cars per year. Finally the car entered sales 3 years late and got off to quite promising initial sales, often being credited for being the saviour of British Leyland. The Metro was in fact the company's first truly new model in nearly 5 years, with the 9 year old Allegro still in production, the 1980 Morris Ital being nothing more than a 7 year old Marina with a new face, and the 5 year old Princess not going anywhere!

 

As mentioned, an entire myriad of versions came with the Metro, including the luxury Vanden Plas version and the sporty MG with its top speed of 105mph and 0-60mph of 10.1 seconds. Eventually the original incarnation of the car, the Austin Metro, went on to sell 1 million units in it's initial 10 year run, making it the second highest selling car of the decade behind the Ford Escort. However, like most other British Leyland products, earlier cars got a bad reputation for poor build quality and unreliability, combined with the lack of rustproofing that was notorious on many BL cars of the time.

 

The show was not over however, as in 1990 the car was given a facelift and dubbed the Rover Metro. The 1950's A-Series engine was replaced by a 1.1L K-Series, and the angular bodyshell was rounded to similar principals as those by acclaimed styling house Ital to create a more pleasing look for the 90's. This facelift, combined with an improvement in reliability and build quality, meant that the car went on to win the 'What Car?' of the Year Award in 1991.

 

In 1994 the car was given yet another facelift, with once again a more rounded design and removal of the Metro name, the car being sold as the Rover 100. Engines were once again changed, this time to a 1.5L Peugeot engine and more audacious colour schemes were available for the even more rounded design of the new car. However, the car was very much starting to look and feel its age. Aside from the fact that the design dated back to 1977, the new car was not well equipped, lacking electric windows, anti-lock brakes, power steering, or even a rev counter! In terms of safety, it was very basic, with most features such as airbags, an alarm, an immobiliser and central locking being optional extras.

 

Eventually the curtain had to fall on the Metro, and in 1997, twenty years after the initial design left the drawing board, it was announced that the car would be discontinued. Spurred on by dwindling sales due to lack of safety and equipment, as well as losing out to comparative cars such as the ever popular Ford Fiesta, VW Polo and Vauxhall Corsa, with only fuel economy keeping the car afloat, Rover axed the Metro in 1998 with no direct replacement, although many cite the downsized Rover 200 a possible contender. Stumbling blindly on, the next car to fill the gap in Rover's market was the 2003 CityRover, based on the TATA Indica, which flopped abysmally and pretty much totalled the company (but that's another story).

 

In the end only 2,078,000 Metro's were built in comparison to the 5.3 million examples of the Mini that it was meant to replace. The main failings of the Metro were down to the fact that the car was too big compared to the Mini, and the rounded old-world charm of the Coopers and Clubmans was replaced by the angular corners. Because of this the car simply didn't have the novelty that the Mini continued to claim even 20 years after the first ones left the factory, and the Mini would even go on to outlive the Metro by another 2 years, ending production in 2000, then going on to have a revival in the form of BMW's New Mini Cooper that's still being built today. Unlike the Mini, the Metro also failed to conquer the international market in the same way, scoring its 2 million units pretty much in Britain alone, although some cars were sold in France and Spain, but only to the total of a few hundred.

 

The Metro however survived only on fuel economy and its spacious interior, but by the early 1990's, whilst other car manufacturers had moved on leaps and bounds, Rover continued to be stuck in the past with not the money or the enthusiasm to change what was a terribly outdated and extremely basic car. Towards the end the Metro, which had only a few years earlier won awards for its practical nature, was ending up on lists for Worst car on the market.

 

Today however you can still see Metro's, later editions are especially common on the roads of Britain. Earlier models built under British Leyland have mostly rusted away and are apparently only down to about a thousand nowadays, but the Rover 100's and Rover Metros continue to ply their trade, a lonely reminder of how here in Britain, we can never ever seem to move on!

The local gis mapping site lists this Ponderosa Steakhouse building as being built in 1969. As of 2025, it is one of only three remaining locations in Ohio; the other two are Hillsboro and Wheelersburg.

 

Photo taken August 17, 2025

 

Same location in 2013

flic.kr/p/fvFDSR

 

Ponderosa Steakhouse

3875 S High St, Columbus, OH 43207

Book jacket for The British Library

i didnt know which angle was better so... have both.

their lists;

wren: lilac wig, leather shorts, studs and fake flowers, lolita shoes, choker, stockings,pink laptop, crop tops, skeleton top, nine9style dress (blue with pink bow print) and leather jacket

drew: a DS, paul zhangby boots, a skirt or dress, plaid shirt

reese: foxybrowny mocha a la mode set, polka dot skirt