View allAll Photos Tagged Inventions
Le kitesurf ou planche aérotractéeou kiteboarding est un sport de glisse consistant à évoluer avec une planche à la surface d'une étendue d'eau en étant tracté par un cerf-volant (kite en anglais) spécialement adapté, nommé aile ou voile.
Le kitesurfeur accroché à l'aile par son harnais est piloté à l'aide d'une barre où sont reliées les lignes de traction. Il est soumis dans son mode de déplacement aux lois physiques de la navigation à voile.
La planche peut être inspirée du wakeboard, symétrique, sans avant ou arrière définis, ou proche d'un surf de taille réduite.
À la fin des années 1970, plusieurs inventeurs déposent des demandes de brevets pour des voiles de traction aériennes : John Bridge pour un spinnaker aérien le 7 mai 1979, Dieter Strasilla pour une voile de traction commandée le 16 août 1979 ou British Petroleum pour une voile suspentée marine le 21 mai 1981. À la suite d'un travail d'expérimentation pour améliorer la voile, les frères Quimperois Dominique et Bruno Legaignoux déposent le brevet de l'aile courbe à structure gonflable le 16 novembre 1984.
En 1992, Laurent Ness (champion de France 1997 de char à cerf-volant) se fait tracter par un cerf-volant delta sur une planche de funboard à La Grande-Motte. Bill et Cory Roeseler inventent le Kiteski, ski nautique tracté par cerf-volant, qu'ils commercialisent en 1994.
Les Legaignoux créent la société Wipika en 1993 pour commercialiser un petit bateau gonflable accompagné d'une aile de traction. Ils l'arrêtent en 1995 mais Emmanuel Bertin teste leurs voiles à Maui avec Laird Hamilton. En février 1997, il fait la une de Wind Magazine, magazine de planche à voile tiré à 70 000 exemplaires, sur les vagues de Hawaï. Raphaël Salles utilise des petites planche de funboard en 1998-1999 avec la mise au point de Laurent Ness, puis Franz Olry a fait progresser les twin-tip qui ont démocratisé l'usage du sport.
Les Legaignoux lancent Wipika en juin 1997 pour commercialiser des barres de traction et ailes produites par NeilPryde parapente en France, fabrication transférée en 1998 chez Lam Sails, fabricant de parapente en Chine. Une licence est accordée à Naish en 1999, NeilPryde en 2000 puis Slingshot, Ricci et Bic avec Takoon en 2003. Les ventes d'ailes sont passées de 100 exemplaires en 1997 à 500 en 1998, 2 000 en 1999, 6 000 en 2000, 15 000 en 2001, environ 100 000 en 2010. Il y a 30 pratiquants en 1996 mais le nombre d'élèves passe de 500 en 1998 à 4 000 en 2001. Le premier championnat international a lieu en 2000 et le premier français, de freestyle, a lieu en 2001. Il y avait 12 000 pratiquants en France en 2010, 13000 licenciés en 2011 et entre 25000 et 30000 kitesurfers en France.
En 1998, la Fédération française de vol libre créée la formation de moniteur : il y en a 258 en 2010 dont depuis 2003 155 ayant un BPJEPS, Brevet d’État. En 2002, la Fédération française de voile envisage l'intégration du kitesurf mais le ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports délègue la gestion du sport à la FFVL le 3 janvier 2003. En novembre 2001, L’International Kiteboarding Organisation est issu du Wipika School Network établi en 1999. Lors du développement de 2000 à 2003, quelques accidents mortels incitent la FFVL à établir une norme pour les sécurités publiée par l'Afnor en 2005 : un largueur de barre qui neutralise l'aile puis un second largueur de voile en cas extrême. Les ailes continuent à s'améliorer de 2003 à 2009 : en 2005, l’aile de type bow permet une traction plus équilibrée9. En 2008, Bruno Sroka a été le premier et le seul homme à avoir traversé le Cap Horn sur une distance de 100 miles nautiques (186 km). Il a navigué dans des conditions extrêmes de navigation pendant 9 h sans arrêter.
Des sports comparables utilisent des cerf-volants de traction avec d'autres véhicules : sur l'eau avec des embarcations plus importantes comme des canoës kayak ou des catamarans, sur neige avec le snowkite, sur terre avec un mountainboard, avec un petit char à cerf-volant où l'on est assis ou encore avec des patins à roulettes équipés de pneumatiques. Après avoir été annoncé en régate homme et femme en remplacement du windsurf pour les Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016 à Rio de Janeiro par la fédération internationale de voile le 5 mai 201210, le kitesurf a été abandonnée au profit de la planche à voile RS:X.
Kiteboarding is a surface water sport combining aspects of wakeboarding, snowboarding, windsurfing, surfing, paragliding, skateboarding and gymnastics into one extreme sport. A kiteboarder harnesses the power of the wind with a large controllable power kite to be propelled across the water on a kiteboard similar to a wakeboard or a small surfboard, with or without footstraps or bindings.
Kitesurfing is a style of kiteboarding specific to wave riding, which utilizes standard surfboards or boards shaped specifically for the purpose.
There are different styles of kiteboarding, including freestyle, freeride, downwinders, speed, course racing, wakestyle, jumping and kitesurfing in the waves.[1] In 2012, the number of kitesurfers was estimated by the ISAF and IKA at 1.5 million persons worldwide [2] (pending review). The global market for kite gear sales is worth US$250 million.
In the 1800s, George Pocock used kites of increased size to propel carts on land and ships on the water, using a four-line control system—the same system in common use today. Both carts and boats were able to turn and sail upwind. The kites could be flown for sustained periods.[4] The intention was to establish kitepower as an alternative to horsepower, partly to avoid the hated "horse tax" that was levied at that time.[5] In 1903, aviation pioneer Samuel Cody developed "man-lifting kites" and succeeded in crossing the English Channel in a small collapsible canvas boat powered by a kite
In the late 1970s, the development of Kevlar then Spectra flying lines and more controllable kites with improved efficiency contributed to practical kite traction. In 1978, Ian Day's "FlexiFoil" kite-powered Tornado catamaran exceeded 40 km/h.
In October 1977 Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise (Netherlands) received the first patent[7] for KiteSurfing. The patent covers, specifically, a water sport using a floating board of a surf board type where a pilot standing up on it is pulled by a wind catching device of a parachute type tied to his harness on a trapeze type belt. Although this patent did not result in any commercial interest, Gijsbertus Adrianus Panhuise could be considered as the originator of KiteSurfing.
Through the 1980s, there were occasionally successful attempts to combine kites with canoes, ice skates, snow skis, water skis and roller skates.
Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, Dieter Strasilla from Germany developed parachute-skiing and later perfected a kiteskiing system using self made paragliders and a ball-socket swivel allowing the pilot to sail upwind and uphill but also to take off into the air at will.[9] Strasilla and his Swiss friend Andrea Kuhn used this invention also in combination with surfboards and snowboards, grasskies and selfmade buggies.One of his patents describes in 1979 the first use of an inflatable kite design for kitesurfing.
Two brothers, Bruno Legaignoux and Dominique Legaignoux, from the Atlantic coast of France, developed kites for kitesurfing in the late 1970s and early 1980s and patented an inflatable kite design in November 1984, a design that has been used by companies to develop their own products.
In 1990, practical kite buggying was pioneered by Peter Lynn at Argyle Park in Ashburton, New Zealand. Lynn coupled a three-wheeled buggy with a forerunner of the modern parafoil kite. Kite buggying proved to be very popular worldwide, with over 14,000 buggies sold up to 1999.
The development of modern-day kitesurfing by the Roeselers in the USA and the Legaignoux in France carried on in parallel to buggying. Bill Roeseler, a Boeing aerodynamicist, and his son Cory Roeseler patented the "KiteSki" system which consisted of water skis powered by a two line delta style kite controlled via a bar mounted combined winch/brake. The KiteSki was commercially available in 1994. The kite had a rudimentary water launch capability and could go upwind. In 1995, Cory Roeseler visited Peter Lynn at New Zealand's Lake Clearwater in the Ashburton Alpine Lakes area, demonstrating speed, balance and upwind angle on his 'ski'. In the late 1990s, Cory's ski evolved to a single board similar to a surfboard.
In 1996, Laird Hamilton and Manu Bertin were instrumental in demonstrating and popularising kitesurfing off the Hawaiian coast of Maui while in Florida Raphaël Baruch changed the name of the sport from flysurfing to kitesurfing.
In 1997, the Legaignoux brothers developed and sold the breakthrough "Wipika" kite design which had a structure of preformed inflatable tubes and a simple bridle system to the wingtips, both of which greatly assisted water re-launch. Bruno Legaignoux has continued to improve kite designs, including developing the bow kite design, which has been licensed to many kite manufacturers.
Kitesurfing in Fuerteventura
Kitesurfing in Tarifa, Spain
In 1997, specialized kite boards were developed by Raphaël Salles and Laurent Ness. By the end of 1998 kitesurfing had become an extreme sport, distributed and taught through a handful group of shops and schools worldwide. The first competition was held on Maui in September 1998 and won by Flash Austin.
Starting in 1999, kitesurfing became a mainstream sport with the entry of key windsurfing manufacturers namely Naish and Neil Pryde. Single direction boards derived from windsurfing and surfing designs became the dominant form of kiteboard. From 2001 onwards, twin-tip bi-directional boards became more popular for most flat water riders, with directional boards still in use for surf conditions.
In May 2012, the course racing style of kitesurfing was announced as a sport for the 2016 Rio Olympics, replacing windsurfing. However, after a vote by the General Assembly of ISAF in November 2012 (in Dun Laoghaire, Ireland) the RSX windsurfer was reinstated for both Men and Women this was an unprecedented decision when the constituent members of ISAF overthrew a decision made by the ISAF Council Kitesurfing remains therefore a non-Olympic sport until 2020 at the earliest. The ISAF mid-year meeting of May 2013 proposed seeking an eleventh medal to include kitesurfing in 2020 [14] at the same time there was a commitment made to retain the existing other 10 classes as they are for 2020 and even 2024 including the RSX windsurfer for men and women.
Kitesurfing is soon to be named as an official event at the 2018 Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires.
A water-weighted sun-tracking solar panel that powers the water pump in the foreground, and "Bye-Bye Birdie" in the background.
An old character. She may be making an appearance in The Otherwalls, so I thought I'd sketch her. I've ended up experimenting with colours on her too, trying out a new technique.
Painter X over a sketch.
We hardly notice how things that we are so accustomed to love and own (like VCR, CDs, and unknown phones, for example) are slowly disappearing and being replaced by more suitable devices.
Read more : 0i.is/SFjX
O baixista Roy Estrada, membro original do Mothers Of Invention --banda de Frank Zappa nos anos 70 e 80--, toca em show do Grande Mothers Re:Invented, em São Paulo. Mais fotos - UOL - musica.uol.com.br/album/thegrandemothers_sp_2010_album.jh...
For the first time, the University of Illinois Springfield hosted Camp Invention, a national summer enrichment day camp program for first through sixth graders designed to foster innovation and creativity while also building self-esteem, teamwork, persistence, and goal-setting skills.
playing around w/ Google Nik Collection.
Silver Efex Pro w/ filter Antique Plate 2 (alte Fotoplatte 2).
btw SW is for free now.
Um... no, I have no idea what this is.
I found it Son's room. I believe Hubby gave it to Son a Christmas or two ago. Both are Mechanical Engineers.
As neither is around at the moment, and I really need to get this uploaded, you'll have to wait to find out what it is.
Unless you already know, then by all means share!
2020 Weekly Alphabet Challenge - I is for Invention
I'm sure somebody was really proud inventing... whatever-this-is!
ODC-Inventions, Wed 24.04.13.
Magnetic Polarized lens. A great invention for my Cannon PowerShot. It comes with a magnetic ring that you attach to the front of the camera (there is no interference with the zoom movement), then this little lens can be quickly snapped on and off as needed.
My Self Portrait Seasonal Christmas Nutcracker for Horizons East about 1998 as Michael Wolfe a modification of my real name Wolfgang Mikyáll Mozart! Was sold to Nordstrom and several other very high end retailers
MiMo, Mike Mozart created and designed Halloween Themed Nutcrackers, for Horizons East, signed Michael Wolfe! An adaptation of his real name Wolfgang Mikyáll Mozart There eventually were over 1000 Different designs of high quality Nutcrackers sold to all the major retailers Worldwide!
A long and successful career, with his first children’s book sold at age 15 which continues to this day at age 60!
In the early 1980’s, MiMo, Mike Mozart, Co-hosted with TX Critter ( that developed into ALF), the classic KidsTime Express on UHF Channel 20, WTXX Waterbury CT TV Show. Paul Fusco, the original puppeteer and creator of the show went on to create the character and TV Show ALF!
Illustrated over 100 Childrens books, many licensed Walt Disney, Muppets, Looney Toons, Ninja Turtles, Uncle Scrooge McDuck and More!
Created thousands of Holiday and Seasonal
Products, many featuring the pantheon of Walt Disneys top licensed characters! Known for the exceptional designs of season Nutcrackers and sweeping product lines for major Retailers for Horizon’s East. And Christmas, Easter-and Halloween licensed character products for SunHill Industries. Massive product lines featuring the Mickey Mouse line of Basic Characters, Mickey, Minnie, Goofy, Pluto Donald Duck and Daisy Duck.
Disney’s Ducktales
Disney’s the Little Mermaid
Disney’s Aladdin
Disney’s Beauty and the Beast
Disney’s, Bambi
Disney’s Hunchback of Notre Dame
Disney’s 100 Dalmatians
Disney’s Chip and Dale Rescue Rangers
Also:
The Flintstones
Teletubbies
Looney Tunes
Crayola
Scooby Doo
The M&Ms Character Family
Universal Monsters
Assisted and wrote gags for top Newspaper comic strip cartoonists throughout the 1980’s, including Bob Weber of Moose and Molly fame, Guy Gilchrist artist of the Muppets Comic Strips, Jerry Marcus of the strip Trudy, Dik Brown of Hagar the Horrible and Hi and Lois, Orlando Busino of Gus, and many more!
A continuing Voice over talent for imported Japanese cartoons, TV Commercials and seasonal animated an sound products for Halloween and Christmas!
Appeared live on QVC and HSN for over a decade live presenting products of his invention and design. Created top selling infomercial items in the 1980’s and 1990’s!
Notable lawn and garden products, tools and household products.
Was a Top Twenty All Time Most viewed and Subscribed for the first 7 years of YouTube garnering more than a Half Billion Views! Many on TheToyChannel and Jeepersmedia on YouTube!
More Recently, A known fine artist having been the Ghost Artist Designer and Mentor to Alec Monopoly.
* My Twitch:
twitch.tv/MikeMozartJeepersmedia
* My TikTok:
* www.tiktok.com/@mimomikemozart
* My Discord:
Real Mike Mozart#4030
* My YouTube
* My Instagram
* My Twitter
* My Creative Commons Flickr
A round towered church with a spire; somewhat unusual I imagine. Someone might like to correct me on that and I find its quite common.
I had seen shots of St George taken from the air by my Flickr friend, John Fielding. I decided to see if any of the churches he had snapped were near to my route to Cambridge, and found they were.
I did not think of going to Shimpling this day, but as this and Frenze are under the care of the Church Conservation Trust, an information board at the latter said I should go to the former if I enjoyed Frenze.
So I did.
Driving through Diss, trying to program the sat nav, easy as the main road through the town, under the railway bridge was a solid line of traffic, I only hoped that Shimpling would not be back the way I had just come.
The route took me through some of the narrow streets of the town centre, a place to go back to to explore I think, but my route took me out north through the modern houses then into the flat countryside of south Norfolk.
I arrived in Shimpling, a few houses and farms; where could the church be, and just as I was about to stop and annoy the lorry behind, I saw the information board at the start of the farm track leading to St George.
------------------------------------------
.
St George is a familiar sight to drivers between Ipswich and Norwich, off in the fields near Dickleburgh. A substantial, landmark church; and yet it is redundant. Coming from Suffolk, where the local Anglican Diocese goes out of its way to avoid redundancies if it can, Shimpling's redundancy seemed careless. This is not a tiny village, and if drawn into a group with Dickleburgh could surely have sustained a monthly service or so. Probably, if it arose nowadays, St George would not be declared redundant. From the point of view of the building, of course, it was both a blessing and a mercy, as the church is now in the capable, caring hands of the Churches Conservation Trust.
The setting of St George just to the south of its village is superb. A cart track leads up from a farm, difficult of access at the best of times, but suicide on this day when the snow still lay deep in the ruts, the mud sucking at our boots. If we had attempted to drive it then I guess the tractor would be getting to us about now. The keyholders both live about a mile off, but the walk was worth it.
St George is perhaps more typical of Suffolk than Norfolk, a rural church made opulent by the wealth of the later years of the 15th century. Then came the font, the benches, the roof, the surviving scattering of medieval angel glass. Otherwise, the feeling is of the much-maligned Victorians, who loved churches and wanted this one restored to its former glory. Geoffery Millard, rector through those times, has his memorial in the chancel, but all around it is the building that he would recognise instantly if he stepped into it today.
Amber light filled the space beneath the tower, and I was glad I was here, in this silent frozen space, this touchstone to the long generations. Some curiosities: under the benches at the west end, there is a trap door. Inside, some of the original medieval tiles have survived the Victorians; they merely built a wooden platform over them. Then, a wholly secular brass inscription of 1591 to Anthony le Grys is set in the mddle of the nave - but the inlay is the wrong size and shape, and so it must come originally from somewhere else. A small hole in the north wall of the sanctuary is surely too tiny to have been an aumbry. And yet, it is set back to take a door, and appears once to have had some sort of wooden tympanum set over it. Could it have been a squint from a shrine chapel? Or even from an anchorite's cell?
Incidentally, another curious thing: There is a Shimpling in Suffolk as well, and the churches of both are dedicated to St George, an otherwise unusual East Anglian dedication. The reason appears to be that the enthusiastic 18th century antiquarians, ruttling around in the Diocesan records at Norwich, accidentally applied the dedication of the Suffolk church to both, dedications having fallen out of use for two hundred years or more.
Simon Knott, March 2005
www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/shimpling/shimpling.htm
-----------------------------------------
SHIMPLING
¶Is bounded on the east by Dickleburgh, on the west by Burston, on the south by Thelton, and on the north by Gissing. It is a rectory appendant to the manor, and being discharged of first fruits and tenths, is capable of augmentation. The rectory hath a house and 16 acres of glebe: Norwich Domesday says, that Richard de Boyland was then patron, that the rector had a house and xv. acres of land; that the procurations were then vi.s. viii.d. and the synodals xxii.d.
Rectors.
1305, 6 kal. Dec. Robert de Boswyle, accolite, William de Schympling.
1328, 7 kal. Mar. Will. de Schymplyng, accolite. Roger, son of Will. de Shympling.
1338, 12 July, John de Cherchegate, priest to St. George's church at Shympling. Ditto.
1349, Robert Sampson, priest. Emma, late wife of Roger de Schymplyng.
1361, 13 Sept. Ric. de Halle, priest. Ditto.
1362, 21 Sept. Peter Scott. Ditto.
1386, 19 April, Tho. de Welles. Thomas de Glemesford.
1393, 28 March, Welles changed this with John Mulle for Mildeston rectory, in Sarum diocese. Roger de Ellingham and Joan Hardegrey.
1396, 29 March, Mulle exchanged with Will. Stone for Ludenham in Kent. Ditto.
1401, 29 Aug. John Drury, priest, who resigned Watton vicarage in exchange for this. Roger de Elyngham.
1408, 7 Aug. John Cok of Illington, priest.
1421, 8 Octob. Reginald Pepper of Berton Bendysch, priest, on the resignation of Cok. Ditto.
1421, 6 March, Tho. Young, on Pepper's resignation. William, son of Roger de Elyngham of Elyngham, near Bungey.
1422, 22 March, Rich. Senyngwell, on Young's resignation. Ditto.
1430, 20 Sept. Walter Skyde of Disse. Lapse.
1432, 23 Octob. Thomas Wright. Lapse.
1434, 14 Dec. John Grygby. William Elyngham of Elyngham by Bungey.
1437, 12 Octob. Richard de Schymplyng, on Grygby's resignation. William Elyngham of Elyngham by Bungey.
1449, 31 Jan. Robert Caade, resigned to John Beest, in exchange for Winterburn Basset rectory, in Wiltshire. Ditto.
1451, 21 April, Thomas Messinger, on Beest's death. Ditto.
1504, John Odiham.
1507, 4 Aug. James Galle. (fn. 1) Lapse.
1525, 19 Octob. Thomas Warde. Thomas Shardelowe, Esq.
1536, 26 March, John Lanman, (fn. 2) on Ward's death. John Aldham, lord of the moiety of Elyngham's manor here, by turns.
1563, 26 June, Thomas Oxford, alias Farmor, A. M. Stephen Shardelowe, Gent.
1572, 24 Nov. William Luffkyn, on Oxford's resignation. Stephen Shardelowe, and John Aldham, patrons.
1609, 1 Aug. Nicholas Colte. (fn. 3) John Sherdelowe.
1642, Jeremiah Gowen. (fn. 4) Adrian Mott of Braintree, and Margaret Carter of Stratford in Essex.
1649, Thomas Cole, (fn. 5) clerk, A. M. John and James Mott, Gent.
1684, 9 Dec. John Rand. John Buxton, Esq. united to Burston.
1706, 1 Jan. John Calver, on Rand's death. Robert Buxton, Esq. united to Gissing.
1729, The Rev. Mr. Thomas Buxton, the present rector, [1736,] united to Thorp-Parva.
The Church hath a steeple, round at bottom, and octangular at top, and four small bells; it is leaded, though the chancel is thatched, and the north porch tiled. It is dedicated to St. George, (fn. 6) whose effigies, with his shield, viz. arg. a plain cross gul. is to be seen in a south window of the chancel, and seems to be as old as the building, which in all appearance was in the beginning of the thirteenth century, (though the steeple is much older,) for then William de Shimplyng was lord and patron, whose arms still remain under this effigies, viz. arg. a chief gul. a fess between six de-lises sab.
Here was a Gild in honour of the same saint, (fn. 7) and a Chapel dedicated to St. Mary, which stood in Shimpling Hithe, of which there are no remains. This had some endowment, for Girrard the Prior, (fn. 8) and his Chapter at Norwich, with the Bishop's consent, granted to Richard the chaplain of Shimpling, 7 roods of meadow in Roreker in Shimpling, &c. in perpetual alms, paying yearly 5d. at the high altar in the cathedral, to which John Pierson of Gissing, and others, were witnesses, (fn. 9) so that this must be before 1201, for in that year Gerrard the Prior died; this was down before the general dissolution, for I meet with no grant of it at that time.
St. George and the dragon, and the arms of Shimpling, are carved on the font; the chancel is covered with large grave-stones, all disrobed of their brasses; several of them were laid over the rectors, as appear from the chalice and wafer upon them, that being the symbol of a priest; the rest that had arms, I take to be laid over the Shimplings and the Shardelows. The arms of
Shardelow are, arg. a chevron gul. between three croslets fitchee, az. Crest, a plume of feathers arg.
On a small stone towards the west end of the church:
Richard Lesingham, ob. 5° die. Octob. Anno Dni. 1705, Ætatis suæ - - - -
Here let him rest, Memory stile him dear, 'Till our Redeemer Shall in the clouds appear.
On a marble near the pulpit: arms of
Potter, sab. a fess between three mullets arg. Crest, an elephant's head erased arg. gutte de sang.
Here in expectation of a joyful resurrection, resteth the body of Cicill Potter, Gent. who dyed Jan. the 29th, 1693, aged 70 years.
In a window:
Gloria in Errelsis Deo.
Here are twelve penny loaves given to as many poor people, by the rector and church-wardens, on the first Sunday in every month, there being land tied for it.
In the Confessor's time Torbert held this manor of Stigand, it being then worth 20s. of whom the part in Gissing was also held by another freeman, and was then of 5s. value, but was risen to ten in the Conqueror's time, though Shimpling continued at the same value. This, as one manor, was given by the Conqueror to Roger Bygod, who gave it to Robert de Vais, (de Vallibus, or Vaus,) it being then a mile and a quarter long, and a mile broad. (fn. 10) The whole paid 5d. Geld. There was then a church and 10 acres glebe, valued at 12d. and several other manors extended hither, of which I shall afterwards treat in their proper places. The Vaises held it of Bygod's successors, till 1237, in which year Oliver de Vallibus (fn. 11) granted it to Richard de Rupella, (afterwards called Rokele,) settling it on him and his heirs by fine, (fn. 12) to be held of him by knight's service; he died in 1287, at which time he held it of John de Vallibus. This Richard granted it to be held of him and his heirs by Richard de Boyland, in trust for Ralph Carbonell, (fn. 13) who held it of Maud, wife of William de Roos, who was daughter and coheir of John de Vaux. This Ralph conveyed it to
Roger de Schymplyng, to be held by knight's service of Richard Rokeles's heirs; and in 1280, the said Roger (fn. 14) was lord, the manor being settled upon him, and Emma his wife, in tail; after their deaths it came to William de Schympling, (fn. 15) their son, who held it of Richard Rokell at half a fee, he of the Earl-Marshal, and he of the King in capite. This William married Margaret de Tacolveston, (fn. 16) on whom the manor was settled for life in 1303, it being then held of William de Roos and Maud his wife, and Petronell de Vaux, her sister. This William purchased a great part of the town of divers persons. He had a son named Roger, who presented in 1328, and held it till about 1345, when he was dead, and Emma his wife had it, at whose death it fell divisible between their three daughters: (fn. 17)
Isabel, married to John Kirtling, to whom this manor was allotted;
Joan, who had Moring-Thorp manor, and
Katerine, married to William de Ellyngham, who had Dalling manor in Flordon. Isabell had issue, Roger and Emma, who left none, so that this manor and advowson descended to Roger, son of William de Elyngham and Katerine his wife, daughter of Roger de Schymplyng, which said Roger de Elyngham held it in 1401, by half a fee, of John Copledick, Knt. who held it of the Lady Roos, she of Thomas Mowbray, and he in capite of the King. How it went from the Elynghams I do not know, but imagine it must be by female heiresses; for in 1521, Humphry Wyngfield had a moiety of it, and John Aldham had another part; he died in 1558, and was buried in this chancel, leaving his part to John his son, (fn. 18) who held it jointly with Bonaventure Shardelowe, in 1571; Mr. Aldham had a fourth part of the manor, and a third turn, and Mr. Shardelow three parts and two turns. The patronage and manor was in Mr. John Motte, who was buried October 7, 1640, and John Motte, and his brother James, presented in 1649. It looks as if the Mottes had Aldham's part, and after purchased Shardelow's of Mr. John Shardelowe, who held it till 1611, together with Dalling manor in Florden, which was held of Shimpling manor. He conveyed it to Edmund Skipwith, Esq. and Antony Barry, Gent. and they to Thomas Wales, and John Basely, Gent. who conveyed it to the Motts, from whom, I am apt to think, it came to the Proctors, for John Buxton of St. Margaret's in South Elmham had it, in right of his wife, who was kinswoman and heiress of Mr. Proctor, rector of Gissing; after this it came to Robert Buxton, Esq. who died and left it to Elizabeth his wife, who is since dead, and Elizabeth Buxton, their only daughter, a minor, is now [1736] lady and patroness.
The Leet belongs to the manor, and the fine is at the lord's will.
As to the other parts of this village, (fn. 19) they being parts of the manors of Titshall, Fersfield, and Brisingham, it is sufficient to observe, that they went with those manors, except that part held by Fulco, of which the register called Pinchbek, fo. 182, says that Fulco or Fulcher held of the Abbot in Simplingaham and Gissing, 70 acres, and 4 borderers, being infeoffed by Abbot Baldwin in the time of the Conqueror; this, about Edward the First's time, was in Sir John Shardelowe, a judge in that King's reign, in whose family it continued till 1630, when it was sold to Mr. Mott. The seat of the Shardelows is now called the Place, and is the estate of the Duke of Grafton; and (as I am informed) formerly belonged to Isaac Pennington, (fn. 20) alderman of London, one of those rebels that sat as judges at the King's trial, for which villainy he was knighted. He lived to the Restoration, when, according to his deserts, his estates were seized as forfeited to King Charles II. who gave this to the Duke of Grafton; upon the forfeiture, the copyhold on the different manors were also seized, which is the reason that the quitrents to Gissing, Titshall, &c. are so large, they being made so when the Lords regranted them.
¶I have seen an ancient deed made by John Camerarius, or Chambers, of Shimpling, to Richard de Kentwell, clerk, and Alice his wife, and their heirs, of 3 acres of land in this town, witnessed by Sir Gerard de Wachesam, Knt. and others, which is remarkable, for its never having any seal, and its being dated at Shimpling in the churchyard, on Sunday next before Pentecost, anno 1294. (fn. 21) This shews us that seals (as Lambard justly observes (fn. 22) ) were not in common use at this time; and, therefore, to make a conveyance the most solemn and publick that could be, the deed was read to the parish, after service, in the churchyard, that all might know it, and be witnesses, if occasion required. The Saxons used no seals, only signed the mark of a cross to their instruments, to which the scribe affixed their names, by which they had a double meaning; first, to denote their being Christians, and then, as such, to confirm it by the symbol of their faith. The first sealed charter we meet with is that of Edward the Confessor to Westminster abbey, which use he brought with him from Normandy, where he was brought up; and for that reason it was approved of by the Norman Conqueror; though sealing grew into common use by degrees, the King at first only using it, then some of the nobility, after that the nobles in general, who engraved on their seals their own effigies covered with their coat armour; after this, the gentlemen followed, and used the arms of their family for difference sake. But about the time of Edward III. seals became of general use, and they that had no coat armour, sealed with their own device, as flowers, birds, beasts, or whatever they chiefly delighted in, as a dog, a hare, &c.; and nothing was more common than an invention or rebus for their names, as a swan and a tun for Swanton, a hare for Hare, &c.; and because very few of the commonality could write, (all learning at that time being among the religious only,) the person's name was usually circumscribed on his seal, so that at once they set both their name and seal, which was so sacred a thing in those days, that one man never used another's seal, without its being particularly taken notice of in the instrument sealed, and for this reason, every one carried their seal about them, either on their rings, or on a roundel fastened sometimes to their purse, sometimes to their girdle; nay, oftentimes where a man's seal was not much known, he procured some one in publick office to affix theirs, for the greater confirmation: thus Hugh de Schalers, (or Scales,) a younger son of the Lord Scales's family, parson of Harlton in Cambridgeshire, upon his agreeing to pay the Prior of Bernewell 30s. for the two third parts of the tithe corn due to the said Prior out of several lands in his parish, because his seal was known to few, he procured the archdeacon's official to put his seal of office, for more ample confirmation: (fn. 23) and when this was not done, nothing was more common than for a publick notary to affix his mark, which being registered at their admission into their office, was of as publick a nature as any seal could be, and of as great sanction to any instrument, those officers being always sworn to the true execution of their office, and to affix no other mark, than that they had registered, to any instrument; so their testimony could be as well known by their mark, as by their name; for which reason they were called Publick Notaries, Nota in Latin signifying a mark, and Publick because their mark was publickly registered, and their office was to be publick to all that had any occasion for them to strengthen their evidence. There are few of these officers among us now, and such as we have, have so far varied from the original of their name, that they use no mark at all, only add N. P. for Notary Publick, at the end of their names. Thus also the use of seals is now laid aside, I mean the true use of them, as the distinguishing mark of one family from another, and of one branch from another; and was it enjomed by publick authority, that every one in office should, upon his admission, choose and appropriate to himself a particular seal, and register a copy of it publickly, and should never use any other but that alone, under a severe penalty, I am apt to think, in a short time we should see the good effects of it; (fn. 24) for a great number of those vagabonds that infest our country under pretence of certificates signed by proper magistrates, (whose hands are oftener counterfeit than real,) would be detected; for though it is easy for an ill-designing person to forge a handwriting, it is directly the contrary as to a seal; and though it is in the power of all to know the magistrates names, it is but very few of such sort of people that could know their seals; so that it would in a great measure (if not altogether) put a stop to that vile practice; and it would be easy for every magistrate to know the seals of all others, if they were entered properly, engraved, and published: and it might be of service, if all the office seals in England (or in those foreign parts that any way concern the realm) were engraved and published, for then it would be in every one's power to know whether the seals of office affixed to all passes, &c. were genuine or no; for it is well known that numbers travel this nation, under pretence of passes from our consuls and agents abroad, and sometimes even deceive careful magistrates with the pretended hands and seals of such, it being sometimes impossible for them to know the truth, which by this means would evidently appear. And thus much, and a great deal more, may be said to encourage the true and original use of that wise Conqueror's practice, who can scarce be said to put any thing into use but what he found was of advantage to his government.
This rectory is in Norfolk archdeaconry, and Redenhall deanery: it had 69 communicants in 1603, and hath now [1736] 23 houses, and about 130 inhabitants. The town is valued at 300l. per annum. (fn. 25) Here are 3 acres of town land, one piece is a small pightle abutting on the land of Robert Leman, Esq. another piece is called Susan's pightle, lying in Gissing, and was given by a woman of this name, to repair the church porch, (as I am informed,) the other piece lies in Diss Heywode, and pays an annual rent of 5s.
The Commons are Kett's Fen, which contains about 4 acres; Pound Green, 1 acre; Hall Green, 4 acres; the Bottom, 6 acres; and the Lower Green, 6 acres.
www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol1...
For Our Daily Challenge - Inventions
It was the lightbulb, the steam engine, or the wheel. I opted for the handiest. Great topic BTW.
For Our Daily Topic - Handy.
Don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without explicit permission.
© Barbara Dickie. All rights reserved.
Turbo windmill, or Jet Wind Mill [JWM] / JWM is nephew, resp. spin off, of Spailboat, the stable sailing Speed Sail Craft.
By now, saving this planet is priority number one, and still all industries and all governments around the world do not see the windsurf formula, which makes it possible to harvest the high winds too.
Windsurfing, forerunner on turbo windmill, same formula, stabilitiy: Even a child can see that windsurfing is sensational. Just look at windsurfing from above. The waves make pipelines, and the only safe course in high winds falls parrallel with them. These pipelines lay, notably per definition, perpendicular on the wind's direction and windsurfing is always done half wind, so that the windsurfers automatically go as fast as possible and have a relatively safe ride between the waves. All in all, the windsurf formula implies that a given sail area is optimally used, that the waves are helping in making speed, that the half wind course is always leading to gliding along with the waves, that windsurfing is therefore relatively safe, that a stable configuration is the condition to make big structures, so that former dangerous windy circumstances at open ocean are just perfect to move a significant amount of mass with high speed. The kinetic energy is measured by the formula: 1/2 times the mass of the composition times the square of the speed. This world is dying for energy. So, please, understand the windsurf formula and please make Spailboats for over water, and turbo wind mills for on land.
The blades -rotors- are at their ends mantled by a ring. The ring is born within wheels in the housing. Because turbo wind mills use high winds, this mantle piece can be placed at/near the ground, so that there is no significant vibrating occurring at the ends of the blades.
In order to use high winds, the blades have to be hold firmly in place, leaving only the opportunity open for the blades to turn, or to move, perpendicular on the winds direction with as a consequence that Pythagoras' law comes in as foundation to calculate the angle of attack in the blades. Further on, one will see that windsurfing is done in the half wind sailing course and waves are swept by the wind, so that wave riding is falling with sailing half wind. Perfect.
High speed, directed perpendicular on the wind, leads also to the fact that a given sail area will be used optimally. And because cavitation, air bubbles around the swords, are restricting the windsurfers' speed, spailboat has wheels for swords. You, as reader, have to take it from here, because I can not force you to swallow dry food. Please, take one step at the time. To get started, you firstly need to understand that when a plate is placed flat -perpendicular- on the wind, there is maximum blockage of the wind by that plate. Next step. We imaginary move this plate with for instance 300 m/s in the direction flat on the wind. Now we'll see that the actual wind speed, S, that hits the blade is to be calculated by Pathagoras' law, S^2 =W^2+V^2, in where, V, is the speed of the blade perpendicular on the winds' direction and W is the wind speed. If now the original wind speed is very low, say, 1 m/s, than we might as well assume that the actual wind speed that hits the blade is still 300 m/s. In other words, when an almost flat on the wind positioned blade is moving with very high speed, perpendicular on the original wind's direction, then the actual wind speed that hits the blades, comes almost from the front. A blade end of a windmill moves faster than that blade does near the center, so that blade ends are almost positioned flat on the wind. The same counts for windsurf sails, although the sails are hold almost flat on the wind, the actual wind flow that hits the sails is coming more or less from the front. This means that we want high speed, in order to get maximum conversion of a given sail area. High speed implies high lift forces, and therefore we need stable and strong configurations that hold the blades.
I worked on stable sailing machines for twenty years now, because the capsizing and the catapulting with my catamaran scared the ........ out off me. Oh, I sailed from six years old, and won in 1988 the second biggest cat race in the world, together with my nephew, Ruud Goudriaan, who still is a class-A cat sailor. I went to college, and later to the technical university in Delft, and therefore I sold my cat, but continued windsurfing on cheap gear. However, windsurfing on old wave boards with old gear is still going much faster than the fastest cat. I kept on wondering why and when I figured it out [in 1994], I started to create a mechanically operated windsurf boat.
Sailing and windsurfing are very much like music, a well written song can be played live on stage over and over again, and every time this song improves itself. I can only ensure you, that the windsurf formula is an outstanding song, in the way to speak. Everything comes together, with as result that the windy circumstances on earth are perfect to use sails, wings, for making axles spin, as well on the oceans, by means of windsurfing -a combination of surfing and sailing stable half wind-, as on land, by means of using turbo windmills.
The only limitations in using the high winds are now caused by preoccupation of the existing economy. For instance, the car industries, the airplane industries, wind turbine industries, sailing boats industries, et cetera, keep our engineers in hostage. If we only could stop the production and the developing of the car making, airplane making et cetera, for just one week, and bring this way all the engineers to one imaginary table then the formula of windsurfing is understood. Once the leading engineers understand the windsurf formula, then the building of the prototypes is a year away. Some floors of the car industries and the airplanes industries can make room for new production lines.
And to make an even bigger example. When the second world war broke out, suddenly all floors of the car industries and airplane industries were making room for the production of tanks, jeeps, fighter planes, bombers et cetera. So, it is just a matter of priorities.
I mean, did you ever see a professor, 60 years old, windsurfing on large waves with 10 bft at open sea? No, that is the problem. These kind of persons rule the world.
Just go on the Internet, and see for yourself that the formula, for calculating the maximum sailing speed, is still only counting for non flying sailing boats. This means that they assume that the hull is still always dragging through water. For the cavitation speed they still assume always that a sword is not moving with respect to the hull. In Spailboats, on the other hand, the water cutting part of a sword does move along with respect to the hull, so that the speed of the hull and the speed of through water dragging sword have two different values. Here in Holland at the university of Delft, a leading professor -who works on his own sailing boat, off course-, once told me in person that no matter what kind of sailing boat, or windsurfer, it could never over top the 100km/hr barrier, because of cavitation around the swords. I came to him, at one of those appointments, to inform him about the new rigging, so that spailboats are almost flying above the water and to inform him about the reason -to overcome cavitation around the water cutting profile of the sword wheels- for using circle shaped spinning swords. So, I walked through his door, showed him my work, and in stead letting me talk about my work, he did not look at my work at all. He talked for half an hour, and by the time he finished, I wanted to reply, but then he said, your time is up, leave, please. I have tried to make another appointment, but in vain. A few months later, he had a full page in one of Holland's main newspapers, the Saturday edition, in where he presented his own sailing boat. The public was misled. This sailing boat was so-called state of the art, but, it did not fly, it did still capsize, it could not operate in high seas, people, it was a worthless piece of ....... . So, I came in, and he asked, what did you study,? I said: civil engineering, and that answer was apparently wrong, because he worked at the aircraft and space department. Pyramids, remember, people, we still build them. The only thing that matters, is that I am a good sailor and windsurfer , and that I made windsurf robot. Even if I did not have any masters degree at the technical university at all, he should have asked me what my work was, and not what my title was. This story goes on, because before I talked to him, the boss so to speak, I had several meetings with his students and they were impressed. But at the moment they found out that I was working outside the university they boycotted me, right away. I had to give earlier given nice 3D pictures of wings back, and also my usb stick with several drawings had to be erased. Since then I am not welcome anymore. My own professor, Marcel Donze, then always brings calm to me, with this: Who would be the worst enemy of the Pope? Jesus Christ. No rank and bare footed, and closer to God as him.
It is therefore that these two new inventions fall under: the environmental revolution.
We, the hard working people, can easily see that windsurfers go faster than the good old sailing boats. And still, billions and billions are spend on sailing boats for the happy few, like the rich men's toys for the Volvo Ocean Race, America's cup, the immense yachts et cetera. The same thing counts for the swallowing up of our best engineers for the car industries, formula 1 racing, jet fighter plane making et cetera.
If only the engineers and the people who rule the world want to save this planet, then the prototypes of the turbo windmills and the spailboats will be operating within a year.
In the past seven years I really tried endlessly to talk with professors around the world. They are just not at home. On the phone it goes like this. Who are you? What did you study, and I say, civil engineering. Oh, that has nothing to do with planes and/or mills, we are not interested.
Off course, I do not talk like them, every error in the conversation means the final cut of the conversation and once such a door is closed, it never opens again.
So, you as reader will never read or hear about windsurf machines and turbo windmills, which can save the planet, other than in this slide show.
I was a good cat sailor and a good windsurfer in the eighties. From childhood on I was at sea. Above that fact, I was born in Zaandam, the place where a cluster of windmills is stacked in an open air museum. I had the kite surfing formula on the drawing board, long before it took off, because the kites are hold just the same as windsurf sails are hold, only now on wires and further away from the board. In fact, I actually kite surfed on a small wooden plank on the beach in the eighties of the past century when I was ten years old. My nephews tried it, but were to heavy, and logically, I had to try. And it worked. Kite surfing is nothing more than using a big kite to move yourself. So, who do you want to believe, me, or the universities?
Get úp, stand up, get up for your right. Bob Marley. He believed that music unites all people one day. Wind sounds like music, doesn't it? No more nuclear power, no more burning fossil fuels.
Turbo windmill, or Jet Wind Mill [JWM] / JWM is a nephew, resp. spin off, of Spailboat, the stable sailing Speed Sail Craft.
Stability: only when stability is firstly established, then a structure might be built tall. A sailing boat might be made endlessly strong, still, it capsizes, so that it is useless to make endlessly strong masts. A Spailboat however is stable, and therefore a Spailboat can be made big, very big, as big oceanliners, with 100 meter long masts. This is part of the windsurf formula. And remember, mass in motion implies the kinetic energy.
We need energy. For making fresh drinking water, for irrigation, for making electricity, making hydrogen, for moving cars, trains, planes and so on.
The windsurf formula is here, for everyone to use in the world, because I dropped my patents. It is free, for you, Africa, Asia, America, Europe, the south pacific continents and islands. Just have a look and run this show a few times. It is like the wheel itself, it is normal, revolutionary and it will change the world. No nuclear power is needed any longer, just usage of high winds and swell on the oceans. And the turbo windmill is spin off, because these blades are in fact circular moving steady in positioned hold windsurf sails.
Disneyland Paris.
June 2014.
Visit our website for loads of Disney Character pictures and information!
My laptop stand invention using a tripod, brackets, bolt and vent tray. a real lifesaver for a broken neck.
The theme for this issue was fashion history between 1900-1900. To illustrate the history, we added close up images of items that were invented at that time as a backdrop to the fashion clothes.
Photography by Mads
Styling by Paul
Make-up by Huan
Hair by Crazy Nhoc
Modelling by Kat (Anh Thu)
It's impossible to know who invented music; perhaps man didn't invent it at all, but simply learned to imitate the sounds of nature. Nevertheless, music is one of the universal joys of people everywhere.
We attended the free Friday night concert at the Courthouse Square in Redwood City to listen to one of our favorites who perform there every year - Caravanserai - an excellent Santana Tribute Band. Their percussionists - 4 in total are absolutely fantastic; and as you can the crowd was on their feet all night. It was one of those joyful summer nights that just makes you glad to be alive - music can do that to us !
Just one of Berlin’s numerous Currywurst stalls and snack bars, located between East Side Gallery and the station Warschauer Straße in the borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, City of Berlin, Germany
Some background information:
Currywurst is a fast food dish of German origin consisting of steamed, fried sausage, usually pork (in German: "Bratwurst"), typically cut into bite-sized chunks and seasoned with curry ketchup, a sauce based on spiced ketchup or tomato paste topped with curry powder, or a ready-made ketchup seasoned with curry and other spices. The dish is often served with French fries.
The invention of currywurst is attributed to Herta Heuwer in Berlin in 1949, after she obtained ketchup, or possibly Worcestershire sauce, and curry powder from British soldiers in Germany. She mixed these ingredients with other spices and poured it over grilled pork sausage. Heuwer started selling the cheap but filling snack at a street stand in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, where it became popular with construction workers rebuilding the devastated city.
Today, currywurst is often sold as a take-away or street food and usually served with F;rench fries or bread rolls. It is popular all over Germany but especially in the metropolitan areas of Berlin, Hamburg and the Ruhr Area. Currywurst is even sold as a supermarket-shelf product to be prepared at home. The German Currywurst Museum in Berlin estimated that 800 million currywursts are eaten every year in Germany, with 70 million in the German capital alone.
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it also the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. Berlin’s urban area has even a population of 4.7 million, while its metropolitan area of more than 5.3 million, which makes it the European Union’s third most populous city, according to population within the metropolitan area. The city of Berlin is also one of Germany's sixteen constituent states. Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital.
Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree river, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the rivers Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake Mueggelsee. About one-third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers, canals, and lakes.
In 1237, the town of Koelln, which was situated on an river island of the Spree and nowadays is a central part of Berlin, was first mentioned in a document. In 1244, also the town of Berlin was documented first, which was located on the northeastern bank of the river Spree. However, archaeological excavations have proven that both settlements, which sat at the crossing of two important trade routes, already existed in the 12th century. Subsequently both towns grew together.
In 1356, the Margarviate of Brandenburg became an electorate and in 1417, Berlin became its capital. In 1539, prince-elector Joachim II Hector from the reigning House of Hohenzollern established the reformation in Berlin, which was accepted peacefully by the city’s inhabitants. But the Thirty Years’ War from 1618 to 1648 had devastating consequences for Berlin. One third of all houses was damaged and the number of citizens was halved.
In 1640, Frederick William, popularly known as the "Great Elector", took the government business over from his father. Just one year later, the suburbs of Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt were founded. Prince-elector Frederick William also pursued a policy of immigration and religious tolerance. Jewish families from Austria were rehomed in Berlin and Huguenots from France were invited, 5,000 of which settled in the city. A lot of immigrants also came from Poland, Bohemia and the state of Salzburg, which belonged to the Bavarian Circle at that time. Finally, Frederick William converted the town into a fortress with altogether 13 bastions.
When Frederick I was crowned King of Prussia in 1701, Berlin became Prussia’s capital. After the towns of Berlin, Koelln, Friedrichswerder, Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt had finally merged in 1709, the total population climbed to 55,000. In the course of the 18th century, Berlin evolved into a centre of Enlightenment. After Prussia had been defeated by the French under Napoleon in 1806, King Frederick William III fled to the city of Königsberg in the very east of Prussia. Shortly afterwards the city was occupied by French troops, which stayed until 1808.
In the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution reached Berlin with all its might. Many new factories popped up outside the city walls and new important companies like Siemens, Borsig and AEG were founded. Hence, also new working class quarters emerged. Berlin was soon considered as an industrial city and the dire living conditions of the workers fostered the formation of a very strong working-class movement.
When Germany became an empire in 1871 and the Prussian King William I became its first emperor, the Prussian capital Berlin was naturally designated the capital of the new German Empire. In 1877, Berlin’s total population exceeded one million, and in 1905, the city already had two million inhabitants. After Germany had lost World War I in 1918, Germany was proclaimed to be a republic in Berlin. General strikes and uprisings in the following months were quelled violently and cost the lives of hundreds of people.
But Berlin recovered soon. In the Weimar Republic the city flourished and became the place to be in Europe. During the Golden Twenties, Berlin experienced its heyday as a major world city. Its population rose to four million and thus, Berlin became the third-largest city in the world, only outreached by New York and London.
After Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, Berlin was still the capital of Nazi Germany. Hitler and his architect Albert Speer planned to convert the city into the so-called "World Capital Germania", but fortunately most of the megalomaniac Nazi plans were never realised. However, during the Nazi era, Berlin’s great Jewish community was extinguished completely.
During Word War II, the city was widely destroyed by allied bomb raids and the street battles in the final days of the war. The Battle of Berlin ended with Hitler’s suicide in the bunker of Reich Chancellery and the Soviet capture of the city. Afterwards the town was divided into four occupation zones, three of them forming West Berlin, while the Soviet zone forming East Berlin. West Berlin became a de facto exclave of West Germany on the territory of Soviet-held East Germany, while East Berlin was made the capital of the newly founded German Democratic Republic. However, West Berlin was substituted as West Germany’s capital with the city of Bonn.
In 1948, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies’ access to their sectors of Berlin for almost a year. To carry supplies to the people of West Berlin, the Berlin Airlift was organised. American and British air forces flew over Berlin more than 250,000 times, dropping necessities such as fuel and food, with the original plan being to lift 3,475 tons of supplies daily. As this number was often met twofold by the so-called "raisin bombers", the Soviet Union lifted its unsuccessful blockade of West Berlin in May 1949.
In 1961, the German Democratic Republic commenced the construction of the Berlin Wall. The Soviet Bloc propaganda portrayed the Wall as protecting East Berlin’s population, while the West Berlin city government referred to it as the "Wall of Shame". Berlin families were suddenly separated by the Wall, but during its existence, more than 100,000 people attempted to escape. 5,000 of them succeeded, but an estimated number of 200 was killed by the Wall’s mine belt, its spring guns or the gunfire of the guards.
In 1989, a peaceful revolution ended the separation of Germany and with that also the separation of Berlin. Germany was finally reunified on 3rd October 1990. In the following year, Berlin was again declared the capital of Germany and also its seat of the government. Today, the city is a very vibrant megapolis with twelve boroughs. But Berlin’s authorities are generally classed as being inefficient and in need of modernisation. It’s also a great nuisance for many Germans, that a lot of money from other German states is transferred to the capital, where it is often used without any sense.
In the ancient sumerian cities of southern Iraq the world's first literate society emerged towards the end of the 4th millennium BC. Producing the most agricultural surplus, thanks to complex irrigation networks, the city of Uruk spearheaded the invention of writing, social differentiation and the specialization of trades. 600 years before the pyramids of Giza were built, Uruk was a metropolis with monumental architecture. Uruk stayed inhabited for 4000 years before the soil became over-salinized making agriculture impossible.
For more biblical illustrations by Balage Balogh visit ArchaeologyIllustrated.com
From GE reports: "Playing baseball at night is now one of the league’s primary revenue machines, and its all based on a GE innovation from the 1930s.
That lighting revolution began in 1935 at Crosley Field in Cincinnati. What happened on that field irreversibly changed the economics of the sport, and allowed baseball to become the international entertainment product that it is today.
In 1934, the Cincinnati Reds drew 207,000 fans in 77 home games. The advent of night baseball also was a revolution for American workers — it allowed anyone with a 9 to 5 job to attend live baseball games. As such, in just 7 night games in 1935, the Reds drew 130,000 fans. Not bad for their $50,000 investment in GE’s lighting."
Of course, these lights are from a Dixie League game. The lights allow the kids to start their games at 7:30 on a school night. Clearly those decisions are not made by moms.
Today i am presenting you a list of cool and awesome inventions. These gadgets are so wonderful that you want to buy all of them. Lets have a look on these gadgets and inventions and tell me in comments below what you like or dislike? On This Page.
At the launch of the 1001 Inventions exhibition at the Science Museum, London.
See a short video of the launch here.
These custom rings make turned edge applique circles from 3/8" to 2" in 90 seconds with no templates, no tracing, no basting, no measuring, no fussing, no fiddling. Press a scrap of fabric between 2 interlocking concentric rings, apply starch, press and pop out a perfect circle. They are a patented invention, thinner than a dime, made to perfection in the USA for quiltmakers demanding precision. Makes finished circles sizes 3/8", 1/2", 3/4", 1", 1 1/4", 1 1/2", 1 3/4", 2". Available now at applipops.com.